Class. ~_ i 

Book ~Ti- C 

Mis 





I 




INTRODUCTION. 



Chronology may be defined, "a scientific method of ascertaining 
or computing time, from the commencement of some given event to the 
completion or fulfilment of another, with the doctrine of dates, eras, 
epochs, &c. coincident therewith." Like history it opens, through a 
~reat avenue, an expanded view of all human affairs, and connects and 
Illumines the most dark and distant revolutions of the world. Yet it is 
to be lamented, that many and insuperable difficulties arise in ascer- 
taining the dates and periods of antiquity, and concerning which much 
controversy and difference of opinion have arisen. " All nations," says 
Sir Isaac Newton, "before they began to keep exact records of time, 
seem to have been led away by the false pride of heightening their 

i. antiquity, and of ascribing their origin to some divinity or renowned 
prince, often known only in fable, and handed down by legendary 

'tradition." On this account Sir Isaac found himself constrained to 
deviate widely from the beaten paths of former writers, in fixing the 
dates of facts preceding the war between the Greeks and Persians : 
yet, so affixing them," says he, " as to make Chronology suit with 
Sifthe course of nature, with astronomy, with sacred history, and with 
itself." ,„ 

Sir Isaac Newton has shown, that the Chronology of ancient king- 
doms is involved in the greatest uncertainty ; and that the Europeans 
had no Chronology before the existence of the Persian empire, or 536 
years before Christ, when Cyrus conquered Darius ; that the antiquities 
of the Greeks are full of fables till this period, and that after this time 
•several Greek historians introduced the computation by generations. 

The Chronology of the Latins was still more uncertain ; their old 
records having been burnt by the Gauls 120 years after the expulsion of 
their kings, and 388 before the birth of Christ. The Chronologers of 
Gaul, Spain, Germany, Scythia, Sweden, Britain, and Ireland, are of a 
still later date ; for Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till 
J Ulphilas, their bishop, formed them, about the year 370. Germany had 
none till it received them from the western empire of the Latins, about 




viii 



INTRODUCTION. 



the year 400. The Huns had none in the days of Procopius, about the 
year 526 ; and Sweden and Norway received them still later. 

Sir Isaac Newton, after a general account of the obscurity and 
defects of the ancient Chronology, observes, that though many of the 
ancients computed by successions and generations, yet the Egpytians, 
Greeks, and Latins, reckoned the reigns of kings equal to generations 
of men, and three of them to a hundred, and sometimes to 120 years, 
and this was the foundation of their technical chronology." He then 
proceeds, from the ordinary course of nature, and a detail of historical 
facts, to show the difference between reigns and generations ; and that, 
though a generation from father to son may at an average be reckoned 
about 33 years, or three of them equal to 100 years, yet when they are 
taken by the eldest sons, three of them cannot be estimated at more 
than about 75 or 80 years ; and the reigns of kings are still shorter ; 
so that 18 or 20 years may be allowed as a just medium. Sir Isaac 
then fixes on four remarkable periods, viz. the return of the Heraclidae 
into the Peloponnesus, — the taking of Troy, — the Argonautic expedi- 
tion, — and the return of Sesostris into Egypt, after his wars in Thrace ; 
and he settles the epoch of each by the true value of a generation. To 
instance only his estimate of that of the Argonautic expedition : having 
fixed the return of the Heraclidae to about the 159th year after the 
death of Solomon, and the destruction of Troy to about the 76th year 
after that period, he observes, that Hercules the Argonaut was the 
father of Hyllus, the father of Clerdius, the father of Andromachus, 
the father of Aristodemus, who conducted the Heraclidae into Pelopon- 
nesus ; so that, reckoning by the chiefs of their family, their return was 
four generations later than the Argonautic expedition, which therefore 
happened about 43 years after the death of Solomon. This is farther 
confirmed by another argument : iEsculapius and Hercules were 
Argonauts; Hippocrates was the 18th inclusively from the former by 
the father's side, and the 19th from the latter by the mother's side ; 
now allowing 28 or 30 years to each of them, the 17 intervals by the 
father, and the 18 intervals by the mother, will on a medium give 507 
years ; and these, reckoning back from the commencement of the 
Peloponnesian war, or the 431st year before Christ, when Hippocrates 
began to flourish, will place the Argonautic expedition in the 43rd year 
after the death of Solomon, or 937 years before Christ. 

The other kind of reasoning by which Sir Isaac Newton endeavours 
to establish this epoch is purely astronomical. 

"What is proposed in these introductory pages, is to point out, in a 
more copious manner than was compatible with our plan in the body of 
the work, the chief methods by which the several portions of time have 
been computed, and in which they have been employed in ascertaining 
the connection, and determining the dates, of past transactions. 

The divisions of time, which most probably first attracted the notice 



INTRODUCTION. 



ix 



of mankind, as most obvious to their senses, were those marked by the 
revolutions of the heavenly bodies — days, lunar months, and years ; 
and if these had corresponded so exactly to each other, that every luna- 
tion had consisted uniformly of the same number of days, and each year 
of a itgular number of days, and each year of a regular number of com- 
plete lunations, the business of Chronology would have been attended 
with comparatively little difficulty. In consequence, however, of varia- 
tions in the revolutions of the earth, which it is not requisite here to 
explain, it has become necessary to adjust these periods to each other 
by certain artificial divisions. 

The most obvious division of time, in all ages and countries, as has 
been observed, is to be referred to the apparent or real revolutions of 
the sun and moon. Thus, the apparent revolution of the sun, or the 
real rotation of the earth on her axis, causing the sun to appear to rise 
and set, constitutes the vicissitudes of day and night, which must be 
evident to the most barbarous and ignorant nations. The moon, by her 
revolution about the earth, and her changes, as naturally and obviously 
forms months ; while the great annual course of the sun through the 
several constellations of the zodiac, points out the larger division of 
the year. 

OF THE COMMON DIVISION OF TIME. 

Time itself is only a succession of phenomena in the universe ; or a 
mode of duration marked by certain periods. " Our idea of time in 
general," says Mr. Locke, 4< is formed by considering any part of 
infinite duration, as set out by periodical measures : the idea of any 
particular time, or length of duration, we acquire first by observing 
certain appearances at regular and seemingly equi-distant periods. 
Thus, by being able to repeat these lengths or measures of time as often 
as we will, we can imagine duration, where nothing really endures or 
exists ; and hence we imagine to-morrow, or next year," &c. Some 
philosophers define time to be the duration of a thing whose existence 
is neither without beginning nor end ; and, by this, time is distin- 
guished from eternity. The most familiar portions, or measures of 
time, are its sub-divisions into hours, days, weeks, months, and years ; 
but as these have varied considerably in different ages and countries, it 
becomes the business of Chronology to investigate and explain them. 

An Hour is the aliquot part of a natural day, usually the twenty- 
fourth, but sometimes the twelfth part. With us, it is the twenty- 
fourth part of the earth's diurnal rotation, or the time from noon to 
noon, and therefore it answers to fifteen degrees of the whole circle of 
longitude, or of 360 degrees. The hour is divided by sixtieths, viz. 
first into sixty minutes, then each minute into sixty seconds, &c. The 

c2 



X 



INTRODUCTION. 



division of time into hours is very ancient ; as is shown by Kircher, 
CEdip. yEgypt. torn. 2, part 2. The most ancient hour is that of the 
twelfth part of the day. Herodotus observes, that the Greeks learned 
from the Egyptians, among other things, the method of dividing the 
day into twelve parts ; and the astronomers of Cathaya still retain this 
method. The division of the' day into twenty-four hours was not known 
to the Romans before the Punic war ; till that time they only regulated 
their days by the rising and setting of the sun. They divided the 
twelve hours of their day into four ; viz. prime, which commenced at 
six o'clock — third at nine — sixth at twelve — and none at three. They 
also divided the night into four watches, each containing three hours. 

Sometimes hours are divided into equal and unequal. — Equal hours 
are the twenty-fourth parts of a day and night precisely ; that is, the 
time in which the fifteen degrees of the equator pass the meridian. 
These are also called equinoctial hours, because measured on the 
equinoctial ; and astronomical, because used by astronomers. Astrono- 
mical hours are equal hoxirs, reckoned from noon to noon, in a continued 
series of twenty-four. European hours, used in civil computation, are 
equal hours, reckoned from midnight ; twelve from thence till noon, 
and twelve more from noon till midnight. Jewish, or planetary, or 
ancient hours, are twelfth parts of the artificial day and night. They 
are called ancient or Jewish hours, because used by the ancients, and 
still among the Jews. They are called planetary hours, because the 
astrologers pretend that a new planet comes to predominate every 
hour, and that the day takes its denomination from that which predo- 
minates the first hour of it ; as Monday from the moon, &c. Italian 
hours are equal hours, reckoned from sun-set, in a continued series of 
twenty-four. Unequal or temporary hours are twelfth parts of the 
artificial day and night. The obliquity of the sphere renders these 
more or less unequal at different times, so that they only agree with the 
equal hours at the times of the equinoxes. 

The next measure of time, above or superior to the hour, is that of 
the Day. In common speech, a day means that period of time which 
is. included between the first appearance of light in the morning and 
the return of darkness in the evening, or during which the sun is visible 
above the horizon. But the word is used, in a more comprehensive 
sense, to denote the time of a complete revolution of the earth round 
its axis. The former has been denominated a natural, the latter a civil, 
and sometimes a solar day. The beginning of the day has been variously 
reckoned by different nations. The Chaldaeans, Syrians, Persians, and 
Indians, reckoned the day to commence at sun-rise. The Jews also 
used this method for their civil, but began the sacred day at sun-set ; 
this latter mode was used likewise by the Athenians, the Arabs, the 
ancient Gauls, and some other European nations. The Egyptians 
appear to have had several methods of reckoning their day ; probably 



INTRODUCTION. 



the mode varied in different parts of the country, and in the same place 
at different periods. The ancient inhabitants of Italy computed the 
day from midnight, and in this they have been followed by the English, 
French, Dutch, Germans, Spaniards, and Portuguese ; modern astrono- 
mers, after the Arabians, count the day from. noon. 

The day was sub -divided by the Jews and Romans into four parts, 
which they denominated watches or vigils : the first commenced at six 
in the morning, the second at nine, the third at twelve, and the fourth 
at three in the afternoon. The beginning of the first watch was, by the 
Jews, called the third hour, and so on in succession to the fourth watch, 
which was reckoned the twelfth hour. The night was divided in a 
similar manner. Other modes of dividing the day have been in use 
among different nations ; but that which is now most general in civilised 
countries, is into twenty-four equal parts or hours. 

The Week is a division of time, of which it may be proper to take 
some notice before we proceed to the month. Various divisions, which 
might be included under this denomination, have obtained in different 
countries. The earlier Greeks divided their month into three portions 
of ten days each : the Northern Chinese had a week of fifteen days, and 
the Mexicans one of thirteen. But the Chaldseans, and most other 
Oi'iental nations, have, from time immemorial, used the Jewish week of 
seven days, which has been adopted by the Mohammedans, and intro- 
duced, with Christianity, to most of the civilised nations of the world. 
In the Old Testament the term week is occasionally applied to a period 
of seven years, as well as of seven days ; and to this it is necessary to 
attend, in order to understand the passages wherein the word is used in 
that sense. 

The Month. There can be little doubt but that this division of time 
was at first suggested by the phases, or the periodical changes in the 
appearances of the moon, and, consequently, that in ancient computa- 
tions the months were invariably lunar. The difficulty, however, of 
adjusting this month to the annual revolution of the earth led, with the 
improvement of astronomy, to the invention of other divisions under 
this name. Months are now divided into astronomical and civil. The 
astronomical months with which Chronology is concerned, are measured 
by the revolutions of the moon, and are either periodical or synodical. 
The periodical lunar month is composed of the time which elapses 
between the departure of the moon from any part of her orbit, and her 
return to the same point, which is 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. 
The synodical lunar month is reckoned from one conjunction of the sun 
with the moon to another. This period is not always the same, being 
subject to the variation occasioned by the motion of the sun eastward 
on the ecliptic ; a mean lunation consists of 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 
minutes. This was the lunar month mostly in use in ancient times. 
The civil month is that artificial space of time, by means of which the 



Xll 



INTRODUCTION. 



solar year is divided into twelve parts ; these months, which were first 
ordained by Julius Caesar, consist of thirty, or thirty-one days each, 
with the exception of February, which commonly contains twenty-eight, 
and in every fourth year twenty-nine days. 

Years. The year may be termed the largest natural division of time. 
As the diurnal revolution of the earth would naturally lead to the divi- 
sion into days, and the phases of the moon, with a little attention, to 
that into months, so the annual motion of the earth round the sun, 
which would be marked by the periodical return of certain appearances, 
seasons, &c, would in due course lead to the adoption of this larger 
division. At what time this took place is uncertain, but probably not 
before considerable advances had been made in astronomical science. 
It was long, however, after its first adoption, before it attained to any 
thing like an accurate form. The most ancient measure of the year 
of which we know, consisted of twelve lunar months, which, for the 
facility of computation, being all considered as equal in length, and to 
contain thirty days each, amounted to 360 days. It is conjectured that 
this gave rise to the division of the ecliptic, which still obtains, into 360 
equal parts or degrees. 

This luni-solar year probably had its rise in Chaldsea, or Egypt ; we 
learn, at least, from the testimony of Herodotus, that it was used in 
the latter country. Hence, with the diffusion of science, it was carried 
into other regions, and very generally adopted. It was early in use 
among the Indians, the Chinese, the Medes, and Persians, and the 
ancient Greeks. Its measure being, however, inaccurate, containing 
five days and a quarter more than the lunar, and as much less than the 
true solar year, and this defect becoming every year more perceptible 
from the retrocession of the seasons, &c. it was soon considered neces- 
sary to subject it to some revision. The Thebans are supposed to have 
been the first who undertook its correction, by making an annual 
addition of five days to the luni-solar year. Thales introduced this 
improvement into the ancient Grecian year, and it was adopted, with 
some trifling variations in particular instances, into the Indian, the 
Chinese, and the Jewish year. 

The Roman year, as regulated by Romulus, and afterwards reformed by 
his successor Numa, was reckoned by lunar months, and adjusted to the 
seasons by a number of intercalary days. It consisted of ten lunar months 
of which December was the last, and to these two whole intercalary 
months were added, but not inserted in the calendar. This year began 
at first in March ; but the Decemviri, who undertook its reformation, 
changed the order of the months into that in which they now stand, 
introduced the two intercalary months, January and February, into the 
calendar, and made January the first month of the year. 

Owing to the ignorance or the carelessness of the Pontifices Maximi, 
to whose care the regulation of the intercalary days was committed, the 



INTRODUCTION. 



xiii 



year was reduced to such disorder in the time of Julius Caesar, that the 
winter months had fallen back to the autumn. To restore them to their 
proper season, Csesar formed a year of 445 days, which has been styled 
the year of confusion. With the assistance of Sosigenes, a mathematician 
of Alexandria, he afterwards, in the year B. C. 45, instituted a solar 
year of 365 days, 6 hours, which is now known under the name of the 
Julian year. To adjust this year to the annual revolution of the earth, 
which is six hours and some minutes more than 365 days, the length of 
the ordinary year, a day was appointed to be intercalated every fourth 
year in the month of February ; this day, from its position in the Roman 
calendar, was called bissextile, a name which has also been given to the 
year in which the intercalation takes place. 

The Julian year, although it approaches very near the truth, is not, 
however, perfectly correct. The true time of the annual revolution of 
the sun in the ecliptic is 365 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 minutes, 
which falls short by a few minutes of the time assumed in the Julian 
year. How trifling soever this difference might at first appear, it 
amounted in a hundred and thirty-one years to a whole day. In conse- 
quence of this, the vernal equinox, which Sosigenes, in the first year of 
the Julian correction, observed to fall in the 25th of March, had gone 
back in A. D. 325, at the time of the council of Nice, to the 21st, and 
in A. D. 1582 to the 11th of March. To remedy this growing defect, 
Pope Gregory XIII. caused the calendar to undergo another correction. 
In A. D. 1580, he ordered ten days to be cut out of the month of Octo- 
ber, so that the fourth was reckoned the fifteenth day ; and, to prevent 
such retrocession in future, in addition to the Julian regulation with 
respect to the bissextile year, he ordained that the years 1600, 2000, 
2400, and every fourth century in succession, should have an intercala- 
tion of a day, but that in the other centuries 1700, 1800, 1900,2100, &c. 
the day should be omitted, and those years remain common years. This 
regulation comes so near the truth, that the only correction it will 
require will be the suppression of a day and a half in five thousand 
years. 

The Gregorian year, or as it is vulgarly called, the new style, was 
immediately adopted in Spain, Portugal, and part of Italy. It was 
introduced into France in October of the same year, the tenth of which 
month was, by an ordinance of Henry III., reckoned the twentieth day. 
In Germany it was adopted by the Catholic States in 1583, but the 
Protestant States adhered to the old calendar until the year 1700. 
Denmark also adopted it about this period, and Sweden in 1753. It 
was not used in England before 1752, when, by act of parliament, the 
style was changed, and the third of September was reckoned the four- 
teenth, the difference having by this time increased to eleven days. 
Russia is the only country in Europe in which the old mode of reckon- 
ing is still in use. 



xiv 



INTRODUCTION. 



The want of some specific standard, which could be regarded as 
common to all nations, has occasioned great diversity in different 
countries in fixing the beginning of the year. The Chaldseans and 
Egyptians reckoned their years from the autumnal equinox. The Jews 
also reckoned their civil year from this period, but began their ecclesi- 
astical year in the spring. Gemschid, the king of Persia, ordered the 
year in that country to commence at the vernal equinox. In Sweden 
the year formerly commenced at the winter solstice. The Greeks used 
different methods, some of the states beginning the year at the vernal, 
others at the autumnal equinox, and some at the summer solstice. The 
Roman year at one time began in March, but was afterwards made to 
commence in January. The new year's day of the church of Rome is 
fixed on the Sunday nearest the full moon of the vernal equinox. In 
England the year began in March until A D. 1752, when the act of 
parliament which altered the style, ordained it to commence on the first 
of January. 

Having thus given a short account of the lunar and solar years, which 
have been mostly in use, and an acquaintance with which is of most 
consequence in chronology, it will be proper to notice some combina- 
tions of years which are mentioned in ancient history, and therefore 
useful to be known. 

Lustra. The Romans sometimes reckoned by lustra ; a Lustrum was 
a period of five years, which derived its name from a census instituted by 
Servius Tullius, at which a purification {Lustration) of the Roman people 
was made every fifth year. 

The Olympiads were, however, the most remarkable of these combina- 
tions. They consisted of four Grecian years, and derived their names 
from the public games celebrated every fourth year at Olympia, in Pelo- 
ponnesus. These games were instituted in honour of Jupiter, but at 
what time, or by whom, is not known. After they had been neglected 
and discontinued for some time, they were restored by Iphitus, king of 
Elis, in the year B. C. 776 ; and it is from this date that the olympiads 
are reckoned in chronology. 

Cycles are fixed intervals of time composed of the successive revolu- 
tions of a certain number of years. The lustra and the olympiads may 
perhaps be included under this name, but the term is more commonly 
appropriated to larger intervals, connected with the periodical return of 
certain circumstances and appearances. The great use made of cycles 
in chronology requires that they be particularly noticed. 

From the defective nature of the Greek calendar, the Olympic year, 
as it has been called, was subject to considerable variation ; and, from 
the retrocession of the months, which it occasioned, producing a gradual 
change of the seasons when the games were to be celebrated, led to much 
inconvenience. Cleostrates, a mathematician of Tenedos, endeavoured 
to give it a more perfect form by inventing a cycle of eight years ; this, 



INTRODUCTION. 



XT 



however, being computed by lunar years, still left the calendar subject 
to great inaccuracies. To rectify these, Meton, a mathematician of great 
celebrity, invented — 

The Lunar Cycle, a period of nineteen solar years, at the end of 
which interval the sun and moon return to very nearly the same part of 
the heavens. This improvement was at the time received with universal 
approbation, but, not being perfectly accurate, was afterwards corrected 
by Eudoxus, and subsequently by Calippus, whose improvements modern 
astronomers have adopted. 

The use of this cycle was discontinued when the games, for the regu- 
lation of which it was composed, ceased to be celebrated. The Council 
of Nice, however, wishing to establish some method for adjusting the 
new and full moons to the course of the sun, with the view of determin- 
ing the time of Easter, adopted it as the best adapted to answer the 
purpose ; and from its great utility they caused the numbers of it to be 
written on the calendar in golden letters, which has obtained for it the 
name of the golden numbers. The golden number for any year is found 
as follows : — The first year of the Christian era corresponds to the second 
of this cycle ; if then to a given year of this era one be added, and the 
sum be divided by 19, the quotient will denote the number of cycles 
which have revolved since the commencement of the Christian era, and 
the remainder will be the golden number for the given year. E. g. If 
the golden number of the year 1808 be required, one being added, the 
sum will be 1809 ; this being divided by 19, will give 95 for the quotient, 
and 4 for the remainder, or golden number sought. 

The Solar Cycle is another of those periods, the inventor of which is 
at present, however, unknown. It consists of 28 years, at the expira- 
tion of which the sun returns to the sign and degree of the ecliptic which 
he had occupied at the conclusion of the preceding period, and the days 
of the week correspond to the same days of the month as at that time. 
It is used to determine the Sunday or dominical letter, which we shall 
briefly explain. 

In our present calendars the days of the week are distinguished by the 
first seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, G ; and the rule 
for applying these letters is invariably to put A for the first day of the 
year, whatever it be ; B for the second, and so in succession to the 
seventh. Should the first of January be Sunday, the dominical or Sunday 
letter for that year will be A, the Monday letter B, &c. ; and as the number 
of letters is the same as that of the days of the week, A will fall on every 
Sunday, B on every Monday, &c, throughout the year. Had the year 
consisted of 364 days, making an exact number of weeks, it is obvious 
that A would always have stood for the dominical letter ; the year con- 
taining, however, one day more, it follows that the dominical letter of 
the succeeding year will be G. For Sunday being the first day of the 
preceding year will be also the last, and the first Sunday in the next will 



INTRODUCTION. 



fall on the seventh day, and will be marked by the seventh letter, or G. 
This retrocession of the letters will, from the same cause, continue every 
year, so as to make F the dominical letter of the third, &c. If every 
year were common, the process would continue regularly, and a cycle of 
seven years would suffice to restore the same letters to the same days as 
before. But the intercalation of a day every bissextile, or fourth year, 
has occasioned a variation in this respect. The bissextile year contain- 
ing 366, instead of 365 days, will throw the dominical letter of the fol- 
lowing year back two letters ; so that, as in the year 1808, if the domini- 
cal letter at the beginning of the year be C, the dominical letter of the 
next year will be not B but A. This alteration is not effected by drop- 
ping a letter altogether, but by changing the dominical letter at the end 
of February, where the intercalation of a day takes place. Thus, in the 
year 1808, C is the dominical letter in January and February, but B is 
substituted for it in March, and continues to be the dominical letter 
through the remainder of the year. In consequence of this change 
every fourth year, twenty-eight years must elapse before a complete revo- 
lution can take place in the dominical letter, and it is on this circum- 
stance that the period of the solar cycle is founded. A table constructed 
to show the dominical letters for any given years of one of these cycles, 
will answer for the corresponding years in every successive cycle. The 
first year of the Christian era corresponds to the ninth of this cycle : if, 
therefore, to any given year of the Christian era nine be added, and the 
sum be divided by 28, the quotient will denote the number of the revo- 
lutions of the cycle since the ninth year B.C., and the remainder will be 
the year of the cycle. If there be no remainder, the year of the cycle 
will be the last, or twenty-eight. E. g. Nine being added to 1808 makes 
1817 ; this sum being divided by 28, gives a quotient of 64 for the revo- 
lutions of the cycle, and a remainder of 25 for the year of the cycle. 
There is another cycle in use, called 

The Cycle of Indie tion. It consists of fifteen years, and is derived 
from the Romans. Learned men are not agreed as to the origin of it, 
but the most probable opinion is, that the return of this period was 
appointed for the payment of some public taxes or tributes. The first 
year of this cycle is made to correspond to the year 3 B.C. If therefore 
to any given year of the Christian era three be added, and the sum be 
divided by fifteen, the remainder will be the year of this cycle. There 
is, however, another mode of calculating it. This cycle was established 
by Constantine. A.D, 312 ; if therefore from the given year of the 
Christian era 312 be subtracted, and the remainder be divided by 15, 
the year of this cycle will be obtained. In either of these ways, if there 
be no remainder, the indiction will be 15. 

The Julian Period, some acquaintance with which is indispensable in 
the study of chronology, will be easily understood from the preceding 
account of the cycles. It is formed by the combination of the three, by 



INTRODUCTION. 



xvii 



multiplying the numbers 28, 19, and 15, of the cycles of the sun, moon, 
and indiction, into each other. The total of years thus produced is 
7980, of which the Julian period consists ; at the expiration of which, 
and not sooner, the first years of each of those cycles will again come 
together. This period was invented by Joseph Scaliger, as one by which 
all eras, epochs, and" computations of time might readily be adjusted. 
The first year of the Christian era corresponds to the 4714th of the 
Julian period, and it extends as far back as 706 years beyond the com- 
mon date of the creation 4004. The year of the Julian period corre- 
sponding with any given year before or since the commencement of the 
Christian era, may be easily found by the following rule. If the year 
required be of the latter kind, add to it 4713, the number of years of 
the Julian period elapsed before the Christian era, and the sum will be 
the year required. If it be of the former, subtract the year B.C. from 
4714, and the difference will give it. 

This period has been esteemed by many to be of the highest import- 
ance in chronology, as affording a common standard for the adjustment 
of different epochs. Modern chronologers are not, however, so warm 
in their admiration of it as their predecessors have been. A common 
standard is unquestionably of the highest consequence in the comparison 
of dates and eras, and in the general arrangement and division of time,, 
and from its great utility and the necessity of its frequent application, 
it is of importance that it should be as simple as possible in its nature 
and construction. The Julian period is liable to objection on the latter 
score, as being rather complicated in its formation ; and its necessity is 
now altogether superseded by the very general adoption of the Christian 
era as the standard of time. Any events or eras, prior or subsequent 
to its commencement, may easily be computed by it, and the date of 
them be impressed on the memory with very little exertion or difficulty. 

It remains that we give some account of 

Epochs and Eras, terms which constantly recur in history, and the 
elucidation of which belongs to the province of chronology. An epoch 
is a certain point, generally determined by some remarkable event, from 
which time is reckoned ; and the years computed from that period are 
denominated an era. The birth of Christ is considered as an epoch — 
the years reckoned from that event are called the Christian era. 

In sacred chronology, the first and most remarkable epoch is that of 
the creation of the world. As learned men could not agree as to the 
precise time when this took place, the folly of reckoning from it as a 
standard soon became apparent, and the practice was in consequence 
abandoned. Archbishop Usher, whose scripture chronology is adopted 
in our English Bibles, fixes this event in the year 4004 B.C. ; Playfair 
places it in 4007. 

The universal deluge forms another epoch ; this is placed by Usher 
in the year B.C. 2349. A third sacred epoch is the call of Abraham, 



xviii 



INTRODUCTION. 



which happened, according to the samelearned authority, B.C. 1921. The 
next epoch is the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, which Usher 
places B.C. 1491. 

In profane history we shall first notice the epoch of the Argonautic 
expedition, an event much celebrated in ancient history, and of some 
importance in chronological discussion from being adopted by Sir Isaac 
Newton as the foundation of his system of chronology. The date of 
this transaction has been placed in the year 1225 B.C., but in this 
chronologers are not agreed. The destruction of Troy forms another 
remarkable epoch. Considerable uncertainty prevails as to the exact 
time when this event, as well as the preceding, took place. Playfair 
fixes it in the year B.C. 1184. 

The era of the Olympiads we have noticed above, and it will be unne- 
cessary to give any further account of it here. The epoch of the build- 
ing of Rome is the next that claims our attention. From the total want 
of early records, and other necessary documents for deciding the ques- 
tion, the date of this event is involved in the obscurity common to 
many other remote occurrences. The Roman writers themselves, and 
all who have followed them on the subject, differ widely respecting it. 
Polybius fixes it in the year B.C. 751 ; Cato and others one year earlier. 
Terentius Varro places it in 753 B.C. Fabius Pictor, who is followed 
by Diodorus Siculus, assigns it to 747 B.C. Sir Isaac Newton adopts 
the year 627 B.C., and Playfair after Varro, whose computation was 
used by the Roman emperors in their public instruments, places it in 
the year B.C. 753. Great use is made of this epoch in the histories of 
ancient Rome, and the historical student will do well to ascertain, if 
possible, what opinion the author he may be perusing adopts, and to 
what year of the Christian era the first year of Rome, according to his 
author, corresponds. The dates of the events will by this method be 
accurately ascertained as he proceeds. The Romans sometimes reckoned 
the year from the establishment of the consular dignity, and afterwards 
from the years of the emperors. 

The era of Nabonassar is another of those standards by which the 
dates of events in some histories are regulated. Nabonassar was the 
founder of the Babylonish monarchy. This era is reckoned from the 
commencement of his reign, which is placed in the year B.C. 747, of 
the Julian period 3967, and extends as far down as the death of Alexan- 
der. The Nabonassarean year consists of 12 months of 30 days each, 
and five intercalary days, making in all 365 days. 

The era of the Seleucidse, or, as it is sometimes called, the year of 
the contracts, is reckoned from the establishruent of Seleucus, one of 
Alexander's generals, after that conqueror's death, in the empire of 
Babylon, and is reckoned from the year B.C. 312. It is generally sup- 
posed to have begun in the spring. It was used in a large district of 
Asia, and adopted by the Jews. 



INTRODUCTION. 



XIX 



The Spanish era, founded on a division of the Roman provinces 
among the Triumviri, was long in use in Spain and Africa, and was 
adopted in the dates of the principal councils and synods held in those 
countries. It is reckoned from the 1st of January B.C. 38. This was 
afterwards superseded by 

The Christian era. Learned men have differed in opinion with respect 
to the exact time of the birth of Christ, some placing it four, others 
seven years earlier than the first year of the Christian era. The uncer- 
tainty which exists upon this point arises from the era not having been 
used until so many centuries had elapsed, that it was impossible to fix 
the date with accuracy. This is, however, of very little consequence in 
the application of this era to chronological purposes, for all are agreed 
as to the numerical date of every year : the year 1810, for instance, being 
universally received as the year 1810 of the Christian era, although pro- 
bably not the exact measure of the time which has elapsed from the 
birth of Christ. This era was invented about the year 527 by Diony- 
sius, a Roman abbot, who reckoned the first year of it to correspond 
with the 4714th of the Julian period. It may be useful to give the 
reader a view of the years of the other principal eras which correspond 
to the first of this : according to Playfair (who, it is to be observed, 
differs in many respects from other chronologers, but is nevertheless a 
most respectable authority), these are the 4008th year of the world, 
the first year of the 195th Olympiad, and the 754th year of Rome, the 
749th of the Nabonassarean era, the 313th of the Seleucidge, the 46th 
Julian year, and the 39th of the Spanish era. 

The era of Dioclesian was used pretty generally by the Christians 
previous to the invention of the Christian era. It is dated from the 
year A.D. 284, and probably took its rise from the persecution under 
that emperor, although its date is computed from the first year of his 
reign. 

The Hegira, which may be called the Mohammedan era, is founded 
upon the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina, to escape the 
persecution of his enemies, and is computed by his followers from A.D. 
622. The beginning of their year is however made to correspond with 
the 16th day of July. In comparing any year of this era, therefore, 
with the corresponding year of the Christian era, it will be necessary to 
bear 'this in mind before it can be done with accuracy. The same may 
also be observed with regard to some of the other eras, the beginnings 
of the years of which do not exactly correspond with that of the Julian 
year. 

The Persian era, or the era of Yezdejerd, is the last we shall notice. 
Yezdejerd was the last of the Persian monarchs who was subdued by the 
Saracens. According to the opinion of the most accurate modern chro- 
nologers, this era commenced in June, A.D. 632, corresponding with 
the beginning of the eleventh year of the Hegira, and with the first year 



INTRODUCTION. 



XX 



of the reign of Yezdejerd. The years of this era, like the Nabonassarean, 
consists of twelve months of thirty days, with an addition of five inter- 
calary days at the end, making in all 365 days. 



PROBLEMS IN CHRONOLOGY. 
1 . To find whether any given year be leap-year. 

Rule. — Divide the given year by 4; if remains, it is leap-year; but if 
1, 2, 3, remains, it is so many years after. 

Every fourth year is leap-year, so called from leaping or advancing a day 
more that year than any other ; that year has then 366 days in it, and 
February 29. 

2- To find the dominical letter before the year 1800. 

Rule To the given year add its fourth part, omitting fractions ; divide that 

sum by 7 ; the remainder taken from 7 leaves the index of the letter in the 
common year's reckoning. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 
A B C D E F G 

But in leap-years this letter and its preceding one (in the retrograde order 
which these letters take) are the dominical letters. 

The dominical letter is that letter of the alphabet which points out in the 
calendar the Sundays throughout the year ; thence also called the Sunday- 
letter. Of these letters there are consequently seven before -mentioned, 
beginning with the first letter of the alphabet ; and as in leap-year there is 
an intercalary day, there are then two ; one serving January and February, 
and its following letter the remaining part of the year. 

3. To know on what day in the week any proposed day of the month will 
fall. 

Rule First find the dominical letter, then the day of the week the first 

of the proposed month falls on, which is known by the two following lines : 

At Dover Dwell George Brown, Esquire, 
Good Christopher Finch And David Frier : 



INTRODUCTION. 



xxi 



where the first letter of each -word answers to the latter belonging to the first 
day of the months in order, from January to December. If I would know on 
what day of the week the 24th of June will be, supposing the year 1806, 1 find 
the dominical letter is E, and by the lines just read, E is the first of June, 
which is of course Sunday ; the 22nd also is Sunday, therefore the 24th will 
be a Tuesday. 

4. To find the year of the solar, lunar, or golden number, and indiction 
cycles. 

Rule. — To the given year add 9 for the solar, 1 for the lunar, 3 for the 
indiction ; divide the sums in order by 28, 19, and 15, the remainder in each 
shows the years of its respective cycle. 

The solar cycle, or the cycle of the sun, is a period of 28 years ; in which 
time all the varieties of the dominical letters will have happened, and the 29th 
year the cycle begins again, when the same order of the letters will return as 
was 28 years before. 

At the birth of Christ, nine years had passed in this cycle. 

The lunar cycle, or cycle of the moon, or golden number, is a period of 19 
years ; containing all the variations of the days on which the new and full 
moons happen, after which time they fall on the same days they did 19 years 
before, and she begins again with the sun. 

But when a centesimal, or hundredth year, falls in the cycle, the new and 
full moon, according to the new style, will fall a day later than otherwise. 
The birth of Christ happened in the second year of this cycle. 

The Roman indiction is a cycle of 15 years, which first began the third year 
before Christ. 

5. To find the epact till the year 1900. 

Rule. — Multiply the golden number for. the given year by 11 ; divide that 
product by 30, and from the remainder take 11, leaves the epact. If the 
remainder is less than 11, add 19 to it, and the sum will be the epact. 

6. To find the moon's age. 

Rule. — To the epact add the number and day of the month ; their sum, if 
under 30, is the moon's age. But if that sum is above 30, the excess in 
months of 31 days, or the excess above 29 in a month of 30 days, shows the 
age or days since the last conjunction. 

The moon's age taken from 30 leaves the day of the next new moon. 

Wben the solar and lunar cycles begin together, the moon's age on the first 



xxii 



INTRODUCTION. 



of each month, or the monthly epacts, are called the numbers of the month 
and are as follows, viz. 



For 
These 


Jan. 



Feb. 
2 


Mar. 
1 


April 

2 


May 
3 


June 
4 


For 
These 


July 
5 


Aug. 
6 


Sept. 
7 


Oct. 
8 


Nov. 
9 


Dec. 
10 



7. To find when Easter-day will happen. 

Rule. — Find on what day of March the new moon falls nearest to the 21st 
in common years, or nearest the 20th in leap-years ; then the Sunday next 
after the full, or 15th day of that new moon, will be Easter-day. ■ 

If the 15th day falls on a Sunday, the next Sunday is Easter-day. 



A 



DICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY. 



AAL 

AaLST, Everard, k 1602, d. 1658. 

Aalst, William, b. 1632, d. 1679. 

Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews, 
b. 1570, d. 1453, B. C.; see Old 
Testament, events of. 

Aaron-hen- Aser, a celebrated rabbi, 
flourished in 475. 

Aarsens, Peter, b. 1519, d. 1575. 

Aartgen, of Leyden, b. 1498, d. 1564. 

Abate, Andrea, a Neapolitan painter of 
inanimate subjects, d. 1732. 

Abbadie, (Rev. James) of Nay, in 
France, afterwards of England, b. 
1652, d. 1727. 

Abbati, Nicolo, an historical painter, j 
b. at Modena 1512, d. 1572. 

Abbeville, in France, nearly destroyed 
by an explosion of gunpowder, Nov. 
1773; 100 houses were ruined; 
150 souls perished; the damage 
was estimated at 472,917 livres. 

Abbeys, pillaged of jewels and plate 
by William the Conqueror, 1069 ; j 
compelled by the same monarch to I 
alter their tenures, 1070 ; one 
hundred suppressed by order of! 
council, 1414 ; dissolved by Henry 
VIII.., 1540; number of suppressed 
in England and Wales, 1643 
monasteries, 90 colleges, 2374 
churches and free chapels, and 110 
hospitals. In Germany, 1785 
monasteries; and in France, 1790. 

Abbiati, Filippo, an historical painter, 
b. at Milan 1640, d. 1715. 

Abbo, monk of St. Germans, an his- 
torian, flourished A. D. 889. 

Abbot, Abp. of Canterbury, killed his 



ABE 

park-keeper 20th Jan., 1621 ; d- 
3rd Aug., 1633, aged 71. 

Abbot, Charles, Lord Tenterden, chief 
justice of King's Bench, b. 7th Oct., 
1762, d. 4th Nov., 1832. 

Abbots of Reading, Glastonbury, 
St. John's and Colchester, hanged 
and quartered for denying the king's 
supremacy and refusing to surrender 
their abbeys, 1539. 

Abbotsbury, Abbey, Dorsetshire, 
founded in the reign of Canute, 
1026 ; town of, injured by fire, and 
22 houses destroyed, 1784. 

Abdalla, the son of Abdalmothleb, 
and father of the prophet Mahomet, 
lived, 575. 

Abdalla, the son of Osmar, flourished 
in 625. 

Abdallah, caliph of Bagdad, son of 
Haroun-al-Raschid, patron of learn- 
ing, d. 833. 

Abel ; se^ Old Testj^oaent, events of. 

A belai d, Peter, the lover of Eloisa, 
and celebrated French metaphy- 
sician, d. 21st April, 1142, aged 63. 

Abell, John, an English musician, best 
known on the continent, who flou- 
rished in the 17th century. 

Aberconway, castle of, Caernarvon- 
shire, built by Ed. I., 1204 ; suspen- 
sion-bridge of, constructed, 1824. 

Abercrombie, Sir Ralph, a British 
general, born 1738, killed in Egypt 
28th March, 1801, buried at Malta. 

Aberdeen, Scotland, university of, 
founded in 1477 ; gothic bridge 
constructed, 1283. 



2 



ABE 



ADE 



Abergavenny, East Indiaman, lost off 
Weymouth, 1st Feb., 1805. 

Abernethy, John, an eminent divine, 
born in Dublin, 1680, died 1740. 

Abernethy, John, a celebrated surgeon 
of London, b. at Derrv, Ireland, 
d. at Enfield, 20th April, 1831. 

Aberration of the fixed stars, dis- 
covered by Dr. Bradley, of Sher- 
born, Dorsetshire, 1727. 

Aberystwyth (S. Wales), castle of, 
burned, 1124, re-edified bvEdw. I. 
1283. 

Abingdon, Berkshire, founded in 517; 

abbey of, built 941. 
Abingdon, Earl of, a peer, committed 

to the King's Bench Prison for pub- 
lishing a libel upon Mr. Sermon, an 

attorney, 9th Feb., 1795. 
Abj uration, oath of, first required, 1701. 
Abo, Finland, university of, founded 

by Queen Christina in 1640. 
Aboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to the 

English forces, 18th March, 1801. 
Aboukir Bay, battle of, 1st Aug., 

1798; see Nile and Nelson. 
Abraham, b. 1995, B. C. ; called, 

1921 ; entertained three angels, 

1897; offered Isaac, 1871; d. 

B. C. 1821, A. M. 2183; see Old 

Testament, events of. 
Abshoven of Antwerp, a painter of 

rural and various subjects, d. about 

1660. 

Abstinence, remarkable instance of. 
Anne Moore, of Tutbury, Stafford- 
shire, lived 20 months without 
food, 1807-8. 

Abstinents, a religious sect, abstaining 
from marriage and wine, and re- 
sembling Gnostics ; begun in 170, 
and flourished in the third century. 

Abu-bekr, the immediate successor of 
Mahomet, d. 624, aged 63. 

Abulfeda, the geographer, b. 561, d. 
624. 

Academy, Royal, of London, 1768. 

Academy, Royal Hibernian, of Arts, 
incorporated 1821, Francis John- 
ston, Esq., first president. 

Acapulco ship taken by Admiral 
Anson, 20th June, 1744. 

Ach, or Van Ach, a painter of por- 
traits and history, b. at Cologne, 
1556, d. 1621. 



Achaia, in Peloponnesus, republic of, 
founded B.C. 1800. 

Achilles, the conqueror of Hector, 
d. B.C. 1184. 

Achmet III., Emperor of the Turks, 
encouraged printing, died 1736. 

Achmet ; see Turkish Empire. 

Acre, taken by Richard I. and the 
Crusaders, 12th July, 1191, after 
a two years' siege, and the loss of 
6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, 
500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers. 
Attacked by Buonaparte 1st July, 
1798, and relieved by the English 
under Sir S. Smith, 6 March, 1799. 

Acts, of the Apostles, written by St. 
Luke, 63 or 64. 

Achtschelling, Lucas, a landscape 
painter of Brussels, flourished in 
the 16th century. 

Actaeon, son of Autonoe and Aristaeus, 
destroyed by his own hounds, A. M. 
2662. 

Adam, first of the human race, d. 
B. C. 3074, aged 930 years, cre- 
ated 4004 years B. C. 

Adam, L. S., a sculptor, b. 1700, d. 
1759. 

Adam, N. S., a sculptor, b. 1705, d. 
1778. 

Adam, G., a sculptor, b. 1710, d. 1759. 

Adam, Alexander, of Moray, Scot- 
land, a distinguished classical scho- 
lar, b. 6th June, 1741, d. 18th 
Dec, 1809. 

Adamites, a sect that intended to 
restore the primitive state of man. 
Thev appeared first in 130, revived 
1124. 

Adams, John, American president, 
b. 19th October, 1735, d. 4th Julv, 
1826. 

Adams, Joseph, an eminent physician, 
one of the founders of vaccination, 
b. 1756, d. 20th June, 1818. 

Adams, Robert, b. 1728, d. 1792. 

Adanson, Michael, b. 1727, d. 1806. 

Addison, Joseph, an English poet 
and essayist, b. 1672, d. 17th June, 
1719. 

Adelphi Buildings, Strand, London, 
erected in 1770. 

Adelphi Lottery Act, passed in 1773. 

Adelung, John Christopher, a Ger- 
man philologist, b. 1734, d. 1806. 



ADH 



APR 



3 



Adherbal, son of Micipsa, flourished 
B.C. 130. 

Adieu, French., from Ad deum te 
commendo, i. e. I commend you to 
God. Farewell — Fare ye well, a 
similar expression to the Io Paean 
of the Egyptians, the Deo gratias 
of the Romans, being short expres- 
sions to excite a reliance on God 
in distress. 

Admetus, King of Thessalv, flou- 
rished A. M. 2660. 

Admiral, the first appointed in Eng- 
land, William de Leybourne, 1297. 

Admiral, High, first appointment in 
England, 138 7: held by commission 
since Nov. 1709, except a short 
interval bv the D. of Clarence, now 
William IV. 

Admiralty, court of, erected 1357, 
incorporated 22nd June, 1768. 

Ado, the historian, Archbishop of 
Vienna, flourished 867, d. 874-7. 

Adolfi, Giacomo, an Italian painter of 
scripture pieces, b. 1682, d. 1741. 

Adolphus of Nassau, Emperor of the 
West, 1291 ; dep. and slain, 1298. 

Adolphus, Gustavus, of Sweden, born 
1594, fell in battle at Lutzen, 
Nov. 1632. 

Adore, from Adorare, and this, from 
Ad os, a mode of salutation, by 
carrying the hand to the mouth. 

Adrian IV., born at Langley, Hert- 
fordshire, England, afterwards Pope 
of Rome, d. 11 59. 

Adrian, 15th Emperor of Rome, bom 
A. D. 76; visited Britain, and 
erected his famous wall 121, d. 138. 

Adrian's Mole, at Rome, constructed 
A. D. 120. 

Adriano, a Spanish monk, who painted 
scriptural subjects for his amuse- 
ment, d. 1650. 

Adrianople, taken bv Amurath, the 
Turkish Sultan, 1360; the court 
removed from, to Constantinople, 
1453; injured by fire, 1754 and 
1778; occupied bv the Russians, 
20th August, 1830. 

Adriansen, a Flemish artist, who 
painted fruit and flowers, b. 1625. 

Adultery, punished by cutting off 
nose and ears, 1031; made capital, 
1650. 



Advent Sunday, first observed 433 : 

the number determined, 1000. 
.<Eacus, king of GCnopia and the 

Myrmidons, flourished A.M. 2613. 

Hesiod, Ovid. 
iEdiles, Plebeian, first created at 

Rome, A. U. 260. 
iEdiles Curule, from amongst the 

Patricians, A. U. 387. 
JEgseon, a pirate, from whom JEgea 

is so called, flourished A. M. 2110. 
JElian, a Greek writer, born at Prae- 

neste, in Italy, flourished in 221. 
Aelst, Evert Van, a Dutch painter of 

still life, b. at Delft, 1602, d. 1658. 
Aelst, William Wan, or Gulielmo, a 

Dutch painter of still life, b. 

1620, d. 1679. 
.Emilius, Paulus, d. B. C. 168. 
Aerts, Richard, a Dutch painter of 

scripture pieces, b. 1482, d. 1577. 
Aertsen, Peter, or Pietro Longo, a 

Dutch historical painter, b. 1519, 

d. 1566. 

iEschines, an Athenian orator, b. 
B. C. 393, d. 323. 

JEschvlus, a Greek tragic poet, b. 
B.C. 523, d. 454. 

JEsop, the oldest Greek fabulist, 
flourished in the 6th century B.C. 

iEsopus, the Roman actor, and co- 
temporarv of Roscius, flourished 
A. U. 670. 

Afesa, Pietro, or Delia Basilicata, a 
Neapolitan painter of religious sub- 
jects, flourished in the 1 6th century. 

Affirmation of quakers, admitted in 
lieu of an oath, partially, 1702; 
alteration made therein, 13th Dec. 
1721 ; received " in any case what- 
soever," 1829; sufficient for mem- 
ber of parliament, 14th Feb. 1833. 

Africa conquered bv Belisarius, A. D. 
533. 

African Association obtained a patent 
from Elizabeth, 1588. 

African Association, or Institution, 
affording patronage to travellers, 
established 1788, revived 1806. 

African Company, incorporated by 
Charles II., 1662; government 
owed them 11,686,800/., and 
their divided capital amounted to 
10,780,000/., both which continued 
till 1776. 

b2 



4 



AFR 



AIL 



Africanus, Julius, a christian chroni- 
cler of the third century, d. about 
232, A. M. 

Africanus (Scipio), the conqueror of 
Hannibal, d. about A.U. 566. — Liv. 

Agamemnon, generalissimo of the 
Greeks at the siege of Troy, slain 
B. C. 904-5. 

Agar, Jacques d', a French portrait 
painter, b. 1640, d. at Copenhagen, 
1716. 

Agarel, Arthur, an English anti- 
quarian, friend of Sir R. Cotton, 
b. 1540, d, 1615. 

Agaric of the oak, first used as a 
styptic, 1750. 

Agatha, St., monastery of, near Rich- 
mond, Yorkshire, built 1131. 

Agatharcides, Cnidius, the historian 
and biographer, flourished B. C. 
174 Strab., Voss. 

Agatharchus, pupil of iEschylus, in- 
ventor of theatrical perspective, 
died B. C. 480.— Mar. Ar. 

Agathius, a Byzantine historian, flou- 
rished 565. 

Agilnoth, Abp. of Canterbury, refused 
to crown Harold, d. 1038. 

Aglaophon, the painter, flourished 
A. M. 3534.— Plin. 

Aglionby, John, chaplain to James I., 
one of the translators of the Testa- 
ment, d. 1610. 

Agnacobites, fanatics that appeared 
first in 701. 

Agnes, St., martyred 308, aged 13. 

Agnus Dei, or " O Lamb of God," 
&c. in the Litany, first appointed 
to be read, 687 ; first consecration 
of, 1566. 

Agoracritus, the sculptor, d. B. C. 

150 years. 
Agra, fortress of (the Key of Hin- 

dostan), surrendered to the English 

17th Oct., 1803. 
Agrarian Law, first proposed at Rome 

by Sp. Cassius, B. C. 485. 
Agresti da Forli, Livio, an Italian 

historic painter, his works are in 

the Vatican, d. 1580. 
Agricola, the Roman general, born 

37, died 93 ; built the rampart 

between England and Scotland, 

with the chain of forts from the 

Clyde to the Forth, A. D. 84. 



Agricola, Christopher Ludwig, a 
German portrait painter and an 
engraver, born at Ratisbon, 1667. 

Agriculture, introduced by Sicpanus, 
husband of Ceres, B. C. 1830. 

Agricultural societies, first established 
in England, 1787. It is computed 
that hunters, shooters, &c, injure 
the farmer to the amount of Is. 
per acre annually, and that game, 
by feeding on his crops, consume 
to an equal amount ; that the fly, 
maggot, slug, &c, will, once in five 
years, cut off the turnips, once in 
ten years the clover, and do 5s. an 
acre damage to corn crops ; making 
on the average 2s. per acre. The 
injury done by rats, moles, and 
mice, in a farm of 200 acres, is 
estimated at 6/. 6s.; by sparrows, 
and other small birds, 67. 6s. ; 
pigeons, jays, magpies, ravens, kites, 
dogs, &c. 4/. 4*. : making in the 
whole 581. a-year, or very nearly 
6s. per acre: or, on the total 
cultivated superficies of the king- 
dom, an annual depredation to the 
* immense amount of ten millions 
per annum. 

Agrippa, Cornelius, a reputed magi- 
cian, b. at Cologne, 1486, d. at 
Grenoble, 1535. 

Agrippa (Herod I.), King of Judea, 
b. B. C. 3, d. A. D. 44. 

Agrippa (Herod II.), before whom 
St. Paul pleaded, d. A. D. 100. 

Aguesseau, Henry Francis d 1 , chan- 
cellor of France, b. at Limoges, 
1668, d. 1751. 

Ahab, King of Israel, ascended the 
throne A.M. 3086; slain at Ra- 
moth Gilead, A.M. 3117; see 
Old Testament events of. 

Ahaz, King of Judah, ascended the 
throne A. M. 3265, died 3278 
A. M., or B.C. 726 ; see Old Tes- 
tament, events of. 

Aikman, William, a Scotch painter 
of portraits, b. 24th Oct., 1682, 
d. 7th June, 1731. 

Aikin, John, M. D-, author of the 
Biographical Dictionary, b. Jan. 
1747, d. 4th Dec, 1822. * 

Ailesbury, Buckinghamshire, thirty 
houses burnt at, 6th May, 1773. 



A I N 



A LC 



5 



Ainsworth, Henry, a nonconformist 
and learned biblical writer, flou- 
rished 1590; poisoned from envy 
by a Jew, 1629. 

Ainsworth, Robert, an English school- 
master, and author of the Latin 
Dictionary, b. 1660, d. 1743. 

Air-balloons ; see Balloon. 

Air-guns, invented by Ctesibius of 
Alexandria, B. C. 1 20 ; revived by 
Guter of Nuremberg, 1656; im- 
proved by Perkins, 1830. 

Air-pump, invented by Otto de Gue- 
ricke, burgomaster of Magdeburg, 
1654; also attributed to Boyle. 

Aire, in France, taken, with its maga- 
zines, by Gen. Sir Rowland Hill, 
2nd March, 1814. 

-Aiton, William, botanist, author of 
Hortus Kewensis, b. 1731, d. 1793. 

Aix-la-Chapelle, on Lower Rhine, 
founded 795 ; treaties of peace 
concluded at, 2nd May, 1668, 18th 
Oct., 1748 ; congress at, Oct. Nov. 
1818; taken by the French, 1793, 
and 21st Sept., 1794. 

Ajaccio, in Corsica, Napoleon born 
at, 15th Aug., 1769. 

Ajax, the son of Telamon, one of the 
Grecian chieftains at the siege of 
Troy, nourished B. C. 920. 

Ajax, the son of Oilens, chief of the 
Locrians, a leader in the Trojan 
war ; shipwrecked on his return, 
by Minerya, for having violated 
Cassandra at her shrine, flourished 
about 920 B. C. 

Aken, John Van, a Dutch painter 
and engraver, of the 17th century. 

Akenside, Mark, Dr., author of the 
Pleasures of Imagination, b. at 
Newcastle, 1721, d. 23 June, 1770. 

Aland, John, Lord Fortescue of Ire- 
land, a Baron of the Common 
Pleas, and proficient in Saxon 
literature, b. 1670, d. 1747. 

Alba Julia, in Transylvania; uni- 
versity of, founded 1629. 

Alban, eutter, wrecked on the Dutch 
coast, only one of the crew saved, 
18th Dec, 1812. 

Alban, St., the first English martyr, 
b. at Verulam, suffered A.D. 286, 
296, 303 — Ussher, and others. 

Alban's Abbey, built 793. 



Albano, Francesco, painter of history 

and landscape, b. at Bologna, 1578, 

d. 4th Oct., 1660. 
Albano, Giovanni Battista, Italian 

painter of landscapes, d. in 1668. 
Alberelli, Giacomo, a Venetian histo- 
rical painter, d. about 1650. 
Alberici, Enrico, an historical painter, 

b. 1714, d. 1775. 
Alberoni, Julius, an intriguing and 

enterprising cardinal, b. at Pla- 

centia 1664, d. 1752. 
Albert Durer, a German painter of 

history, b. at Nuremberg 20th Mav, 

1471, d. 6th April, 1528. 
Alberti, Cherubino, a Florentine 

painter of historv, and an engraver, 

b. 1552, d. 1615. 
Alberti, Durante, an Italian painter 

of scripture subjects, b. 1538, d. 

1613. 

Alberti, Giovanni, a Florentine land- 
scape painter, b. 1558, d. 1601. 

Albertinelli, Mariotto, an historical 
Florentine painter, b.1475, d.1520. 

Albertus, H. C., a portrait painter and 
engraver of Saxony, d. 1680. 

Albertus Magnus, a learned mathe- 
matician, and general scholar, b. 
at Suabia about 1200, flourished 
1237, d. 1280. 

Albigenses, enemies of the Roman 
Catholic religion, first appeared in 
1160. 

Albini, Alessandro, an Italian painter, 
pupil of the Caracci, d. about 1610. 

Albinus, Bernard Siegfried (Weiss, 
White), a celebrated anatomist, b. 
at Frankfort on the Oder, 1697, 
d. at Leyden, 1770. 

Albinus, Christian Bernard, professor 
of anatomy at Utrecht, died 1752. 

Alboresi Giacomo, Bolognese painter, 
b. 1632, d. 1677- 

Albion-Mills, Manchester, built 1786, 
destroyed by fire, 1792, the damage 
estimated at 25,000/. 

Albumazar, flourished 841. 

Albuquerque, Alfonso de, the Portu- 
guese Mars, viceroy of India, b. 
at Lisbon, 1452, d. 1515. 

Alcantara, bridge of, across the Tagus, 
Portugal, built A.D. 98. 

Alcantara, order of knighthood, insti- 
tuted 1160. 



6 



ALC 



ALF 



Alcseus, the lyric poet, flourished B. C. 
605. 

Alcaeits, the tragic poet, flourished 

B. C., 601. 
Alcibiades, the Athenian statesman 

and general, b. B. C. 450, slain 

404 B. C. 
Alcidarnus, the orator, flourished B. C. 

615. 

Alcuinus, Alcuyn, or Albinus Flac- 
cus, a learned English monk, the 
friend of Charlemagne, scholar of 
Bede, and founder of the University 
of Paris, b. at York, 732, d. at 
Tours, 804. 

Aldbourn, Wiltshire, injured by fire, 
200 houses burnt, 23rd Aug., 1777. 

Aldegraef, Albert, or Henry, painter 
and engraver, pupil of Albert 
Durer, b. in Westphalia, 1502, 
d. 1562. 

Aldermen, first appointed in London, 
1242. 

Aldermen, first appointed in Dublin, 
1409. 

Aldevsgate, London, built 1616 ; taken 
down and sold for 91/. April, 1761. 

Aldgate, London, built 1608; taken 
down and sold for 177/. 10s. April, 
1760. 

Aldrovandini, Tomaso, a painter of 

landscape and architecture, b. at 

Bologna, 1653, d. 1736. 
Ale, invented B. C. 1404 ; ale booths 

set up in England, A. D. 728, 

licensed, 1551. 
Alefounder, John, an English portrait 

painter, d. in East Indies 1790. 
Alen, or Oolen, John Van, a Dutch 

imitative painter, b. 1651, d. 1698. 
Aleni, Tommaso, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1500, d. 1560. 
Alesio, Matteo Perez de, a Roman 

painter of scripture subj ects,d.l600. 
Alessandria, in Italy, taken by the 

French 1798; surrendered to the 

Austrians and Russians, 24th Julv, 

1799. 

Alexander, William, an English artist, 

accompanied Lord Macartney to 

China, b. 1768, d. 1816. 
Alexander, first Emperor of all the 

Russias, d. 1st Dec, 1825. 
Alexander, St., order of knighthood, 

instituted in Russia 1700. 



Alexander the Great, King of Mace- 
don, b. at Pella, B. C. 356; suc- 
ceeded Philip, B. C. 336 • passed 
into Asia, B. C. 334 ; d. at Babv- 
lon, 21st March, B. C. 323, aged 
32, year of his reign 13. 

Alexander Balas, King of Syria, slain 
B.C. 145. 

Alexander Jannseus, King of the 
Jews, ascended the throne B. C. 
106, d. B. C. 79. 

Alexander Severus, a Roman emperor, 
b. at Acre, 205, assassinated, 235. 

Alexander, the name of several popes. 

Alexander III., pope, his stirrups 
held by the kings of England and 
France, d. 1181. 

Alexander YI., pope, a notorious 
character, father of Caesar Borgia, 
and of Lucretia, b. at Valencia, 
1430 ; ascended the throne, 1492, 
d. 1503. 

Alexander, several kings of Scotland 
so named ; see Scotland. 

Alexander, the names of some of the. 
Russian emperors ; see Russia. 

Alexander, W., an American general, 
and man of learning, born at New 
York, 1726, d. 1783. 

Alexandrian Library, containing 
400,000 MSS., destroyed by fire", 
B. C. 47. The second 

Alexandrian Library, containing 
700,000 vols., burned by Caliph 
Omar, 14th Jan., 640. The Sara- 
cens heated their baths for six 
months with the burning books. 

Alexandria, in Egypt, taken by Ca?sar, 
B.C. 46; by the French* 1798: 
by the English, 22nd Aug., 1801. 

Alfani Orazio, an Italian artist, b. 
1530, d. 1583. 

Alfaro y Ganion, Don Juan de, a 
Spanish portrait painter, b. at Cor- 
dova, 1640, d. of a broken heart, 
1680. 

Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, an Italian 
tragic poet, b. in Piedmont, 1749, 
d. 8 Oct., 1803, buried at Florence. 

Alfred, son of Ethelred II., his eyes 
put out by Earl Godwin, and 600 
followers slain at Guildford, 1036. 

Alfred the Great, King of England, 
b. 849, ascended the throne, 872, 
d. 900. 



A L G 



ALM 



7 



Algardi, Alessandro, a painter, scalp- 
tor, and architect, of Bologna, b. 
1598, d. 1654. 

Algarotti, Francesco, an Italian noble- 
man, a painter, engraver, and critic, 
b. at Venice, 12tb Dec, 1712, d. at 
Pisa, 3 March, 1764. 

Algebra introduced into Europe, 
1300; in general use, 1590; nu- 
merical notation invented, 950 ; 
brought into Europe, 1494; literal, 
first used, 1590. 

Algerine xebec, of 22 guns, lost in 
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Sept. 
1760. 

Algiers, a Roman province, B. C. 44 ; 
feized by Barbarossa, 1516 ; made 
a treaty with England, 1662; 
bombarded by Admiral Blake, 
1665; by the French, 1761; by 
Lord Exrnouth's fleet, 27th Aug., 
1816, upon which the Algerines 
abolished christian slavery; taken 
by the French, 5th July, 1830. 

Ali Bey, an Eastern adventurer, born 
at the foot of Caucasus, seized the 
government of Egypt, d. 1773. 

Ali Pacha, a self-constituted governor 
of Albania, born at Tepelini, 1744, 
slain, with six of his companions, 
5th Feb., 1822. 

Aliberti, Giovanni Carlo, an Italian 
painter of scriptural subjects, b. 
1680, d. 1740. 

Alibrandi, Girolamo, a Sicilian painter 
of scripture pieces, pupil of Leo- 
nardo da Vinci, b. 1470, d. 1524. 

Alien priories, seized by the crown 
1337. 

Aliens forbidden to hold church 
livings. Juries for their trials to 
be half foreigners, 1430 ; not to 
exercise a trade or handicraft by 
retail, 1483. 

Alien Bill, 4th Jan., 1793; repealed, 
and a new one passed, 1816. 

Allan, David, a Scotch painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1744, d. 
1796. 

Allegiance, oath of, first administered 
1636, altered 1689. 

Allegrain, Etienne, a French land- 
scape painter, b. 1655, d. 1736. 

Allegrain, Gabriel, son of Etienne, a 
French artist, d. in 1748. 



Allegri (Correggio), Antonio, a cele- 
brated but unfortunate historical 
painter, b. at Allegri in 1490, and 
d. from disappointment, 1534. 

Allegrini, Francesco, or DaGubbio, an 
Italian historical painter, b. 1587, 
d. 1663. 

Allegrini, Francesco, a Florentine 
designer and engraver, d. about the 
year 1775. 

Allen, John, Abp. of Dublin, a learned 
writer, murdered in the Lord 
Offaly's rebellion, 1534. 

Allen, Thomas, an English mathema- 
tician, born at Uttoxeter 21st Dec, 
1542, d. 1632. 

Allen, Ralph, of Bath, d. 1764. 

Alleyn, Edward, an English actor in 
the reigns of Elizabeth and James 
I., and keeper of the Royal Bear 
Garden. He founded Dulwich 
College. Born in London 1566, 
died 1626; buried at Dulwich. 

Allington Castle, Kent, built A. D. 
1282. 

Alloisi, Baldassare (Gallanino), an 
eminent portrait painter (the Italian 
Vandyk), b. at Bologna 1578, d. 
1638. 

Allodial, or Free Lands, is derived 
from Odhal, implying freeholds, in 
Norway, the first being merely a 
transposition of the syllables of the 
latter: hence Fee-odh, feodum, 
feudal, denoting stipendiary pro- 
perty, a fee being a stipend. 

Allori, Alessandro (Bronzino), a 
Florentine painter of history and 
portraits, b. 1535, d. 1607. 

Alum, first discovered at Rocha, in 
Syria, 1300— in Tuscany, 1460 ; 
brought to perfection in England, 
1608; found in Ireland, 1757, — 
in Anglesea, N. Wales, 1790. 

All Saints, festival of, instituted 
625. 

All Souls, festival of, instituted 1604. 

All Souls College, Oxford, founded 
by Henry Chichely, Abp. of Can- 
terbury, 1437. 

Ally-Cawn, made a nabob by Col. 
Clive, 23rd June, 1765. 

Almagro, Diego, a Spanish adventurer, 
strangled by his rival Pizarro, in 
1538, aged 75. 



8 



ALM 



AME 



Almanacs, first published by Martin 
Ilkus, at Luda, in Poland, 1470 ; 
compiled, nearly in their present 
form, by Muller, 1 473 ; the Com- 
pany of Stationers, London, claimed 
an exclusive right to publish, until 
1 779, and they are now supposed 
to sell a million annually ; first 
printed at Constantinople, 1806; 
Duty taken off, 1834. 

Alma ran ta, order of knighthood in 
Sweden, instituted 1653. 

Almeloveen, Jan, a Dutch painter of 
landscapes and portraits, also an 
engraver, b. about 1614. 

Almeyda, in Portugal, taken by the 
Spaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; by the 
French, 27th Aug., 1810; blown 
up by the French, 10th May, 1811. 

Alniora, East Indies, carried by assault 
of the Company's forces, 25th April, 
1815. 

Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, 
seat of the Percies, founded 1147. 

Alphabet, consisted of sixteen letters 
B. C. 3,00, when the Ionic alpha- 
bet of twenty-four was adopted. 

Alphonso III., King of Leon and 
Asturias (the Great), d. at Zamora 
912, aged 64. 

Alphonso X., King of Castile, the 
astronomer and philosopher, b. 
1203, d. 1234. 

Alresford, in Hampshire, destroyed 
by fire, 1160. 

Altars, in churches, first used, 135; 
consecrated 271 ; the first in Bri- 
tain, 534. 

Altdorfer, Albrecht, a Bavarian pain- 
ter and engraver, a pupil of Albert 
Durer, b. 1488, d. 1558. 

Altorf, in Franconia, University of, 
founded 1581. 

Alunno, Nicolo, an Italian artist, — 
painted scripture pieces, b. 1450, 
d. 1510. 

Alva, Fred. Alvarez, Toledo, duke of, 
general of the imperial armies, 
b. 1503, d. 21st Jan., 1582. 

Amadeus, the name of several Counts 
of Savoy, 

Amadeus the Great, defended Rhodes 
against the Turks, d. 1323. 

Amadeus the Happy, a virtuous and 
pious prince, d. 1742. 



Amalteo, Pomponio, an Italian his- 
toric painter, born 1504, d. 1576. 

Amato, Giovanni Antonio (II Vec- 
cbio),a Neapolitan painter of sacred 
subjects, b. about 1475. 

Ambassador, the first sent by the Czar 
of Russia to England, 1556; the 
first sent to Turkey from England, 
1606 ; the Portuguese, arrested for 
debt, 1653 ; the Russian, arrested 
by a lace merchant, when a law 
passed for their protection, 1709 ; 
protection limited, 1773. The 
first that arrived in Europe from 
India was from Tippoo Saib to 
France, 1778 ; the first from the 
Ottoman Emperor arrived in ion- 
don, Dec. 1793. 

Amberger, Christopher, a German 
painter of history and portraits, and 
disciple of Holbein, b. at Nurem- 
burg 1485, d. 1550. 

Amberley Castle, Sussex, built 1374. 

Amboyna, seized by the Dutch, 1624, 
by the English, 17th Feb., 1810. 

Ambrogi, Domenico (Menichino del 
Brizio), a Bolognese painter of 
church subjects, also an engraver 
on wood, d. about 1660. 

Ambrosius, St., bishop of Milan, b. 
333_Cave,340_Dupin; d.397. 

Ambrosius, Aurelius or Aurelianus, 
supposed author of the erections at 
Stonehenge, crowned King of the 
Britons, 465, d. 508. 

Amelia, Princess, daughter of George 
III., d. 2nd Nov., 1810. 

America, first discovered by Colum- 
bus, 1492. The complete discovery 
of South America was made by 
Vespucius Americanus, a Floren- 
tine, from whom it derives its 
name, 1499; known first to the 
French, 1504. Mexico was con- 
quered by Spain, 1518; Peru, 1520. 
Brazil was discovered by the Por- 
tuguese, 1500; planted by them 
in 1549, and remains under the 
Royal Family of Portugal. Terra 
Firma was conquered by Spain in 
1514. North America was first dis- 
covered by Sebastian Cabot, a Vene- 
tian, in the service of England, and 
his son, John Cabot, an Englishman, 
in 1 497 . John Cabot settled New- 



A ME 



AMI 



9 



foundland, the first English colony j 
in America, 1498. Florida was j 
first discovered by John Cabot, in j 
1.500 ; it was ceded to Spain by the | 
peace of 1783. Louisiana was dis- | 
covered by the French, 1663 ; they i 
took possession of it 1718 : but 
eastward of the Mississippi was 
ceded to England, 1763. The first 1 
British settlement made in North 
America was in Virginia, 4th James ! 
I., 1607. New England was the 
second, in 1614, by the Plymouth 
Company. In 16*20, a large body 
of dissenters, who fled from church 
government in England, purchased 
the Plymouth patent, and built New 
Plymouth. Salem was built in . 
1628: and Boston, the present 
capital, 1630. Pennsylvania was 
settled by William Penn, a cele- > 
brated quaker, in whose family 
the patent long subsisted, 1681 : 
Maryland, by lord Baltimore, 1633; 
Carolina, by English merchants, 
1 670. New York was first settled 
by the Dutch ; but the English 
dispossessed them and the Swedes, 
] 664 ; Georgia, by General Ogle- 
thorpe, 1732. Nova Scotia was 
settled by the Scotch, under Sir 
William Alexander, 1622; but - 
underwent several changes from j 
the English to the French, and then 
to the English again, till it was con- 1 
firmed to the latter by the peace of 
1748. Canada was attempted to 
be settled by the French, in 1534 ; 
they built Quebec in 1608 : but i 
the whole country was conquered 
If the English in 1762, and ceded 
by the peace of 1763 ; Duties Act, I 
1764 ; duty on Tea. 1767. Packet 
boats first established between Old j 
and New Spain, with the liberty of 
trading, 1564. Free trade opened j 
between Old and New Spain, by j 
the Straits of Magellan, 1774. 
Paper currency established in Ame- 
rica, 15th May, 1775. N. W. ex- ! 

plored by Capt. Cook, 1773, bv 

Capt. Colnett, 1789- Several vice- 
roys appointed in Spanish America, 
1776. Thirteen colonies united, 
and declared themselves indepen- 



dent of the English crown, 4th July, 
1776 ; allowed bv France, 6th Feb., 
1778: by Holland, 8th Oct., 1782 ; 
by the English parliament, 30th 
Nov. 1783 ; Royalists relieved, 
1785. American congress first 
met at Philadelphia, 5th Sept., 
1775. William, third son of 
King George III., afterwards Wil- 
liam IT. of England, was the 
first prince of the blood royal that 
ever landed in North America, 
1781. Spanish America declared 
itself independent, 1810. Pro- 
vinces of, assembled in congress, de- 
clared the sovereignty of the people, 
5th July, 1811, ~ United States of 
America declared war against Eng- 
land. 1 8th Julv, 1812. Made peace 
with England,' 24th Dec, 1814. 

American Company, the Russian, es- 
tablished in 1785. 

American Philosophical Societv, insti- 
tuted, 2nd Jan., 1672. 

American Congress, first assembled at 
Philadelphia, 5th Sept., 1775 ; re- 
moved to Washington, 1801. 

American Royalists relieved, 1785. 

Americus Vespucius (Amerigo Ves- 
pucci), one of the discoverers of 
the continent of America, b.at Flo- 
rence. 9 March, 1451 : first reached 
America, 1499 ; d. at Seville, 1512. 

Amesbury, Wiltshire, 32 houses de- 
stroyed by a fire, which did 1 0,000/. 
damage, 3rd June, 1751. 

Amesbury Nunnery, built 976. 

Ames. Joseph, author of Typographical 
Antiquities, b. at Yarmouth, 1683, 
d. 1759. 

Ames, Fisher, an American orator and 

writer, b. 1753, d. 1804. 
Amethysts, found in Kerry, Ireland, 

1755. 

Amherst, Jeffrev, Lord, a British 
general, b. 1717. d. 1798. 

Amherst. Nicholas, an English poet, 
b. at Maiden, d. 1742. 

Amicable Society, incorporated 1706. 

Amiconi, Jacopo or Giacomo, a Ve- 
netian landscape painter, b. 1675, 
d. at Madrid in 1758. 

Amiconi, Ottavio, an historic and 
landscape painter, b. at Brescia in 
1605,d. 1661. 

b 3 



10 



AMI 



A N D 



Amiens, Peace of, concluded 27th 
March, 1802. 

Amilcar (or Hamilcar) Barcas, a Car- 
thaginian general, father of Hanni- 
bal, slain in battle B. C. 228. 

Amiot, a French Jesuit, missionary 
to China, b. 1718, d. 1794. 

Amman, Justus, a Swiss artist, painted 
on wood and copper, b. in 1539, 
d. 1591. 

Ammianus Marcellinus, a Roman 

historian, who flourished in the 

4th century. 
Ammirato, Scipio, an Italian historian. 

b. 1531, d. 1601. 
Amon ; see Old Testament, events of. 
Amoretti, Abbate Carlo, an Italian 

mineralogist, b. 1741, d. 1816. 
Amorites, a people that inhabited, 

the mountains around the Dead 

Sea, conquered by Moses, A. M. 

2553. 

Amos, the prophet, flourished B. C. 
850. 

Amphilochus, bishop of Iconium, died 
A. D. 394. 

Amphion, King of Thebes, and a 
celebrated musician, flourished 
A.M. 2617.— Eus. Hor. Bocc. 

Amphion frigate, bloAvn up at Ply- 
mouth, and all the crew destroyed, 
22nd Sept., 1796. 

Amphitheatre at Fidonia, fell in, 
when 50,000 persons were killed, 
A. D. 26. 

Amphitheatre, at Rome, built 69, 
since stripped of its ornaments to 
decorate palaces, and the chapels 
erected within it. 

Amphi trite, transport, with 125 fe- 
male convicts, and a crew of 39 
souls, lost within half a mile of 
Boulogne, and onlv three lives 
saved, 31st Aug., 1833. 

Amsterdam, the chief city of Holland, 
first walled in, 1490 ; besieged 
unsuccessfully by the Guelder- 
landers, 1522 ; submitted, after a ten 
months siege, to the Hollanders, 
1578 ; surrendered to the Russians, 
1 787 ; received the French, 1795; 
the seat of regal government under 
Louis Bonaparte, 1806; incorpo- 
rated with the French empire, 
1810; in 1818, the house of 



Orange was recalled ; Stadthouse 
built, 1638; Exchange in 1634; 
Opera House at, burnt, 1 50 persons 
perished, 1772 ; Admiralty House 
destroved by fire, 6th July, 1791 : 
Bank founded, 1609. 
Amyot, James, a French writer, 
bishop of Auxerre, b. 1514, d. 
1593. 

Anabaptist, sect formed in 1525 : 

arrived in England, 1549. 
Anabaptist chapel, the first erected 

in England, 1640. 
Anacharsis, the Scvthian philosopher, 

flourished 584 B. C. 
Anacletus I., pope, suffered martvr- 

dom, A. D. 91. 
Anacletus II., pope, Peter de Leon, 

d. 1138.. 

Anacreon, the Greek poet, flourished 

B. C. 532. 
Ananias and Sapphira struck dead, 

A. D. 33. 
Anarawd, Prince of Wales, ascended 

the throne 877, d. 913. 
Anastatius I., Emperor of the East, 

succeeded Zeno, 491, d. 518. 
Anastatius II., dethroned by Theo- 

doric in 719. 
Anathema, first exercised bv the 

church, A. D. 387. 
Anatomy, restored at Brussels, 1550. 
Anatomy of plants, discovered 1680. 
Anaxagoras, an Ionian philosopher, 

b. B. C. 500, d. 428. 
Anaxandrides, the comic poet, flou- 
rished B. C. 378. 
Anaxarchus, a Thracian philosopher, 

flourished B. C. 340. 
Anaximander, the inventor of hydro- 

graphv, b. at Miletus, B.C. 610, 

d. 547. 

Anaximenes, a mathematician of Mi- 
letus, who flourished B. C. 556. 

Anchors, invented 587. 

Anchorites, first appeared, 1255. 

Ancona, taken by the French. July, 
1796 ; surrendered to the Impe- 
rialists, 13th Nov., 1799. 

Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome, 
succeeded B. C. 640, d. B.C. 615. 

Anderson, Sir E., a judge and law 
writer, d. 1605. 

Anderson, James, agricultural writer, 
b. 1739, d. 1808. 



AND 



ANH 



Anderson, Adam, commercial writer, 

d. 1765, aged 73. 
Anderton, Henry, an English painter 

of history and portraits, d. 1 665. 
Andover, Lord, killed while delivering 

his fowling-piece to his servant, 

8th Jan., 1801. 
Andover, Hampshire, England, made 

a free borough, 12Q5. 
Andre, Major, a British officer, taken 

as a spy by the Americans, and 

hanged" 2nd' Oct., 1780. 
Andre, Jean, a French historic painter, 

pupil of Carlo Maratti, b. 1662, 

d. 1753. 

Andrea del Sarto, a Florentine pain- 
ter of historv and portraits, b. 
1488, d. 1530. 

Andrea, Marochini, and Orcagna, two 
famous Florentine artists, flou- 
rished in 1385. 

Andrea, Tafi, a Florentine artist, who 
studied the Mosaic painting at St. 
Mark's, Yenice, flourished 1296. 

Andrea, Maestro, a Neapolitan painter 
and architect, b. 1480, d. 1502. 

Andrea, St., Delia Valle, at Rome, 
built 1641. 

Andreani, Andrea (Mantegna) an Ita- 
lian painter and engraver, 1516. — 
Mand., Vos., Isaac. 

Andreanossy Islands, between Asia 
and America, discovered 1760. 

Andreossy, Count, a French officer 
and engineer of the canal of Langue- 
doc, b. 1761. 

Andrew, St., order of knighthood in 
Scotland, instituted 809 ; revived 
in Scotland, 1451, 1605; in Russia, 
1698. 

Andrew, St., brother of St. Peter, 
martyred 30th Nov., A.D. 69, fes- 
tival instituted, 354. 

Andrews, St., university of, Scotland, 
founded by Bishop Wardlaw, 1411. 

Andrews, Launcelot, bishop of Win- 
chester, b. 1555, d. 1626. 

Andrew, Rev. James, LL. D., astro- 
nomer and mathematician, b. 1773, 
d. 1833. 

Andriessens, Hendrick, a Flemish 
painter of still life, born at Antwerp 
1600, d. 1655. 

Andronicus I., P^mperor of the East, 
assassinated in 1185. 



Andronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic 
philosopher, and preserver of the 
works of Aristotle, flourished B. C. 
63. 

Androcydes,the painter, contemporary 

with Zeuxis, flourished A.M. 3561 . 
Anello, Thomas, or Massaniello, the 

fisherman of Naples ; he obtained 

supreme power, was assassinated 

1666, v b. 1623. 
Anesi, Paulo, a Florentine landscape 

painter, d. 1750. 
Aneurin, an ancient British bard, he 

died about 570 B. C. 
Angarano, Ottavio, a noble historic 

painter of Venice, who flourished 

in 1650. 

Angeli, Filippo d', (Napoletano) a 
Roman historic painter, b. 1600, d. 
1640. 

Angelic knights of St. George, order 
instituted in Greece, 456. 

Angelico da Fiesole (Giovanni), an 
Italian painter of religious subjects, 
b. 1387, d. 1455. He declined 
the archbishopric of Florence. 

Angelis, Peter, a painter of landscape 
and conversation pieces, b. at Dun- 
kirk, 1685, d. 1734. 

Angelites, an heretical sect, that first 
appeared in 494. 

Angel o ; see Buonarotti, Caravaggio, 
and Campidoglio. 

Anglesea, North Wales, (Mon. Mona.) 
subdued bv the Romans, 78 ; by 
the Angles, or English, 1295. 

Anglo Saxons, first landed in Britain 
449. 

Angola, in Africa, settled by the 

Portuguese, 1482. 
Angosciola, Sophonisba, a lady of 

Cremona, of noble birth ; she painted 

portraits and history until she lost 

her sight ; b. 1533, d. 1626. 
Agoulemen, Isle of, 16 persons killed 

by an explosion of gunpowder, 

16th April, 1816. 
Angria, Tullagrec, his forts, in the 

East Indies taken by Admiral 

Watson, 13th Feb., 1756. 
Anguella of the Caribbees, first planted 

by the English, 1650. 
Anhalt, Island, 4000 Danes repulsed 

by 150 British, 27 th March, 

1811. 



12 



ANH 



ANT 



Anhalt, George, prince of, b. 1507, d. 
1557. 

Animal Magnetism, appeared in 
France, 1783 ; in England, 1789. 

Anjar, fortress of, East Indies, taken 
by E. I. Company, Feb. 1816. 

Anich, Peter, a Tyrolese peasant, as- 
tronomer and geographer, b. 1 723, 
d. 1766. 

Anjou, France, university at, founded 

1349, enlarged 1364. 
Anna Ivanowna, Empress of Russia, 

b. 1693, d. 1740. 
Annat, F., a French Jesuit, and 

learned author, b. 1590, d. 1670. 
Annates, or first fruits, instituted 

1306. 

Anne, Queen of England, last of the 
Stuart family, b. at Twickenham, 
1664, d. 20th July, 1714. 

Anne of Austria, Regent of France, 
queen of Louis XIII., d. 1666. 

Anne of Cleves, one of the -wives of 
Henry VIII. , after being divorced, 
returned to her country and died, 
1557. 

Anne of Beaujeu, Regent of France, 
daughter of Louis XL, wife of Duke 
of Bourbon, d. 1522. 

Annet, Peter, pilloried for his deistic 
writings, d. 1778, aged 75. 

Annibal, the Carthaginian general, 
poisons himself B. C. 182. 

Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1705. 

Annuities for life, regulated 1 777.. 

Annuities, or pensions, first granted, 
1512, when 20 J. was given to a lady 
of the court for services done, and 
61. 13s. 4c?. for the maintenance of 
a gentlewoman, 1536 ; and 131. 
6s. 8c?., a competent sum to sup- 
port a gentleman in the study of 
the law, 1554. 

Annunciade of St. Michael, order of 
knighthood, instituted at Mantua, 
1618. 

Annunciation of the blessed Virgin 

Mary, observed, 350. 
Annunciation, order of, instituted in 

Savoy, 1362. 
Anointing, first used at coronation, 

in England, 172, in Scotland, 1097. 
Anquetil du Perron, Abrabam Hya- 

cinthe, a famous Orientalist, b. 

1731, d. 1805. 



Ansaldo, Giovanni Andrea, of Genoa, 
a landscape painter, b. 1584, d, 
1638. 

Anselm, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1030, 
d. 1099. 

Anselmi, Michael Angelo, an Italian 
painter of scriptural pieces, b. 1491, 
d. 1554. 

Ansgar, the apostle of the north, 
introduced Christianity into Swe- 
den and Denmark, b. 800, d. 865. 

Anson, a renowned British admiral, 
b. 1697, d. 1762. Presented the 
account of his voyage to the Royal 
Society, 30th June, 1748. 

Anson frigate, 44 guns, wrecked in 
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, when 
Captain Lydiard and many of the 
crew perished, 7th Jan., 1808. 

Anstey, Christopher, an humorous 
poet, author of the New Bath 
Guide, b. 1724, d. 1805. 

Anstis, John, an English antiquary, 
b. 1669, d. 1744. 

Antar, an Arabian prince and poet, 
whose verses were embroidered on 
silk, flourished in 6th century. 

Anthems, introduced into the reformed 
church in the reign of Elizabeth, 
first used, 386. 

An thee um, at Hove, Sussex, dome 
of, fell in 30th Aug., 1833. 

Anthony, St., the Great, b. in Egypt, 
251, d. 356, aged 105. 

Anthony, St., of Padua, b. 1 5th Aug., 
1195, d. June 13, 1231. 

Anthony, St.. in Hainault, order of 
knighthood, instituted in Germanv, 
1282 ; in Ethiopia, 357. 

Antigallican, prize of the Ducde Pen- 
thievre, detained, and the hatches 
sealed, at Cadiz, 1757. 

Antiphilus, a Grecian painter, flou- 
rished B. C. 301. 

Antiquaries, Society of, at London, 
incorporated 26th Oct., 1751. 

Antiquarian Society, at Edinburgh, 
instituted 18th Dec, 1780. 

Antiquarian Society, at Newcastle, 
1812. 

Antiquus, John, a painter of history 
and on glass, b. at Groningen, 
1702, d. 1750. 

Antinomians, a sect that first appeared 
in 1538. 



AN T 



A PP 



13 



Antigonus, King of Judea, beheaded 
by Marc Antony, B. C. 36. 

Antigonus, King of Asia, a captain of 
Alexander's, b. B.C. 385, d. B.C. 
301. 

Antigonus Gonatas, King of Asia, 

d."B. C 243. 
Antigonus II., King of Macedonia. 

d. B.C. 220. 
Antigua. West Indies, first settled bv 

the English, 1632. 
Antioch, a citv of Syria, founded 

B.C. 300: 'burned^ and 10,000 

inhabitants slain, B. C. 145. 
Antiochus. of Ascalon, d. B. C. 164. 
Antiochus, the name of several Syrian 

kings ; see Syria. 
Antipater. a Macedonian statesman, 

b. 398, d. 318 B.C. 
Antisthenes, a Grecian philosopher, 

h. B. C. 424. 
Antoinette, Marie, unfortunate queen 

of Louis XVI., born at Vienna, 

1725: beheaded, 1793 ; her bones 

disinterred at La Madelaine, and 

laid in St. Denis with the monarchs 

of France, 18th Jan., 1815. 
Antonello ; see Messina. 
Antonilez, Joseph, a Spanish painter 

of history, portrait, and landscape, 

born 1636, died 1676. 
Antonines, a religious sect that first 

appeared in 329. 
Antonisze, Cornelius, a Dutch painter 

of landscape and architecture, and 

a wood engraver, b. 1500. 
Antoninus Pius, a Roman emperor. 

b. A. D. 86, d. in 161. 
Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius (the 

philosopher), a Roman emperor, 

b. 121, d. 180. 
Antoninus's Wall, the third rampart 

built to check the North Britons, 

A. D. 1 40. 

Antonv, Marc, a noble Roman, d. 

B. C. 30, aged 56. 

Antwerp, first noticed, 517: walled, 
1201 and 1514 ; citadel erected bv 
Dukeof Alva, 1568; sacked, 1585; 
taken by the French, 1792, 1794; 
bourse erected, 1531 ; besieged 
by the English, 1814; again be- 
sieged by the French, taken, and 
restored to the Belgians, 1832. 

Anvari, the Persian poet, died 1207. 



Apelles, a painter of the island of 
Cos, author of the Venus Anadyo- 
mene, and of Alexander, in the 
Temple of Diana at Ephesus. He 
was the contemporary and favourite 
of Alexander the Great, who forbad 
all others to paint him, and gave 
him one of his own mistresses, with 
whom the artist had fallen in love : 
flourished B. C. 334. 

Apollonio, Jacopo, a painter of scrip- 
ture subjects, b. 1584, d. 1654. 

Apollo frigate, and 40 West India- 
men, lost off the Portuguese coast, 
2nd April, 1804. 

Apollo, temple of, at Antioch, burned 
down, B. C. 362 ; at Delphi, built 
B. C. 434. 

Apollodorus, the Athenian painter, 
flourished B. C. 408. 

Apollodorus, an eminent architect, 
who flourished A. D. 104. 

Apollodorus, a grammarian of Athens, 
flourished B.C. 140. 

Apollonius, the mathematician, flou- 
rished B. C. 242. 

Apollonius Rhodius, historian of the 
Argonautic expedition, flourished 
B.C. 246. 

Apollonius Tyaneus, a Pythagorean 
philosopher, who flourished in the 
beginning of the first century. 

Apothecaries, first mentioned in his- 
tory, 1345 ; company, London, 
incorporated 1617. 

Apothecaries exempted from serving 
civil offices, 1702 ; their practice 
better regulated, 1815. 

Apothecaries 1 Company, Dublin, in- 
corporated 1791. 

Apparitors, first instituted 1234. 

Appeals to the Pope, from England, 
first made, 1138 ; forbidden, 1532. 

Appel, Jacob, a Dutch painter of 
historv, landscapes, and portraits, 
b. 1680, d. 1751. 

Appelman, Barent, a Dutch painter 
oflandscapes and portraits, b. 1640, 
d. 1686. 

Appian, the historian, flourished in 
the reigns of Trajan and Adrian. 

Appiani, Andrea, a Milanese painter 
of history and portraits. Napoleon 
sat to him, and appointed him his 
painter : b. 1754, d. 1818. 



14 



APP 



ARE 



Appiani, Francesco, an Italian painter, 
b. at Ancona in 1702, d. at Per- 
ugia, 1792. 

Appian Way, from Rome to Capua, 
constructed B.C. 313, by Appius 
Claudius Crassus Csecus, wben he 
was censor ; afterwards it extended 
to Brundusium. 

Appius Claudius Crassinus, a cruel, 
arrogant patrician, one of the 
Decemvirs, d. B. C. 448. 

Apples, two species of, brought from 
Syria and Africa into Italy, B.C. 9. 

Apricot trees, first planted in Eng- 
land, 1540 ; Epirus is their native 
country. 

Aquila,Pompeio del, an Italian painter 
of historic subjects, flourished in 
1580. 

Aquinas, Thomas, St., a Neapolitan 
divine, b. 1224, d. 1274. 

Aquitaine, erected into a principality, 
1362; re-annexed to the French 
crown, 1730. 

Arable lands restrained, and pastures 
enforced, 1534. 

Arabella Stuart, lost her reason by 
imprisonment in London Tower, 
d. 1015, aged 38. 

Araldi, Alexander, a painter of his- 
torical pieces, b. at Parma, d. 1528. 

Aram, Eugene, a learned man, b. 
in Yorkshire, 1704, executed for 
a murder committed 14 years be- 
fore, 1759. 

Arbasia, Csesare, an Italian painter of 
religious subjects, d. 1620. 

Arbitration, an act for settlement of 
differences by, 16th May, 1698. 

Arbuthnot, Alexander, principal of 
Aberdeen University, b. 1538, d. 
1583. 

Arbuthnot, John, M.D., the friend 
of Swift, and a voluminous writer, 
d. 1735. 

Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle 
Academy, b. in JEolis, B.C. 316, 
d. of intemperance, B.C. 241. 

Archangel, in European Russia, pas- 
sage to, discovered, 1553 ; injured 
by fire, 1763; 200 dwellings 
burned down, 16th Oct., 1771 ; ca- 
thedral and other public edifices 
burned, 29th June, 1793 ; total of j 
houses destroyed, 3000. 



Archdeacon, the first appointed in 

England, 1075. 
Archelaus, a Greek philosopher, flour- 
ished, B.C., 440. 
Archelaus, King of Macedon, died 

about 398 B.C. 
Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, 
a cruel prince ; he flourished in 
the reign of Augustus. 
Archery introduced into England, 
440. 

Arches of stone, St. Paul's church, 
London, built on ; a mode of 
building unknown in England un- 
til 1187. 

Archindschan, Turkey, destroyed by 
an earthquake, when 12,000 per- 
sons were buried in the ruins, 
1784. 

Arco, Alonzo del, a Spanish painter 
of history and portraits. He was 
both deaf and dumb. B. 1625, d. 
1700. 

Archenholz, J. W. von, a voluminous 
German writer, b. 1743, d. 1812. 
Archilochus, of Paros, a writer of 
Iambic verses, who flourished 
B.C. 700. 
Archimedes, one of the most eminent 
mathematicians and philosophers 
amongst the ancients, inventor of 
the sphere, b. 287 B.C., slain 212 
B.C. 

Archytas, of Tarentum, a mathema- 
tician and mechanist, constructed 
an automaton, invented the vice 
and pulley, flourished 408 B.C., 
perished by shipwreck. 
Arcos, in Spain, evacuated by the 

French, 28th Aug., 1812. 
Arcot, in the East Indies, taken by 

the English, 1759. 
Arellius, the Roman painter, flour- 
ished, B.C., 27.— Plin. 
Arendt, Martin Fred., a scientific 
European traveller, born at Altona, 
1769, d. at Venice, 1824. 
Areopagus, the most ancient of the 
Athenian courts of justice, erected 
B.C. 1272. 
Aretin, Christophe Baron, b. at Ingol- 

stadt, 1772, d. at Munich, 1824. 
Aretino. See Spinello. 
! Aretino, Peter, an Italian poet, b. 
I 1492, d. 1557. 



ARE 



ARM 



15 



Aretino, Guido, a Benedictine monk 
of Arezzo, who systematised music. 
He flourished in 1029. 

Aretino, Leonard, an Italian historian, 
h.l370,d. at Florence, 1443. 

Aretusi, Csesare, a famous Italian 
portrait painter. He flourished in 
the 17th century. 

Arezzo, Spinello de, a Florentine ar- 
tist, h. 1352, d. 1400. 

Argand's lamps introduced generally 
in London, ] 785. 

Argo, the first long ship huilt hy the 
Greeks to carry the Argonauts, 
B.C., 1232,-939 Newton. 

Argonautic expedition, 1232, B.C., 
48 years hefore the taking of Troy. 
The Golden Fleece means the trea- 
sure of the King of Colchis, pil- 
laged hy the Argonauts, the Syriac 
word Gaza meaning fleece ; hut it 
is more generally admitted that 
Argo was the name of the first 
ship that was built (except the 
ark), and that it was therefore 
made a sign in the heavens ; that 
"the fable of the Fleece originated 
in the fleeces sunk in the river 
Xanthus, to collect the alluvial gold 
washed into that river from the 
adjacent mines. 

Argonauts, of St. Nicholas, the, order 
of knighthood instituted at Naples, 
1382. 

Argos, kingdom of, began 1586 B.C. 

Argyle, Marquis of, beheaded 27th 
May, 1661. 

Argyle, Earl of, executed at Edin- 
burgh, 1685. 

Arians, a religious sect, founded in 290 . 

Arion, the musician of Methymna, 
flourished, B.C., 664 or 625.— 
Seal., Eus. 

Ariosto, the Italian poet, b. 1474, 
d. 1533. 

Aristides, the Theban painter and 
scholar, and brother of Nicoma- 
chus, flourished B.C. 341.- Plin. 

Aristarchus, the Samian astronomer, 
flourished B.C. 967.— Eus. 

Aristarchus, a famous grammarian, 
born at Samothrace, flourished 
B.C. 150. 

Aristides the Just, an Athenian states- 
man, died B.C. 438.— Diod. Sic. 



Aristides, iElius, a rhetorician of 

Bithynia, born A.D. 129. 
Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic 

sect, flourished 380 B.C. 
Aristobulus,a Peripatetic philosopher, 

flourished 120 B.C. 
Aristocles, Theban artist, flourished 

B.C. 321. 
Aristogeiton, Athenian patriot, B.C. 

514. 

Ariston, a Theban artist, flourished 
B.C. 320. 

Aristodemus, a musician and philoso- 
pher, flourished B.C. 614. 

Aristomenes, the Messenian hero, 
flourished B.C. 689 Val. Max. 

Aristonicus, strangled at Rome, B.C. 
126. 

Aristophanes, a Grecian comic poet, 
B.C. 420.— Laer. 

Aristotle, the most famous of all the 
Grecian philosophers, tutor to 
Alexander the Great, founder of 
the Peripatetic sect, born at Stagira, 
B.C. 384, poisoned himself 322. 

Arithmetic brought into Europe from 
Arabia, 991 ; decimals invented, 
1042. 

Arius, the founder of Arianism, 
flourished A.D. 315, d. 336. 

Arkwright, Sir R., inventor of spin- 
ning jennies, d. 3rd Aug., 1752. 

Arlaud, James Anthony, a portrait 
painter, admired for his Leda, b. at 
Geneva, 1668, d. 1743. 

Armada, Spanish, defeated off Dun- 
kirk by the Dutch, 1630. 

Armada, Spanish, the Invincible, con- 
sisting of 150 ships of war, defeated 
by Howard and Drake, and dis- 
persed by storms, 1588. 

Armed neutrality of the Northern 
Powers against England, by the 
Empress of Russia, commenced 
1780; revived, 1800; dissolved 
by a British fleet, 1801. 

Armand, Jacques Franqois, a French 
artist, b. 1730, d. 1769. 

Armenia conq. by the Turks, 1522.' 

Army, the first standing, in modern 
times, by Charles VII. of France, 
1445. 

Armorial bearings introduced by the 
English nobles, 1100 ; taxed, 1798 
—1808. 



1 6 



ARM 



ART 



Armourers' Company, London, in- 
corporated, 1423. 

Arms, coats of, came into vogue in 
the reign of Richard I., and here- 
ditary in families about 1192. 
They took their rise from the 
knights painting their banners with 
different figures, to distinguish them 
in their crusades ; though some 
trace it higher, and say it originated 
in the common custom of the pri- 
mitive people painting their bodies 
with different figures to distinguish 
them from each other. The lions 
in the English arms were originally 
leopards, so says a record of 1252. 
Formerly none but the nobility 
hore arms, but Charles the Fifth 
having ennobled the Parisians, 
1371, he permitted them to bear 
arms. This was followed in other 
places. 

Arminianism, an heresy that sprung 

up in the year 1599. 
Arminius, Hermann, the deliverer of 

Germany from the Roman yoke, 

h. 18 B.C., assassinated A.D. 21. 
Arminius, James, a Dutch divine, 

founder of the Arminian sect, h. 

1560, d. 1609. 
Arms of England and France first 

quartered by Edward III., 1358 ; 

the latter discontinued from 1 Jan., 

1801. 

Armstrong, John, M.D., a poet and 
miscellaneous writer, h. in Rox- 
burghshire, 1709, d. 1779. 

Arne, Thomas Augustine, Dr., an 
English composer, b. in London in 
1704, d. 1778. 

Arne, Michael, an English musician, 
d. 1785. 

Arnheim, Guelderland, taken by Bil- 
low, and the garrison butchered, 
30th Nov., 1813. 

Arnobius of Sicca, Numidia, professor 
of rhetoric, flourished A.D. 303. 

Arnold, Benedict, an American gene- 
ral, who deserted to the English, 
d. in London, 1801. 

Arnold, Richard, an English divine, 
d. 1765. 

Arnold, Samuel, a doctor of music, 
and composer, b. 1739, d. 1802, 
buried in Westminster Abbey. 



Arnold, Christophe, the peasant as- 
tronomer, b. near Leipsic, 1646, 
d. 1695. 

Arnold, John, watchmaker, b. 1744, 
d. 1799. 

Arnoult, Sophie, a Parisian actress 
and vocalist, b. 1740, d. 1802. 

Arniston transport, wrecked off Cape 
Lagullas, only six saved out of 
350, 30th May, 1815. 

Arpino. See Caesari. 

Arragon erected into a kingdom, 912. 

Array, first commission of, for raising 
the militia, 1422. 

Arredondo, Isidore, a Spanish artist, 
first painter to Charles II., b. 
1654, d. 1702. 

Arrest, vexatious ones prevented by 
an act passed, 17th May, 1733 ; for 
less than 10/. forbidden, 1779; 
for less than 20/., 1827. 

Arrian, a Greek historian, who flou- 
rished in the 2nd century. 

Arsaces, the name of several Parthian 
kings. The first laid the founda- 
tion of the empire, B.C. 250. 

Artabanes, the name of several Par- 
thian kings. 

Artabazes, a general of Xerxes. 

Artaxerxes, the name of several mon- 
archs of Persia. First, died B.C. 
425. See Persia. 

Artemidorus, a Greek waiter at 
Ephesus, flourished A.D. 140. 

Artichokes first brought into Eng- 
land, 487. 

Artificers, bill to prevent the seduc- 
tion of, 1787. 

Artists' room in the Strand, London, 
erected 1772. 

Arteveldt, Jacob, of Ghent, assassin- 
ated, 1345. 

Arteveldt, a Dutch marine painter, 
who flourished in the 17th cen- 
tury. 

Artois, Jacques d', a landscape painter, 
and friend of Teniers, b. at Brus- 
sels, 1613, d. 1665. 

Artemisia, Queen of Caria, widow of 
Mausolus, d. B.C. 351. 

Arthur, King of Britain, born about 
501, d. of his wounds, 542. 

Articles of religion, six published by 
Henry VIII., 1536 ; forty-two 
published without the consent of 



ART 



ASS 



17 



parliament, 1552 ; reduced to thir- 
ty-nine, Jan., 1563 ; authorised 
by parliament, 1571 ; 104 drawn 
up by Archbishop Usher for Ire- 
land, 1615 ; articles authorised in 
1563, received in Ireland 1634. 
Artillery Company, London, revived, 
1610. 

Artists, Society of, Great Britain, 
incorporated, 26th Jan., 1765. 

Artois, Count d', brother to Louis 
XVI. of France, landed at Leith, 
Scotland, 6th Jan., 1796 ; visited 
London, 27th March, 1799. 

Arts and Sciences house, in the Adel- 
phi, London, erected 1772. 

Arts and Sciences, society of, London, 
instituted, 1753. 

Arts and Sciences, society of, at New- 
York, 1765. 

Arts, royal society of, at London, in- 
stituted, 1768. 

Aruba, isle of, West Indies, planted 
by Holland, 1634. 

Arundel castle, Sussex, built by the 
Saxons about 800. 

Arundel street, Panton Sq., destruc- 
tive fire in, with loss of life, 1833. 

Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, born 1353, died 1413. 

Arundelian Marbles arrived in Eng- 
land, 1627. They consist of 
Tables, containing the chronology 
of ancient history, from 1582 to 
355 before Christ, said to have 
been sculptured 264 before Christ ; 
found in the Isle of Paros, about 
1610; purchased by Lord Arundel, 
and given to the university of 
Oxford, 1627. The characters 
are Greek, of which there are two 
translations. 

Asa. See Old Testament, events of. 

Asaph, St., a native of North Wales, 
flourished 590 ; church built at, 
560 ; rebuilt, 1402. 

Asch, Peter Van, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1603. 

Ascanius, the son of -ZEneas, founder 
of Alba Longa, d. B.C. 1139. 

Ascension day firstcommemorated, 68. 

Ascham, Roger, tutor of Queen Eli- 
zabeth, b. 1515, d. 1568. 

Asdrubal, a Carthaginian general, 
flourished B.C. 203. 



Asclepiodorus, the painter, flourished 
B.C. 337. 

Asclepiodorus, a British prince, op- 
posed to the Romans, crowned 235, 
slain 260. 

Ash, Dr. John, author of English 
dictionary and grammar, b. 1724, 
d. 1779. 

Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, 

castle of, built, 1399. 
Ashdown, Essex, church of, erected, 

1 020. 

Ashfield, Edmund, an English por- 
trait painter, who flourished in the 
reign of Charles II. 

Ashmole, an English antiquary, foun- 
der of the Ashmolean Museum, 
b. 1617, d. 1692. 

Askew, Anne, burnt for heresy, 1546. 

Askew, Dr. Ant., d. 27th Feb., 1784. 

Asparagus first produced in England, 
1608. 

Asper, John or Hans, a famous Swiss 
portrait painter, b. 1499, d. 1571. 

Aspern, battle of, between Napoleon 
and Arch. Charles, 21st May, 1 809. 

Aspertino, Guido, an Italian historic 
painter, b. 1460, d. 1500. 

Aspertino, Amico, a Bolognese artist, 
b. 1474, d. 1572. 

Assassination plot against William 
III. discovered by Pendergrass, 
14th Feb., 1696. 

Assay-master established at Sheffield 
and Birmingham, 1773. 

Assaying of gold and silver legally 
established, 1354. 

Asselyn, John (Crabatje), a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1610, d. 1660. 

Assereto, Giovacchino, an Italian 
painter of religious subjects, b. 
1600, d. 1649. 

Asses, feast of, in France, held in 
honour of Balaam's ass, when the 
clergy at Christmas walked in pro- 
cession, dressed so as to represent 
the prophets. Suppressed, early 
before 1445. 

Assessed taxes advanced in 1797 ; 
reduced, 1798; new ones added, 
1801; reduced, 1823; and far- 
ther, 1834. 

Assheton, William, suggested a pro- 
vision for clergymen's widows, b. 
1641, d. 1711. 



18 



ASS 



A IT B 



Assiento, contract for supplying Ame- 
rica -with slaves from Jamaica, be- 
gan 1689; vested in the South 
Sea Company, 1713 ; resigned to 
Spain by the peace of 1748. 

Assignats, ordered by the National As- 
sembly of France, 17th Apr., 1790. 

Assisi, Andrea Luigi di (II Ingegno), 
an Italian artist, b. 1470, d. 1520. 

Assize of bread and ale established 
in England, 1266—1710.' 

Assumption of the Virgin, festival of, 
instituted 813. 

Assyria, kingdom of, began under 
Ninus, B.C. 2059; ended with 
Sardanapalus. From its ruins were 
formed the Assyrians of Babylon, 
of Nineveh, and the Medes. 

Asta, Andrea dell', a Neapolitan 
painter of religious subjects, b. 
1683, d. 1721. 

Astle, Thomas, an English antiquarv, 
b. in Staffordshire, d. 1803. 

Astley, John, an English portrait 
painter, d. 14th Nov., 1787. 

Astley, Philip, founder of amphi- 
theatres in London, Paris, and 
Dublin, b. 1742, d. 1814. 

Astley's amphitheatre and 19 houses 
destroyed by fire, 17th Aug., 1794 ; 
and again, 2nd Sep., 1803, when 
many houses -were burned. 

Astorga, in Spain, taken by the 
French, 12th April, 1810; evacu- 
ated 12th June, 1811 ; capitulated 
to the Spaniards, 18th Aug., 1812. 

Astracan, in Tartary, taken by the 
Russians, 1554. 

Astronomical observations first made 
at Babylon, 2234 ; tables made, 
B.C. 1253. 

Astronomy and geography brought 
into Europe by the Moors of Bar- 
bary, 1201. 

Asylums for debtors abolished in 
London, 1696. 

Asylum, near Westminster Bridge, 
London, instituted, 1758. 

Atahualpa, or Atabalipa, the last of 
the Incas, King of Quito, burnt by 
the Spaniards,~1533. 

Athaliah, wife of Joram, king of Ju- 
dah, slain B. C. 877. 

Athanasian Creed, supposed to have 
been written 340. 



Athanasio, Pedro, a Spanish historical 
painter, b. 1638, d. 1688. 

Athanasius, St., bishop of Alexan- 
dria, b. 296, d. 2nd May, 373. 

Athenagoras, Athenian philosopher, 
flourished A. D. 177. 

Athenodorus, a Stoic philosopher, tu- 
tor to Tiberius, flourished A.D. 10. 

Athens, founded by Cecrops, B. C. 
1556. Jul. Per. 3158. Taken by- 
Xerxes, 480, B. C. 

Atkins, James, bishop of Gallowav, 
b. 1613, d. 1687. 

Atkinson, Christopher, expelled Par- 
liament, and set in the pillory for 
perjury, 25th Oct., 1785. 

Atkinson, Joseph, an Irishman of 
much wit and a writer of poetrv, 
b. 1743, d. 1818. 

Atkyns, Sir Robert, chief baron of 
Exchequer, b. 1621, d. 1709. 

Attalus, king of Pergamus, inventor 
of parchment, d. B. C. 198. 

Attaquia, in Syria, destroyed by an 
earthquake, with 3,000 inhabit-, 
ants, 5th May, 1796. 

Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Ro- 
chester, b. 1662 ; sent to the 
Tower, 2-i th Aug., 1722; banished, 
May, 1723; died Feb., 1731 ; 
buried in Westminster Abbey. 

Atterbury, Dr. Lewis, an English 
divine and sermon writer, b. 1656, 
d. 1731. 

Atticus, Titus Pomponius, the friend 
of Cicero, d. B. C. 54, aged 77. 

Atticus, patriarch of Constantinople, 
d. 427. 

Attila, king of the Huns (the scourge 
of God), d. A. D. 453. 

Attorneys, tax on, commenced in 
1785; the number limited in 
Norfolk and Suffolk, and reduced 
from eighty to fourteen, 1754. 

Attorneys, maximum number allowed 
in Great Britain in the reign of 
Edward III., 400. 

Attraction, the first idea of, adopted 
by Kepler, 1605. 

Attwood, George, a celebrated mathe- 
matician and mechanist, b. 1746, 
d. 1807. 

Aubern, in Wiltshire, 72 dwellings, 
value 20,000/., destroved bv fire, 
12th Sept., 1760. 



AUB 



AVI 



19 



Aubin, Gabriel Jacques de St., a 
French historical painter and an 
engraver, b. 1724, d. 1770. 

Aubrey, John, F. R. S., an English 
antiquary, b. 1626, d. 1700. 

Aubusson, Peter d', grand master of the 
knights ofRhodes,b.H23, d. 1503. 

Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, an English 
general, b. 1756, d. 1822, buried 
. at Dublin. 

Audebert, John Baptist, a French 
miniature painter and an engraver, 
b. 1759, d. 1802. 

Auction, the first in England, by 
Elisha Yale, governor of Fort 
George, East Indies, of the goods 
he brought home, 1700; tax on, 
commenced, 1779. 

Auction Mart, London, founded, 
1813. 

Audenaerd, or Oudenaerd, Robert 

Van, a Dutch painter and engraver, 

b. 1663, d. 1743. 
Audley, James, Lord, an English 

hero who served under Edward 

III., b. 1314, d. 1386. 
Audley, Sir Thomas, Speaker of the 

House of Commons, b. 1488, d. 

1544. 

Audran, Claude, a French historical 
painter and professor at the aca- 
demy of arts, b. 1641, d. 6841. 

Augereau, duke of Castiglione, one 
of Napoleon's marshals, b. 1757, 
d. 1816. 

Augmentation, of the king's revenue, 
a new court erected, 4th Feb., 
1536-1704. 

Augsburg confession of faith, made 
1550. 

Augustin, St., father of the Latin 
Church, b. in Numidia, A. D. 
354, d. 23rd Aug., 430. 

Augustines, appeared in England, 
1250. 

Augustin, or Austin, St., (the apostle 
of the English), first archbishop 
of Canterbury, landed on the Isle 
of Thanet, 596, d. 607. 

Augustin, St., Abbey of, Canterbury, 
built 1605. 

Augustus Caesar, b. B. C. 65, d. 
19th Aug., A.D. 14. — See Roman 
Emperors. 

Augustus ; see Saxony. 



Aurelian, Roman Emperor, assassi- 
nated, 275. 

Aureng-zebe, the Great Mogul, b. 
1618, d. 1707. 

Auricular confession, first made, 
1215. 

Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), 

first observed, 6th March, 1715-16; 

electricity of, ascertained, 1769. 
Aurora frigate lost, and never heard 

of afterwards, 1771. 
Ausonius, Decius Magnus, a Roman 

poet, b. 310, d. 394. 
Austerlitz, in Moravia, battle of, 

2nd Dec, 1805. 
Australian Islands, first discovered by 

Magellan, 6th March, 1521. 
Austria, kings of; see Germany. 
Austria annexed to Germany, 1042 ; 

erected into a duchy, 1156; into 

an empire, 11th Aug., 1 804. 
Austria, toleration of religions granted, 

and torture abolished, 1776. 
Austrian Netherlands, entered by the 

French, 28th April, 1792. 
Automaton, a flying dove, the first 

made by Archytas, B. C. 408. 
Autorides, a painter, scholar of the 

Theban Ariston, B. C. 309. 
Aved, Jacques Antoine Joseph, a 

portrait painter, b. at Douay, 

1702, d. 1766. 
Avellino, a city of Naples, destroyed 

by an earthquake, 29th Nov., 1732. 
Avellino, Giulio, a Sicilian artist, 

and pupil of Salvator Rosa, b. 

1645, d. 1700. 
Avellino, Onofrio, a Neapolitan art- 
ist, b. 1674, d. 1741. 
Avenzoar, or Ebn-Zoar, an Arabian 

physician, d. 1169, aged 135 years. 
Averara, Giovanni Battista, an Italian 

artist, b. 1508, d. 1548. 
Averbach, John Gottfried, a German 

painter of history and portrait, 

b. 1687, d. 1743. 
Averroes, an Arabian philosopher, 

d. at Morocco 1217 or 1225. 
Avicenna, an Arabian philosopher, 

b. 980, d. 1036. 
Avignon, university at, founded, 

1388; taken from the Pope by 

the French, 1769 ; restored on the 

suppression of the Jesuits, 1773; 

claimed by the French National 



20 



AVI 



B AC 



Assembly, 1791 ; confirmed to 
France by tbe Congress of Sove- 
reigns, 1815. 

Avis, Portuguese order of knighthood, 
instituted 1147. 

Avison, Charles, an English musi- 
cian, d. in 1770. 

Avont, Peter Vanden, a Dutch land- 
scape painter and an engraver, b. 
in 1620. 

Ayesha, the favourite Avife of the 
Arabian Prophet, b. 610, d. 677. 

Aylmouth Castle, Northumberland, 
built 559. 

Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, an English anti- 
quary, b. 1708, d. 1781. 

Ayscue,an English admiral, flourished 
in the reign of Charles II. 



Ayscough, an English dramatic au- 
thor, d. 1 779. 

Aysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built 
1539. 

Azof, in Russia, built by the Genoese, 
1261 ; seized by Tamerlane, 1392; 
fell to Turkey, 1471; fortifica- 
tions demolished, 1 739 ; ceded to 
Russia, 1774. 

Azores, islands in the Atlantic, dis- 
covered by the Portuguese, 1449. 

Azorius, a Spanish Jesuit, d. 1603. 

Azzara, Don Joseph Nicholas, a Span- 
ish diplomatist, b. 1731, d. 1804. 

Azzolini, Giovanni Bernardino, a 
Neapolitan painter of scriptural 
subjects, who flourished at Genoa, 
in 1510. 



B. 



B 



AAN, John De, a Dutch portrait 
painter, b. 1633, d. 1702. 
Baan, Jacob de, a Dutch portrait 

painter, b. 1673, d. 1700. 
Babel tower began, B. C. 2247, 
and occupied 40 years in building. 
Babeuf, Francis Noel, an active ac- 
complice in the French Revolu- 
tion, put to death, 1797. 
Babington, Dr. Gervase, bishop of 

Worcester, b. 1550, d. 1610. 
Babington, Dr., an eminent English 
physician and medical writer, d. 
29th April, 1833. 
Babour, Sultan, founder of the Mo- 
gul dynasty, d. 1530. 
Babylon, the city of, founded by Nim- 
rod, 2640; walled, 1243; taken 
by Cyrus, 536 ; by Darius, after 
nineteen months' siege, 511, B. C. 
Babylonish monarchy founded, 2217 
B. C. 

Baccarini, Jacopo, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1630, d. 1682. 
Baccio, della Porta, or Fra. Bartolo- 

meo, di San Marco, a celebrated 

Italian history painter, b. 1469, d. 

at the convent of St. Mark, 1517. 
Baccici, or Gauli, Giovanni Battista, 

a Genoese historical nainter, b. 

1639, d. 1709. 
Bachelors tax, 1695; again, 1735 

and 1796. 



Backer, Adrian de, a Dutch painter of 
scripture subjects, b. 1643,d. 1686. 

Backer, or Bakker, Jacques, an his- 
torical painter, b. at Antwerp, 
1530, d. 1560. 

Backer, or Bakker, Jacob de, a Dutch 
portrait painter, b. 1609, d. 1651. 

Backer, Nicolas de, a portrait painter 
and friend of Kneller, born at 
Antwerp, 1648, d.1689. 

Backereel, or Bacquerelli, (William) 
a Dutch historical painter, fellow 
pupil withVandyk under Rubens. 

Backhuysen, Ludolph, an eminent 
painter, b.atEmbden,1631,d. 1709. 

Barkway, Hertfordshire, a fire at, de- 
stroyed thirteen dwellings, with 
stacks, offices, &c, 18th Aug., 1748. 

Bacon, Sir Nathaniel, half brother to 
Lord Verulam, an eminent por- 
trait painter, d. after 1615. 

Bacon, Roger, a learned Franciscan 
friar, b. in Somersetshire, 1214, 
d. 1292. 

Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulain, lord 
high chancellor of England, b. 
1561 ; committed to the Tower, 
1622 ; d. 9th April, 1626. 

Bacon, Robert, an English divine, 
b. 1168, d. 1248. 

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, lord keeper of 
the great seal, b. in Kent, 1510, 
d. 26th Feb., 1578-9. 



BAG 



B AL 



21 



Bacon, John, an English sculptor, 

b. 1740, d. 1799. 
Badalocehi, Sisto, an Italian painter of 

history and portraits,b.l584,d. 1650. 
Badaracco.Giu seppe, a Genoese painter 

of historical subjects, d. 1657. 
Badaracco, Giovanni Raffaelle, a 

Genoese painter of historical sub- 
jects, b. 1648, d. 1726. 
Baden, Professor, of the university 
9 of Copenhagen, d. 6th Nov., 1804. 
Badens, Francis, a Dutch painter of 

history, portrait, and conversation 

pieces', b. 1571, d. 1603. 
Badens, John, a Dutch painter, b. 

at Antwerp, 1576, d. 1613. 
Badiale, Alessandro, an Italian his- 
toric painter, and an engraver, b. 

1626, killed 1671. 
Badile, an Italian painter of history 

and portrait, b. 1480, d. 1560. 
Baerstrat, a Dutch painter of marine 

subjects, d. 1687. 
Baffin's Bav discovered, 1622. 
Bagdad built, 762. 
Bagford, John, antiquary, d. 1716, 

aged 65. 

Baglioni, Cesare, a Bolognese his- 
torical painter, d. 1596. 

Baglioni, Giovanni, a Roman painter 
of church pieces ; he wrote the 
lives of the Roman artists ; b. 
1594, d. 1644. 

Bagnacavallo, Bartolomeo, a Bologn- 
ese historic painter, d. 1542. 

Bahama Islands discovered, 1629 ; 
taken possession of by the English, 
Dec. 1718 ; immense damage done 
to the shipping at, by a hurricane, 
Oct. 1796 ; and again by storm 
and inundation, 22nd July, 1801. 

Bailli, David, a portrait painter of 
Leyden, b. 1584, d. 1638. 

Bailly, Jacques, a French portrait 
painter, b. 1629, d. 1682. 

Baillv, T. S., b. 1736, guillotined 
1793. 

Baize, manufacture of,first introduced 
into England, at Colchester, 1660. 

Bajardo, Giov. Batt., a Genoese 
painter of history, b. 1620, d. 1657. 

Bajazet, Sultan, conquered by-Tamer- 
lane, d. 1413. 

Baker, John, an English painter of 
fruit and flowers, d. 1771. 



Baker, Sir Richard, b. about 1568, 

died about 1645. 
Baker, Thos., antiquarv, b. 1656, 

d. 1740. 

Baker, Henrv, natural philosopher, 

b. 1698, d.' 1774. 
Baking of Bread, invented, B. C. 

1400 ; became a trade, B. C. 1 70. 
Bakewell, Robt., grazier, b. 1726, 

d. 1795. 

Balassi, Mario, a Florentine artist, 

b. 1604, d. 1670. 
Balbec, built, 144 ; totally obliterated 

by an earthquake, 5th Dec, 1759. 
Balchen, Admiral, b. 1669 ; lost in 

the Victory man-of-war, Oct. 1744. 
Baldi, Lazaro, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1623, d. 1703. 
Baldini, Fra. Tiburzio, a Bolognese 

painter and an ecclesiastic, flou- 
rished in 1610. 
Baldonaretti, an eminent painter, 

b. 1366, d. 1448. 
Baldinucci, Filippo, a Florentine 

painter, sculptor, and biographer, 

b. 1624, d. 1696. 
Baldrighi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter 

of history and portrait, b. 1722, d. 

1802. 

Balducci, Giov., a Florentine artist, 

who d. at Naples in 1600. 
Baldwin, the emperor, d. 1206. 
Bale, bishop of Ossorv, the historian, 

b. 1495, d. 1563. ' 
Bales, Peter, b. 1547, d. about 1610. 
Balechou, John Joseph, a French 

engraver, b. 1719, d. 1765. 
Balen, Hendrick Van, an eminent 

Dutch portrait painter, b. 1560, 

d. 1632. 

Balen, John Van, a Dutch painter of 
history and portraits, b. 1611. 

Balestra, Antonio, a distinguished 
Italian historical painter, b. 1666, 
d. 1740. 

Baliol, king of Scotland, appeared to 
a summons, and pleaded his cause 
in Westminster Hall, Oct., 1293. 

Baliol College, Oxford, founded 
1268. 

Baliol, John, founder of Baliol Col- 
lege, Oxford, d. 1269. 

Balkan, passed by the Russians 
under Gen. Diebitsch, 19th June, 
1830. 



22 



Balance of Revenue, 1834 : 
An Account of the Balances of Public Money remaining in the Exchequer 
on the 5th of January, 1833; the amount of Money raised by the 
additions to the Funded or Unfunded Debt of the year ended 5th of 
January, 1834 ; the Money applied towards the redemption of the Funded, 
or paying off Unfunded Debt ; the Total Amount of advances and repay- 
ments on account of Local Works, &c, with the differences accruing 
thereon ; and the Balances in the Exchequer on the 5th of January, 1834. 



Balances in the Exchequer on the 

5th of January, 1833 
Money raised in the Year ended 5th 

of January, 1834, by the creation 

of Unfunded Debt : — 
Exchequer Bills, per Act 2 and 3 

Will. IV., c. 94 
Ditto, 3 W. IV. c. 2 . 
Ditto, 3 and 4 W. IV., c. 25 
Ditto, 2 and 3 W. IV., c. 126 
For building Churches, per Act 5 

Geo. IV., c. 103 . . 
For Public Works, &c, 1 and 2 W. 

IV., c. 24 

Ditto in Ireland, ditto, c. 33 

For Relief to Sufferers in the West 

India Islands, per Act 2 and 3 W. 

IV., c. 125 . 



s. d. 



2,980,200 








12,000,000 








12,222,400 








679,000 








40,000 








384,100 








91,500 









207,950 



Surplus of Income over Expenditure 



£ s. d. 
4,688,647 12 3^ 



28,605,150 
1,513,083 11 6J 



Issued to the Commissioners for the 
Reduction of the National Debt, 
to be applied to the Redemption 
of Funded Debt :— 

By Issues per Act 10 Geo. IV., c. 27. 

By Interest on Donations and Be- 
quests ..... 



Deduct the Sum applied not in the 
Redemption of Funded Debt, but 
in the Redemption of Consoli- 
dated Fund Deficiency Bills 

Paymaster of Exchequer Bills, for 
the payment of Unfunded Debt 

The Total Amount of Advances for 
the employment of the Poor, and 
for Local Works within the Year 

Ditto, Repayments for ditto . 



£ s. d. 

1,017,806 12 
5,977 4 3 



1,023,783 16 3 



225,000 



1,204,988 4 3 
505,039 17 11 



Excess of Advances over Repayments . 

Balances in the Exchequer on the 5th of Jan. 1834 



s. d. 



798,783 16 3 
28,364,750 



699,948 6 4 



34,806,881 3 9f 



BAL 



BAN 



23 



Ballard, George, d. 1755. 

Ballast of the river Thames monopo- 
lised by Charles I., 1636. 

Balloons, invented by B. Gusnido, 
a Jesuit, 1729 ; revived in France 
by Mons. Montgolfier, 1783, and 
let off at Paris, 27th Aug. ; intro- 
duced into England, and Mr. Lu- 
nardi ascended from Moorfields, 
15th Sept., 1784 ; Mr. Blanchard 
and Dr. Jeffries went from Dover 
to Calais in about two hours, 
7th January, 1785. Mr. Garnerin 
made many successful ascents in 
1803; Crosbie ascended from 
Dublin in 1785 ; and Sadler made 
several successful ascents from the 
same place, and from London. 

Balmerino, Lord, beheaded for trea- 
son, 18th Aug., 1746. 

Balow, in Russia, had 458 houses 
destroyed by fire, in 1803. 

Balsham, Hugh, founder of Peter- 
house, Cambridge, d. 1286. 

Balten, Peter, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1540, d. 1611. 

Baltimore, North America, nearly 
destroyed by fire, 4th Dec, 1796. 

Baltimore House, Southampton-row, 
built 1759, 

Balzac, the French writer, b. 1594, d. 
1654. 

Bambini, Giacomo, an Italian painter 
of historical pieces, b. 1560, d. 
1622. 

Bamboccio ; see Laar. 

Bamborough Castle, Northumber- 
land, built 1558. 

Bamestier, John, a German historical 
painter, b. 1500, d. 1598. 

Banbury, in Oxfordshire, church and 
tower at, fell down, 16th Dec, 
1790. 

Bancroft, Archbp., b. 1544, d. 1654. 

Bancroft, a lord mayor's officer, died 
worth 80,000/., in 1729. 

Bandinelli, Baccio, an eminent Flo- 
rentine painter and sculptor, b. 
1497, d. 1559. 

Band, order of knighthood, instituted 
in Spain, 1232. 

Bands for lawyers, first used by Judge 
Finck, 1615 : for clergymen, about 
1652. 

Bangor Cathedral, built 616. 



Bangor, in Flintshire, N. Wales, 
monks of, slain by the Danes, 
580. 

Bank mill, Manchester, used as a 
cotton factory, destroyed by fire, 
damage estimated at 30,000/., 
31st Oct., 1813. 

Banks, John, tragic poet, died 1706. 

Banks, Sir Joseph, b. 1743, d. 1820. 

Banks, Thomas, sculptor, b. 1735, 
d. 1805. 

Bankers ; Mint used formerly by mer- 
chants to lodge their money in, till 
the king made free with it in 1640 ; 
after which, trusting to servants, 
till too many ran to the army, they 
lodged it with goldsmiths, whose 
business was to buy and sell plate 
and foreign coins ; and at first paid 
4c?. per cent, per diem, but lent it to 
others at higher interest, and so 
became the first bankers, 1645. 
The charter of the Bank of Eng- 
land was executed 27th July, 1694, 
and was granted for 12 years, the 
corporation being then determinable 
on a year's notice. The original 
capital subscribed was 1,200,000/. 
which they lent to government at 
8 per cent, interest, with an allow- 
ance of 4000/. per ann. for their 
expenses of management. The 
term of the charter was, in 1706, 
extended to five years beyond the 
original period, in consideration of 
the company having undertaken to 
circulate for government exchequer 
bills to the amount of 1,500,000/. 
and it has since been further ex- 
tended at different times, viz. 

In 1709 to 1st of August 1732 

1713 - - - 1742 

1742 - - - 1764 

1763 ... 1786 

1781 - - 1812 

1800 - - - 1833 

1833 - - - 1854 

The total permanent debt due 
from government to the bank is 
14,686,800/. bearing 3 per cent, 
interest; but the capital stockof the 
company is 11,642,400/., on which 
they usually pay a dividend of 10 
per cent, per ann. to the proprietors. 



24 



BAN 



BAN 



According to the accounts presented 
to the House of Commons in the 
year 1824, the average amount of 
balances of public money in the 
hands of the Bank during the last 
year was 5,526,645/. The profit 
of the Bank (at 3 per cent., the 
rate which the government pays 
them for their capital of fifteen 
millions,) is therefore upwards of 
165,792/. in its capacity of banker 
to the public departments. The 
sum payable to the Bank for the 
management of the public debt last 
year is 267,934/. 7s. Sd. From 
the reports of the secret committee 
appointed in 1797 to investigate the 
affairs of the Bank, it appeared that 
on the 25th of February in that 
year, there was a balance of 
3,826,903/. and on the 11th of 
November a balance of 3,839,550/. 
in favour of the company; their 
profits since must have been greater 
than while they were obliged to 
maintain a large stock of cash to 
answer their notes, which has 
enabled them to make several oc- 
casional dividends to their proprie- 
tors, and at Lady-day, 1807, to raise 
their usual dividend from 7 per 
cent, which it had been for the last 
19 years, to 10 per cent. House 
built 1732, enlarged 1771, con- 
siderably improved and insulated 
in 1796, and the exterior partly re- 
built in 1824. 

Bank Notes, 512 weigh one pound. 

Bank Stock, 3 per cent. ann. created, 
1726; 3percent. consol.do. 1731 ; 
3 per cent, reduced do. 1746 ; 3 per 
cent. ann. payable at the South Sea 
House, 1751 ; 3^ percent, ann. do. 
1758; long ann. 1761 ; 4 per cent, 
consol.do. 1762. Old Scotch bank 
created, 1695 ; Royal ditto, 1727. 
The name is derived from Banco, 
bench; benches being erected in 
market-place for the exchange of 
money, &c. 

Banks first began in Italy, by Lombard 
Jews, 808 ; of whom some settled 
in Lombard-street, where bankers 
still reside. The bank of Venice 
established, 1 157 ; of Genoa, 1345; 



of Amsterdam, 1609; of Ham- 
burgh, 1710 ; of Rotterdam, 1635 ; 
of England, 1694; in the East 
Indies, 1787; America, 1791. 
Bank of England was originally pro- 
jected by a merchant of the name 
of Patterson, and established A. D. 
1694. The following year it was 
incorporated by King William and 
the parliament, in consideration of 

I, 200,000/. lent to government, 
which was then its capital. This 
capital has, however, gone on gra- 
dually increasing to the present 
period, when it amounts to 

I I, 686,000/. sterling. The mint in 
the Tower of London was anciently 
the deposit for merchants 1 cash, till 
Charles I., in the year 1640, laid 
his hands upon the money, and 
destroyed the credit of the mint. 
This circumstance drove the traders 
to some other place of security for 
their gold, which their apprentices 
did not fail to rob them of when at 
home, and to run off with it to the 
army. In 1645, therefore, they 
consented to lodge it with the gold- 
smiths in Lombard-street, who were 
otherwise obliged to prepare strong 
chests for the deposit of their own 
valuable wares; and this became 
the origin of banking in England. 
In 1727 the interest of money was 
reduced by parliament, and the 
Bank of England, instead of 6 per 
cent., paid a dividend of 5. The 
capital of the Bank had been pre- 
viously increased in 1697 for the 
first time, and this augmentation 
has been allowed from one period 
to another as the wisdom of parlia- 
ment thought fit ; the same au- 
thority also, at different intervals, 
prolonging their privileges and re- 
newing their contract. The style 
of their firm is, " The Governors 
and Company of the Bank of Eng- 
land." Discontinued paving in 
cash, Feb. 25, 1797. Issued 20s. 
notes, March 9, 1797- Issued 5s. 
tokens, 1798. Raised the value 
of these tokens to 5s. 6d., 1811. 
Discontinuance of its payments in 
cash restricted by Parliament 1816, 



BAN 



BAR 25 



not to extend beyond 5th April, 
1818. Cash payments resumed, 
1821. 5 per cents reduced to 4, 
March, 1822. Charter extended, 
and Bank of England notes a legal 
tender, &c. 1833. 
Bank of England's Accounts. Lia- 
bilities and assets of the Bank of 
England, on the average of the three 
months ending 4th March,1834 : — : 

Liabilities. 
Circulation . . £18,700,000 
Deposits . . . 14,418,000 
Assets. 

Securities . . £25,547,000 
Bullion . . . 9,829,000 
Bank of Ireland incorporated 1 783 ; 

charter renewed, 1791. 
Bankrupts in England, first regulated 
bylaw, 1543. Enacted, that mem- 
bers of the House of Commons 
proving bankrupts, and not paying 
their debts in full, shall vacate 
their seats, 1812. 
Bankrupts at different periods, from 



the year 1700 to 1834 :— in 



1700.. 


38 


• 1805.. 


.. 876 


1701.. 


.. 38 


1806.. 


.. 953 


1702.. 


.. 38 


1807.. 


..1036 


1713 


..200 


1808.. 


..1058 


1714.. 


..173 


1809 


1670 


1726 


,,416 


1810 


, , .2000 


1727. , 




1811 


.,.1616 


1744... 


,197 


1812 


...1599 


1745 


,,200 


1813 


1066 


1746 


,.159 


1814 


..,1285 


1762,., 


..205 


1815 


. , .2029 


1763.,. 


233 


1816 


2030 


1772 


.525 


1817 


1879 


1773,, 


..562 


1818 


1059 


1774 


360 


1819 


, ,1416 


1778... 


,675 


1820 


1335 


1779... 


...544 


1821 


...1287 


1780.. 


...449 


1822 


,1164 


1781 , 


...438 


1823 


,,. 964 


1782 ,, 


...537 


1824 . 


... 977 


1783... 


...528 


1825 


... 846 


1784 


...517 


1826 


...2489 


1791. , 


.,.604 


1827 


1528 


1792 


...628 


1828 


.,.1332 


1793... 


1304 


1829 


...1409 


1800 , 


...736 


1830 


...1467 


1801. . 


...871 


1831 


...1269 


1802 


...861 


1832 


...1591 


1803 


...923 


1833 


...1136 






1834 


...1191 



Bankruptcy, New Court of, opened 

11th Jan., 1832. 
Bannerets first created in England, 

1 360 ; renewed by Hen. VII. , 1 485. 
Banns, publication of, for marriage, 

instituted 1210. 
Banquetting House, Whitehall, West- 
minster, built 1607. 
Bantam, in Java, eight ambassadors 

from, arrive in England 1682. 
Baptist, John Gaspars, Dutch painter 

of tapestries, &c. d. 1691. 
Barabbino, Sim., a Genoese artist, 

b. 1581, d. 1640. 
Barabis, T. Phil., a Prussian. Hebrew 

lexicographer before 10 years of 

age; master of mathematics at 12, ^ 

&c; died 1740, aged 19 years 

8 months. 
Barbarossa, the famous corsair, d. 

1518, aged 43. 
Barbatelli, Bernardino, a Florentine 

painter, b. 1542, d. 1612. 
Barbadoes, discovered and planted, 

1614. 

Barbadoes had two dreadful fires, 
May and Dec. 1796, and 16th 
Oct., 1784; damaged by a storm, 
2nd Sept., 1786; and by an inunda- 
tion, in Nov. 1795. 

Barbers, brought from Sicily to Rome 
B. C. 299; incorporated with the 
surgeons in London, 1540; dis- 
associated again, 1744. 

Barbeyrac, John, historian and civi- 
lian, b. 1674, d. 1747. 

Barbiani, Giov. Bat., an Italian his- 
torical painter, flourished 1640. 

Barbieri Domenico del, a Florentine 
artist, b. 1506, d. 1570. 

Barbieri, Fra., an Italian painter of 
history and landscape, d. 1698. 

Barbieri, Da Cento, Paolo Antonio, an 
Italian painter of fruit and flowers, 
animals, &c, b. 1596, d. 1640. 

Barbuda, Isle, first planted by the 
English, 1628. 

Barclay and Co.'s Brewery, Bankside, 
Southwark, destroyed by fire, 22nd 
May, 1832. 

Barclay, Alexander, d. 1552. 

Barclay, John, d. 1621, aged 39. 

Barclay, Robert, the Quaker, b. 1648, 
d. 1690. 

Bardin, John, a French historical 
painter, b. 1732, d. 6th Oct., 1809. 

c 



26 BAR 



B AS 



Barensten, Dieterick, a Dutch painter 
and pupil of Titian, b. 1534, d. 1582. 

Baretti, Joseph, b. 1716, d. 1789. 

Barham, of 74 guns, foundered on the 
Coast of Corsica, 29th July, 1811. 

Baring, transport,wrecked on the rocks 
off Beerhaven by a gale, and several 
lives lost, 10th Oct., 1814. 

Bark, Jesuits discover virtue of, 1 500; 
brought into Europe first, 1 650. 

Barker, Samuel, an English painter ; 
he excelled in flowers; d. 1727. 

Barker, Robert, an English artist, in- 
ventor of the Panorama, d. 1806. 

Barkwav greatly damaged by fire, 
18th Aug., 1748. 

Barling Abbey, Lincolns., built 1180. 

Barlow, Fra., English painter of fruit, 
flowers, fish, &c. b. 1626, d. 1702. 

Barlow, Joel, envoy extraordinary 
from the United States to the court 
of France, b. 1756, d. 1812. 

Barlowe, William, natural philoso- 
pher, d. 1625. 

Barnard, Sir John, b. 1685, d. 1764. 

Barnard's, Sir John, statue erected in 
the Roval Exchange, London, 23rd 
May, 1747. 

Barnard's Inn Society, in Chancery- 
lane, commenced 1445. 

Barnes, Joshua, b. 1654, d. 1712. 

Barnuevo, a Spanish historic painter, 
b. 1611, d. 1671. 

Barnevelt, John, a Dutch statesman, 
b. 1547. 

Barnwell Castle, Northamptonshire, 
built 1132. 

Barnwell, near Cambridge, destroyed 
by a fire, 30th Sept., 1751 ; again, 
16th Dec, 1757. 

Barometers invented, 1626; wheel 
barometers contrived, 1668; pen- 
dant, 1695; marine ditto, 1700; 
phosphoric, 1675. 

Baron, the title first created by patent 
in England, 1388. 

Baron of Renfrew, wonderful timber 
ship of 9,000 tons burden, bound 
from Quebec to London, lost be- 
tween Calais and Dunkirk, 23rd 
Oct., 1825. . 

Baron, the French Roscius, b. 1652, 
d. 1729. 

Barons, first summoned to parliament 
in 1204; the writ was directed to 
the Bishop of Salisbury. 



Baronets first created in England. 
1611. 

Baronets of Nova Scotia first created, 
1625. 

Baronius, d. 1607, aged 69 years. 
Barret, Geo., Irish landscape painter, 

b. 1732, d. 1784. 
Barrington Isle, one of the Gallopagos, 

explored, June, 1 793. 
Barrington, Viscount, philosophical 

writer, &c. d. 1734. 
Barrington, Daines, antiquary, b. 

1727, d. 1800. 
Barrington, Admiral, b.1729, d. 1800. 
Barristers first appointed by Edward 
I., 1291. 

Barroccio, Fed., an Italian history and 
portrait painter, b. 1528, d. 1612. 
Barrosa, a Spanish historical painter, 

b. 1538, d. 1590. 
Barrow, the Rev. Dr. Isaac, d. 1677, 
aged 47. 

Barry, Girald, b. 1146, d. about 1 220. 
Barry, an eminent Irish artist; he 
distinguished himself in both his- 
tory and landscape ; b. 1741, d. 
22nd Feb., 1806. 
Barthelemi, J. J., b. 1716, d. 1795. 
Bartholet, Flem. Lugois, d. 1675. 
Bartholomew, St. martyred, 24th 

Aug., 71. 
Bartholomew Monastery, Smithfield, 
built 1162; hospital founded, 
1546; rebuilt from 1750 to 1770. 
Bartholomew, St., festival, instituted 
1130. 

Bartholomew Fair, London, Philips's 
booth fell, two persons killed and 
many wounded, 23rd Aug., 1749. 
Toll abolished, 1755. 
Bartoli. See Perugino. 
Bartolo, Pietro Senito, an eminent 

painter, b. 1635, d. 1700. 
Bartolomeo Breemberg, a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1 660. 
Bartolomeo, Fra. de St. Marco, an 
eminent Florentine painter of scrip- 
tural subjects, b. 1469, d. 1517. 
Bartolozzi, F., a Florentine artist and 
excellent engraver, b. 1 728,d. 1 8 1 5. 
Barton-Stacy, in Hampshire, had 27 
houses, besides out-houses, de- 
stroyed by fire, 8th May, 1792, 
Barton, Eliz., Holy Maid of Kent, 

executed 1534. 
Basil, St. d. 379, aged 53. 



B AS 



BAT 



27 



Basili, Pietro Ang., an Italian his- 
torical painter, b. 1550, d. 1604. 

Basingwark Abbey, Flintsb. , bit. 1131. 

Baskerville, Mr. Jobn, of Birming- 
ham^. 1706, d. 18th Jan., 1775. 

Basket-making, returning to the old 
trade of, originated we apprehend 
from the ingenuity of the ancient 
Britons in making baskets, which 
they exported in large quantities, 
and implies sliding back into old 
habits, or returning to the primi- 
tive occupations of barbarous ages. 

Bassano, Fran, da Ponte, an Italian 
historic painter, b. 1475, d. 1530. 

Bassano (Giacomo da Ponte) or II Bas- 
sano, an Italian painter of history 
and landscape, b. 1510, d. 1592. 

Bassano, Leandro, a Venetian painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1558, 
d. 1623. 

Bassano, Fra. da Ponte, the younger, 
an Italian historic painter, born 
1 548, threw himself from a window 
and was killed 1591. 

Bassano, Gio. Battista, an Italian 
artist, and excellent copyist, b. 
1553, d. 1613. 

Bassepate, a French lady, celebrated 
for her painting of plants and ani- 
mals, d. 1780. 

Bassi, the elder, an Italian landscape 
painter, b. 1642, d. 1710. 

Bassi, the younger, a Bolognese painter 
of historic subjects, b. 1664, d. 1693. 

Bastard children, concealing death of, 
murder, 1624. 

Bastile, in Paris, foundation laid 23rd 
April, 1369; not finished till 1383; 
demolished 14th July, 1789, when 
the governor was killed by the mob. 

Baston, Thomas, an English painter, 
chiefly of marine subjects, fi. 1720. 

Batavia, in the Isle of Java, first for- 
tified by the Dutch, 1618. 

Bath, order of knighthood, instituted 
in England at the coronation of 
Henry IV. 1399 : renewed 1725. 

Bath springs discovered, B. C. 871 ; 
the baths of the Romans discovered 
under the Abbey-house, 1755 ; 
damaged by fire 1116, again 1137; 
and a fire on the South Parade 
destroyed 50Q0L worth, 24th June, 
1756 ; hospital built, 1738 % 



Bathieux, M., b. 1701, d 1792. 

Bath stage-waggon burned on Salis- 
bury Plain, with a valuable load, 
by the»wheels taking fire, 20 th May, 
1758. 

Bathurst, Earl, the friend of Pope, 

b. 1684, d. 1775. 
Battista, Franco, a Venetian historic 

painter, and pupil of M. Angelo, 

d. 1561. 

Battersea Bridge, built 1773 ; church 
rebuilt, 1770. 

Battering-ram, invented B. C. 441. 

Battles, &c. : — 
Aboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to 
the English forces, 18th March, 
1801. Acapulco ship taken by 
admiral Anson, 20th June, 1744. 
Acre taken by Richard I. and other 
crusaders, 12th July, 1191, after 
a siege of two years, with the loss 
of six archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 
earls, 500 barons, and 300,000 
soldiers; attacked by the French 
under Bonaparte, 1st July, 1798, 
and relieved by Sir Sydney Smith, 
6th March, 1799, when the French 
were totally routed. Adrianople 
taken by the Ottomans, 1360. 
Africa conquered by Belisarius, 
533. Agra, the fortress of, termed 
the Key of Hindostan, surrendered 
to the English, 17th Oct., 1803. 
Aire, taken bygeneral Hill, March, 
1814. Aix-la-Chapelle was taken 
by the French troops in 1793 ; 
and again, 21st Sept., 1794. Ales- 
sandria, in Italy, seized by the 
French, 1798 ; surrendered to the 
Austrians and Russians, 24th July, 
1799. Alexandria, Egypt, taken 
by Caesar, 46 B. C. ; taken by the 

. French, 1798 ; by the English, 
22nd Aug., 1801. Alexandria, 
North America, capitulated to the 
British, 29th Aug., 1814. Al- 
giers reduced by admiral Blake, 
1655; bombarded by the French, 
1761 ; bombarded by the fleet 
under Lord Exmouth, 27th Aug., 
1816, which was followed by a 
treaty, by which Christian slavery 
was abolished by the Dey. Al- 
meyda, in Portugal, taken by the 
Spaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; taken 
c 2 



28 



BAT 



BAT 



by the French, 27th Aug., 1810 ; 
blown up by the French, 10th 
May, 1811. Almora, East Indies, 
height and town of, carried by 
assault by the company's forces, 
25th April, 1815. Amazon, French 
frigate, destroyed by the English 
squadron off Cape Barfleur, 25th 
March, 1811. Amboyna seized 
by the Dutch, 1624; by the Eng- 
lish, 28th Nov., 1796; again by 
the English, 17th Feb., 1810. 
Amsterdam was taken possession 
of by the French, 18th Jan., 1795. 
Ancona was taken possession of 
by the French, July 1796, and 
surrendered to the Imperialists, 
13th Nov., 1799. Anglesea sub- 
dued by the Romans, 78 ; by the 
English, 1295. Anglo-Saxons first 
landed in Britain, 449. Angria 
and his family seized, 1750; forts 
destroyed, 1756. Anholt, island 
of, attacked by a Danish force of 
4000 men, who were repulsed by a 
British force of 150, after a close 
engagement of four hours, 27th 
March, 1811. Anjar, fortress of, 
in the province of Cutch, captured 
by the troops of the East India 
Company, Feb. 1 8 1 6. Antigallican 
privateer's prize detained at Cadiz, 
1757. Antwerp sacked and ruined, 
1585 ; taken by the French, 1792 
and 1794. Arcos, evacuated by 
the French, 28th Aug., 1812. 
Arcot, East Indies, taken by the 
English, 1759. Argonautic expe- 
dition, 1250 B. C. Armed neu- 
trality of the Northern powers, 
against England, by the empress of 
Russia, commenced 1780; renewed 
1 800 ; dissolved by a British fleet, 
1 801. Armada, the Spanish, arrived 
in the Channel, 19th July, 1588, 
but dispersed by a storm ; Armada 
of the Spaniards defeated off Dun- 
kirk by the Dutch, 1639. Armenia 
was conquered by the Turks, 1522. 
Arnheim, taken by General Bulow, 
and the garrison put to the sword, 
30th Nov., 1813. Arzilla, Morocco, 
seized by the Portuguese, 1470. 
Astorga, taken by the French, 12th 
April, 1810 ; quitted by them, 12th 



June, 1811 ; capitulated to the 
Spaniards, 18th Aug., 1812. As- 
tracan, in Tartary, taken by the 
Russians, 1554. Athens taken by 
Xerxes, 480 B. C. Avignon taken 
from the Pope by the French, 1769 j 
restored on the suppression of the 
Jesuits, 1773 ; declared to belong 
to France by the National Assembly, 
1791 ; continued to France by the 
congress of sovereigns, 1815. Aus- 
tria taken from Hungary and an- 
nexed to Germany, when it received 
its name, 1040. Austrian vessel 
stopped by the Dutch in passing the 
Scheldt, Oct. 1784. Austrian Ne- 
therlands entered by the French 
troops, 28th April, 1792. Badajos, 
surrendered to the French, 11th 
March, 1811; taken by storm by 
the British and Portuguese, 6th 
April, 1812. Bahama Islands taken 
by the Spaniards, 8th May, 1782 ; 
retaken by the English, 16th July, 
1783. Bajazet defeated by Tamer- 
lane, 1402. Bamberg was taken 
by the French, 4th Aug., 1796. 
Banda Isles seized by the Dutch, 
1621 ; taken by the English, Aug., 
1810. Bangalore, East Indies, 
taken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791. 
Bantam seized by the Dutch, 1682. 
Barbary conquered from the Greek 
empire, 640; first conquest there 
by Spain was Melilla, 1497. Bar- 
sur-Aube, taken by general Wrede, 
26th Feb., 1814; retaken by the 
French the same day ; and taken 
again by the Prince of Wurtem- 
burg, March, 1814. Bareilly, in 
Rohilcund, insurrection at, quelled 
after a severe conflict, 21st April, 
1816. Batavia taken by the Eng- 
8th Aug., 1811. Boeotian war com- 
menced, 379, ended 336 B. C. 
Bartholomew, St., West Indies, 
taken from the Danes by England, 
20th March, 1801. The Horatii 
and Curiatii, 669 B. C. Salamis, 
which delivered Greece from the 
Medes, 480 B. C. Eurymedon, 
470 B.C. Leuctra, 373 B.C. 
Mantinea, 363 B. C. Chgeronea, 
338 B. C. Marathon, 490 B. C. 
The river Granicus, when Alexan- 



BAT 



BAT 



29 



der defeated the Persians, 334 B.C. 
Issus, when Darius lost 100,000 
men, 333 B.C. Arbela, 331 B.C. 
Cannae, where 40,000 Romans were 
killed, 216 B. C. Pharsalia, when 
Pompey was defeated, 47 B. C. 
Phillippi, which -terminated the 
Roman republic, 41 B.C. Actium, 
31 B. C. Shropshire, when Ca- 
ractacus was taken prisoner, 51 A.C. 
Stamford, Lincolnshire, the first 
between the Britons and Saxons, 
449. Aylesford, 455. Crayford, 
Kent, when the Britons were de- 
feated, 457. Kydwelly, between 
the Britons and the Armoricans, 
458. Ipswich, between the Britons 
and Saxons, 466. Bath, 520. 
Banbury, Oxfordshire, 542. Bed- 
ford, 571. Camelford, 542 and 
908. Hatfield, Yorkshire, between 
Cadvvallon and Edwin, 633, Os- 
westry, between Penda, the Mer- 
cian, and Oswald, of Northumber- 
land, 641. Malerfield, Shropshire, 
1st Aug., 642. Gelling,651. Leeds, 
665. Lindisfarne, 740. Benson, 
Oxfordshire, 771. Hellston, Corn- 
wall, and in the Isle of Sheppey, be- 
tween Egbert and the Danes, 834. 
Romney, 842; in Somersetshire, 
843 ; in Devonshire, 915 ; at Lon- 
don and Canterbury, 852, between 
Ethelwolf and the Danes. Isle of 
Thanet, where the English were 
defeated and the Danes settled, 854. 
Assenden, where the Danes were 
defeated by Alfred and Ethelred ; 
another defeat at Merton, 871. 
Wilton, Oxfordshire, where the 
English were defeated by the Danes, 
872. Farnham, Hampshire, where 
the Danes were defeated, 894. 
Bury, Suffolk, between Edward the 
Elder and his cousin Ethelward, 
905. Edward and the Danes, 9 10, 
913, and 914. Griffith of Wales 
and Leofricthe Dane, 916. Mal- 
don, Essex, between Edward and 
the Danes, 918. Chester, 922. 
Stamford, Lincolnshire, between 
Edward, the Danes, and Scots, 923. 
Benfield, 924. Wildendane, be- 
tween Athelstan, the Irish, and 
Scots, 938. Brunsbury, Northum- 
berland, 938. Saxons and Danes, 



with different success, fought seve- 
ral, from 938 to 1016. Ashden, 
Essex, between Canute and Ed- 
mund, 1016. Crossford, with the 
Welsh, 1038. Dunsinane, Scot- 
land, between Siward and Macbeth, 
1054. Stanford-bridge, or Battle- 
bridge, between Harold II. and 
Halfager, 25th Sept., 1066. Has- 
tings, where King Harold was slain, 
14th Oct., 1066. Alnwick, 1092. 
Tinchebray, Normandy, 1106. 
Rouen, Normandy, 1117. Bren- 
neville, Normandy, 1119. Val- 
weves, Portugal, 1129. Cardigan, 
Wales, 1136. Northallerton, or 
the Standard, 22nd Aug., 1138. 
Lincoln, 1141. Alnwick, 1174. 
Ascalon, 16th Sept., 1191. Gisors, 
1 128. Bovines, 25th July, 1214. 
Lincoln, 19th May, 1217. Lewes, 
14th May, 1264. Evesham, 5th 
Aug., 1265. Chesterfield, 1296. 
Dunbar, 27th April, 1296. Fal- 
kirk, 22nd July, 1298. Courtras, 
Flanders, 1302. Biggar, 1303. 
Bannockburn, 25th June, 1314, 
when the English were totally de- 
feated. Boroughbridge, Yorkshire, 
1322. Halidon-hill, near Berwick, 
where 20,200 Scots were slain, and 
only 15 English, 19th July, 1333; 
26th Aug., 1346. Sluys, Flanders, 
13th June, 1390. Auberoche, 
France, 1344. Cressy, 26th Aug., 
1346. Durham, where David, 
king of Scotland, was taken priso- 
ner, 17th Oct., 1346. Nevil's 
Cross, Durham, 1347. Poictiers, 
where the king of France and his 
son were taken prisoners, 19th 
Sept., 1356. Auray, Brittany, 
1363. Brignas, Provence, 1363. 
Najara, 1369. Rochelle, 1371. 
Near Berwick, 1378. Otterburn, 
between Hotspur and the Earl 
of Douglas, 31st of July, 1388. 
Holmedon, between English and 
Scots, Avhen 10,000 of the latter 
were slain ,7th May, 1402. Shrews- 
bury, 22nd July, 1403. Mon- 
mouth, when the Welsh were 
defeated, 11th March and 11th 
May, 1405. Agincourt, 25th Oct., 
1415. Beauge, where the Duke 
of Clarence and 1 500 English were 



/ 



30 



BAT 



BAT 



killed, 3rd April, 1421 . Crevant, 1 
June, 1423. Verneuil, 16th Aug., 
1424. Herrings, 12th Feb., 1429. 
Patay, under Joan of Arc, 10th 
June, 1429. Herberoy, France, 
1434. Basil, Swisserland, 1444. 
Castillon, Guienne, 1452. St. 
Alban's, 22nd May, 1455. Blore- 
heath, 22nd Sept., 1459. North- 
ampton, 19th July, 1460. Wake- 
field, 31st Dec, 1460. Towton, 
29th March, 1461 . St. Alban's, on 
Shrove Tuesday, 1461. Morti- 
mer's Cross, 1461. Hexham, 15th 
May, 1463. Banbury, 26th July, 

1469. Stamford, 13th March, 

1470. Barnet, 14th April, 1471. 
Te wkesbury, 4th May, 1 47 1 . Bos- 
worth, 22nd Aug., 1495. Stoke, 
6th June, 1487. St. Aubin, France, 
1488. Knocktow, Ireland, 1491. 
Blackheath, 22nd June, 1497. 
Flodden, 9th Sept., 1513, when 
James IV. king of Scotland, was 
killed. Marignan, Italy, 13th Oct., 
1515. Pavia, Italy, 1524. Bi- 
coca, Italy, 1522 and 1525. Sol- 
way, 24th Nov., 1542. Cerisoles, 
Piedmont, 1544. Musselborough, 
Scotland, 10th Sept., 1547. St. 
Quintin, 10th Aug., 1557. Grave- 
lines, Flanders, 1558. Dreux, 
France, 1562. Jarnac, Poitou, 
1569. Ardavat, Ireland, 1585. 
Arques, Normandy, 21st Sept., 
1589. Blackwater, Ireland, 1597. 
Newport, Flanders, 1600. Lut- 
zen, 7th Sept., 1633, king of Swe- 
den killed. Avein, Leige, May, 
1635. Newcastle, Northumber- 
land, 1637. Calloo, Flanders, 
1638. Arras, June, 1640. Hop- 
ton-heath, Staffordshire, I9th 
March, 1642. Worcester, 23rd 
Sept., 1642. Edgehill, 23rd Oct., 
1642. Brentford, 1642. Kilrush, 
Ireland, 1642. Liscarrol, Ireland, 

1642. Liskard, Cornwall, 19th 
Jan., 1643. Hopton-heath, near 
Stafford, 19th March. 1643. Bar- 
ham-moor, 29th March, 1643. 
Ross, Ireland, March, 1 643. Ro- 
croy, France, 1643. Shatton, 16th 
May, 1643. Lansdown,15th July, 

1643. Round-away-down, 13 Julv, 
.1643. Newbury, 20th Sept., 1643. 



Alresford, 29th March, 1644. C'ro- 
pedy-bridge, Oxfordshire, 6th June. 
1644. Friedburgh, Suabia, 1644. 
Marston-moor, 2nd July, 1644. 
Newark,1644. Newbury,27th Oct. 
1644. Aldern, 15th May, 1645. 
Naseby, June, 1645. Afford, 2nd 
July,1645. Nordlingen, Suabia,3rd 
Aug. 1 645. Benburbjreland , 1 646. 
Kingston, Surrey, 1647. Knock o- 
ness, Ireland, 1647. Rathmines, 
Ireland, 1649. Dunbar, 3rd Sept , 
1650. Worcester, 3rd Sept., 1651. 
Bothwell-bridge, 22nd June, 1651. 
Arras, 1654. Brod, Sclavonia, 
1668. Sintzheim, Germany,1674. 
Seneffe, Flanders, 1674. Mul- 
hausen, Alsace, 31st Dec, 1674. 
Fehrbellin, Brandenburgh, 18th 
June, 1675. Altenheim , 28th July. 
1675. Bothwell-bridge, Scotland, 
1679. Argos, 1683, Allies and 
Turks. Barkan, Hungary, Allies 
and Turks. Vienna, 18th July,. 
1683, Allies and Turks. Sedge- 
moor, Somersetsh., 6th Aug., 1685. 
Coron, European Turkey, 1685, 
Allies and Turks. Mohats, Hun- 
gary, 4th Aug., 1687, Allies and 
Turks. Hersan, Hungary, 1687, 
Allies and Turks . Torven, between 
the Germans and Turks, 1688. 
Waleourt, Allies and French, 1689. 
Killicrankie, Scotland, 1689. New- 
ton Butlers, Ireland, 1689. Boyne, 
Ireland, 1st July, 1690. Salusses, 
Piedmont, 8th Aug., 1690. Fleu- 
rus, Flanders, 12th July, 1690. 
Staffarda, French and .f iedmontese, 
1690. Salankemen, Austrians and 
Turks. 1691. Leuse, Allies and 
French, 1691. Aughrim, 22nd 
July, 1691. Pfortsheim, Germans 
and" French, 1692. Steinkirk, 

1692, Allies and French. Lan- 
den, 19th July, 1693, Allies and 
French. Marsaglia, 8th Oct., 

1693, Piedmontese and French. 
Neckar, Germans and French, 
1 693. In Transylvania, Allies and 
Turks, 1695. Olasch, Germans 
and Turks, 1696. Zenta, Hun- 
gary, 1697, Germans and Turks. 
Narva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, 
Dec, 1700. Chiari, 6th Aug., 
1701, French and Allies. Riga, 



BAT 



BAT 



31 



Russians and Poles, 1701. Carpi, 
Modena, 1701, French and Allies. 
Glissa, Poland, 1702, Swedes and 
Saxons. Fridlingen, Suabia, 1702, 
French and Germans. Victoria, 
French and Allies, 1702. Luzara, 
Italy, 15th Aug., 1702. Pultusk, 
Poles and Swedes, 1703. Eckeren, 
Brabant, 30th June, 1703, French 
and Dutch. Donawert, 2nd July, 

1704, French and Germans. Pu- 
nits, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. 
Blenheim, 2nd Aug., 1704, Allies 
and French. Schellenburg, Aus- 
trians and Bavarians, 1704. Mit- 
tau, Swedes and Russians, July, 

1705. Cassano, Italy, in 1705, 
French and Allies. Tirlemont, 
French and Allies, 1705. Fraun- 
stadt, Silesia, 1706, Swedes and 
Saxons. Calcinato, Italy, 1706, 
French and Allies. Ramillies, 
Whitsunday, 1706, French and 
Allies. Turin, 7th Sept, 1706, 
French and Germans. Offenburg, 
Germans and French, 1707. Ka- 
lish, Poland, April, 1707, Poles 
and Bavarians. Almanza, Spain, 

1707, Allies and Spain. Oude- 
nard, 30th June, 1708, French and 
Allies. Holowzin, Russia, 1708, 
Russians and Swedes. Czarnana- 
pata, Muscovy, 22nd Sept., 1708. 
Lezno, Poland, 1708, Russians and 
Swedes. Gemaurthorff, Poland, 

1708, ditto. Winnendale, 28th 
Sept., 1708, French and Allies. 
Caya, 17th May, 1709, ditto. Pul- 
tawa, 8th June, 1709, Russians 
and Swedes. Malplaquet, 11th 
•Sept., 1709, French and Allies. 
Rumershiem, Frencb and Germans, 

1709, Gudina, Allies and Spa- 
niards, 1709. Almanza, 16th 
July, 1710, Freneh and Allies. 
Elsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1 7 1 0. 
Saragossa, 20th Aug., 1710, Freneh 
and Germans. Villa Viciosa, 12th 
Dec, 1710, ditto. Arleux, Allies 
and French, 1711. Gadesbush, 
Swedes and Danes, 1712. De- 
nain, Netherlands, 1712, Allies 
and French. Friburg, French 
andGermans, 1713. Preston, 12th 
Nov., 1715, when the rebels were 
defeated in Scotland* Dumblain, 



13th Nov., 1715, ditto. Peter- 
wardein, Austrians and Turks, 5th 
Aug., 1716. Belgrade, 16th July, 
1717, Austrians and Turks. Glen- 
shiels, Scotland, 10th June, 1719. 
Between the Turks and Persians, 
when KouliKhan lost 10,000, and 
killed 20,000 men, before Babylon, 
28th Feb., 1733-4. Parma, 29th 
June, 1734. Guastalla, Aug., 
1 734. In Persia, where the Turks 
were defeated by Kouli Khan, 
and lost near 60,000, a general, and 
six bashaws, 22nd May, 1734. 
Bitonto, Austrians and Spaniards, 
1734. Parma, France and Spain 
against Austria, 1734. Secchia, 
French and Austrians, 1734. 
Turks and Persians, 1735 ; 50,000 
of the latter killed. Bagnialuk, 
European Turkey, 27th July, 1737, 
Russians and Turks. Bog, Russians 
and Turks, 1738. Kroska, Aus- 
trians and Turks, 1739. Kernal, 
Turks and Persians, 1739. Choc- 
zim, Moldavia, 21st July, 1739. 
Molwitz, 10th April, 1741, Prus- 
sians and Austrians. Williamstadt, 
Sweden, Swedes and Russians, 23rd 
July, 1741. Hilkersburg, 8th 
April, 1742, Prussians and Aus- 
trians. Czaslau, 7th May, 1742, 
Teyn, Austrians and French, 1742. 
Branau, Austrians and Bavarians, 
1743. Campo Santo, Spaniards 
and Allies, 1743. Dettingen, 
15th June, 1743, Allies and French. 
Coni, Allies and French and Spa- 
niards, 1744. Landshut, Prussians 
and Austrians, 1745. Friedberg, 
4th June, 1745, Prussians and 
Austrians. Fontenoy, 30th April, 
1745. Preston-Pans, 21st Sept., 

1745. Erzerum, Turks and Prus- 
sians, 1745. Falkirk, Scotland, 
17th Jan., 1746. Roucoux, 12th 
April, 1746, French and Allies. 
Culloden, Scotland, 16th April, 

1746. St. Lazaro, 31st May, 1746, 
French and Allies. Placentia, 
15th June, 1746, Spaniards and 
Allies. Exilles, Piedmont, 6th 
July, 1746, Allies and French. 
Val, Flanders, 20th June, 1747, 
ditto. Laffelt, 20th July, 1747, 
ditto. Arania, India, 1751. Ba- 



32 



BAT 



BAT 



boor, India, 7th Aug., 1752. Fort 
dii Quesne, North America, 9th 
July, 1755. Lake of St. George, 
8th Sept., 1755. Paraguay, 1755. 
Calcutta, India, June, 1756 and 
1759. Lowoschutz, 30th Sept., 

1756, Prussians and Austrians. 
Norkitten, Russians and Prussians. 

1757. Plassv, East Indies, 5th 
Feb., 1757. 'Prague, 22nd May, 
1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Reichenberg, Bohemia, 1757, ditto. 
Kolin, 12th June, 1757, ditto. 
Hastenbeck, 25th July, 1757, 
French and Allies. Jagersdorf, 
Prussia, 3rd Aug., 1757, ditto. 
Rosbacb, 5th Nov., 1757, French 
and Prussians. Breslau, 21st Nov., 
1757, Prussians and Austrians. 
Lissa, 5th Dec, 1757, ditto. Hoya, 
in Westphalia, 24th Feb., 1758, 
French and Allies. Crevelt, 23rd 
June, 1758, ditto. Sondersbausen, 
25th July, 1758, ditto. Meere, 
5th Aug.," 1758, ditto. Zorndorff, 
25th Aug., 1758, Prussians and 
Russians. Olmutz, 1758, ditto. 
Hochkirchen, 10th Oct., 1758, 
ditto. Landwerenhagen, 1758, 
French and Allies. Bergen, 14th 
April, 1759, ditto. Minden, Aug., 

1759, ditto. Zulichau, Silesia, 
27th July, 1759, Prussians and 
Russians. Peterswalde, Prussians 
and Austrians, 1759. Pasberg, 
ditto, 1759. Niagara. N. America, 
24th July, 1759. Warburg, 6th 
Aug., 1759, French and Allies. 
Montmorenci, 10th Aug., 1759, 
French and English. Cunersdorf, 
12th Aug., 1759, Prussians, Rus- 
sians, and Austrians. Plains of 
Abraham, 15th Sept., 1759, French 
and English. Wandiwasb, East 
Indies, 10th Jan., 1760. Strehla, 
Silesia, 1760, Prussians and Aus- 
trians. Near Quebec, 28th April, 

1760. Pfaffendorif, 12th Aug., 

1760, Prussians and Austrians. 
Tora-au, 3rd Nov., 1760, ditto. 
Fulda, 1760, ditto. Plains of Sil- 
lery, English and French, 1760. 
Langensaltza, Allies and French, 

1761. Slangerode, ditto, 1761. 
Kirk-Denkern, ditto, 1761. Fil- 
linghausen, in the Palatinate, 16th 



July, 1761, Prussians and Aus- 
trians. Dippoldiswalda, ditto, 1762. 
Graebenstein, 4th June, 1762, 
French and Allies. Burkersdorf, 
22nd July, 1762, ditto. Fried- 
burg, Hesse, 29th Oct., 1762, 
Prussians and Austrians. Hom- 
burg, Allies and French, 1762. 
Minden, ditto, 1762. Johannis- 
berg, Allies and French, 1762. 
Buckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. Bushy 
Bun, America, 1763. Plains of 
Geriah, East Indies, 1763. Buxar. 
ditto, 1764. Calpy, ditto, 1765. 
Errour, ditto, 1767. Mulwagsrle, 
1 768. Choczim, 30th April, 1769, 
Russians and Turks. Brailow, 
European Turkey, 1770. Silistria, 
ditto, 1773. Lexington, near Bos- 
ton, 19th April, 1775. Bunkers- 
hill, 27th June, 1775. Long-Is- 
land, America, 27th Aug., 1776. 
White Plains, near New York, 
30th Nov., 1776. Brandywine- 
Creek, America, 13th Sept., 1777. 
Of the Lakes, 5th July, 1777. 
Skenesborough, North America, 
7th July, 1777. Bennington, ditto, 
16th Aug., 1777. Albany, ditto, 
1777. Saratoga, 7th Oct.^ 1777, 
General Burgoyne surrendered to 
the Americans. Germantown, 14th 
Oct., 1777. St. Lucie, ditto,1778. 
Monmouth, ditto, 1778. Rhode 
Island, ditto, 1778. Briar Creek, 
ditto, 1779. Stony Ferry, ditto, 

1779. Camden, ditto, 16th Aug., 

1780. Perinbancum, East Indies, 
1780. Waxau and Cataaba, N. 
America, 1780. Broad River, 
ditto, 1781. Guildford, ditto, 
16th March, 1781. HobkirkVhill, 
ditto, 1781. Eutaw Springs, 
ditto, 1781. York Town, when 
Earl Cornwallis surrendered, 29th 
Oct., 1781. Porto Novo. East 
Indies, 1781. Arnee, ditto, 1781. 
Russians and Turks, 1781. Rus- 
sians and Swedes, 1788. Aus- 
trians and Turks, 1788. Bessara- 
bia and Ukraine, 1789. Finland. 
Russians and Swedes, 1789. Foc- 
zani, Austrians and Turks, 1789. 
Martinestie, or Rimnick, Austrians, 
Russians, and Turks, 1789. Uk- 
raine, Russians and Turks, 1790. 



BAT 



BAT 



33 



Maczin, ditto, 1791. Seringapatam, 
East Indies, 1791 ; again in 1799, 
when Tippoo was reduced by Lord 
Cornwallis. The Austrians de- 
feated the French near Mons, 30th 
April, 1791. At Longwy, when 
the Austrians were defeated, 14th 
Aug., 1792. Grand-pre, when the 
French were defeated, 10th Sept., 

1 792. Valmy, between the French 
and Austrians, 20th Sept., 1792. 
Menehould, Prussians and French, 
2nd Oct., 1792. Cond£, Austrians 
and French, 2nd Oct., 1792. Ha- 
nau, ditto, 27th Oct., 1792. Bossu, 
ditto, 4th Nov., 1792. Jemappe, 
when Dumourier, entered Brabant, 
6th Nov., 1792. Anderlecht, Aus- 
trians and French, 13th Nov., 1792. 
Tirlemont, ditto, 17th Nov., 1792. 
Varoux, ditto, 27th Nov., 1792.' 
Hockheim, ditto, 7th Jan., 1793. 
Aldenhoven, ditto, 28th Feb., 1 79^0 
Aix-la-Chapelle, ditto, 15th Jan., 

1793. Tongres, ditto, 4th March, 
1793. Neerunden, near Thirle- 
mont, ditto, 18th March, 1793. 
Tirlemont, ditto, 19 th March, 
1793. Louvaine, or the Iron 
Mountain, ditto, 22nd March, 1793. 
Coblentz, ditto, 1st April, 1793. 
Cassel, ditto, 7th April, 1793. 
Tournay, Austrians and English 
against the French, 8th May, 1793. 
St. Amand and Maulde, ditto, 10th 
May, 1793. Valenciennes, Allies 
and French, 23rd May, 1793. 
Manheim, ditto, 30th May, 1793. 
Furnes, Dutch and French, 21st 
June, 1793. Furnes, Austrians 
and French, 26th June, 1793. 
Villiers, ditto, 18th July, 1793. 
Cambray, or Csesar's Camp, ditto, 
9th Aug., 1793. Lincelles, ditto, 
18th Aug., 1793. Furnes, ditto, 
21st Aug., 1793. Rexmond, ditto, 
29th Aug., 1793. Dunkirk, Eng- 
lish and French, 7th Sept., 1793. 
Quesnoy, ditto, 11th Sept., 1793. 
Limbach, Austrians and French, 
12th Sept., 1793. Menin, ditto, 
15th Sept., 1793. Toulon, Eng- 
lish and French, 1st Oct., 1793. 
Weissenburg, Austrians and French, 
14th Oct., 1793. Maubeuge, Al- 



lies and French, 16th Oct., 1793. 
Birlemont, ditto, ditto. Orchies, 
ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Wanze- 
nau, ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Lan- 
dau, ditto, 29th Nov., 1793. Tou- 
lon, when it surrendered to the 
French, 19th Nov., 1793. Lebach, 
ditto, 27th Nov., 1793. Roussil- 
lon, Spaniards and French, 11th 
Dec, 1793. Perpignan, ditto, 20th 
Dec, 1793. Oppenheim, Allies 
and French, 8th Jan., 1794. 
Waterloo, ditto, 23rd Jan., 1794. 
Werwick, ditto, 1st March, 1794. 
Bayonne, Spaniards and French, 
19th March, 1794. Perle, Allies 
and French, 22nd March, 1794. 
Cateau, Allies and French, 28th 
March, 1794. Cracow, Russians 
and Poles, 4th April, 1794. Durk- 
heim, Allies and French, 5th April, 
1794. Piedmont, Sardinians and 
French, 6th April, 1794. Crom- 
bech, Allies and French, 14th 
April, 1794. Arlon, ditto, 17th 
April, 1794. Warsaw, Russians 
and Poles, 21st April, 1794. 
Landrecy, Allies and French, 24th 
April, 1794. Cambray, English 
and French, ditto. Cateau, ditto, 
26th April, 1794. Courtray, Al- 
lies and French, 29th April, 1794. 
Ostend, ditto, 5th May, 1794. 
Montesquan, Spaniards and French, 
1st May, 1794. Aost, Sardinians 
and French, 2nd May, 1794. Sa- 
orgia, Sardinians and French, 8th 
May, 1794. Tournay, English 
and French, 10th May, 1794. 
Courtray, Allies and French, 12th 
May, 1794. Mons, ditto, 16th 
May, 1794. Tournay, English 
and French, 18th May, 1794. 
Bouillon, Allies and French, ditto. 
Tournay, ditto, 22nd May, 1794. 
Lautern, ditto, 23rd May, 1794. 
Lithuania, Russians and Poles, 3rd 
June, 1794. Piliezke, ditto, ditto. 
Charleroi, Allies and French, 17th 
June, 1794. Cracow, Prussians 
and Poles, ditto. Aost, Sardinians 
and French, 26th June, 1794. 
Puycerda, Spaniards and French, 
ditto. Blonie, Russians and Poles, 
7th July, 1794. Manheim, Allies 
c 3 



34 



BAT 



BAT 



and French, 12th July 1794. 
Dorbilos, Prussians and Poles, 19th 
July, 1794. Fontarabia, Spaniards 
and French, 2nd Aug., 1794. 
Zogre, Prussians and Poles, 22nd 
Aug., 1794. Bellegarde, Spaniards 
and French, 26th Aug., 1794. 
Valley of Leira, ditto, 8th Sept., 
1794. Maestricht, Allies and 
French, 18th Sept., 1794. Cler- 
mont, ditto, 20th Sept., 1794. 
Piedmont, ditto, 23rd Sept., 1794. 
Posnania, Prussians and Poles, 
24th Sept., 1794. Kophir Bazsee, 
Russians and Poles, 25th Sept., 
1794. Oneglia, Sardinians and 
French, 30th Sept., 1794. Em- 
merick, Allies and French, 2nd 
Oct., 1794. Warsaw, Poles totally 
defeated by the Russians, &c. 12th 
Oct., 1794. Druten, English and 
French, 20th Oct., 1794. Pampe- 
luna, Spaniards and French, 28th 
Oct., 1794. Nimeguen, Allies and 
French, 4th Nov., 1794. - Sendo- 
mir, Poles and Prussians, &c. 16th 
Nov., 1794. Navarre, Spaniards 
and French, 25th Nov., 1794. 
Mentz, Allies and French, 1st Dec, 
1794. On the Waal, 11th Jan., 

1794. Nantes, between the Chou- 
ans and Republicans, 18th Jan., 

1795. Catalonia, 5th March . 1795. 
Neve Munster, where the French 
were repulsed, 3rd March, 1795 ; 
again the 18th ditto. At Figueras 
the Spaniards were defeated, 5th 
April, 1795. Piedmont, the Pied- 
montese were defeated, 12th April, 
1795. Pontas, Catalonia, where 
the French were defeated, 14th 
June, again 1st July. Pampeluna, 
when the French were defeated, 
2nd July, 1795. Piedmont, when 
the French were defeated, 14th 
June, 1795; again the 27th; and 
Bilboa, when the Spaniards were 
defeated, 17th July, 1795. Qui- 
beron, the Emigrants were defeated, 
2 1 st J uly . Urrtia, when the French 
were defeated, 30th July. Vit- 
toria, when the Spaniards were 
defeated, 14th Aug. Piedmont, 
the Austrians were defeated, 30th 
Aug. La Pietra, the French were 



defeated, 31st Aug. On the Lahn T 
when the French were defeated, 
19th Sept. Mannheim, the Aus- 
trians were defeated, 23rd Sept. 
Piedmont, the French were de- 
feated, 1st Oct. On the Mayne, 
when the French were totally de- 
feated, 11th Oct. Mentz, the 
French were defeated, 29th Oct. 
Worms, ditto, 8th Nov. Moselle, 
ditto, 22nd Nov. Deux Ponts, 
ditto, 28th Nov. Alsentz, ditto, 8th 
Dec, 1795. Piedmont, Sardinians 
were totally defeated by the French, 
14th April, 1796. Lodi, French 
and Austrians, 11th May. Man- 
tua, ditto, defeated, 29th May. 
French defeated near Wetzlaer, 
4th June. Ditto, under Jourdan, 
by General Kray, near Kirpen, 
20th June. Austrians defeated 
by Jourdan, 6th July. The Arch- 
duke repulsed by the French, 8th 
July. Mantua's siege raised, when 
the French left behind them 140 
cannon, 100,000 shells, balls, &c. 
31st July. The Austrians were 
defeated by General Jourdan, 11th 
Aug. Moreau was defeated by the 
Archduke near Nuremburg, 18th 
Aug. The French were defeated 
by the Austrians near Neuweid and 
Amberg, 24th Aug. Jourdan was 
defeated near Munich, 11th Sept. 
Again, on 19th Sept., atlsny, on the 
Argen, 1796. Between the Aus- 
trians and Buonaparte, in Italy, 
19th and 27th Jan., 1797, when 
the Austrians were defeated. Buo- 
naparte defeated the Archduke, 1st 
April, 1797. The Austrians w 
again defeated on the Upper Rh 
7th May, when the French t~ 
Frankfort, Kehl, &c 1797. The 
Swiss troops were totally defeated by 
the French, and their independency 
abolished, 19th Sept., 1798. Be- 
tween the Irish rebels and the king' 3 
forces, at Kilcullen, 22nd May, 
1798. Ditto, at Naas, 23rd May ; 
the same day at Stratford-upon- 
Slaney; at Hackestown, 25th May; 
at Dunlavan, 25th May ; at Taragh, 
26th May ; at Carlow, 27th May; 
at Monastereven the same day ; at 



BAT 



BAT 



35 



Kildare, 28th May: at Ballkanoe, 
and at Newtonbarry, 1st June ; 
at New Ross, 5th June; at An- 
trim, the same day ; at Arklow, 
9th June ; at Ballynahinch, loth 
June ; at Ovidstown, 19th June ; 
at Bailynarush, 20th June ; at all 
which places the insurgents were 
defeated. In Connaught, where the 
French aided the Irish rebels, and 
were all taken prisoners, 7th Sept., 

1798. Near Naples, between the 
French and Neapolitans, 18th Jan., 

1799. The Archduke Charles 
totally defeated the French, and 
took 2000 prisoners, &c. 14th and 
26th March, 1799, near Stockach. 
The French were defeated near 
Yerona, 5th, 25th, and 26th March, 
with great loss ; and again 30th 
March and 5th April. The Aus- 
trians defeated the French in Italy, 
9th and 30th April, near Cremona. 
The Russians defeated the French 
near Milan, 27th April, 11,000 
killed and taken prisoners. The 
French were defeated near Cassano, 
27th April. Buonaparte was re- 
pulsed at Acre by the Turks and 
and Sir S. Smith, 16th April. 
The French were defeated near the 
Adda, 26th and 31st March, and 
5th May. Suwarrow's army de- 
feated the French under Moreau, 
near Alexandria, 17th May. The 
French Mere defeated at Zurich, 
and lost 4000 men, 4th June. Su- 
warrow defeated the French under 
Macdonald, 19th June, when the 
French lost 18,268 men, 7 cannon, 
and 8 standards. Tippoo Saib was 
defeated near Periapatam, in the I 
East Indies, by the English forces, I 
4th May, with considerable slaugh- 
ter. The Austrians were defeated ! 
near Coire by General Massena, ! 
when Captain d'Ausanberg, and i 
700 men were taken prisoners, 7th 
May. The Archduke defeated 
Jourdan, 2nd April. General Kray 
defeated General Scherer, com- 
manding the French in Italy, 18th i 
April. Suwarrow defeated the j 
French in forcing the passage of the 
Adda, 23rd May. Buonaparte was 



defeated at Acre bv Sir Sidney 
Smith, 27th May. ' The French 
were defeated at Naples by Cardinal 
Ruffo, 5th June. Suwarrow de- 
feated Macdonald near Parma, 
with the loss of 10,000 men and 
four generals, 12th July. Suwar- 
row defeated General Moreau, 13th 
July. Joubert was totally defeated 
by Suwarrow, and was killed, 15th 
Aug., at Novi, with 10,000 killed, 
4000 prisoners, and all the ar- 
tillery. The French were defeated 
near Tranto, 10th June. The 
French were defeated near Man- 
heim, 13th Aug. The Imperialists 
were defeated near Zurich, 24th 
Sept. The French were defeated 
near Mondovi, 6th Nov. Near 
Philipsburgh, when the French lost 
4000 men, 3rd Dec, 1799. Near 
Coni, Avhich place surrendered to 
the Austrians. Near Genoa, when 
the Austrians were defeated, and 
lost 3000 men, 12th Dec. Novi, 
8th Jan., 1800. Austrians and 
French. Savona, Italy, 8th April, 
ditto. Yeragigo, 10th April, 
French defeated. Stockach, 1st 
May, Austrians defeated. Moes- 
kirch, 3rd May, ditto. Biberach, 
9th May, Austrians lost 4000 men. 
Montebello, 9th June, by which 
the French became possessed of 
Italy from Milan to Placentia. 
Marengo, 6000 Austrians killed, 
8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of 
cannon taken, 14th June. Hoh- 
enlinden, Austrians defeated, 3rd 
Nov. On the Mincio, 25th Dec, 
Austrians defeated. Alexandria, 
Egypt, French defeated by the 
English, 21st March, 1801. East 
Indies, between Scindiah and the 
English, former defeated, 1 1 th Aug. , 
1803. Ferruckabad, East Indies, 
English victorious, 17thNov.,1804. 
Bhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt 
Rao Holkar, defeated by the Eng- 
lish, 2nd April, 1805." Guntz- 
burgh, French and Austrians, 
French victorious, 2nd Oct., 1805. 
Ulm, French and Austrians, latter 
taken prisoners, 19th Oct., 1805. 
Moelk, French and Austrians, lat- 



36 



BAT 



BAT 



ter beaten, 10th Nov., 1805. Aus- 
terlitz, French against Austrians 
and Russians, French victorious, 
2nd Dec, 1805. Maida, French 
and English, the former defeated, 
6th July, 1806. Castel Nuova, 
French and Russians, latter de- 
feated, 29th Sept., 1806. Auer- 
stadt, French and Prussians, latter 
beaten, 3rd Oct., 1806. Eylau, 
French and Russians, latter de- 
feated, 7th Feb., 1807. Friedland, 
in which the Russians were defeated 
with dreadful slaughter, 14th June, 
1807. Baylen, the French under 
Dupont defeated bv the Spaniards, 
20th July, 1808. Vimiera, in 
which the whole of the French 
force under General Junot was 
defeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, 
21st Aug., 1808. Tudela, Spa- 
niards beaten by the French, 23rd 
Nov., 1808. Corunna, French 
and English, the former defeated, 
16th Jan., 1809. Braga, Portu- 
guese defeated bv the French, 19th 
March, 1809. Pfaffenhoffen, Aus- 
trians defeated by the French, 19th 
April, 1809. Abensberg, Aus- 
trians defeated by the French, 20th 
April, 1809. Landshut, Austrians 
defeated by the French, 21st April, 
1809. Eckmuhl, Austrians de- 
feated by the French, 22nd April, 
1809. Ebersberg, Austrians de- 
feated by the French, 3rd May, 
1809. Oporto, French defeated 
by Sir A. Wellesley, 11th May, 
1809. Aspern and Essling, French 
and Austrians, dreadful slaughter 
on both sides, 21st and 22nd May, 
1809 ; the French defeated. Raab, 
Austrians defeated by the French, 
14th June, 1809. Wagram, Aus- 
trians defeated by the French, 5th 
Jnly, 1 809. Talavera de la Reyna, 
French defeated by the English 
and Spaniards, 27th July, 1809. 
Ocana, Spaniards defeated by the 
French, 19th Nov., 1809. *Bus- 
aco, French repulsed with great 
slaughter by the allied army under 
Lord Wellington, 27th Sept., 1810. 
Pla, near Tarragona, Italian divi- 
sion of the French army repulsed 



by the Spanish general Sarsfleld, 
15th Jan., 1811. Lafesat, Turks 
defeated by the Russians, 11th 
Feb., 1811. BaiTossa, the French 
under General Victor defeated by 
General Graham, 5th March, 1811. 
Palma, French surprised by Gene- 
ral Ballasteros, and General Re- 
mon's detachment dispersed, 10th 
March, 1811. Albuera, French 
repulsed with the loss of 9000 men 
by Marshal Beresford, 16th May, 
1811. Buenos Ayres and Monte 
Video, between the troops of, in 
which those of the latter were de- 
feated, 18th May, 1811. Rud- 
shuck, Turks defeated by the Rus- 
sians, 4th June, 1811 ; and again 
14th Oct. Ximena, a division of 
So ult's armv defeated by General 
Ballasteros, 18th Sept., 1811. Ciu- 
dad Rodrigo, between the French 
and the allied armies under Lord 
Wellington, ending in the orderly 
retreat of the latter, 25th Sept., 
1811. Puche, near Saguntum, 
General Blake defeated by the 
French under General Suchet, 
25th Oct., 1811. Cavares and 
Merida, the French, under Gene- 
ral Girard, surprised and routed by 
General Hill, 28th Oct., 1811. 
Plains of Bornos, Spaniards defeated 
by the French, 1st June, 1812. 
Castalla, army under General 
O'Donnell, defeated by the French, 
21st July, 1812. Salamanca, 
French defeated with great slaugh- 
ter by Lord Wellington, 22nd 
July, 1812. Mohilow, Russians 
under Prince Bagration defeated 
by the French under General Da- 
voust, 23rd July, 1812. Ostrovno, 
Russians defeated by the French, 
25thand28th July, 1812. Polotsk, 
French under Marshal Oudinot de- 
feated by the Russians under Count 
Witgenstein, 30th and 31st July, 
1812 ; the same armies contended 
the next day, when the Russians 
were defeated. Drissa, Russians 
defeatedby the French, Aug., 1812. 
Smolensko, Russians defeated by 
the French, and abandoned the 
town, 16th Aug., 1812. Banks 



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37 



of the Duna, near Polotsk, several 
severe actions between the Russians 
and French, in which success was 
nearly balanced, 16th and 17th 
Aug., 1812. Heights of Yalentina, 
between the French and Russians, 
which terminated in the retreat 
of the latter, 19th Aug., 1812. 
Moskwa (or Borodino), between 
the French and Russians, dreadful 
carnage on both sides, each claiming 
the victory, 7th Sept., 1812. 
Queen's Town, Canada, army of 
the United States defeated bv the 
British, ] 3th Oct., 1812. Polotsk, 
French defeated by the Russians, 
and the place taken by storm, 20th 
Oct., 1812. Malo-Yaroslovitz, 
Russians and French, victory 
claimed by each,. 24th Oct., 1812. 
Viasma, French under Ney and 
Davoust defeated by the Russians, 
3rd Nov., 1812. Dorogobudsch, 
French driven from, by the Rus- 
sians under Platoff, with great 
slaughter, 7th Nov., 1812. Wi- 
tepsk, French under General Vic- 
tor defeated by the Russians under 
Witgenstein, with the loss of 3000 
men, 14th Nov., 1812. Krasnoi, 
French army under Davoust com- 
pletely destroyed or dispersed bv 
Kutusoff, 1 6th Nov. , 1 8 1 2 . Ney's 
corps, 12,000 of which laid down 
their arms, defeated by the Russian 
general Miloradovitch, 17th Nov , 
1812. Borissow, Russians under 
Count Lambert defeated Dom- 
browski's Polish division, 21st 
Nov., 1812. Berezina, terminated 
in the capture, by General AVit- 
genstein, of a French division of 
8800 men, 28th Nov., ] 812. AVil- 
na, French column destroyed near 
that town by Platoff, and a general 
and 1000 prisoners taken, 11th 
Dec, 1812. Kowno, French de- 
defeated by the Russians, with the 
loss of 6000 prisoners and 21 pieces 
of cannon, 14th Dec, 1812. Ka- 
litch, Saxons, under the French 
general Regnier, defeated by the 
Russian general Winzingerode, with 
the loss of many officers and 2000 
privates, Feb., 1813. French 



Town, Canada, American general 
"Winchester defeated, and made 
prisoner, by Colonel Proctor, 22nd 
Jan., 1813. Bejar, in Spain, 
French defeated by General Hill 
and the allied Spaniards, 20th 
Feb., 1813. Lunenburg, French 
defeated by the united army of 
Russians and Prussians, with the 
loss of General Morand, 100 offi- 
cers, 2200 privates, and 9 pieces of 
cannon, 2nd April, 1813. Cas- 
tella, French under Suchet defeated 
by General Murray and the allied 
Spaniards, 13th Apr., 1813. Lutzen, 
between the allied army of Russians 
and Prussians, great slaughter on 
both sides, and victory claimed by 
each, 2nd May, 1813. Mockern, 
Beauharnois defeated with great 
loss by the Russians and Prussians, 
5th April, 1813. Alberstadt, 
French division defeated by the 
Russian general Czernicheff, 7th 
May,1813. Konigswerden, French 
defeated by the allied army of Rus- 
sians and Prussians under Generals 
Barclay de Tolly and D'Yorck, 
19th May, 1813. Konigswerden, 
second battle, which ended in the 
falling back of the Allies, 20th 
May, 1813. AYurtzschen, between 
the allied army of Russians and 
Prussians and the French army 
under Napoleon, dreadful carnage 
on both sides, the Allies retreated, 
21st May, 1813. Miami, Ameri- 
cans defeated by Colonel Proctor, 
May, 1813. Fort George, on the 
Niagara, British defeated by the 
Americans, 27th May, 1813. Bur- 
lington Heights, Americans defeated 
by the British, 6th June, 1813. 
Yittoria, French under Joseph 
Buonaparte defeated by Lord Wel- 
lington and the allied Spaniards, 
21st June, 181 3. Valley of Bas- 
tan, General Hill and the allied 
Spaniards attacked by Soult, and 
obliged to retreat, 24th July, 1813. 
Pyrenees, Soult defeated, with im- 
mense slaughter, by Lord Welling- 
ton and the combined Spaniards, 
28th July, 1813. San Marcial, 
Soult defeated by the Spaniards, 



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31st July, 1813; defeated again, 
4th Aug., and driven from the 
Pyrenees. Bober, banks of, Prus- 
sians under Blucber defeated by the 
French under Napoleon, 21st Aug., 
1813. Goldsberg, Prussians under 
Blucher defeated by the French, 
22nd Aug., 1813. Jauer, French 
under Macdonald defeated, with 
immense loss, by Blucher, 26th 
and 27th Aug., 1813. Before 
Dresden, allied army of Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, defeated 
by the French, 28th Aug., 1813. 
Toplitz, French defeated by the 
allied Austrians, Russians, and 
Prussians, 30th Aug., 1813. Den- 
newitz, French defeated by the 
Crown Prince of Sweden, with 
great loss, 8th Sept., 1813. Ordal , 
Pass of, Colonel Adams and the 
combined Spaniards and Portuguese 
•^deftafW—bT- Soult, 12th Sept., 
1813. Domitz, French under Da- 
voust defeated by Colonel Walmo- 
den, 16th Sept.,' 1813. Elster, 
French under Bertrand defeated by 
Blucher, 3rd Oct., 1813. Mora- 
vian village, on the Thames, Ca- 
nada, the British defeated by the 
Americans, 5th Oct., 1813. Mock- 
era, between the French and the 
allied army of Austrians, Russians, 
and Prussians, a desperate conflict, 
the place having been taken and 
retaken five times, which ended in 
the defeat of the French, 14th Oct., 
1813. Before Leipsic, a general 
engagement between the same 
armies, in which no ground was 
gained by either, 16th Oct., 1813. 
Before Leipsic, another general 
engagement, of which the result 
was a loss to the French of 40,000 
men in killed, wounded, and pri- 
'soners, 65 pieces of artillery, and 
the desertion of 17 German bat- 
talions, 18th Oct., 1813. Hanau, 
French defeated by the combined 
Austrian and Bavarian army under 
General Wrede, 29th Oct., 1813. 
Hanau, another severe engagement 
between the same armies, in which 
Wrede was wounded, and the allies 
-driven from the place, 30th Oct., 



1813. St. Jean de Luz, between 
the allied armies under Lord Wel- 
lington, and the French under 
Soult, when the latter were driven 
farther into France, 10th Nov., 

1813. Passage of the Nive, several 
engagements between the allied 
army under Lord Wellington and 
the French, during which two Ger- 
man regiments came over to the 
Allies, and the French were driven 
to their entrenchments, 10th and 
13th Dec, 1813. Christlers 
Point, Upper Canada, Americans 
defeated by the British under Co- 
lonel Pearson, 11th Nov., 1813. 
Black-rock, American general Hull 
defeated by the British general 
Biall, 30th Dec, 1813. Province 
of Valladolid, three battles, in 
which the forces of Morelos, and 
other insurgent chiefs, were de- 
feated by the Royalists, with the 
loss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of 
cannon," Dec, 1813. Bozzolo, on 
the Mincio, Austrians defeated by 
the French under Beauharnois, 7th 
and 8th Jan., 1814. Marne, ad- 
vanced guard of Schwartzenburg 
defeated by the French, 27th Jan., 

1814. Brienne, allied army of 
Russians and Prussians defeated, 
and the place taken by the French, 
29th Jan. ,1814. Rothiere, French 
under Napoleon defeated by the 
allied Russians and Prussians, with 
the loss of 3000 prisoners and 36 
pieces of cannon, 1st Feb., 1814. 
Champ-aubert, Russian division 
under General Alsufief defeated by 
the French under Napoleon, 10th 
Feb., 1814. Champ-aubert, di- 
vision of Blucher's army, under 
Generals Sacken and D'Yorck, 
attacked by the French under Na- 
poleon, in whose favour it termi- 
nated, 12th Feb., 1814. Jan- 
villiers, Blucher's army attacked 
by the French, and driven back to 
Chalons, 14th Feb., 1814. Gams, 
French defeated by the allied Spa- 
niards under General Morillo and 
General Stewart, 15th Feb., 1814. 
Nangis, advanced guard of Witgen- 
stein's corps, under Count Pahlen, 



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39 



defeated bv the French under Na- 
poleon, 17th Feb., 1814. Bridges 
of the Seine, at Montereau and 
Bray, the prince of Wurtemberg 
defeated by Napoleon, 18th Feb., 
1814. Orthes, French defeated 
by the allied British and Spaniards 
under General Hill, 25th Feb., 
1814. Reggio, French defeated by 
the king of Naples, 5th March, 
1814. Laon, French defeated by 
the Prussian general Blucher, 9th 
March, 1814. Passage of the 
Taro, French defeated by the king 
of Naples, 12th March, 1814. 
Rheims, allied Russians and Prus- 
sians defeated by the French, 13th 
March, 1814. Tarbes, Soult de- 
feated by Lord Wellington, 20th 
March, 1814. Arcis-sur-Aube, 
French defeated by the Prince of 
Wirtemburg, 21st March, 1814. 
Fere Champenoise, the corps of 
Generals Marmont, Mortier, and 
Arrighi, surprised and defeated by 
General Schwartzenberg, and a con- 
voy taken, 25th March, 1814. 
Heights of Fontenoy, Romainville, 
and Belleville, French army out of 
Paris under Joseph Buonaparte, 
Marmont, and Mortier, defeated 
by the allied Austrians, Russians, 
and Prussians, 30th March, 1814. 
Toulouse, French defeated by Lord 
Wellington, 10th April, 1814. 
Arazua, valley of, between the in- 
surgents of the Carracas and the 
Royalists, in which the latter ob- 
tained a complete victory, 18th 
June, 1814. Chipawa, British 
under General Riall defeated by 
the Americans under General 
Brown, 5th July, 1814. Chipawa, 
Americans defeated by the British 
- under Generals Drummond and 
Riall ; but the latter general was 
wounded and taken prisoner, 25th 
July, 1814. Ferrara, Neapolitans 
under Murat defeated by the Aus- 
trians, 12th April, 1815. Tolen- 
tino, between the Austrians under 
General Bianchi and the Neapoli- 
tans under Murat, ending, after 
two engagements, in the retreat of 
Murat, 2nd and 3rd May, 1815. 
Ligny, Prussians under Prince Blu- 



cher, after a desperate conflict, 
defeated by the French, with the 
loss of 15 pieces of cannon, 16th 
June, 1815. Waterloo, in which 
the whole French army, with 
Buonaparte at its head, was de- 
feated by the English and Prussians, 
with immense slaughter, 18th June, 
1815. 

Baltimore, General Ross killed, 
in an unsuccessful attack on, 
by the British, 12th Sept., 1814. 
Bangor, North America, taken by 
the British, 3rd May, 1814. Ba- 
varia joined the coalition against 
France. Oct., 1813. Bellair, 
North ' America, attacked unsuc- 
cessfully by the British, and Sir 
Peter Parker killed, 30th Aug., 
1814. Belleisle taken from the 
French, 7th June, 1761. Ben- 
bow, Admiral, fought the French 
off Carthagena, 1702. " Bender, 
treaty of, 21st July, 1711 ; city 
burnt, 1773. Benevento seized by 
the king of Naples from the Pope, 
in 1768 ; but restored on supressing 
the Jesuits, 1773. Bergen-op- 
Zoom, taken by the French, 16th 
Sept., 1747, and 1794. Bergen- 
op-Zoom, attempt by the British 
to carry the place by storm de- 
feated, 8th March, 1814. Berlin 
laid under contribution by the Aus- 
trians, 1758 ; taken 1760, and 
pillaged; taken by the French, 
1807. Berlin entered by the Rus- 
sian army under General Witgen- 
stein, 3rd March, 1813. Bern, 
Switzerland, taken by the French, 
1798. Beveland, South, Island 
of, taken by the English, 3rd Aug., 
1809. Bidassoa, River, crossed by 
the allied Spanish army, and Lord 
Wellington entered France, 7th 
Oct., 1813. Bilboa evacuated by 
the French, 11th Aug., 1812. 
Bergen forced by the allied Russian 
and Prussian army under Count 
Langeron, 3rd Jan., 1814. Blake 
reduced Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers, 
1655 ; destroyed a Spanish fleet, 
1657; and again, 1658. Bologna, 
Italy, seized by the French, 18th 
June, 1798 ; and the Austrians 
took it, 12th June, 1799. Bo- 



40 



BAT 



BAT 



logna, evacuated by Murat, and 
entered by the Austrian army, 16th 
April, 1815. Bombay yielded to 
the English by Portugal, 1661. 
Bois-le-duc was taken by theFrench, j 
Oct., 1794. Boulogne bombarded j 
by Lord Nelson, 15th Aug., 1801. 
Bourbon, Isle of, surrendered to 
the British, 10th July, 1810. 
Bourdeaux entered by Lord Wel- 
lington, 12th March, 1814. Sub- 
mitted to the government of Louis 
XVIIL, 22nd July, 1815. Brazil 
seized by Portugal from Holland, 
1654. Breda taken by the French, 
24th Feb., 1793 ; and again, 1794 
and 1795. Breda taken possession 
of by General Benkendorfs Cos- 
sacks, Dec, 1813. Bremen re- 
pulsed and defeated the French 
invasion, 1761. Bremen capitu- 
lated to the Russian General Tet- i 
tenborne, 14th Oct., 1813. Bren- 
nus sacked Rome, 390 B. C. 
Breslau taken by the Austrians, 
1758 and 1761 ; entered by the 
French, 1st June, 1813. Brest 
invaded by Julius Caesar, 54 ; pos- 
sessed by the Englisb, 1378; re- 
delivered to the Duke of Bretagne, 
1391. Brill, &c. seized by the 
Hollanders, which began that re- 
public, 1570; seized by the French, 
Jan., 1795. Bruce landed in Ire- 
land with an army, 25th May, 
1315 ; soon after crowned at Dun- 
dalk; slain, 1318. Bruges sacked 
by the Gantois, 1382; the basin, 
gates, and sluices of the canal de- 
stroyed by the English, 1 9th May, 
1798. Brussels taken by the 
French, 1792 and 1794. Buda 
taken from the Turks by the Im- 
perialists, in whose possession it 
had been 150 years, 1686. Buenos 
Ayres taken by the English, 2nd 
July, 1806 ; retaken by the in- 
habitants, 1807. Entered into a 
treaty with Monte Video to ac- 
knowledge no sovereign but Fer- 
dinand VII. Oct. 21, 1811. Monte 
Video surrendered to, by capitula- 
tion, 20th June, 1814. Declaration 
of Independence by the " Repre- 
sentatives of the United Provinces 
of South America in General Con- 



gress," published at, 19th July, 
1816. Buffalo, town, North 
America, taken by the British, and 
burnt, 30th Dec, 1813. Buo- 
naparte seized Egypt, 1st July, 
1798 ; and quitted it, 23rd Aug., 
1799. Burgos, siege of, abandoned 
by the allied army under Lord 
Wellington, 20th Oct., 1812; castle 
and works of, blown up by the 
French, 13th June, 1813. "Bur- 
lington, American camp at, sur- 
prised by Colonel Vincent, 5th 
June, 1813. Byzantium taken 
by the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by 
Severus, 196; rebuilt by Constan- 
tine, 330; taken by the Turks, 
1453. 

Cadiz, in Spain, taken by the 
English, 1596 ; bombarded, 14th 
July, after it had been blocked 
up with the Spanish fleet bv Earl 
St. Vincent, 1797 to 1798 ; siege 
of, by the French, raised, 25th 
Aug., 1812. Cadiz, expedition 
from, for the reduction of the in- 
surgents of South America, arrived 
at Porto Cabello, April, 1815. 
Caen, Normandv, plundered bv the 
English, 1346." Caffa, in Crim 
Tartary, planted and rebuilt by 
Genoa, 1261 ; taken by the Turks, 
1464. Cairo taken by the English 
and Turks from the French, 21st 
June, 1801. Calais taken by the 
English, 4th Aug., 1347 ; retaken 
by the French, 10th Jan., 1558. 
Calcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. 
Calvi, in Corsica, surrendered to 
the British forces, after a siege of 
59 days, 10th Aug., 1794; aban- 
doned by the British, 1796. Cam- 
bray, town of, taken by the English 
under General Sir Charles Colville, 
24th June, 1815 ; citadel of, sur- 
rendered the next day, and was 
occupied by Louis XVIII. and his 
court, from Ghent. Cambridge 
destroyed by the Danes, 1010. 
Canada taken by the English, 1628 ; 
restared to France, 1631 ; taken 
again, 13th Sept., 1759. Candia 
seized by the Saracens, 808, who 
changed its name from Crete ; re- 
taken by the Greek empire, 961 ; 
taken by the Venetians, 1204; re- 



BAT 



BAT 



41 



taken by the Turks, 1 669. Candy, 
Island of Ceylon, in an expedition 
against, a whole British detachment 
massacred or imprisoned, 1803 ; 
war renewed against, Oct., 1814; 
king of, defeated and made prisoner, 
by General Brownrigg, 18th Feb., 
1815 ; deposed, and the sovereignty 
vested in Great Britain, 2nd March, 
1815. Canterbury cathedral burnt 
by the Danes, 1011. Canute, first 
Danish king of England, invaded 
this country, 1015; made a voyage 
to Denmark, attacked Norway, and 
took possession of the crown, 1028. 
Cape Breton taken by the English, 
1 745 ; again, 1758. Cape of Good 
Hope was taken by the English, 
June, 1795 ; again, 8th Jan., 1806. 
Capua surrendered to the Allies, 
26th July, 1799. Caraccas, city of, 
capitulated to the Spanish Royalists, 
28th July, 1812; taken again by 
the Royalists, 7th July, 1814. 
Caractacus defeated by Ostorius 
Scapula, in 51. Caribbees war 
began, 1772; adjusted, 1773. 
Carthage destroyed, 146 B. C ; 
again by the Saracens, 622 A. D. 
Carthagena taken by Sir Francis 
Drake, 1584; pillaged by the 
French of 1,200,000/. in 1697. 
Carthagena bombarded by Admiral 
Vernon, 1740. Carthagena evacu- 
ated by the insurgent garrison, 6th 
Dec, 1815. Carthaginian war 
ceased 160 B. C. Cassel taken 
by the French, 1760 ; besieged, 
without effect, 1761 ; surrendered, 
1762. Cassel capitulated to the 
Russian general Czernicheff, 30th 
Sept., 1813. Castine, fort of, in 
the Penobscot, taken by the British, 
1st Sept., 1814. Castro de Ur- 
diales, a port in Biscay, stormed 
and taken by the French, 11th 
May, 1813 ; evacuated, and taken 
possession of by the English, 25th 
May, 1813. Cayenne colony, 
taken by the British and Portu- 
guese, 15th Jan., 1809. Celorico 
evacuated by the French, and 
entered by the English, 28th March, 
1811. Ceuta, Barbary, seized by 
Genoa, 1231 ; by Portugal, 1415 ; 



by Spain, 1640. Ceva and Casale 
abandoned to the French, 15th 
June, 1799. Ceylon Isle was 
taken by the Portuguese, 1505 ; by 
the Hollanders, 1603 ; attempted 
by Denmark, 1620 ; by the Por- 
tuguese, 1621 ; by the Dutch, 
1 658 ; a great part by the East 
India Company's troops, 1 782 ; 
restored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken 
again by the English, 16th Sept., 
1793; ceded to England, 1801 ; 
complete sovereignty assumed by 
England, 1815; see Candy. 
Chagree fort taken by Admiral 
Vernon, 1740. Chalons capitulated 
to the allied Russians and Prus- 
sians, 6th Feb., 1814. Chalons- 
sur-Soane taken by an Austrian 
force under the Prince of Hesse 
Homburg, Feb., 1814. Chamble 
fort, Canada, taken by the Pro- 
vincials, 20th Oct., 1775; retaken 
by the English troops, 18th Jan., 
1776. Charleroi surrendered to 
the French, 26th June, 1794. 
Charlestown, South Carolina, sur- 
rendered to the British forces, 4th 
May, 1780. Chatham, the Eng- 
lish fleet destroyed there by the 
Dutch, 1667. Cherbourg forts 
destroyed by the English, 8th Aug., 
1758. Chili, inhabitants of, had 
nearly dispossessed the Spaniards, 
1765 ; having revolted, returned to 
its allegiance, 19th April, 1814; 
restored to freedom by the Buenos 
Ayres' army under General San 
Martin, Feb., 1817. China con- 
quered by the Eastern Tartars, 
1635. Chios, Isle of, conquered 
from Genoa by the Turks, 1566. 
Christopher, St., Isle of, retaken 
from the French, 1620; taken by 
the French, 1782; ■ estored to 
England, 1783. Cimbri, the war 
with, 113 B. C. Ciudad Real 
taken by the French, 27th March, 
1 809. Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered 
to the French, 10th May, 1810; 
stormed by the English, and taken, 
19th Jan., 1812. Civita Vecchia 
taken by the French, Feb., 1799 ; 
and evacuated in September fol- 
lowing. Cleves taken, 1760; by 



42 



BAT 



BAT 



the French, 1794. Coblentz was 
taken by the French, 15th Oct., 
1794. Coblentz occupied by the 
•allied army under Blucher, 1st 
Jan., 1814. Coimbra taken by 
the English, 7th Oct., 1810. Col- 
berg, Prussia, besieged but not 
taken in 1807 ; besieged in vain, 
from 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 1762. 
Columbo, in Ceylon, surrendered 
to the English, 12th June, 1796. 
Coni was taken by the Austrians, 
3rd Dec, 1799. Constance was 
seized by the Freneh, 2nd Aug., 
1796; and again, Oct., 1799. 
Constantinople taken by the Latins' 
Croisade, 1204; recovered by the 
Greeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet 
II. which put an end to the Eastern 
empire, that had subsisted 1123 
years, / 1453. Copenhagen des- 
troyed by the Lubeckers, 1319; 
again by the Hanseatic fleet, 1361 
and 1369 ; bombarded by the 
English, under Lord Nelson, April, 
1801 ; the city, and the Danish 
fleet, surrendered to Admiral Gam- 
bier and Lord Cathcart, 7th Sept., 
1807. Cordova taken by the 
French, Nov. 1809. Corfu was 
seized by the French, in 1797 ; 
but was taken by the Russians, 3rd 
March, 1799. Corsica seized by 
the Genoese from the Moors, 
1115 ; was offered to the English, 
1759 ; surrendered to the French, 
in 1766 ; put under the patronage 
of the English, June, 1 794 ; 
quitted, 1796. Corunna surren- 
dered to the French, 19th Jan., 
1809 ; evacuated by the French, 
22nd June, 1809. Cracow, in 
Poland, surrendered to the Prus- 
sians, 15th June, 1794. Croisade, 
or the holy war, began, 1065 ; 
again, 1101. Croix, St. a Swedish 
island in the West Indies, taken by 
the English, 31st March, 1801. 
Crowland burnt by the Danes, 
868. Crowpoint taken by the 
English, 1759 ; by the Provin- 
cials, 14th May, 1775. Cuba, 
Isle of, taken by the Spaniards, 
in 1511 ; by the English, in 
1762. Cumberland, Earl, of, 



expedition against Spain, 1589. 
Cumberland, merchant ship, Cap- 
tain Barrett, with 26 men, defeated 
four French privateers, taking 170 
men, who had boarded the Cum- 
berland, 13th Jan. 1811. Cu- 
moona, in the East Indies, surren- 
dered to the British forces, 21st 
Nov. 1807. Curac,oa seized by 
Holland, 1634 ; taken by the 
English, 14th Sept. 1800; and 
1st Jan., 1807. Cyprus taken 
from the Venetians by the Turks, 
1570. Cyprus took Babylon after 
a long siege, 544 B. C. 

Danes, their first descent upon 
England, at Portland, 787 ; their 
second, in Northumberland, 794, 
when they were repelled and perished 
by shipwreck ; landed on Sheppey 
Island, 832; again in Cornwall, and 
defeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at 
Charmouth, and defeated Ethel- 
wolf, 840 ; landed at the mouth of 
the Thames, from 350 ships, and 
took Canterbury and London, 851 ; 
subdued by Ethel wolf, at Okeley, 
in Surrey, 853 ; invaded Northum- 
berland, and seized York, 867 ; 
defeated King Ethelred and his 
brother Alfred, at Basing and 
Merton, 871 ; surprised Wareham 
Castle, and took Exeter, 876 ; 
took Chippenham, 877; 1205 of 
them killed by Odun, earl of De- 
vonshire, 878 ; Alfred entered into 
treaty with them, 882 ; their fleet 
totally destroyed at Appledore by 
King Alfred, 894 ; invaded Angle- 
sea, 900 ; submitted to Edward 
the Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorset- 
shire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, 
99 1, and were bribed to depart the 
kingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; 
number of them massacred by order 
of Ethelred II. Nov. 12, 1003; 
made England tributary to them, 
1007; under Canute, conquered 
England, 1017 ; continued their 
ravages, and defeated the English 
at Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canter- 
bury, and put nine out of ten of 
the inhabitants to death, 1011 ; set- 
tled in Scotland, 1020 ; expelled 
England, 1041 ; landed again at 



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43 



Sandwich, 1047, and carried off 
much plunder to Flanders ; joined 
the Northumbrians, burnt York, and 
slew 3000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded 
England again, but were bribed by 
William to depart, 1074. Danes, 
under Rollo, made their first descent 
on France, 895 ; and made a settle- 
ment in Neustria, now Normandy, 
905. Dantzic taken by the Rus- 
sians, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773; 
evacuated by the French, by capitu- 
lation, 2nd Jan., 1814. Danish 
revolution, 37th Jan., 1772; 
and May, 1784. Dartmouth 
burnt by the French, 1337. 
David, king of Scotland, taken 
prisoner by the English, 1346 ; 
ransomed for 100,000 marks, 1 357. 
Demerara, &c. was surrendered to 
the English, 23rd April, 1796; 
again, 23rd 'Sept. 1803. Detroit, 
fort of, capitulated to the British, 
16th Aug. 1812. Dieppe laid in 
ashes by the English, 14th July, 
1694. Dominica taken by the 
English, 1761 ; by the French, 
7th Sept. 1778 ; restored to the 
English, 1783. Dort taken pos- 
session of by the French, 10th 
Jan., 1795. Drake, Sir Francis, 
defeated the Spanish armada, 
1758. Dresden taken by the 
Prussians, 1758 ; the Imperialists, 
1759 ; the Prussians again, 1760 ; 
the Austrians, 1809. Dresden, 
the allied army of Austrians, Rus- 
sians, and Prussians, in a grand 
attack on, repulsed, 27th Aug., 
1813 ; surrendered to the allied 
army, 12th Nov., 1813. Dublin 
taken by Raymond le Gros, 1171. 
Dunkirk taken by the English, 
24th June, 1658, from Spain, and 
delivered to France. Dunaberg 
taken by storm, by the French, 
30th July, 1812. Dupont, Gene- 
ral, surrendered with his army to 
the Spanish patriots, 19th July, 
1808. Dusseldorp surrendered to 
the French, 6th Sept. 1795. Edin- 
burgh taken by the English, 1296. 
Egypt conquered by the Saracens, 
640; usurped by Assaredden, 
1160; conquered by the Turks, 



1516 ; invaded by the French, 
1798; reconquered from them by 
the English, 1801. Ehrenbreit- 
stein surrendered to the French, 
12th Jan., 1799. Elba, Isle of, 
near Leghorn, taken possession of 
by the English, 6th July, 1796; 
relinquished, 1797. Conferred on 
Buonaparte, as his place of retreat 
on his relinquishing the throne of 
France, 5th April, 1814. After 
having been quitted by Buonaparte, 
taken possession of by the Grand 
Duke of Florence, 30th July, 
1815. Elburg taken possession 
of by the French, April, 1812; 
by the Russians, 12th Jan., 1813. 
Elmo, St., surrendered to the 
royal troops of Naples, 12th July, 
1799. Ely monastery burnt by 
the Danes, 870. Embden sub- 
dued by Hamburg, 1438. Eng- 
land invaded by Julius Caesar 
51 B. C. [He says that the 
inhabitants on the sea coast, from 
their correspondence with Gaul, 
were clothed ; those who lived in 
the inland counties were entirely 
wild and naked. Though they had 
horses, and chariots armed with 
sithes, their towns were only a par- 
cel of huts on an eminence, forti- 
fied with trees laid crosswise, like 
the Indians in America, only that 
they had plenty of corn and cattle. 
Their money was iron and brass 
plates, and rings of determined 
weight.] Abandoned by the Ro- 
mans, 430 ; ravaged by the Picts 
and Scots, 440 ; invited over the 
Saxons to expel the Picts and 
Scots, 446, who soon began to 
establish themselves, by taking 
possession of different parts of the 
kingdom on the south side of the 
Severn ; invaded by the Scots, 
who were defeated by Athelstan, 
921 ; invaded by the Welsh, 984; 
invaded by Sweyn, king of Den- 
mark, 1003 ; invaded again by 
Sweyn, 1013, and almost totally 
subdued by him ; invaded by- 
Canute, 1015; invaded by God- 
win, earl of Kent, 1052 ; invaded 
by the Normans, under William, 



44 



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their duke, who subdued the king- 
dom, 1066 ; invaded hy the Irish, 
who were defeated, 1069 ; the 
Irish landed again, and were de- 
feated, 1070; invaded by Malcolm 
of Scotland, who burnt several 
churches, &c. 1071 ; again in 1091 
and 1093, when Malcolm and his 
son were killed at Alnwick ; in- 
vaded by Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, 1101; invaded by David 
of Scotland, 1136 ; by the Welsh, 
the same year, with success ; in- 
vaded by the French, 1416; in- 
vaded by Henry, earl of Richmond, 
7th Aug. 1485 ; by the Spaniards, 
1588. Erie, Fort, taken by the 
American general Brown, 3rd 
July, 1814. Attacked unsuccess- 
fully by the British, with the loss 
of 962 men, 15th Aug., 1814. 
Sortie from, repulsed by the Bri- 
tish, but with great loss, 17th 
Sept. 1814. Evacuated by the 
Americans, Nov. 5, 1814. Eso- 
pus, on North River, in North 
America, totally destroyed, with 
great quantities of stores, 15th Oct. 
1777. Eustatia, island of, taken 
by the French from Holland, 
1689; by the English, 1690 and 
1781; retaken by the French the 
same year ; restored to Holland, 
1783; again captured by the Eng- 
lish in 1801 and 1810. Exeter 
taken by Sweyn, king of Denmark, 
and destroyed, 1003; city rebelled, 
1067, and reduced by King William 
the Conqueror ; again by Henry 
VII. Expedition, grand secret, 
Sept. 1757. 

Falkland Islands seized by 
the Spaniards, 1771. Falmouth, 
in New England, destroyed by 
the British forces, 18th Oct. 
1775. Ferrara was taken from 
the French 1799. Feroe and 
Iceland, islands of, taken under 
British protection, 12th Feb., 
1810. Ferrol surrendered to the 
French 26th Jan., 1809 ; evacuated 
by the French 21st June, 1809. 
Figueras, fortress of, surprised by 
the Spaniards 10th April, 1811; 
retaken by the French 19th Aug., 



1811. Flanders dismembered from 
France 866; overrun by the French 
1792 and 1794, and declared part 
of that republic ; taken from them 
and made part of the kingdom of 
Netherlands 1814. Florence was 
taken possession of by the French 
in July, 1796, and 20th March, 
1799, and evacuated 1 8th July fol- 
lowing; evacuated by the Austrians 
and entered by the Neapolitans 6th 
April, 1815. Florida taken by the 
English 1759 ; by the Spaniards 
1781. Flushing surrendered to 
the English 15th Aug., 1809. 
Fontainebleau reduced by the Aus- 
trians and Cossacks 16th Feb., 
1814. Formosa seized by the 
Dutch 1635; the Dutch inhabit- 
ants expelled by the Chinese 1662. 
Fort Balaguer taken by the French 
9th Jan., 1811. Fort George taken 
by the Americans 27th May, 1813. 
Fort St. George, in the East Indies, 
seized by the French 1746; re- 
stored 1748. Fort Michilimachi- 
nack taken by the British, Cana- 
dians, and savages, 17th June, 

1812. Fort William taken by 
the English 1757. France con- 
quered by the English 1 358 ; re- 
covered by the French 1447. 
France, isle of. {See Mauritius,) 
Frankfort was seized by the French 
July, 1796. Frankendal was taken 
by the French 17th Oct., 1794; 
retaken 12th Nov., 1795. Fred- 
ericksfort, fortress of, capitulated 
to the allied Russian and Prussian 
forces, 19th Dec, 1813. Freder- 
ickshall and Frederickstadt 3 Nor- 
wegian fortresses, surrendered to 
the Swedes 3d Aug., 1814. French 
town taken by the American gene- 
ral Winchester, 18th Jan., 1813; 
retaken by Colonel Proctor 22nd 
of $he same month. 

Gavilgar, in the East Indies, 
taken by the English 15th Dec, 
1803. Gaeta surrendered to the 
French, July 1806; submitted 
to the British 8th Aug., 1815. 
Geneva entered by the allied 
army under General Bubna, by 
capitulation, which permitted the 



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45 



French Governor to retire with 
his garrison 30th Dec., 1813. Ge- 
noa taken by the Austrians 8th 
Dec, 1746; seized by the French 
in 1798, who were repulsed 17th 
Aug., 1799 ; taken by the English 
and Austrians in May, 1 800 ; sur- 
rendered to the French the July 
following ; surrendered to the com- 
bined English and Sicilian army, 
18th April, 1814; transferred to 
the King of Sardinia, 1816. Geor- 
gia surrendered to the British forces, 
and relinquished obedience to the 
Congress of America 29th Dec, 
1778 ; abandoned by the English 
forces 1783. Gerona capitulated to 
the French 10th Dec, 1809 ; re- 
gained by the Spaniards Feb. 1814. 
Gibraltar was taken from the Moors 
by the Castilians in 1463 ; taken 
by Sir George Rooke, 23rd July, 
1704 ; besieged by the Spaniards 
Feb. 1727, May 1731, 1780, to 
13th Sept., 1782, when their float- 
ing batteries were burnt by red-hot 
balls from the garrison, commanded 
by General Elliot. Gluckstadt 
capitulated to the allied Russians 
and Prussians, 6th Jan., 1814. 
Gorcum capitulated to the allied 
Russians and Prussians, 4th Feb., 
1814. Goree, isle of, taken by the 
English 1758 ; again, 1779 ; re- 
stored to the French 1783 ; taken 
by the French, 18th Jan., 1804; 
retaken by the English 9th March 
following. Goths slew 300,000 
inhabitants of Milan, 539. Goza, 
an island dependent on Malta, sur- 
rendered to the English Oct. 1798. 
Granada recovered from the Moors 
1491 ; surrendered to the French 
28th Jan. 1810. Grand Cairo 
taken by the Turks from the Egyp- 
tian sultans, and their empire sub- 
dued, 1516; seized by the French 
in 1799. Grashopper sloop driven 
into the Texel by the dreadful gale 
of 24th Dec, 1811, and the crew 
made prisoners. Greek empire 
mastered by the Latins 1204 ; re- 
conquered 1261 ; invaded by the 
Turks 1350 ; its final overthrow 
1453. Greenland seized by Eng- 



land from the Dutch 1610. Gre- 
nada Isle taken by the French 6th 
July, 1779 ; restored to the Eng- 
lish 1783 ; insurrection in, 1795. 
Grenoble, insurrection in the neigh- 
bourhood of, suppressed 4th May, 
1816. Grisons revolt from Ger- 
many to the Swiss, 1741. Gross 
Gorschen taken by storm by the 
allied Russians and Prussians, 3rd 
May, 1813. Guadaloupe taken by 
the English 1759 and 1779; and 
again, 1794; surrendered to the 
British 5th Feb. 1810. Gun-boats 
destroyed before Gibraltar 13th 
Sept. 1782. 

Hamburgh sacked by the Pa- 
gans 1012, 1066; by the Danes 
1216; by the Norwegians, 1244; 
entered by the Russian advanced 
guard under General Tettenborn 
18th March, 1813; retaken by 
the French 30th May, 1813; 
surrendered by the French 16th 
May, 1814. Hanover desolated 
by the French, 1758 ; taken by 
the French, 14th June, 1803; 
the celebrated boring machine in 
the iron-foundery at, valued at 
2,000,000 crowns, carried away ba- 
ttle French, Jan. 1804 ; entered by 
the crown prince of Sweden in fa- 
vour of England, 6th Nov. 1813. 
Harfleur taken by the English 18th 
Sept. 1415. Havannah taken 13th 
Aug. 1762. Havre de Grace suc- 
cessfully bombarded, 1759. Haw- 
kins's, Sir John, expedition against 
Spanish America, 1595. Hebe, 
French ship of war, captured by 
the British ship Loire, 10th Feb. 
1809. Helder Point in Holland 
surrendered to the British forces 
27th Aug., 1799 ; relinquished 
19th Oct. following. Helena, St., 
the isle of, taken by the Dutch, 
1672; by the English 1673. Hel- 
voetsluys deserted by the French 
5th Dee. 1813. Hermione, Span- 
ish ship, taken 21st March, 1762, 
which sold for 544,648/. clear of 
expenses. Holland taken by the 
French 23rd Jan. 1795 ; was in- 
vaded by the English 27th Aug. 
[ 1799, and abandoned by a conven- 



45 



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tion 19th Oct. 1799. Holstein, 
possession of, obtained by the allied 
Russians and Prussians, 16th Dec. 
1813. Hostalrich taken by the 
French, Jan. 1810. Hotspur, Brit- 
ish ship, attacked a number of 
French vessels near Cherbourg, 
sunk one brig, drove two on shore, 
and battered a small village to the 
ground, 8th Sept. 1811. Howard, 
Sir Edward, attacked Prejeant, a 
French admiral, off Brest, and was 
defeated loth April, 1513. Howe, 
Lord Viscount, slain in battle 1758. 
Hudson Bav forts destroyed by the 
French 1686 and 1782. ' Hungary 
conquered by Charlemagne 791. 
Huningen, French fortress of, sur- 
rendered to the Austrians, and its 
works destroyed, 28th June, 1815. 
— fi&rriapoor, fortress of, evacuated 
""fiy^ he Nepaulese, after a desperate 
sally, 3rd March, 1816. 

Jago, St., Spanish register ship, 
taken May, 1793, valued at 
1,500,000/. Jamaica plundered 
1595 ; pillaged by the English 
1635 ; taken by the English 
7th May, 1655. Java, Biitish 
frigate, captured by the Ame- 
rican ship Constitution, 29th 
Dec. 1812, and afterwards burnt. 
Java, island of, capitulated to the 
British, 18th Sept. 1811; sultan 
of Djojocarta, in the island of Java, 
dethroned by the British, and the 
hereditary prince raised to the 
throne in his stead, 22nd. Jan. 
1813. Jerusalem taken by David 
from the Jebusites 1048; by Ne- 
buchadnezzar, after a siege of 18 
months, 9th June, 587 B.C. ; de- 
stroyed by Titus 31st Aug. A.D. 
70 taken by Robert Duke of Nor- 
mandy 1100. Jersey attempted 
by the French 1st May, 1779, and 
their shipping destroyed in Cancale 
Bay. Igualada taken by General 
Lacey, 4th Oct. 1811. Joppawas 
retaken from Buonaparte by the 
Allies under Sir Sidney Smith, 
22nd June, 1799. Invasions of 
England and Great Britain : — By 
the Romans under Julius Csesar 55 
B.C. ; again, under Plautius, A.D. 



43 ; by the Saxons 447 ; bv the 
Danes in 787, 832, 851, 866," 979, 
and 1012. 

Invasions. — From the death of 
Edward the Confessor there have 
been the following invasions : — 
1066, 29th Sept., successful, Wil- 
liam of Normandy ; 1069, unsuc- 
cessful, by the Irish ; 1071, un- 
successful, by the Scots ; 1093, 
unsuccessful, by the Scots, when 
their king Malcolm was killed ; 
1101, unsuccessful, Robert of Nor- 
mandy ; 1136, unsuccessful, by the 
Scots; 1139, unsuccessful, Maud; 
1326, 23rd Sept., successful, Isa- 
bel, queen of Edward II. ; 1399, 
July, successful, Duke of Lancas- 
ter ; 1416, unsuccessful, by the 
French ; 1462, unsuccessful, queen 
of Henry VI. ; 1470, successful, 
Earl of Warwick ; 1471, success- 
ful, Edward IV. ; 1471, unsuccess- 
ful, queen of Henry VI. ; 1484, 
unsuccessful, Earl of Richmond j 
1485, 6th Aug., successful, Earl 
of Richmond ; 1487, unsuccessful, 
Lambert Simnel ; 1495, unsuccess- 
ful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1497, un- 
successful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1588, 
unsuccessful, Philip of Spain ; 1650, 
unsuccessful, Charles II. ; 1685, 
25th Mav, unsuccessful, Duke of 
Monmouth ; 1688, 19th Oct., suc- 
cessful, Prince of Orange; 1689, 
22nd March, unsuccessful, James 
II. ; 1708, 17th March, unsuccess- 
ful, the Pretender; 1715, unsuc- 
cessful, the Pretender ; 1745, 14th 
July, unsuccessful, the Pretender ; 
1797, 22nd Feb., unsuccessful, by 
the French, in Wales. Iphigenia, 
British frigate, taken by the French 
in the Isle of Passe, at the Mauri- 
tius, 1810 ; retaken Dec. 1810. 
Ireland, subdued by King Edgar 
962; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, 
near Wexford, May, 1170, who 
settled there the first colony of 
British inhabitants ; surrendered to 
Henry II. 1172; totally subdued 
1210; invaded by the Spaniards 
1601 ; attempted to be invaded by 
the French in 1760 by Thurot ; 
and. in Jan. 1796, at Ban try Bay, 



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47 



by the French, where their forces 
were dispersed by a storm ; put 
under martial law 19th May, 1797 ; 
the French landed at Killala Bay 
1500 men on 22nd Aug., 1798, 
and surrendered prisoners,7th Sept. 
following. Ischia surrendered to 
the British 30th June, 1809. 
Italy was ravaged by the French 
1796 and 1797. Jugurtha, war 
with, 111 B.C. Julius Agricola 
totally subdued the Britons, 78. 
Junon, le, French frigate, taken 
by a British ship 10th Feb., 1809. 

Kalungafort, East Indies, attack- 
ed unsuccessfully by the Company's 
forces, and Gen. Gillespie hilled, 31 
Oct., 1814 ; attacked again unsuc- 
cessfully 25th Nov. ; evacuated by 
the Nepaulese garrison 30th Nov. 
Kehl surrendered to the Austrians 
after 49 days' siege, Jan. 1797. Ko- 
ningsberg taken possession of by the 
French, April 1812. Kowno taken 
by the Russians 14th Dec, 1812. 
Kragaro taken from the Norwegians 
by the Swedes 23rd July, 1814. 

Landrecy surrendered to the 
French 15th July, 1794. Land- 
shut taken by the French 21st 
April, 1809. Langres taken by 
the allied Russian and Prussian 
army under General Giulay 17th 
Jan., 1814. Las Medas island 
taken by the Spaniards 12 th 
Sept., 1811. Lefevre, General, 
defeated by the Arragonese, Aug. 
1808. Leghorn was taken posses- 
sion of 29th July, 1796; by the 
French under Buonaparte, 15th 
April, 1799; abandoned by them 
19th July ; attacked by the British 
and Italian forces without success, 
14th Dec, 1814. Leipsic seized 
by the Prussians 1st Sept., 1756; 
by the Austrians 1809 ; taken from 
the French by the allied Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, 19th Oct. 
1813. Leon, French ship of 74 
guns, chased on shore by the Eng- 
lish off Frontignan, and burnt, 24th 
Oct. 1810. Lerida, fortress of, 
taken by the French 14th May, 
1810 ; capitulated to the Spaniards 
1 8th Feb., 1814. Liege, the city 
of, taken by the English 1702 ; by 



the French in 1792 ; by the French 
in 1795 ; by the Austrians in 1 798. 
Lima, royal army of, defeated by 
the insurgent army, June 1815. 
Little Belt sloop and American 
frigate the President, rencontre be- 
tween, 14th Dec 1813. Llewel- 
lyn, the last prince of the Welsh, 
defeated, and his head put on the 
Tower of London, 1286. Loire, 
the army of, under Generals Suchet 
and Davoust, submitted to the 
government of Louis XVIII., 16th 
July, 1815. Lombardy conquered 
by Charlemagne 770. London- 
derry besieged 20th April, 1689. 
Loretto pillaged by the French 
army, and the Madona sent to 
Paris, 6th Feb., 1797. Louisbourg 
taken by the English 17th June, 
1745 , given up to the Frftrch' 
1749; retaken 22nd July, 1758. 
Lubec entered by the Prussians, 
March, 1801 ; taken by the French 
June, 1803 ; taken by storm by 
the French 6th Nov. 1806; capi- 
tulated to the allied Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, 5th Dec, 
1813. Lucia, St., taken by the 
English 17th Jan., 1779 and 1794; 
again, 3 1 st May, 1 796 ; again, 22nd 
June, 1803. Luxembourg was 
taken and pillaged by the French 
in 1543 ; was retaken by the Span- 
iards 1544 ; was taken by the 
French 4th June, 1684, but was 
restored to Spain 1697 ; again taken 
by the French 1701 ; belonged to 
the emperor 1715, and was sur- 
rendered to the French, after a 
severe siege, 7th June, 1795. Ly- 
ons capitulated to the Austrians 
23rd March, 1814, and 12th July, 
1815 ; revolutionary movements 
at, against the Bourbons, suppressed 
Jan. 1816. 

Macedonian war commenced 
200 B.C. Madeira, island of, 
taken by the English 25th 
July, 1801 ; again, 24th Dec. 
1 807. Madrid, King Joseph Buo- 
naparte made his public entry into, 
20th July, 1808 ; evacuated by 
the French 27th July, 1808; re- 
taken by them 7th Dec. ; entered 
by the allied army under Lord 



48 



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Wellington 12th Aug., 1812 ; re- 
occupied by the French 1st Nov., 
1812. Maestricht was taken from 
the Spaniards by the Dutch 1632 ; 
from the Dutch by France 1673 ; 
restored to them in 1679 ; was 
taken again by the French 4th 
Nov., 1794. Magicienne, British 
frigate, ran aground at the Mauri- 
tius, and was burnt by the crew, 
23rd Aug., 1810. Malacca seized 
by the Dutch 1640 ; surrendered 
to the English 17th Aug., 1795. 
Malaga taken by the French 5th 
Feb. 1810 ; evacuated by them 
17th March, 1810. Male's, St., 
reduced to ashes by the English 
1695. Malta was taken by the 
French 11th June, 1798; by the 
English in 1800. Manheim was 
taken by the French in 1793, and 
retaken by the Austrians 22nd 
Nov., 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, 
4 generals, and 400 guns, besides 
stores ; was taken by the French 

1796, but retaken by the Austrians 
18th Sept., 1799. Manilla taken 
27th July, 1762. Mantua sur- 
rendered to the French 1st Feb., 

1797, and was retaken 28th July, 
1799, by the Russians and Aus- 
trians, after a short siege. Marc, 
St., West Indies, taken by the Eng- 
lish 31st Oct., 1803. Marcou,St., 
isles on the coast of France, taken 
by Sir Sidney Smith in July, 1795, 
and ably defended by Lieutenant 
Price against the French troops 7th 
May, 1798. Margaret, queen to 
Henry VI. with her son, taken 
prisoners at the battle of Tewkes- 
bury 4th May, 1471. Marti nico 
taken from the French Feb. 1762 ; 
again, 23rd March, 1794, and 24th 
Feb., 1809 ; revolutionary move- 
ments at, in favour of Buonaparte, 
suppressed by aid of British troops 
from St. Lucie, June 1815. Mar- 
tins, St., a Danish island in the 
West Indies, taken by the English 
24th March, 1801 . Messenian war, 
first, 743 ; second, 685 B.C. Mat- 
thews and Lestock, Admirals, suf- 
fered the French and Spanish squad- 
ron to escape, Feb. 1746. Mauri- 
tius surrendered to the British 3rd 



Dec, 1810. Medina taken by the 
French 28th March, 1809. Memel 
taken by the Russians 27th Dec, 
1812. Mequinenza, fortress of, 
taken by ahe French 8th June, 
1810; capitulated to the Spaniards 
18th Feb., 1814. Merida taken 
by the French 8th June, 1810. 
Mexico seized by the Spaniards 
1521 ; army of the insurgents of, 
defeated near Acalco 7th Nov., 
1810; defeated again after a severe 
conflict, at the bridge of Aldaron, 
near Zapotelnejo, 17th Jan., 1811. 
Milan was seized by the French, 
18th May, 1796 ; the Castle, 29th 
June ; and was taken from them 
by the Russians and Austrians, 
28th April, 1799. Minorca con- 
quered by General Stanhope, Aug. 
1708 ; surrendered to the French, 
June, 1756 ; restored to the Eng- 
lish, 1763 ; was besieged by the 
Spaniards, and taken, 5th Feb., 
1782 ; surrendered to the English,- 
14th Nov., 1796. Monzon reco- 
vered by the Spaniards, 18th Feb., 
1814. Mobile, West Florida, 
taken by the Americans, 1813 ; 
surrendered by capitulation to the 
British, 11th Jan., 1815. Modena 
surrendered to the Austrians, 
May 1799, and was retaken by 
the French, 3rd July, following. 
Moldavia and Wallachia invaded bv 
the Russians, 23rd Nov., 1806. 
Moncey, General, defeated by the 
Patriots of Valencia, 1st July, 
1808. Monmouth, Duke of, in- 
vaded England, 11th June, 1685; 
proclaimed king at Taunton, 20th 
June, following ; defeated near 
Bridgewater, 5th July ; beheaded 
on Tower-hill, 15th July, aged 
35. Monte Video taken bv storm 
by the British, 3rd Feb.," 1807 ; 
capitulated to Buenos Ayres, 20th 
June, 1814. Montserrat, Isle of, 
taken by the French, 18th Feb., 
1782 ; restored to England, 1783. 
Montreal taken by the English, 
1760 ; by the Provincials, 12th 
Nov., 1775 ; and retaken by the 
English, 15th June, 1776. Moose- 
island, in Passamaquoddy-bay, sur- 
rendered to the British, 11th July, 



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49 



1814. Moro-castle, at the Havan- 
nah, taken by the English, 1762. 
Morocco conquered by the King of 
Fez, 1611. Moscow entered by 
the French, 14th Sept., 1812 ; set 
on fire in 500 places at once by 
order of the Russian governor, and 
three-fourths of the city destroyed 
two days after ; evacuated by the 
French, and re-entered by the 
Russians, 22nd Oct. 1812. Mos- 
kwa, Russians driven from it by 
the French, 5th Sept. 1812. Mu- 
nich was taken by the French, 
25th Aug., 1796 ; again, 28th 
June, 1800. Murcia entered by 
the French, 23rd April, 1810. 
Murviedro capitulated to the 
French, 26th Oct., 1811. 

Namur was taken by the French, 
18th July, 1794. Naples was taken 
possession of by the French, 21st 
June, 1799, and retaken by Cardi- 
nal Ruffo, 10th July following; 
again entered by the French, 8 th 
April, 1801 ; and 15 th Feb., 
1806. Naples, ships of war in the 
Bay of, surrendered to the British, 
May, 1815; city of, quitted by 
Murat, and entered by the Aus- 
trian troops, 22nd April, 1815 ; 
public entrance of King Ferdinand 
into the city after an absence of 
nine years, ] 7th June, 1815. Na- 
varino, battle, in which the Turk- 
ish navy was destroyed by the 
combined fleets of England, France, 
and Russia, 20th Oct., 1827. 
Naiad frigate attacked off Boulogne 
by seven French praams by order 
of Buonaparte, which were repulsed 
and driven under their batteries, 
21st Sept., 1811. Nepaul, East 
India Company's war with the 
state of, terminated, 27th April, 

1815 ; treaty of peace signed be- 
tween the parties, 2nd Dec. 1815 ; 
war renewed by an infraction of 
the treaty by the Nepaulese, Jan., 

1816 ; after several contests unfa- 
vourable to the Nepaulese, the 
former treaty ratified, 15th March, 
1816. Nereid, British frigate, 
stranded and fell into the hands of 
the French at the Mauritius, 23rd 



Aug., 1810. Nevis Isle taken by 
the French, 14th Feb., 1782; 
restored to the English, 1783. 
New Valentia reduced by General 
Miranda, 12th Aug., 1811. New 
York surrendered to the British 
troops, 15th Sept. 1776. Niagara 
taken by the English, ] 759. Ni- 
agara, fort, taken by the British, 
19th Dec, 1813. Niemen, French 
frigate, taken by the Amethyst, 
6th April, 1809. Nineveh des- 
troyed by the Medes, 612 B. C. 
Nisrnes, several houses burnt, and 
massacres perpetrated by the Ca- 
tholics at, July, 1815.; farther 
violences committed at, and the 
place quitted by the Protestants of 
distinction and property, 4th May, 
1816. Norfolk, Virginia, des- 
troyed by the British forces, 1st 
Jan., 1776. Normandy conquered 
from the crown of France, 876 ; 
invaded on all hands, 1117. Nor- 
mans, their invasion commenced in 
800 ; settled in France in 1002 ; 
in Friesland, 1011 ; reduced 
England, 1066; driven out of 
Naples in 1194. Norwich des- 
troyed by Sweyn of Denmark, 
1004. Nova Scotia taken by the 
English from the French, 1681 ; 
restored, 1731; taken again, 1745 
and 1 758, and confirmed to Eng- 
land, 1760; divided into two pro- 
vinces, 1784 ; had a bishop ap- 
pointed by the King of England, 
11th Aug., 1787. Numantine 
war commenced) 141 B. C. Nu- 
remberg was seized by the French, 
9th July, 1796 ; and by the Aus- 
trians in August following. 

Ocracoke, North Carolina, taken 
by the British, July, 1813. Ogden- 
burg, river St. Lawrence, taken by 
the British, 21st Feb., 1813. Oli- 
venza surrendered to the French, 
22nd June, 1810; to the allied 
army under Lord Wellington, 1 5th 
April, 1811. Oliva, fort, taken by 
stratagem by the French, with 900 
Spanish prisoners, 29th June, 181 1. 
Omoa, Bay of Honduras, taken by 
the British forces, 20th Oct., 1779 ; 
but soon after retaken by the Spa- 

D 



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niards. Oporto, taken by the 
French, 29th March, 1809; e va- 
cated by them, 12th May follow- 
ing. Oran, in Barbary, taken by 
the Spaniards from the Moors, 
1507, ceded to tbe Algerines in 
1791. Orleans, the siege of, 4 th 
May, 1428; again, 1563. Or- 
leans, New, British unsuccessful 
attack upon, lost in killed, wound- 
ed, and prisoners, 2000 men ; Ge- 
nerals Pakenham and Gibbs were 
also killed, and General Keane 
wounded, 8th Jan., 1815. Ormus 
taken from Portugal by the assist- 
ance of the East India Company, 
1622. Osnaburgh taken and pil- 
laged by the French, 1761. Os- 
tend had its works and floodgates j 
of its canals destroyed by the 
English, 19th May, 1798. Oswego 
taken by the English, 1 756 ; 
again, 5th May, 1814. 

Padua taken by the Archd. John, 
and retaken by the French, 1809. | 
Palamos, Spain, taken by the I 
French, 1694. Pampeluna capitu- 
lated to the Spanish Marshal 
Espana, 31st Oct., 1813. Paris 
entered by the allied Austrian, 
Russian, and Prussian army, 31st 
March, 1814. Parma and Pla- 
cenza seized by the French, 3rd 
July, 1799. Passages*, French 
garrison of, surrendered to the 
Spanish troops, 30th June, 1813 ; 
and 6th July, 1815. Passe, isle 
of, Mauritius ; British frigates 
taken [at, by the French, 1810. 
Peloponnesian war, which conti- 
nued 27 years, began 431 B. C. 
Pernambuco, revolutionary insur- 
rection in the province of, in 
March 1817. Persan attacked 
unsuccessfully by the British and 
Sepoys, 1st Jan., 1815. Persian 
empire conquered by Alexander, 
331 B. C. Peschiera, Italy, taken 
from the French, with 90 pieces of 
cannon, &c, 6th May, 1799. 
Peterborough city nearly destroyed 
by the Danes, 887. Petion de- 
feated with great slaughter, and his 
flotilla destroyed bv Christophe, 
chief of Hayti* Feb.," ] 808. Phi- 



lipsburgh taken by the French, 
1734. Phoeaean, or sacred war, 
357 B. C. Piedmont surrendered 
to the French, 6th Dec. 1798; 
recovered in 1799. Pillau sur- 
rendered to the Russians, 8th Feb., 
1813. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl 
of Anjou, invaded Normandy, 
1137. Plattsburgh, Lake Cham- 
plain, expedition against, by Sir 
George Prevost, abandoned after a 
a naval defeat, 11th Sept., 1814. 
Plymouth burnt by the French, 
1377. Poleroon Isle, East Indies, 
seized by the Dutch, 1664. Po- 
merania, Swedish, entered by the 
French, Jan., 1812. Pondicherry 
taken by the Dutch from France, 
1694 ; by the English, 1761, Oct., 
1778, and Aug., 1793. Ponza, 
island of, taken by a British de- 
tachment from Palermo, 29th 
Feb., 1813. Portobello taken by 
Admiral Vernon, 22nd Nov., 
1739. Porto Cavello taken by 
surprise by the Spanish royalists, 
6th July, 1812. Portsmouth, in 
Virginia, destroyed by the British 
forces, 1st July,1776. Portsmouth, 
Island, North Carolina, taken by 
the British, July, 1813. Potosi 
evacuated by the royalists, and 
entered by the Buenos Ayres army, 
under General Rondeau, 5th April, 
1815. Punic war, the first, com- 
menced, 263; the second, 218; 
the third, 149 B. C. Pyrrhus 
wounded in a battle with the Ro- 
mans, in which he lost 20,000 
men, they 5000. 

Quebec besieged in vain by the 
English, 171 1. Quebec taken from 
the French, 13th Sept., 1759. Que- 
bec besieged in vain by the Pro- 
vincials, 6th Dec, 1775. Queen's 
Town, Canada, taken by the troops 
of the United States,' 13th Oct., 
1812; retaken by the British the 
same day. Quesnoy surrendered 
to Prince Frederick of the Nether- 
lands, 29th June, 1815. 

Raab capitulated to the French, 
24 June, 1 809. Ragosinza, eighteen 
vessels brought out of the creek 
of, and ten destroyed, by the Bri- 



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■51 



tish, 27th July, 1811. Ragusa, 
besieged by the Russians and 
Montenegrins, July, 1806. Ratis- 
bon taken by the French, 23rd 
April, 1809. Rhodes taken by 
the Saracens, and the colossus, j 
which had been thrown down by 
an earthquake, which weighed t 
720,0001b., sold to a Jew in 652 ; j 
taken by the Turks, 1521, when! 
the knights quitted it, and settled ' 
at Malta. Rhode Island was taken 
from the Americans by the British 
forces. 6th Dec, 1776. Richard 
I., king of England, taken prisoner 
in Germanv. and ransomed for j 
100,000 marks, 1193. Rome i 
sacked by Brennus, 390 B. C. ; I 
seized by the French, 2nd Feb., 
1799 ; and surrendered to the 
Neapolitans, 18th July, 1799 ; j 
and the Austrians and Russians 
entered and repulsed the French 
from the castle of St. Angelo, 30th 
Sept., 1799. Rosas, town, capitu- 
lated to the French, 5th Dec. 1808. 
Rye burnt by the French, 1377. 

Sabine virgins, rape of, by 
the Romans, 750 B. C. Saint 
Domingo, French part, put itself 
under the English protection. 18th 
Aug., 1793 ; declared itself inde- i 
pendent Jan., 1797. Saint Jago 
di Compostella taken bv the 
French, 23rd May, 1809. ' Saint j 
Maura, island, taken by the Bri- i 
tish, 23rd July. 1810. Saint 
Philippe, on the Catalonian coast, 
surrendered to the British, 6th 
duly, 1813. Saint Sebastian taken 
by storm by General Graham, 31st 
July, 1813. Salamanca entered 
by Lord "Wellington, 16th June. 
1812. Samnite war ended 272 
B. C.. having continued 71 years. 
Sandwich burnt by the Danes, 957. 
Sandwich, the earl of, admiral, 
blown up in an engagement with 
the French, 21st May, 1672. 
Santa Cruz surrendered to the 
English, 23rd Dec, 1807. Sara- 
gossa taken by the French. 21st 
Feb., 1809. ' Sardinia, isle of, 
taken by the English, 1708. 
Sardinia taken by the Genoese 



from the Moors, 1115. Sardis 
taken by the Athenians, 504 
B. C. Saxony conquered by 
Charlemagne, 774. Schombersr 
duke of, landed in Ireland, neai 
Carrickfergus, with an army, 13th 
Aug. 1689; killed at the battle 
of the Boyne, 1690. Schweidnitz 
taken by the Austrians, 1758, and 
retaken by the Prussians. Taken 
again, 1761, and again retaken, 
1762. Scipio. Cn., took the two 
camps of Asdrubal and Syphax. 
killed 40,000 of their men. and 
took 6000 prisoners, 214 B. C. 

Sea-fights With the Danes. 

when Alfred defeated 120 ships 
off Dorsetshire, in 898. Be- 
tween the French and English, 
1217. Between the English and 
Flemings, 1371. With the 
French, near Sluys, and 400 sail 
taken, with 30.000 men, 1340. 
Eiehtv French ships taken by the 
English, 1389. Off Barfleur, 
where the Duke of Bedford took 
500 French and 3 Genoese vessels, 
1416. Near Milford Haven, 
when 31 French ships were taken 
or destroyed, 1405. Off Sand- 
wich, when the French fleet was 
taken by the earl of Warwick, 
Nov., 1449. Between the Eng- 
lish and French, when the latter 
were defeated, 1545. Again 1549. 
when 1000 French were killed. 
Near the Gulf of Lepanto between 
the Christian powers and the 
Turks, which last lost 25,000 men 
killed, and 4000 taken prisoners ; 
and out of 260 vessels, saved only 
25, 7th Oct., 1571. Between the 
English fleet and the Spanish Ar- 
mada, 1588. Between the Spa- 
niards and Dutch, 1639. In the 
Downs with the Dutch, 19th 
June, 1652. Again, 28th Sept.. 
28th Oct., 29th Nov., 1652. Near 
Portland, with the Dutch, who 
were beaten, 18th Feb., 1652-3. 
Off Portsmouth, when Admiral 
Blake took 11 Dutch men of war 
and 30 merchant ships, 10th Feb., 
1652. Off the North Foreland, 
when the Dutch lost 20 men of war, 
d 2 



52 



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2nd June. 1653. On the coast of 
Holland when they lost 30 men of 
war, and Admiral Tromp was 
killed, 29th July, 1653. At 
Cadiz, when the galleons were 
destroyed hy the English, Sept., 
1656. At the Canaries, when 
Blake destroyed the galleons 
April, 1657. One hundred and 
thirty of the Bordeaux fleet des- 
troyed by the duke of York, 
4th Dec., 1664. Off Harwich, 
when 18 capital Dutch ships were 
taken, and 14 destroyed, 3rd June, 

1665. The earl of Sandwich took 
12 men of war and two East India 
ships, 4th Sept., 1665. Again, 
when the English lost nine and 
the Dutch 15 ships, 4th June, 

1666. The Dutch totally de- 
feated, with the loss of 24 men of 
war, four admirals, and 4000 officers 
and seamen, 25th and 26th July, 
1666. Five of the Dutch Smyrna 
fleet and four East India ships 
taken by the English, 14th March, 
1671-2.' At South wold-bay, when 
the earl of Sandwich was blown 
up, and the Dutch defeated by the 
duke of York, 28th May, 1672. 
Again, by Prince Rupert, 28th 
May, 4th June, and 11th Aug., 
when the Dutch were defeated, 
1673. In the Bay Tripoli, 
when the English burnt four men 
of war of the state, 4th March, 
1674-5. Off Beachy-head, when 
the English and Dutch were de- 
feated by the French, 30th June, 
1690. Off La Hogue, when the 
French fleet was entirely defeated, 
and twenty-one large men of 
war destroyed, 19th May, 1692. 
Off St. Vincent, when the English 
and Dutch were defeated by the 
French, 16th June, 1693. The 
Vigo fleet taken by the English and 
Dutch 12th Oct., 1702. Between 
the French and English, when the 
former entirely relinquished the 
dominion of the sea to the latter, 
24th Aug., 1704. At Gibraltar, 
when the French lost five men of 
war, 5th Nov., 1704. Off the 
Lizard, when the English were de- 



feated, 9th Oct., 1707. Admiral 
Leake took 60 French ships laden 
with provisions 22nd May, 1708. 
Near Carthagena, when Admiral 
Wager destroyed a fleet, 28th May, 
1708. Spanish fleet destroyed by 
Sir George Byiig, 31st July, 1718. 
Off Toulon, 9th Feb., 1774. In 
the East Indies, when the French 
retired to Pondicherry, 1747. Off 
Cape Finisterre, when the French 
fleet was taken by Admiral Anson, 
3rd May, 1747. Off Newfound- 
land, when Boscawen took two men 
of war, 10th June, 1755. Off 
Ushant, when Admiral Hawke took 
six men of Avar of the French, 14th 
Oct., 1747. Off Belieisle, when 
he took fourteen sail of victuallers, 
14th July, 1756. Off Cape Fran- 
cois, when seven ships were de- 
feated by three English, 21st Oct., 
1757. French beaten off Cape 
Lagos by Admiral Boscawen 18th 
Aug., 1759. Off Quiberon Bay; 
when Hawke defeated the French, 
20th Nov., 1759. Keppel took 
three French frigates and a fleet of 
merchant ships 9th Oct., 1762. 
On Lake Champlain, where the 
Provincials were totally destroyed 
by the British forces, 11th Oct., 
1776. O ff Ushant, a drawn battle 
between Keppel and Dorvilliers, 
17th July, 1778. Off Penobscot, 
New England, when the American 
fleet was totally destroyed, 30th 
July, 1779. Near Cape [St. Vin- 
cent, between Admiral Rodney and 
Admiral Don Langara, when the 
latter was defeated and taken pri- 
soner, 8th Jan., 1780. Near Cadiz, 
when Admiral Rodney defeated 
the Spaniards, 16th Jan., 1780. 
Dogger-bank, between Admiral 
Parker and the Dutch, 5th Aug., 
1781. Off the Cape of Virginia, 
between Admiral Arbuthnot and 
the French, 1781. Between Mar- 
tinique and Guadaloupe, when Ad- 
miral Rodney defeated the French 
going to attack Jamaica, and took 
five ships of the line and Admiral 
Count de Grasse, 12th April, 1782. 
The same day Admiral Hughes 



BAT 



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53 



defeated the fleet of France under I 
Admiral Suffrein in the East In- I 
dies. Lord Howe totally defeated i 
the French fleet, took six ships of j 
war, and sunk several, 1st June, 
1794. Sir Edward Pellew took | 
15 sail, and burnt seven, out of a 
fleet of 35 sail of transports, 8th 
March, 1795. The French fleet 
defeated, and two ships of war 
taken, by Admiral Hotham, 14th 
March, 1795. Admiral Cornwal- 
lis took eight transports under con- 
voy of three French men of war, 
7 th June, 1795. Eleven Dutch 
East Indiamen w«re taken by the 
Sceptre man of war and some armed 
Indiamen, 19th June, 1795. The 
French fleet defeated by Lord 
Bridport, "25th June, 1795, and 
three ships of war taken near 
L'Orient. The Dutch fleet, under 
Admiral Lucas, in Saldanha Bay, 
Africa, consisting of five men of 
war and several frigates, surren- 
dered to Sir George Keith Elphin- 
stone on 19th Aug., 1796. The 
Spanish fleet defeated by Sir J. 
Jervis, and four line of battle ships 
taken, 14th Feb.. 1797. The I 
Dutch fleet was defeated by Ad- 
miral Duncan on the coast of Hoi. 
land, where their two admirals and 
12 ships of war were taken or de- 
stroyed, 11th Oct., 1797. The 
French fleet, of 17 ships of war, 
totally defeated, and nine of them 
taken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, 1st 
Aug., 1798, near the Nile, Egypt. 
The French off the coast of Ireland, 
consisting of nine ships, by Sir J. 
B. Warren, 12th Oct., 1798, when 
he took five of them. The Dutch 
fleet in the Texel surrendered to 
Admiral Mitchell, on his taking 
the Helder, 29th Aug., 1799. 
Sound between Denmark and Swe- 
den passed by the English fleet, 
when Copenhagen was bombarded, 
2nd April, 1801. The Danish 
fleet, of 28 sail, taken or destroyed 
by Lord Nelson off Copenhagen, 
2nd April, 1801. Between the 
French and English in the Bay of 
Cibraltar ; Hannibal of 74 guns 
lost, 5th July, 1 801. French fleet 



defeated near Cadiz, 16th July, 
1801 ; two Freuch 74 burnt, one 
taken. French and Spanish fleets 
totally defeated off Cape Trafalgar, 
Lord Nelson killed in the action, 
21st Oct., 1805. French fleet 
taken by Sir R. Strachan, 4th Nov. 
1805. French fleet defeated in 
the West Indies by Sir T. Duck- 
worth, 6th Feb., 1806. French 
squadron taken by Sir J. B. War- 
ren, 13th March, 1806. French 
squadron in the harbour of Cadiz 
surrendered to the Spanish patriots, 
14th June, 1808. Russian fleet in 
the Tagus surrendered to the Eng- 
lish, 3rd Sept., 1808. French ship- 
ping and batteries destroyed in 
Basque Roads bv Lord Gambler, 
April, 1809. Russian flotilla, east- 
ward of Nargen Island, and another 
under Percola Point, taken or de- 
stroyed by Sir James Saumarez, 
July, 1809. Three French ships, 
Robust of 84 guns, Leon of 74, and 
Boree of 74 guns, driven on shore 
bv a British squadron under Lord 
Collingwood, 25th Oct., 1809, and 
the first two burnt by the French 
the nest day. Eleven ships and 
vessels destroyed or taken in the 
Bay of Rosas, by the boats of a 
British squadron under Captain 
Hallowell, 1st Nov. 1309. French 
frigates, La Loire and La Seine, 
destroyed by the ships under Sir 
A. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Gua- 
daloupe, 18th Dec, 1809. Gallant 
action of the British frigate Spartan 
with a French force in the Bay of 
Naples, 3rd May, 1810. Severe 
action between the British ship 
Tribune, Captain Reynolds, and 4 
Danish brigs, Avhich escaped from 
the Tribune being damaged in her 
sails, 12 May, 1810. Seventeen 
vessels captured or destroyed under 
the batteries of the Isle of Rhe, 
by the boats of the Armide and 
Cadmus, under Lieutenant Ro- 
berts, May, 1810. Four French 
vessels captured off Portichi by 
the boats of the Cerberus and 
Active, 4th Feb., 1811. Twenty- 
two vessels from Otranto taken by 
the Cerberus and Active, 22nd Feb, 



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1811. Amazon, French frigate, 
destroyed off Cape Barfleur by part 
of the Cherbourg squadron, 25th 
March, 1811. Number of French 
ships with stores to Corfu captured 
by the cruisers under Captain Ot- 
way, 27th April, 1811. Three 
French frigates burnt in Lazone 
Bay by three British ships under 
Captain Barrie, 1st May, 1811. 
Rencontre between the British fri- 
gate Little Belt and the American 
frigatePresident,16May,1811. Off 
Madagascar, between three British 
frigates and a sloop, and three large 
French frigates with troops, when 
two of the French frigates surren- 
dered^-as did the settlement of 
Tanlatave, to Captain Schomberg, 
21st May, 1811. Six French pri- 
vateers captured off Sibiona by the 
boats of the Sabine sloop, 26th 
May, 1811. Twenty-six sail of 
French ships taken off Palinuro 
by the British ships Thames and 
Cephalus, 20th July, 1811, and 
afterwards 10 other Neapolitan ves- 
sels by the Thames. Eighteen ves- 
sels brought out and ten destroyed 
in a creek of Ragosinza, Avithout 
the loss of a British man, 27th 
July, 1811. Four Danish gun- 
boats taken by the British near 
Heligoland, 6th Aug., 1811. Five 
French vessels with stores captured 
in the Channel by the British ship 
Hawke, 17th Aug., 1811; and 
several others by the same ship 
two days after. The French gun- 
brig Teaser, and Le Pluvier, with 
eight vessels, captured by the boats 
of the Diana and Semiramis, 25th 
Aug., 1811. A French brig sunk, 
two driven ashore, and a small vil- 
lage battered to the ground near 
Cherbourg, by the British ship 
Hotspur, 8 th Sept. ,1811. British 
frigate Naiad attacked by seven 
armed praams, in presence of Buo- 
naparte, which were repulsed and 
driven under the batteries, 21st 
Sept., 1811. French frigate Pom- 
ona captured by the British frigate 
Active, 29th Dec, 1811. Rivoli, 
French ship of 84 guns, taken by 
the British ship Victorious of 74 



guns, 21st Feb., 1812. French 
flotilla defeated before Dieppe by 
Captains Harvey and Troll ope, of 
the Rosario and Griffin sloops, 27th 
March, 1812. Two French fri- 
gates and a brig destroyed at the 
entrance of L' Orient by the North- 
umberland man of war, 22nd May, 
1812. Severe action between the 
British squadron Podargus, Calyp- 
so, and Flamer gun-brig, and a 
Danish squadron off Mardoe, when 
two Danish vessels were reduced to 
a wreck, 6th July, 1812. British 
frigate Guerriere captured and de- 
stroyed by the American frigate 
Constitution, 19th Aug., 1812. 
British brig Frolic captured by the 
American sloop Wasp, 18th Oct., 

1812. British frigate Macedonian 
captured by the American ship 
United States, 25th Oct., 1812. 
British frigate Java captured by the 
American ship Constitution, 29th 
Dec, 1812. Between the British 
ship Amelia and a French frigate off 
the African coast, in which the 
Amelia had 46 killed and 95 
wounded, 7th Feb., 1812. Pea- 
cock, British sloop of war, captured 
by the American ship Hornet, and 
so disabled that 'she sank with a 
great part of her crew, 25th Feb. 
J 8 13. American frigate Chesa- 
peake captured by the British ship 
Shannon, 1st June, 1813. Ameri- 
can armed vessels Growler and 
Eagle taken, after a smart action, 
by the British gun-boats, 3rd June, 

1813. American sloop of war Ar- 
gus taken by the British sloop Peli- 
can, 14th Aug.,** 1813. French 
frigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken 
bv the British frioate Andromache, 
of 38 guns, 23rd Oct., 1813. 
French frigate Alcmene taken by 
the British ship Venerable, 16th 
Jan., 1814 ; and the French frigate 
Iphigenia a few days after. Ceres, 
French frigate taken by the Brit- 
ish ship Tagus, 6th Jan., 1814. 
French frigate Terpsichore captured 
by the British ship Majestic, 3rd 
Feb., 1814. French frigate Clo- 
riade surrendered to the British 
frigates Dryad and Achates, after a 



BAT 



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55 



severe engagement with the Euro- 
tas, 25th Feb., 1814. French fri- 
gate LTEtoile captured by the Brit- 
ish sbip Hebrus,27th March, 1814. 
American frigate Essex captured 
by the British ships Phoebe and 
Cherub, 29th March, 1814. Brit- 
ish squadron captured by an Ame- 
rican squadron, after a severe con- 
flict, in Lake Cham plain, 11th 
Sept., 1814. Avon, British sloop 
of war, sunk by the American 
sloop Wasp, off Kinsale, 8th Sept., 
1814. American ship President 
captured by the British ship Endy- 
mion, 15th Jan., 1815. 

Senegal taken by the English, 
1st May, 1758 ; again, 1779; again, 
13 July, 1809. Sennacherib's army 
destroyed, 710 B.C. Seringapa- 
tam, capital of the Mysore, taken 
by the English under General Har- 
ris, 6th May, L799. Seville sur- 
rendered to the French, 1st Feb., 
1810; retaken by the allies 27th 
Aug., 1812. Sheerness blown up 
by the Dutch fleet, 1667. Sierra 
Leone nearly destroyed by a French 
frigate in 1795. Silesia taken by 
the King of Prussia, 1740. Sluys 
was taken by the Spaniards in 
1587, and in 1604 the Dutch re- 
took it ; the French took it in 
1747, but it was restored at the 
peace. Smolensko entered by the 
French, after a sanguinary battle, 
18th Aug., 1812 ; evacuated by 
them 18th Nov. Spain became 
subject to the Saracens in 713, and 
was recovered from them 1493; 
invaded by the French, 1808. 
Stonington, North America, taken 
by Sir Thomas Harding, 11th Aug., 
1814. Stralsund taken possession 
of by the French, 26th Jan., 1812. 
Suetonius Paulinus, in the reign of 
Nero, invaded the island of Angle- 
sea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ; 
defeated Boadicea at London, and 
slew 80,000 of the Britons the 
same year. Surat taken by the 
English, 1759. Surinam surren- 
dered by the English to Holland, 
1667 ; taken by the English, 20th 
Aug., 1799; again, 5th May, 1804. 



Susa, Africa, bombarded and nearly 
destroyed by the Venetians, Nov., 
1784. Syria was subdued by the 
Turks, 1515. 

Tamatave, island of Madagascar, 
capitulated to the English, 21 May, 
1811. Tangiers taken by the Span- 
iards from the Moors, 1470; des- 
troyed by the English, 1684. Tarra- 
gona surrendered to the French, 28 
June, 1811; abandoned by them, 
4th Sept., 1813. Tariffa, siege of, 
raised by the French, 1812. Te- 
rn eswaer taken by the Imperialists, 
1716. Ternate, in the East Indies, 
captured by the English, 21st June, 
1801. Theban war, 1225 B.C. 
Thebes destroyed by Alexander, 
when he left only Pindar the poet's 
house standing, 335 B.C. Thet- 
ford burnt by the Danes, 1010. 
Thomas, St., a Danish island, taken 
by the English, 28th March, 1801 ; 
again, 21st Dec, 1807. Thorn, 
garrison of, capitulated to the Rus- 
sians, 18th April, 1813. Thurot, 
Captain, made a descent on the 
coast of Ireland, 20th Feb., 1760. 
Ticonderago taken by the English, 
1759; by the Provincials, 13th 
May, 1775. Tobago taken by the 
English from the Dutch, 1672; 
retaken by them, 1674; taken by 
the French, 2nd June, 1781 ; and 
retaken by the English, 1793 ; 
again, 30th June, 1803. Tortona 
was taken by the French, 5th 
July, 1799; abandoned the 20th 
of the same month, and surren- 
dered to the Imperialists, 1 1th Aug., 
1799. Tortosa, garrison of, sur- 
rendered to the French, 1st Jan., 
1811. Toulon taken from the 
French revolutionists by Admiral 
Hood, 1793; abandoned to their 
forces Dec. the same year ; signed 
an act of submission to Louis 
XVIII., 23rd July, 1815. Tou- 
louse entered by Lord Wellington 
12th April, 1*814. Trent was 
taken by the French in ] 796, who 
were repulsed by the Austrians the 
same year. Treves taken by the 
French in 1794. Trieste was 
seized by the French, but retaken 



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by the Austrians, 14th April, 1797. 
Trincomalee, Ceylon, taken by the 
English 11th Jan., 1782 and 1795. 
Trinidad taken by the English with 
four ships of the line, 1797. Tri- 
poli reduced by Admiral Blake, 
1655. Troy, the siege of, began 
1184 B.C. Troyes, French driven 
out of, by the allied armies, 4th 
March, 1814. Tunis taken by the 
Emperor Charles V., and restored 
to its king who had been banished, 
1535; reduced by Ad. Blake, 1656. 
Tuscan war commenced 312 B. C. 
Tuscany was seized by the French 
in April, and abandoned in Aug., 
1799; again seized 1800; ceded to 
Buonaparte 1807; restored, 1814. 
Turin was taken possession of by 
the French, 6th Dec, 1798, and 
surrendered to the Austrians and 
Russians in June following, and the 
citadel, 27th May, 1799. Tyrol was 
invaded by the French, 1796-97. 

Valencia capitulated to the 
French, 9th Jan., 1812. Valen- 
ciennes was besieged from 23rd 
May to 14th July, 1793, when the 
French garrison surrendered it to 
the combined army under tbe com- 
mand of tbe Duke of York ; re- 
taken by the French in 1794. 
Valladolid entered by Joseph Buon- 
aparte, 16th July, 1811 ; entered 
by the allied army under Lord 
Wellington, 30th July, 1812. 
Venice was seized, and their repub- 
lic abolished, by the French, in 
1797 ; and soon after part of their 
territories was seized by the Aus- 
trians, and ceded to them by the 
French. Venlo surrendered to 
the French, 24th Oct., 1794. Ve- 
rona was taken by the French, 
when a great part of it was destroyed 
by a fire, 28th April, 1797. Ver- 
rea taken by assault by the Russians, 
14th Oct., 1812. Vespasian con- 
quered the Isle of Wight, 43. Vi- 
asma entered by the French, 29th 
Aug., 1812. Vicenza taken by the 
French, 1797. Vienna besieged 
by the Turks, 1529-32-43, and 
1683 ; taken by the French, 14 th 
Nov., 1805, and 12th April. 1809. 



Vigo galleons taken by the English 
fleet, 12th Oct., 1702. Villena, 
castle of, with the Spanish garrison, 
surrendered to the French, 13th 
April, 1813. Vincent's, St., Isle 
of, taken by the French, 17th 
June, 1779; restored, 1783; in- 
surrection there, March, 1795-; 
suppressed, 1796. Urbino, Italy, 
surrendered to the Austrians, 10th 
July, 1 799. Utrecht, surrendered 
to the French, 18th Jan., 1795. 

Walcheren, Isl. of, taken by the 
English, Aug., 1809; evacuated by 
them December following. Wales 
had its prince defeated and mur- 
dered, and the principality annexed 
to England, 1286 ; invaded bv the 
French, 22nd Feb., 1797. War, 
among many others, with Scotland, 
1068. Peace with Scotland, 1091. 
Peace with France, 1113. War 
with France, 1116. Peace with 
France, 1118. Peace with Scot- 
land, 1139. War with France/ 
1161. Peace with France, 1186. 
War again with France, with suc- 
cess, 1194. Peace with France, 
1195. War with France, 1201. 
War, civil, renewed, 1215. War 
ended, 1206. War with France, 
1224. War ended, 1243. War, 
civil, 1262. War, civil, ended, 
1267. War with France, 1294. 
War with Scotland, 1296. Peace 
with France, 1299. Peace with 
Scotland, 30th March, 1323. War 
again with Scotland, 1327. War 
ended, 1328. War again with 
Scotland, 1333. War with France, 
1339. Peace with France, 8th 
May, 1360. War with France, 
1368. War, civil, 1400. War 
with Scotland, 1400. Peace with 
France, 31st May, 1420. War 
with France, 1422. War, civil, 
between York and Lancaster, 1452. 
Peace with France, Oct., 1471. 
War, civil, 1486. War with 
France, 6th Oct., 1492. Peace 
with France, 3rd Nov. following. 
Peace with Scotland, 1502. War 
with France, 4th Feb., 1512. 
War with Scotland, 1513. Peace 
with France, 7th Aug., 1514. 



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War with France, 1522. War 
with Scotland, 1522. Peace with 
France, 1527. Peace with Scot- 
land, 1542. War with Scotland 
directly after. Peace with France 
and Scotland, 7th June, 1546. 
War with Scotland, 1547. War 
with France, 1549. Peace with 
both, 6th March, 1550. War, 
«ivil, 1553. War with Scot- 
land, 7th June, 1557. War with 
France, 1557. Peace with France, 
2nd April, 1559. Peace with 
Scotland, 1560. War with France, 
1562. Peace with France, 1564. 
War with Scotland, 1570. War 
with Spain, 1588. Peace with 
Spain, 18th Aug., 1604. War 
with Spain, 1624. War with 
France, 1627. Peace with Spain 
and France, 14th April, 1629. 
War, civil, 1 642. War with the 
Dutch, 1651. Peace with the 
Dutch, 5th April, 1654. War 
with Spain, 1655. Peace with 
Spain, 10th Sept., 1660. War 
with Frasse, 26th Jan., 1666. 
War with Denmark, 19th Oct. 
following. Peace with the French, 
Danes, and Dutch, 24th Aug., 
1667. Peace with Spain, 13th 
Feb., 1688. War with the Al- 
gerines, 6th Sept., 1669. Peace 
with the Algerines, 19th Nov., 
1671. War with the Dutch, 
March, 1672. Peace with the 
Dutch, 28th Feb , 1674. War 
with France, 7 th May, 1679. 
Peace, general, 20th Sept., 1689. 
War with France, 4th May, 1702. 
Peace of Utrecht, 13th July, 1713. 
War with Spain, December, 1718. 
Peace with Spain, 1721. War 
with Spain, 19th Oct., 1739. War 
with France, 21st March, 1744. 
Peace with France, &c. 18th Oct., 
1748. War with France, 1756. 
War with Spain, 4th Jan., 1762. 
Peace with France and Spain, 10th 
Feb., 1763. Peace between Rus- 
sia and the Turks, 1773. War, 
civil, in America, commenced 14th 
June, 1774. War with France, 
6th Feb., 1778. War with Spain, 
1 7th April ,1780. War with Hol- 



land, 21st Dec, 1780. Peace with 
France, Spain, Holland, and Ame- 
rica, 1783. War with France, 
1793, by the English, Prussians, 
Austrians, Sardinians, and Italian 
States. Peace between Prussia 
and France, 1795. Peace between 
France and Spain, 1795. Peace 
between France and Naples, 1796. 
Peace with the French and Sar- 
dinians, 1796. War between Eng- 
land and Spain, 11th Nov., 1796. 
War between France, Naples, and 
Sardinia, Nov., 1798. Peace be- 
tween Austria and France, 9th 
Feb., 1801. War between Spain 
and Portugal, 28th Feb., 1801. 
Peace between Naples and France, 
, March, 1801. Peace between Por- 
tugal and Spain, 10th June, 1801. 
Peace between France and Portugal, 
29th Sept., 1801. Peace between 
France and the Porte, 17th Oct , 
1801. Peace between England, 
France, Spain, and Holland, 27th 
March, 1 802 . War between Eng- 
land and France, 29th April, 1803. 
War between England and Spain, 
14th Dec, 1804. War between 
France, Russia, and Austria, Sept., 
1805. Peace between France and 
Austria, 27th Dec, 1805. War 
between Sweden and France, 3 1st 
Oct., 1805. War between Eng- 
land and Prussia, April, 1806. 
War between Prussia and France, 
Oct., 1806. Peace between France 
and the Elector of Saxony, 11th 
Dec, 1 806. Peace between Eng- 
land and Prussia, 28th Jan., 1807. 
Peace between France and Russia, 
19th July, 1807. War between 
England and Denmark, 4th Nov., 

1807. War between Russia and 
Sweden, 10th Feb., 1808. War 
between Denmark and Sweden, 
29th Feb., 1803. War between 
Prussia and Sweden, 6th March, 

1808. War between Spain and 
France, 6th June, 1803. Peace 
between England and Spain, 6th 
June, 1808. Peace between Swe- 
den and Russia, 17th Sept., 1809. 
Peace between France and Austria, 
15th Oct., 1809. Peace between 

D 3 



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France and Sweden, 6th Jan., 
1810. Peace between England and 
Prussia, 1st Aug., 1812. Peace 
between England and Sweden, 
4th _ 17th Aug., 1182. War 
between England and America, 
18th June, 1812. War between 
Sweden and Denmark, 13th Sept., 
1813. Peace between Sweden and 
Denmark, 14th Jan., 1814. Peace 
between France and the Allies, 
(England, Russia, and Prussia,) 
30th May, 1814. Peace between 
France and Spain, 20th July, 1814, 
Peace between England and Ame- 
rica, 24th Dec, 1814. Peace be- 
tween Saxony and Prussia, 18th 
May, 1815. War against Napoleon 
began and ended, 1815. Wars of 
Austria : — 1. The war of the Otto- 
man Porte from 1592 to 1606, ter- 
minated by the peace at Sithvarock, 
in Hungary, on the 21st October, 
1606. 2. The war, commonly 
called the thirty years' war, which 
lasted from 1618* until 1648, ter- 
minated by the peace of Westphalia 
on the 14th of October, 1648, at 
Munster, in Westphalia. 3. The 
war respecting the Mantuan suc- 
cession, which lasted from 1629 to 
1631, terminated with France by a 
treaty of peace at Ratisbon, on the 
13th of October, 1630; and with 
Spain by arrangements made on the 
6th of April, 1631, at Cherasco, 
in Piedmont. 4. The second war 
with the Ottoman Porte, which 
lasted from 1661 until 1664, ter- 
minated for 20 years by the truce 
of Temeswar, in Hungary, on the 
17th of Sept., 1664. 5. War with 
France from 1672 to 1678, termi- 
nated by the peace of Nimeguen, in 
Holland, on the 5th of February, 
1679. 6. Third war with the 
Ottoman Porte, from 1683 to 
1698, terminated by the peace of 
Carlowitz, in Sclavonia, on the 
26th of January, 1699. 7. Second 
war with France, from 1688 to 
1697, terminated by the peace of 
Ryswick, in Holland, on the 30th 
of October, 1697. 8. War with 
France and Spain, from 1701 to 



1713, terminated by the peace of 
Rastadt, in the empire, on the 6th 
of March, 1714. 9. Fourth war 
with the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 
to 1718, terminated by the peace 
of Passarowitz, in Servia, on the 
21st of July, 1718. 10. Second 
war with Spain, respecting the pos- 
sessions in Italy, from 1717 to 
1725, terminated by the peace of 
Vienna, in Austria, on the 30th of 
of April, 1725. 11. War with 
France and Spain, from 1733 to 
1739, terminated with France by 
the peace of Vienna, in Austria, on 
the 3rd of October, 1738 ; and with 
Spain, by the peace at Versailles, 
on the 20th of April, 1739. 12. 
Fifth war with the Ottoman Porte, 
from 1737 to 1739, terminated by 
the peace of Belgrade, in Servia, 
on the 18th of September, 1739. 
13. War of Austrian succession at 
the death of the Emperor Charles 
VI., from 1740 to 1748 : it lasted 
with Prussia (for the first time) 
from 1740 until 1742, and was ter- 
minated by peace made at Breslau 
and Berlin, on the 11th of June 
and 28th July, 1742: it lasted 
with Bavaria from 1741 to 1745, 
and was terminated by peace made 
at Fuessen, in Subia, on the 22nd 
of April, 1745: it lasted with 
France and Spain together, from 
1741 to 1748, and was terminated 
by peace made at Aix-la-Chapelle 
on the 18th of October, 1748: 
lastly, it was again carried on with 
Prussia (for the second time), from 
1744 to 1745, and was terminated 
by peace concluded at Dresden on 
the 25th of December, 1745. 14. 
The seven years 1 war, or third war 
with Prussia, from 1756 to 1763 
terminated by the peace of Huberts- 
burg, in Saxony, on the 15th of 
February, 1763. 15. Fourth war 
with Prussia, respecting the Ba- 
varian succession, from 1778 to 
1779, terminated by the peace of 
Teschen, in Upper Silesia, on the 
13th of May, 1779. 16. Different 
wars with the States-General of 
Holland, from 1784 to 1785, re- 



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5y 



specting the opening of the Scheldt, 
terminated by the treaty of Fon- 
tainbleau, on the 8 th of November, 
1785. 17. Sixth war with the 
Ottoman Porte, from 1788 until 
the armistice of 1790, stipulated 
by the Congress at Reichenbach, 
in Silesia, and terminated by peace 
made at Szistowa on the 4th of 
August, 1791. 18. War with 
France from 1792 to 1797, termi- 
nated by peace at Leoben, in Upper 
Styria, on the 17th of April, 1797. 
19. War with France, March, 
1799, terminated by the peace of 
Luneville, 9th Feb., 1801. 20. 
War with France, 1805; terminated 
the same year. 21. War with 
France, 1809; terminated the same 
year. 22. War with France, 1813; 
terminated 30th May, 1814. 

The following is a list of the wars 
between England and France, with 
the terms of their duration, since 
the one which commenced in 1116, 
and continued two years : — 1116, 
lasted twenty-five years ; 1141, one 
year; 1201, fifteen; 1224, nine- 
teen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty- 
one ; 1368, fifty-two ; 1422, forty- 
nine; 1492, one month; 1512, 
two years; 1521, six; 1549, one ; 
1557, two ; 1562, two ; 1627, two ; 
1666, one; 1689, ten; 1702, 
eleven ; 1744, four ; 1756, seven ; 
1778,five; 1793, which terminated 
27th March, 1802; 1803, which 
terminated, May, 1814-15; termi- 
nated the same year. Warsaw 
surrendered to the Russians, 1795. 
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, 
defeated at the battle of Barnet, 
14th April, 1441, and slain. War- 
wick-abbey destroyed by the Danes, 
1016. Washington, North Ame- 
rica, taken by the British, and the 
principal buildings destroyed by 
fire, 24th Aug., 1814. Wight, 
Isle of, taken by the French, 15th 
July, 1377. Williamstadt evacu- 
ated by the French, 10th Dec, 
1813. Wilna entered by the 
French, 28th June, 1821 ; French 
driven from it by the Russians, 10th 
Dec., 1812. Witepsk entered by 



the French, 28th July, 1812; re- 
taken by General Witgenstein, 1st 
Nov., 1812. Worms was taken 
by the French, 15th Oct., 1794. 
Wurtzburg surrendered to the 
French after five weeks -1 siege, 10th 
Jan., 1801. York city burnt by 
the Danes, 1069; again, 1179. 
York, Upper Canada, capitulated 
to the Americans, 27th April, 1813. 
Ypres surrendered to the French 
under Moreau, 17th June, 1794; 
with 6000 men and 100 cannon, 
&c. Zaragoza surrendered to the 
Spanish General Mina, 30th July, 
1813. Zante, and the rest of the 
Seven Islands, surrendered to the 
British, Oct., 1809. Zurich was 
abandoned by the French, 20th 
June, 1799. 

Battle Abbey, Sussex, built 1067. 

Battle Bridge, Southwark, a fire at, 
when 80 houses, besides a brewery, 
dye-house, and four wharfs, were 
destroyed, 2000 quarters of malt 
and 800 butts of beer lost, and 
damage done to the amount of 
50,000/., 12th Aug., 1749. 

Battoni, Pompeo, a great Florentine 
painter of history, b. 5th Feb., 
1708, d. 4th Feb., 1787. 

Bauer or Bouwer, John William, an 
historic painter, h. at Strasburg, 
1610, d. 1640. 

Bauduins, a Flemish engraver and 
painter, b. 1640, d. 1700. 

Bausa, a Spanish, historic painter, b. 
1596, d. 1656. 

Bauhin, Jasper, the botanist, b. 1560, 
d. 1624. 

Bautru, William, French writer, b. 
1588, d. 1665. 

Bavaria, dukedom of, founded 1180; 
made an electorate, 1028 ; erected 
into a kingdom by Napoleon, and 
placed under Maximilian Joseph, 
1805; upon his death, 1825, his 
son Louis succeeded to the throne. 

Baxter, Rev. Rich., b. 1615, d. 1691, 

Baxter, William, d. 1723, aged 72. 

Bayard, le Chev. Fr. warrior, b. 
1476, d. 1524. 

Bayer, the astronomer, flourished 
early in the 17th century. 

Bayle, Peter, d. 1706, aged 59. 



60 



BAY 



BEC 



Bayen y Subias, an eminent Spanish 
painter of history and portraits, d. 
1795. 

Bayonets invented at Bayonne, 1670 ; 
first used in England, 24th Sept., 
1693. 

Bayonne, in France, the chapel of the 
New Castle at, blown np by gun- 
powder, when 100 persons were 
killed, 10th July, 1793. 

Bazzoni, an Italian painter of history, 
b. 1701, d. 1769. 

Beads, first used by papists in their 
devotions, 1093. 

Beale, Mary, a distinguished English 
portrait painter, b. 1632, d. 1697. 

Bear, order of knighthood, began in 
Switzerland, 1243. 

Beards worn by the Greeks till 349 
B. C. ; by the Romans till 299 
B. C. ; fashionable in England after 
the Conquest till the 13th century ; 
discontinued at the Restoration. 

Beaton, Cardinal,murdered28th May, 
1546. 

Beattie, Dr. Jas., author of the Min- 
strel, b. 1735, d. 18th Aug., 1803. 

Beaubrun, Henrv, a French portrait 
painter, b. 1603, d. 1677. 

Beaubrun, Charles, a French portrait 
painter^ b. 1605, d. 1692. 

Beauchief Abbey, Derbyshire, built 
1183. 

Beaulieu Abbey, Hampsh., built 1204. 
Beaumarchais, Caron de, b. 1732, d. 
1799. 

Beaumaris Castle, Anglesey, built 
1295. 

Beaumont, Claudio, an Italian painter, 

b. 1694, d. 1760. 
Beaumont, Francis, the poet, b. 1555, 

d. 1615. 

Beaumont, Sir John, b. 1582, d. 1628. 
Beccafumi, Domenico, an Italian 

painter, sculptor, and engraver, b. 

1484, d. 1549. 
Beccari, Aug., first Italian pastoral 

poet, d. 1550. 
Beccaria, Marquis, b. 1735, d. 1795. 
Beccles, in Suffolk, injured by fire; 

damage estimated at 20,000/., 80 

houses being destroyed, 29th Nov., 

1586. 

Becerra, a Spanish painter and sculptor, 
b. 1520, d. 1570. 



Becket, Thomas, born 1119, made 
chancellor to Henry II., 1157; 
archbishop of Canterbury, 1162 ; 

- impeached 1164 ; retired to France 
that year ; reconciled to Henry, 
June 2, 1170; murdered in the 
cathedral church at Canterbury, 
Dec. 29, 1170; canonized by Alex- 
ander III. Ash Wednesday, 1172; 
his bones enshrined in gold set 
with jewels, 1220 ; dismantled and 
stripped of its treasures by Henrv 
VIII. 1541. 

Beckford, Alderman, d. 1770. 

Beckford's, Alderman, monument set 
up in Guildhall, 1770. 

Bede, Venerable, d. 735, aged 68. 

Bedell, Bishop of Kilmore, b. 1570, d. 
1641. 

Bedford, Duke of, made Regent of 
France, 1422, d. 1435. 

Bedford, 60 houses at, destroyed by 
fire, 25th May, 1812. 

Bedloe, Capt. William, infamous for 
perjury, d. 1680. 

Beduschi, Antonio, an Italian painter 
of history, b. 1576. 

Beek, David, a Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1621, d. 1656, supposed to have 
been poisoned. 

Beeldemaker, a Dutch artist, b. 1636. 

Beeston Castle, Cheshire, built by 
Randal Blundeville, 1220. 

Beer first introduced into England, 
1492 ; in Scotland as early as 1482. 
By the statute of James I. one full 
quart of the best beer or ale was to 
be sold for one penny, and two quarts 
of small beer for one penny. The 
duties on beer for the years 1783, 
84, 85, & 86, produced 7,308,655/. 
On malt for the same years yielded 
6,156,020/. In 1788 the duties 
on beer were 1,666,152/. From 
Jan. 5, 1816, to Jan. 5, 1817, the 
duties on beer were 9,881,772/. 
Beer bill passed the Commons, 
9th, the Lords, 12th July, 1830. 

Beer. No. of barrels brewed in Eng- 
land in 1829 :— 

Of strong . . 5,949,290 
Of table . . 1,330,467 
In Scotland : — 

Of strong . . 110,952 
Of table . . 39,387 



BEE 



BEL 



61 



Number of Licensed Victuallers in 
England and Wales, 48,639 ; por- 
tion of the above who brew their 
own beer, 22,324; number of 
brewers in England and Wales, 
exclusive of London, 1591 ; ditto 
in London, 136 ; ditto in Scotland, 
263 ; barrels of strong beer brewed 
in England and Wales, in the year 
ending April 5, 1823, 4,142,649; 
ditto in Scotland, 123,222 ; portion 
of the above brewed in London, 

I, 829,940; barrels of strong beer 
exported, 71,828 ; portion of the 
above exported from London, 
56,490 ; ditto from Liverpool, 

I I, 863 ; small beer brewed in Great 
Britain, 1,299,275. Every man, 
woman, and child in London, seems 
from this statement, to drink on 
the average two barrels of beer a- 
year. The quantity of strong beer 
brewed in England in a year, would 
float all the navy in commission. 
The account only refers, of course, 
to beer brewed by common brewers. 

Beer, Arnold de, a Flemish historic 

painter, b. 1490, d. 1542. 
Beer, Joseph de, a Dutch painter of 

history, d. 1596. 
Bees, St., Priory of, Cumberland, 

founded 1120. 
Beggars relieved by act of parliament, 

1496. 

Bega, a Dutch painter of landscapes 
and interns, b. 1620, d. 1664. 

Begeyn, a Dutch landscape painter, 
d. 1710. 

Beheading of noblemen first intro- 
duced into England, 1074. 

Behmen, Jacob, b. 1535, d. 1624. 

Beisch, Joachim Francis, a German 
landscape painter, b. 1665, d. 1748. 

Belfast, long Bridge at, built 1782 ; 
Bank built 1787. 

Belgium, separated totally from Hol- 
land, 4th Oct., 1830 ; elected Leo- 
pold king, 4th June, 1831. 

Belisarius deprived of his dignities, 
561, d. 565. 

Bella, Stefano della, a Florentine 
painter and engraver, b. 1610, d. 
1664. 

Bell, Rev. Andrew, author of the 
Madras system of education, b. in 
1753, d. 1832. 



Bell, William, an English historic 

painter, d. 1804. 
Bell, John, an eminent surgeon, d. 

1820. 

Bellarmin, Cardinal, born in Italy 
1542, d. 1621. 

Bell ay, Cardinal du, d. 1560. 

Bell, book, and candle, swearing by, 
originated in the manner of the 
pope's blessing the world yearly, 
from the balcony of St. Peter's, at 
Rome. He holds a wax taper 
lighted ; a cardinal reads a curse on 
all heretics, and no sooner is the 
last word uttered, than the bell 
tolls, and the pope changes the curse 
into a blessing, throwing down his 
taper among the people. 

Belle, Nic. Sim. Alexis, a French 
portrait painter, b. 1674, d. 1734. 

Belleau, French poet,b. 1528, d. 1577. 

Bellevois, an accomplished painter of 
marine subjects, d. 1684. 

Bellingham, Northumberland, 25 
houses at, destroyed by fire, 25th 
Aug., 1750. 

Bellingham, John, shot Spencer Per- 
ceval, prime minister of Great Bri- 
tain, in the lobby of the House of 
Commons, 11th May, 1811. 

Bellini, Giacomo, a Venetian portrait 
painter, b. 1405, d. 1470. 

Bellini, G entile, a Venetian painter of 
history, b. 1421, d. 1501. 

Bellini, Giovanni, a Venetian historic 
painter, b. 1422, d. 1512. 

Bellini, Filippo, an Italian historical 
painter, flourished 1596. 

Bellini, Giacento, a Bolognese his- 
torical painter, flourished 1640. 

Bellotti, Bernardo, a Venetian painter 
of architecture and landscape,, b. 
1724, d. 1780. 

Bellotti, Pietro, a Venetian portrait 
painter, b. 1625. d. 1700. 

Bellows invented 554 B. C. 

Bellmen first appointed in London, 
1556. They were to ring their 
bells at night, and cry — " Take 
care of your fire and candle, be 
charitable to the poor, and pray for 
the dead." 

Bells invented by Paulinius, bishop 

, of Nola, in Campania, about 400 ; 
first known in France, 550 ; first 
consecrated, 963 ; first used by the 



62 



BEL 



BEN 



Greek empire, 864; were intro- 
duced into monasteries in the 7th 
or 8th century; first haptized, 
1000. Pope Stephen I1T., placed 
three hells in a tower on St. Peter s, 
in Rome. In the churches of Eu- 
rope they were introduced in 900. 
They were first introduced in Swit- 
zerland, 1020. The first tuneable 
set in England were hung up in 
Croyland Abbey, in Lincolnshire, 
960 ; used to be baptizedin churches, 
1030. The " great torn," in Lin- 
coln cathedral, broken 27th July, 
1831. 

Bellucci, Giov. Battista, a Roman 

painter of history, b. 1506, slain in 

battle, 1541. 
Bellucci, Antonio, a Venetian painter 

of history and portraits, b. 1654, 

d. 1726. 

Belton, Rutlandshire, 27 dwelling- 
houses, Avith their offices, destroyed 
by fire, 27th May, 1776. 

Belvoir Castle ; greater part of this 
noble seat of the Duke of Rutland 
destroyed by fire, 28th Oct., 1816. 

Bembo cardinal, of Venice, d. 1547, 
aged 77. 

Bemmel, W. Van, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1630, d. 1703. 

Bemmel, J. G. Van, a Dutch painter 
of battle pieces, b. 1669, d. 1723. 

Benaschi, an eminent Italian painter, 
b. 1634, d. 1688. 

Benavides, a Spanish painter of his- 
tory, b. 1637, d. 1703. 

Benbow, John, a brave English ad- 
miral, b. 1650, d. 1702. 

Bendlowes, Edw. English poet, h. 
1613, d. 1686. 

Benedettis, Domenico de, an Italian 
historic painter, b. 1610, d. 1678- 

Benedetto. See Castiglione. 

Benedict, St., founder of the Bene- 
dictines, d. 546, aged 66. 

Benefices began about 500. The fol- 
lowing account of those in England 
is given as the fact by Dr. Burn, 
viz. 1071 livings not exceeding 10/. 
per annum ; 1467 above 10/. and 
not exceeding 20/.; 1126 above 
20/. and not exceeding 30/. ; 1049 
above 30/. and not exceeding 40/. ; 
884 above 40/. and not exceeding 
50/. ; total, 5597 livings under 50/. 



per annum. It must be 500 years 
before every living can be raised to 
65/. a-year, by Queen Anne's 
bounty ; and 399 years before any 
of them can exceed 50/. a-year. On 
the whole there are above 11,000 
church preferments in England, 
exclusive of bishoprics, deaneries, 
canonries, prebendaries, priest- 
vicars, lay- vicars, secondaries, &c. 
belonging to cathedrals, or choris- 
ters, or even curates to well bene- 
ficed clergymen. 

Benefiali, Marco, a Roman painter of 
scripture subjects, b. 1684, d. 1764. 

Benefit of Clergy, taken from mur- 
derers, 24th Oct., 1513. 

Benefit Societies 1 Act passed, 1795. 

Benezech, an English portrait and 
historic painter, d. 1794. 

Benfatto, Luigi, an Italian historic 
painter, b. 1581, d. 1641. 

Bengeworth, near Evesham, 12 houses 
at, burnt 25th Aug., 1750. 

Bengal, Indian) an, burnt, when 20 
persons perished, 19th Jan. 1815. 

Benserade, the French poet, b. 1612, 
d. 1691. 

Benso, Giulio, a Genoese painter of 
history and architecture, b. 1601, 
d. 1668. 

Bent, John Vander, a Dutch land- 
scape painter, b. 1650, d. 1690. 

Bentham, Edward, English divine, 
and writer of the history of Elv 
Cathedral, d. 1776. 

Bentham, Jeremv, an eminent English 
lawyer, b. 1747, d. 1832. 

Bentley, the Rev. Dr. Richard, b. 
1662, d. 1742. 

Benvenuto, Giov. Batt. L'Ortolano, 
an Italian historic painter, b. 1490, 
d. 1525. 

Benwell, J. H., an English landscape 
painter, b. 1764, d. 1785. 

Benwell, Mary, an English portrait 
painter, fi. from 1762 to 1783. 

Benvowski, Count, b. 1741, slain 
1786. 

Bencroft's almshouses, Mile End, 

Middlesex, built, 1785. 
Berchem, or Berghem, a celebrated 

Dutch painter of landscapes and 

cattle, b. 1624, d. 1689. 
Berchet, a French historical painter, 

b. 1659, d. 1720. 



BER 



BER 



63 



Berenger, d. 1088, aged 90. 
Bere-regis, Dorsetshire, 42 dwellings 

at, with out-houses, destroyed hy 

fire, 8th June, 1788. 
Berg, M. V., a Dutch portrait and 

history painter, b. 1615, d. 1647, 

or 1687. 

Bergen, a Dutch painter of cattle, 
landscapes, and portraits, h. 1645, 
d. 1689. 

Bergen, N. V., a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1670, d. 1699. 

Bergham Abbey, Sussex, built 1160. 

Berghen, in Norway, 1660 families 
at, burnt out of their houses, 1756. 

Bergman, Sir T., chemist, b. 1735, 
d. 1784. 

Bergmuller, a Dutch painter and 
engraver, b. 1687, d. 1762. 

Berkeley, bishop of Cloyne, b. 1684, 
d. 1753. 

Berlcheyden, Job, a Dutch painter, 
b. 1637, d. 1693. 

Berlcheyden, Gerard , a Dutch painter 
of architectural subjects, b. 1645, 
drowned 1693. 

Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, 
began by Henry I., 1 108 ; finished 
by Henry II. 

Berkmans, H., a Dutch historical and 
portrait painter, b. 1629, d. 1679. 

Berlin coach, invented 1509. 

Bermuda Isles, first discovered 1527 ; 
settled, 1612. 

Bermuda, hurricane at, by which one 
third of the houses were destroyed, 
and all the vessels in the harbour, 
except two, driven ashore or sunk, 
26th July, 1813. 

Bernard, of Brussels, a painter of field 
sports and wild animals, d. 1540. 

Bernard, Samuel, a French painter 
and engraver, b. 1615, d. 1687. 

Bernard, St., d. 1008. 

Bernard, Dr. Edward, the astronomer, 
b. 1638, d. 1695. 

Bernard, Peter Quesnel, a French 
writer, d. 1773. 

Bernard, Sir Thomas, an English 
philanthropist, conductor of poor 
societies, b. d. 1st July, 1812. 

Bernard Castle, Durham, built 1270. 

Berne, in Switzerland, made an impe- 
rial city, 1290; ancient govern- 
ment of, overturned by the French ; 



re-established, Dec. 24, 1813 ; the 
diet meets here in 1835 and 1836 ; 
at Lucerne in 1 837 and 1 838. 

Bernini, John Lawrence, an Italian 
sculptor, painter, and architect, 
b. 1598, d. 1680. 

Berno, Italian poet, poisoned 1536. 

Bernouli, James, the mathematician, 
b. 1654, d. 1705. 

Bernouli, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782. 

Berosus, the Chaldean historian, flou- 
rished 268 B. C. 

Berretini, an Italian, and an excellent 
painter of history and landscape, 
b. 1596, d. 1669. 

Berretono, an Italian painter of his- 
tory, b. 1627, d. 1682. 

Berragnette, a Spanish painter, sculp- 
tor, and architect, d. 1545. 

Berri, Duke de, assassinated in Paris, 
13th Feb., 1820, by Louvel, a 
fanatic. 

Berry, Rear Admiral Sir E., b. 1769, 
d. 1831. 

Berry, Pomperoy, Castle, Devon, 
built 1070. 

Berthier, Marshal, prince of Wagram, 
threw himself from the window of 
a house at Bamberg, and was killed, 
1st June, 1815. 

Bertholdus, who discovered gunpow- 
der, d. 1340. 

Bertin, N., an eminent French his- 
toric painter, b. 1667, d. 1736. 

Bertolotti, a Genoese historical pain- 
ter, b. 1640, d. 1721. 

Berwick, Duke of, born 1670, killed 
at the siege Philipsburg, 12th June, 
1734. 

Bethlehem Hospital, built 1553 ; re- 
built, 1675 ; pulled down in por- 
tions, at several periods since the 
commencement of the century. 

Bethlehem Hospital, new, first stone 
laid, 20th April, 1812. 

Bettenson, Mr., of Queen Square, 
left 30,000/. to charitable uses, 
10,000/. of it to Mr. Hetherington's 
charity for the blind, 28th Oct., 
1788. 

Betterton, player, b. 1635, d. 1605. 

Bettes, two brothers, miniature pain- 
ters in England, flourished 1596. 

Betti, an Italian historic painter, b. 
1545, d. 1615. 



64 



BET 



BIB 



Bettini, Domenicino, a Florentine 
painter of fruits, flowers, and ani- 
mals, b. 1644, d. 1705. 

Beuckelaer, a Flemish painter of 
game, fruit, &c, b. 1530, d. 1610. 

Beverley Church, Yorksh., built 711. 

Beverley, near Nottingham, 14 houses 
at, burnt, 1 9th March, 1816. 

Beverton Castle,Gloucestershire, built 
1076. 

Beurs,"W\, a Dutch landscape painter, 

b. 1656, d. 1690. 
Beza, Theodore, b. at Vezelai, 1519, 

d. 1605. 

Bezozzi, an Italian painter, b. 1648, 
d. 1706. 

Bianchi, Bal., a Bolognese historical 
painter, b. 1614, d. 1679. 

Bianchi, Fran., an Italian historic 
painter, Correggio's master, b.1447, 
d. 1510. 

Bianchi, Pietro, a Roman historic 
painter, b. 1694, d. 1740. 

Bianchi, Isidoro, a Milanese historical 
painter, b. 1626, d. 1670. 

Bianchini, a Veronese philosopher, 
founder of the academy of Altofili, 
b. 1662, d. 1729. 

Biancucci, an Italian historic painter, 
b. 1583, d. 1653. 

Bibiena, F. G., a Bolognese historic 
painter, b. 1657, d. 1746. 

Bible, chronology of; see events in 
the Old Testament. 

Bible history ceases, 430 years before 
Christ. — Scptuagint version made, 
284 ; first divided into chapters, 
1253. The first English edition 
was in 1536 ; the first authorised 
edition in England was in 1539 ; 
the second translation was ordered 
to be read in churches, 1549; the 
present translation finished, Sept. 
1611; permitted by the Pope 
to be translated into all the lan- 
guages of the Catholic states, 28th 
Feb., 1759 ; the following is a dis- 
section of the Old and New Testa- 
ment : — 

In the Old Testament, books 39, 
chapters 929, verses 23,214, 
words 592,493, lets. 2,728,100 ; 
in the New, books 27, chap- 
ters 260, verses 7,959, words 
1 81,253, letters 838,380 ; total, 



book9 66, chapters 1,189, verses 
31,173, words 773,746, letters 
3,566,480. 
The Apocrypha has 183 chapters, 
6081 verses, and 125,185 words. 
The middle chapter, and the 
least in the Bible, is the 117th 
psalm ; the middle verse is the 
8th of 118th psalm ; the middle 
line is the 2nd book of the 
Chronicles, 4th chapter, and 
16th verse ; the word and occurs 
in the Old Testament 35,535 
times ; the same word in the 
New Testament occurs 10,684 
times ; the word Jehovah occurs 
6,855 times. 
Old Testament. The middle book 
is Proverbs ; the middle chapter 
is the 29th of Job ; the middle 
verse is the 2nd book of Chro- 
nicles, 20th chapter, and the 
18th verse; the least verse is 
the 1st book of Chronicles, 1st 
chapter and 1st verse. 
Neio Testament. The middle 
is the Thessalonians, 2nd; the 
middle chapter is between the 
13th and 14th of the Romans; 
the middle verse is the 17th of 
the 17th chapter of the Acts; 
the least verse is the 35th verse 
of the 11th chapter of the Gospel 
by St. John. 
The 21st verse of the 7th chapter 
of Ezra has all the letters of the 
alphabet in it. 
The 19th chapter of the 2nd book 
of Kings, and the 37th chapter 
of Isaiah, are alike. 
The book of Esther has 10 chapters, 
but neither the words Lord nor 
God in it. 
Bible, first translated into the Saxon 
language, 939 ; into the English 
language by Tyndale and Cover- 
dale, 1534 ; first translation by the 
king's authority, 1536. 
Bible society, naval and military, 

instituted 1780. 
Bicci, a Florentine artist, b. 1400, 
d. 1460.. 

Bickerton, Admiral, Sir R. H., a 
gallant British officer, trained 
under Duncan, b. 1760, d. 1832. 



BID 



BIL 



65 



Biddenden cakes, so called from a 
small town of that name, famous 
for giving 1000 cakes to the parish- 
ioners on Easter Sunday, impressed 
with the figure of two females 
joined together, 

Biddies, John, the miser ; he congra- 
tulated himself that 6d. per day 
was sufficient for his support ; he 
was worth one million sterling, 
d. 4th Nov., 1833. 

Biddle, John, 1>. 1615-,d. 1662. 

Bidloo,the anatomist, b.l649,d. 1730. 

Bie, Adrian de, an eminent Dutch 
painter, b. 15.94, d. 1640. 

Biezelingen, a Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1558, d. 1600. 

Bigamy statute, first passed 1276. 

Bigio, Fran., a Florentine painter 
of architectural subjects, b. 1445, 
d. 1525. 

Biggleswade, nearly destroyed by fire, 

16th June, 1785. 
Bigland, John, a voluminous English 

writer, b. 1570, d. 1832. 
Bilboa built by Diego Lopez de Haro, 

1300. 

Bill of Rights, passed first 1689. 

Bills of Exchange, first mentioned, 
1160; used in England, 1307; 
the only mode of sending money 
from England by law, 1381. 

Bills of Exchange, regulated 1698, 
1735 ; made felony to counterfeit, 
1734 ; tamed 1783 ; reduced 1797^ 
1804, 1814 ; punishment of death 
exchanged for transportation. 

Billing, Great, Northamptonshire, 
steeple at, destroyed by lightning, 
11th April, 1759. 

Billing, Little, Priory, Northampton- 
shire, built 1076. 

Billingsgate, London, made a free 
fishmarket, 1499 ; a great fire at, 
1718; again 13th Jan., 1755; again 
1 1th May, 1 809, when the loss was 
estimated at 70,000/. 

Bills of mortality for London, began 
1533. 

The general bill of all the chris- 
tenings and burials within the 
bills ofmortalityfromlSth Dec, 
1807, to 13th Dec, 1808. 

Christened, males 10,189; females 
9,717; total 19,906 Buried, 



males 10,228; females 9,726; 

total, 19,954. 
From 12th Dec, 1 81 5, to lOthDec, 

1816, christened, males 12,132; 

females 11,449 ; total, 23,581. 

Buried, males, 10,105 ; females, 

10,211 ; total, 20,316. 
From 11th Dec 1821, to 10th Dec, 

1822, christened, males, 1 1,968 ; 

females, 11,405 ; total, 23.373. 

Buried, males, 9,483 ; females, 

9,382 ; total, 18,865. 
From 10th Dec, 1822, to 17th 

Dec, 1823, christened in the 97 

parishes within the walls, 1059. 

Buried, 1162. 
Christened in the 17 parishes with- 
out the walls, 5443. Buried. 

3990. 

Christened in the 23 out-parishes 
in Middlesex and Surrey,! 7,092. 
Buried, 10,727. 

Christened in the 10 parishes in 
the city and liberties of West- 
minster, 4095. Buried, 4708. 

Diseases this year, 20,279. 

Casualties : — Bitten by a mad dog, 
1 ; broken limbs, 1 ; burnt, 39; 
drowned, 118; excessive drink- 
ing, 6 ; executed, 14 ; found 
dead, 12 ; fractured, 1 ; killed 
by falls, and several other acci- 
dents, 61 ; killed by fighting, 2 ; 
murdered, 2 ; overlaid, 1 ; poi- 
soned, 6 ; scalded, 9 ; smothered, 
3; starved, 1; suffocated, 7; sui- 
cide, 24 ; total of casualties, 303. 

Christened, males 13,945 ; females 
13,734 ; total, 27,679. Buried, 
males 10,455; females 10,132; 
total, 20,587. Whereof have 
died — Under two years of age, 
5905 — between two and five, 
1937 — five and ten, 757— ten 
and twenty, 757 — twenty and 
thirty, 1375 — thirty and forty, 
1764— forty and fifty, 1902 — 
fifty and sixty, 1932— sixty and 
seventy, 1874; seventy and 
eighty, 1592 — eighty and ninety, 
680 — ninety and a hundred, 
105 — a hundred, 4 — a hundred 
and two, 1 — hundred and seven, 
1 — and a hundred and nine, 1. 

Number of christenings and burials 



66 



BIL 



BIN 



within the City of London, and 
hills of mortality for 1833. 

In the 97 parishes within the walls, 
christened, 835; buried, 1336. 
In the 17 parishes without the 
Avails, christened, 4556 ; buried, 
4753. In the 24 out parishes 
in Middlesex, Surrey, including 
the district churches, christened, 
17,740; buried, 16,172. In 
the 10 parishes in the city and 
liberties of Westminster, chris- 
tened, 3959; buried, 4316. 
Total number of males chris- 
tened, 13,553; females, 13,537; 
in all, 27,090. Total number 
buried, males, 13,319 ; females, 
13,258 ; in all, 26,577. 

Stillborn, 934 ; under two years of 
age, 6261 ; two and under five 
years, 2805 ; five and under 
ten, 1145 ; ten and under 
twenty, 970 ; twenty and under 
thirty, 1700; thirty and under 
forty, 2225 ; forty and under 
fifty, 2615; fifty and under 
sixty, 2412; sixty and under 
seventy, 2551 ; seventy and 
under eighty, 2043 ; eighty and 
under ninety, 802 ; ninety and 
under a hundred, 107; one 
hundred, 3; one hundred and 
one, 1 ; one hundred and two, 
1 ; one hundred and three, 1 ; 
one hundred and four, 1. 

Decrease in the number of burials 
of this year, 2029. 
Billoni, Gio. Batt., an Italian painter 

of history and portraits, b. 1756, 

d. 1636. 

Bilson, boy of, amused the public, 
1620. 

Bilston, Staffordshire, waggon from, 
with coals, drawn by distressed 
colliers, was stopped on Maiden- 
head thicket by the magistrates, 
and a compensation having been 
made to the persons drawing it for 
the coals, they proceeded with it 
quietly on their way home, 6th 
July, 1816. Another waggon was 
stopped at St. Alban's, and quietly 
returned, having been similarly 
treated. 

Bindon Abbey, Dorsetsh., built 1172. 



Bingham Priory, Norfolk, built 1206, 

Bingham, Major Gen. Sir George, 
had charge of Napoleon from Eng- 
land to St. Helena, b. 1 777, d. 1 833 . 

Bingham's, Sir John, castle in Ire- 
land, burnt, damage estimated at 
50,000*., 11th Nov., 1755. 

Bird, Mr., and his servant, murdered 
at Greenwich, T2th Feb., 1818. 

Bird, free chapel in, begun by sub- 
scription, 1803. 

Birmingham, church of St. Peter's at, 
destroyed by fire, 24th Jan., 1831. 

Birmingham theatre burnt down, 
16th, Aug. 1792. 

Birmingham, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Birnie, Sir R., many years chief 
magistrate of police in London, 
d. April, 1832, aged 72 years. 

Birth of children taxed, 1695, 1783. 

Birkhenhead Priory, Cheshire, built 
1189. 

Birch, Rev. Dr., d. 1766, aged 61. 

Biron, Duke of, executed in the- 
Bastile, Paris, 1602. 

Biscaino, a Genoese historical painter 
and engraver, b. 1632, d. 1657. 

Bischop, John de, a Dutch painter of 
history, portraits, &c. and an en- 
graver, b. 1646, d. 1686. 

Bischop, Cornelius, a Dutch painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1630, 
d. 1674. 

Biset, Ch. Emanuel, a Dutch painter 
of assemblies,concerts,&c. b. 1633. 

Bisham Abbey, Berks., built 1338. 

Bishops, their translation first insti- 
tuted, 239 ; were appointed by the 
people, 400 ; first in England, 
694 ; first in Denmark, 939 ; made 
barons, 1072 ; precedency settled, 
1075; banished England, 1208; 
consented to be tributary to Rome, 
1245 ; deprived of the privilege of 
sitting as judges in capital offences, 
1388; the first that suffered death 
in England by the sentence of the 
civil power, 1405; six new ones 
instituted, 1530; elected by the 
king's conge d'elire, 1535 ; held 
their sees during pleasure, 1547; 
form of consecration ordained, 
1549 ; seven deprived for being 
married, 1 554 ; several burnt for 



BIS 



B 1 S 



6? 



not changing their religion, 1558 ; 
fifteen consecrated at Lamheth, 
1559 ; expelled Scotland, 1589 ; 
twelve impeached, and committed 
for protesting against any law passed 
in the house of lords during the 
time the populace prevented their 
attending parliament, 1641 ; their 
whole order abolished by parlia- 
ment, 9th Oct., 1646; nine re- 
stored, and eight new ones conse- 
crated, 25th Oct., 1660 ; regained 
their seats in the house of peers, 
30th Nov., 1661; seven committed 
to the tower, for not ordering the 
king's declaration for liberty of 
conscience to be read throughout 
their dioceses, 1688 ; six suspended 
for not taking the oaths to King 
William, 1689; deprived, 1690. 
Bishoprics of England and Wales, 
according to the antiquity of their 
institution. — London, an arch- 
bishopric and metropolitan of Eng- 
land, founded by Lucius, the first 
Christian king of Britain, 185. — 
Landaff, 185.— Bangor, 516.— St. 
David's, 519, (the archbishopric 
of Wales, from 500 till 1100, when 
the bishop submitted to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury as his metro- 
politan). St. Asaph's, 547 St. 

Augustin, or Austin, made Can- 
terbury the metropolitan arch- 
bishopric, by order of Pope Gregory, 
596.— Wells, 604. — Rochester, 
604.— Winchester, 650.— Lich- 
field and Coventry, 656. — Wor- 
cester, 679.— Hereford, 680 

Durham, 690. — Sodor and Man 
(with jurisdiction of the Hebrides 
in Scotland), 838. — Exeter, 1050. 
— Sherborne (changed to Salis- 
bury), 1056. — York, archbishop- 
ric, 1067. — Dorchester (changed 
to Lincoln), 1070. — Chichester, 
1071.— Thetford (changed to Nor- 
wich), 1088 Bath and Wells, 

ib.— Ely, 1109.— Carlisle, 1133. 
The following six were founded 
upon the suppression of the monas- 
teries by Henry VIII. Chester, 
Peterborough, Gloucester, Oxford, 
Bristol, Westminster, 1538. West- 
minster was united to London, 



1550. Canada made a bishopric 
in 1793. 

Estimated revenues attached to the 
several bishoprics of Great Bri- 
tain and Ireland, per annum : 
the real amount is far higher. 

England. — Canterbury, 8000/. ; 
York, 7000/. ; London, 6200/. ; 
Durham, 8700/. ; Winchester, 
7400/. ; Ely, 4000/.; Worcester, 
3400/. ; Salisbury, 3500/. ; Nor- 
wich, 5000/. ; Lincoln, 3200/. ; 
Hereford, 3000/. ; Chichester, 
2200/. ; Bath and Wells, 2400/. : 
St. Asaph, 1500/.; Carlisle, 
1800/.; Llandaff, 1600/.; Pe- 
terborough, 1 700/. ; Gloucester, 
2200/; Rochester, 2400/.; Litch- 
field and Coventry, 2900/.; 
Bangor, 1200/.; Chester, 2700/.; 
Oxford, 2800/.; Exeter, 2700/.; 
St. David's, 400/.; Bristol, 
1500/. 

Ireland. — Armagh, 8000/.; Dub- 
lin, 5000/.; Tuam, 4000/.; 
Cashel, 4000/. ; Derry, 7000/. ; 
Clonfert, 2400/. ; Clogher, 
4000/. ; Kilmore, 2600/. ; El- 
phin, 3700/. ; Killala, 2900/. ; 
Limerick, 3500/. ;'Cork, 2700/. ; 
Cloyne, 2500/. ; Down, 2300/.; 
Dromore, 2000/. ; Leigh and 
Ferns, 2200/. ; Kildare, 2600/. ; 
Raphoe, 2600/. ; Meath,3200/. ; 
Killaloe,2300/. ; Ossory,2000/. ; 
Waterford, 2600/. 

Irish sees reduced from 22 in 
number to 12, in 1833. 
Bishop, the first that suffered death 

in England by sentence of the civil 

power, 1405. 
Bishop of Nova Scotia, first appointed 

11th Aug., 1787. 
Bishop, the first in America was Dr. 

Searburg, consecrated 14th Nov., 

1784. 

Bishoprics in Germany, first founded 

by Charlemagne, 800. 
Bishoprics removed from villages to 

great towns in England, 1076. 
Bishop and Williams executed for 

"burking" the Italian boy, 5th 

Dec. 1831. 
Bishop's Auckland palace, rebuilt 

1665. 



V 



68 



BIS 



BL A 



Bishopsgate, Loudon, pulled down and 

sold, 1761. 
Bisset, Dr. Robert, d. 13th Mav, 

1805, aged 46. 
Bizelli, Giov., an Italian painter of 

history and portraits, b. 1556, d. 

1612. 

Black, Dr. Joseph, b. 1728, d. Dec. 
1799. 

Blackburn, church at, destroyed by 
accidental fire, 6th Jan., 1831, 

Blackburn, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Blackburne, Archdeacon, b. 1705, d. 
1787. 

Blacklock, T., the blind poet, b. 1721, 

d. 1791. 
Blackmore, Sir Richard, 1729. 
Black Act, passed 1723. 
Black eagle, order of knighthood in 

Prussia, instituted 1701. 
Black rent, established in Ireland 

1412. 

Black-book, was a book kept by the 
English monasteries, in which a 
detail of the scandalous enormities 
practised in religious houses were 
entered, for the inspection of visi- 
tors uuder Henry VIII. in order to 
blacken them, and hasten their 
dissolution. Hence the vulgar 
phrase, " I'll set you down in my 
black-book." 

Blackfriars Bridge voted for in com- 
mon council, 1755 ; bill passed, 
17th May, 1756, and the first stone 
laid, 3d Oct., 1760; passable, 1766; 
finished, 1770; cost 150,840^. 
Toll houses built, June, 1773; 
burnt by the rioters and re-erected, 
7th June, 1780;. toll taken off, 
24th June, 1785 ; Sunday toll took 
place, 24th June, 1786 ; bridge 
paved, 1792. 

Blackwell-hall, first appointed repo- 
sitory for woollen cloths, 1515. 

Blackwood, Admiral Sir H, a gallant 
friend of Nelson, b. 28th Dec, 
1770, d. 13th Dec, 1833. 

Blackstone, judge of the law commen- 
taries, b. 1723, d. Feb. 1780. 

Blackwell, Dr., executed at Stock- 
holm, 10th July, 1747. 

Blain, Jean Batt., a French painter of 
flowers and fruit, b. 1654, d. 1715. 



Blair, Dr. John, d. 1702. 
Blair, Dr. Hugh, d. 27th Dec, 1800, 
aged 83. 

Blake, Admiral, b. 1599, d. 1657. 
Blake, John Bradley, botanist, b. 

1745, d. 1773. 
Blaize, St., order of knighthood at 

Aeon, began 1250. 
Blan chard, Jean, a French painter of 

historical subjects, b. 1595, d. 1665. 
Blanchard, Jacques, a French painter 

of portraits and history, b. 1600, 

d. 1638. 

Blanchet, Thomas, a French painter 
and sculptor, b. 1617, d. 1689. 

Blanco, Cape, on the coast of Africa, 
discovered 1441. 

Blandford, assizes at, the judges, she- 
riff, and others, died of the jail 
distemper, 1730; burnt 4th June, 
1731, when 300 houses were de- 
stroyed, and again in 1775. 

Blandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford, 
6th April, 1752, for poisoning her 
father. 

Blankets first made in England 1340. 
Blankhof, John Tuenisz, a Dutch 

painter of marine subjects, b. 1628, 

d. 1670. 

Blantyre, Lord, killed by an acci- 
dental shot during: the insurrection 
of the Belgians in Sept. 1830. 

Blantyre Priory, Scotland, built 
1296. 

Blekers, a Dutch historical painter, 
b. 1635. 

Bless, a Dutch historical painter, b. 
1480, d. 1550. 

Bliburgh Priory, Suffolk, 1110. 

Blind, school for the, instituted 1799. 

Blister plaisters invented 60 B. C. 

Blisworth, near Northampton, fifty 
dwellings, with their offices, de- 
stroyed by fire at, 28th May, 1798. 

Block, Daniel, an eminent portrait 
painter, born in Pomerania, 1580, 
d. 1661. 

Block, Ben, a painter of history and 
portraits, b. at Lubeck, 1631, d. 

Block, Jacob Roger, a Dutch painter 
of architectural subjects, b. 1580, 
drowned, 1632. 

Block, Joanna Koerten, of Amster- 
dam, modelled in wax, and en- 
graved on crystal, 1650, d. 1715. 



BLO 



BOA 



69 



Blockland, A. de Montfort, a French 
historical painter, b. 1532, d. 1583. 

Bloemart, Ab., a Dutch historical 
painter, b. 1564, d. 1647. 

Bloemart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter 
and engraver, d. 1680. 

Bloemen, John Francis Van, Griz- 
zonte, a Dutch landscape painter, 
b. 1656, d. 1740. 

Bloemen, Norbert Van, a Dutch 
painter of conversations and por- 
traits, b. 1672. 

Blois, Peter, the historian, d. 1200. 

Blond, Christopher Le, a German 
portrait painter, and engraver, b. 
1670, d. 1741. 

Blondeel, a Flemish painter of archi- 
tectural subjects, b. 1500, d. 1559. 

Blood of Christ, order began in Man- 
tua, 1608. 

Blood seized the duke of Ormond, 
with an intent to hang him at Ty- 
burn, but was prevented, 6th Dec, 
4670 ; attempted to steal the 
crown, 9th May, 1671 ; d. 24th 
Aug., 1680. 

Blood, circulation of, through the 
lungs, first made public by Michael 
Servetus, a French physician, in 
1553 ; Cisalpiuus published an 
account of the general circulation, 
of which he had some confused 
ideas, and improved it afterwards 
by experiments, 1569 ; but it was 
fully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. 
Bloomfield, Robert, an English poet, 

d. 19th Aug., 
Bloot, Peter, a Flemish painter of 

rustic meetings, d. 1667. 
Blount, Charles, b. 1654, d. 1693. 
Blount, Sir Thomas Pope, b. 1648, 
d. 1708. 

Blow, John, musician,b. 1648, d. 1 708. 
Blucher, Marshal Prince, b. 1742, 
d. 1819. 

Blue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, 
1704. 

Boadicea, brig, stranded near Kin- 
sale, Ireland, when 200 of the 
92nd regiment perished, 31st Jan., 
1816. 

Boadicea, queen of the Britons, 
burnt London, and killed 70,000 
of the inhabitants, poisoned her- 
self, CI. 



Board-wages first commenced with 
the king's servants, 1629. 

Boats, flat-bottomed, invented in the 
reign of William the Conqueror, 
who used them in the isle of Ely. 

Bocanegra, a Spanish painter of his- 
tory, b. 1633, d. 1688. 

Boccaccio, bora in Tuscany, 1313, 
d. 1375. 

Boccacci, II Boccalii, an Italian pain- 
ter of history and portraits, b. 151 1, 
d. 1546. 

Boccaccino, an Italian painter of his- 
tory, b. 1460, d. 1518. 

Boccaccino, Fran., an Italian his- 
torical painter, b. 1680,- d. 1750. 

Boccalini, Trajan, b. 1556, d. 1613. 

Bocchi, Fans., an Italian painter of 
battle pieces, b. 1659, d. 1742. 

Bocciardo, Clementone, a Genoese 
painter of portraits and history, 
b. 1620, d. 1658. 

Bocciardo, Domenico, a Genoese his- 
torical painter, b. 1685, d. 1735. 

Bochart, Samuel, of Rouen, b. 1599, 
d. 1667. 

Bochlorst, Langen Jan, a German 
portrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1664. 

Bockhorst, John Van, a Dutch pain- 
ter of history and portraits, b. 1661, 
d. 1724, 

Bodekher, J. F., a Dutch painter, 
b. 1660, d. 1727. 

Bodewyns, a Dutch landscape pain- 
ter, d. 1700. 

Bodiam Castle, Suffolk, built, 1139. 

Bodleian Library, Oxford, rebuilt 
and founded, 1598. 

Bodley, Sir Thos., b. 1544, d. 1612. 

Boel, Peter, a Dutch painter of fruit 
and flowers, b. 1625, d. 1680. 

Boerhave, Dr., d. 23rd Sept., 1738, 
aged 70. 

Boethius, b. 455, d. 526. 

Boetius, the historian, b. about 1470. 

Boetto, an Italian painter of allegori- 
cal pieces, b. 1683. 

Bog in Ireland, quantity of, 3,000,000 
acres. 

Bog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in 
the county of Louth, in Ireland, 
20th Dec, 1793, moved in a body 
from its original situation to the 
distance of some miles, crossing 
the high road towards Do on, cover- 



70 



BOO 



B OL 



ing every thing in its way, at least 
20 feet in many parts, and throwing 
down several bridges, houses, &c. 

Bogdane, a Hungarian, and a painter 
of fruits, flowers, &c. d. 1720. 

Bohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550. 

Bohemia, Queen of, visited England, 
17th May, 1661, died there Feb. 
1662. 

Boiardo, an Italian poet, b. 1434, d. 
1494. 

Boileau, the French poet, b. 1636, d. 
1717. 

Bois-le-duc, in Languedoc, destroyed 

by violent rains, 1776. 
Boissieu, Jean Jacques, a French 

painter of landscape and portraits, 

b. 1725. 

Bol, Ferdinand, a Dutch portrait and 
history painter, b. 1611, d. 1681. 

Bol, Hans, a Dutch landscape pain- 
ter, b. 1534, d. 1593. 

Bol, Cornelius, a Dutch artist, who 
painted views of the fire of London 
in 1666, when he flourished. 

Bolanger, an Italian painter of his- 
tory, b. 1606, d. 1660. 

Bolingbroke, Lord, d. 1751, aged 73. 

Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, 
birth-place of Henry IV., remains 
of, fell down, May, 1815. 

Bolivar, Simon, the Liberator and 
President of Colombia, d. 17th 
Dec, 1831, aged 47, at San Pedro. 

Bolivia, state of, first so called, 1825. 

Bologna, an Italian painter, b. 1570, 
d. 1597. 

Bolognese, Grimaldi, a celebrated 
Italian painter of landscape, his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1606, d. 1680. 

Bolognese, Carlo, an Italian painter 
of architecture and perspective, 
b. 1665, d. 1718. 

Bolognini, Giov. Batt., an Italian 
historical painter, b. 1611, d. 1688. 

Bolswert, an engraver of Antwerp, 
who flourished 1620. 

Bolswert, Scheltius, an engraver of 
Antwerp, who flourished 1636. 

Bolton, England, erected into a bo- 
rough, 1832. 

Bolton, Messrs. Hardcastles 1 bleach- 
works near, destroyed by fire, the 
loss calculated at 30,00*0/., 27th 
Oct., 1825. 



Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire, built 
1120; castle built 1297. 

Bom, Peter, a Flemish landscape 
painter, b. 1530, d. 1572. 

Bombay nearly destroyed by fire, and 
many lives lost, 27th Feb., 1803. 

Bombelli, Sebastiano, an Italian por- 
trait painter, b. 1635, d. 1685. 

Bombs first invented by a man at 
Venlo, 1588 ; first used in the 
service of France, 1634. 

Bon, the palace of the celebrated 
prince of Cologne there, burnt 
down, 15th Jan., 1777, loss esti- 
mated at 200,000/. 

Bonaparte ; see Buonaparte and Na- 
poleon. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, arrived in Eng- 
land, 18th Dec, 1810 ; created a 
Roman prince by the Pope, Aug. 
1814; refused passports for him- 
self and family to North America, 
by the allied sovereigns, 18th 
March, 1817. 

Bonaparte, Madame Letitia, mother of 
the Emp.Napoleon,b.l752, d.1832. 
See Napoleon and Buonaparte. 

Bonasone, an Italian historical pain- 
ter, b. 1498, d. 1570. 

Bonati, an Italian historical painter, 
b. 1635, d. 1681. 

Boncuore, an Italian painter of his- 
tory, b. 1643, d. 1699. 

Bond, an English landscape painter, 
d. 1804. 

Bondage released by Queen Elizabeth 
in several of her manors, 1574. 

Bone — »" Give him a bone to pick," 
probably took its rise from a custom 
at marriage feasts among the poor 
in Sicily, when, after dinner, the 
bride's father gives the bridegroom 
a bone, saying, " Pick this bone, 
for you have undertaken to pick 
one more difficult." 

Bones, the art of softening them, 
discovered 1688. 

Bonesi, a Bolognese painter, b. 1653, 
d. 1725. 

Boni, a Bolognese historical painter, 
b. 1688, d. 1766. 

Bonifacio, a Venetian painter of his- 
tory, b. 1491, d. 1553. 

Bonisdi, an Italian historical painter, 
b. 1633, d. 1700. 



BON 



BOO 



71 



Bonito, Giuseppe, a Neapolitan pain- 
ter of history and portraits, b.1705, 
d. 1789. 

Bonner, bishop of London, entered at 
Oxford about 1512; made bishop 
of London 1539 ; deprived, May 
1550 ; died in the Marshalsea, 
5th Sept., 1569. 

Bonnet, Charles, a naturalist, b. 1 720, 
d. 1793. 

Bonone, Carlo, an Italian historical 
painter, b. 1569, d. 1632. 

Bonstetten, Mon. de, a Swiss meta- 
physician, geologist, and traveller, 
b. at Berne, 1745, d. 1832. 

Bonvicino, II Moretto, an Italian 
portrait and history painter, b. 1 5 1 4, 
d. 1564. 

Bonvs, a French portrait painter, b. 

1702, d. 1740. 
Bonzi, II Gobbo, an Italian painter 

of fruits, festoons, &c. b. 1580, 

d. 1640. 

Books, in the present form, were in- 
vented by Attalus, king of Perga- 
mus, 887. 

Books, sold by catalogue, began 1676. 

Books, the first supposed to be written 
in Job's time ; 30,000 burnt by 
order of Leo, 761; a very large 
estate given for one on Cosmogra- 
phy, by king Alfred ; were sold 
from \0l. to 30/. a-piece about 
1400; the first printed one was 
the vulgate edition of the Bible, 
1462 ; the second was Cicero de 
Officiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos, 
published at Moscow, was the first 
classical book printed in Russia, 
29th April, 1762. 

Books, to the number of 200,000, 
burnt at Constantinople by the 
order of Leo I., 476. Above 
4,194,412 volumes were in the 
suppressed monasteries of France, 
in 1790 ; 2,000,000 were on The- 
ology, the manuscripts were26,000; 
in the city of Paris alone were 
808,120 volumes. 
Book-keeping first used after the 

Italian method in London, 1569. 
Boon, a Dutch painter of grotesque 

subjects, d. 1698. 
Boonen, A., a Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1669, d. 1729. 



Boonen, G., a Dutch portrait painter, 
d. 1729. 

Booth, Barton, the plaver, b. 1681, 

d. May, 1733. 
Boots were invented B. C. 907. 
Borcht, a Belgian painter and en- 
graver, b. 1583, d. 1660. 
Bordone, Paris, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1513, d. 1588. 
Borgia, Caesar, slain at Viana, 1507. 
Borgianni, a Roman historical pain- 
ter, b. 1580, d. 1630. 
Borgognone, Jacopo Cortese, a cele- 
brated French painter of battle 
pieces, b. 1621, d. 1676. 
Borlase, Rev. William, the antiquary, 
d. 1772. 

Borromeo, Francis, a Florentine 

painter, b. 1446, d. 1517. 
Borroni, an Italian historic painter, 

b. 1684, d. 1772. 
Borzone, a Genoese painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1590, killed 
1645. 

Bos, Jerom, a whimsical, clever 
painter, b. in Brabant, 1470, d. 1530. 
Bos, Louis Jansen, a painter of fruits 
and flowers, b. in Brabant, 1450, 
d. 1507. 

Bos, Gaspar Vanden, a Dutch ma- 
rine painter, b. 1634, d. 1666. 
Boscawen, admiral, d. 1761, aged 50. 
Boscorich, R. J., b. 1711, d. 1787. 
Bosch, Balthassar Vanden, a Dutch 
painter of rustic festivities, b. 1675, 
d. 1715. 

Bosch, Jacob Vanden, a Dutch pain- 
ter of fruits and flowers, b. 1636, 
d. 1676. 

Boschaert, Nich., a Dutch painter of 

fruits, flowers, b. 1696, d. 1746. 
Bosschaert, or Bosschaert (Thomas 
Willebuts) a Dutch historical 
painter, b. 1613, d. 1656. 
Boschi, Fab., a Florentine historical 

painter, d. 1642. 
Boschi, Fran., a Florentine painter of 
historical subjects, b. 1619, d.1675. 
Boschini, a Venetian historical pain- 
ter, b. 1613, d. 
Boscoli, Andrea, a Florentine pain- 
ter, b. 1553, d. 1606. 
Bosschaert ; see Boschaert. 
Bosse, Abraham, a celebrated French 
engraver, d. 1660. 



72 



BOS 



B T 



Bossu, Renelle, d. 1680. 
Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, b. 1627, 
d. 1704. 

Boston Port, bill for its removal, 
1775. 

Boston church, Lincolnshire, founded 
1309. 

Boston proscribed, the port closed by 
the English as a punishment for a 
riot, 4th April, 1744. 

Boston, New England, built 1630. 

Boston, in New England, sustained a 
loss by fire of its court-house and 
records, 23rd Dec, 1747 ; again, of 
above 100,000/., 20th March, 1760; 
again in 1761, 1763, and 1775; 
again, 20th April, 1787, 100 houses 
burnt: again, 23rd July,l794, when 
it received damage to the amount 
of 200,000/. ; again in Dec. 1797. 

Boston church, Lincolnshire, damaged 
by fire, 23rd Mav, 1803. 

Boswell, Jas., b. 1740, d. 19th May, 
1795. 

Botany Bay, settlement for, first sailed 
from England, 21st March, 1787. 

Botany, the study of, revived 1535. 

Botelli, an Italian historical painter, 
b. 1650, d. 1732. 

Both, John, a celebrated Dutch land- 
scape painter, b. 1610, drowned, 
1650. 

Both, Andrew, a celebrated Dutch 
painter, brother and coadjutor of 
John, d. 1656. 

Bothel castle, Northumberland, built 
1330. 

Boticelli, a Florentine landscape 
painter, b. 1437, d. 1515. 

Botolph's priory, Colchester, built 
1109. 

Botschild, an historic painter, of Sax- 
ony, b. 1640, d. 1707. 

Botta, a Genoese painter of history 
and portraits, b. 1572, d. 1648. 

Bottala, a Genoese historic painter, 
b. 1613, d. 1644. 

Bottani, an Italian landscape painter, 
b. 1717, d. 1784. 

Bottle conjuror imposed on the 
credulous at the Havmarket The- 
atre, 16th Jan., 1748-9. 

Bottle, containing two hogsheads, 
blown at Leith, Scotland, 7th Jan., 
1748-9. 



Bottoni, an Italian historical painter, 
b. 1662, d. 1706. 

Bouchardon, Edm., a French sculp- 
tor, b. 1698, d. 1762. 

Boucher, Francis, a French land' 
scape painter, b. 1704, d. 1770. 

Boucquet, Victor, a Flemish histori- 
cal and portrait painter, b. 1619, 
d. 1660. 

Bougainville, the navigator, escaped 

from the massacres at Paris of 1792, 

and d. 3rd Aug., 1811. 
Boujas, a Spanish painter of history, 

b. 1672, d. 1726. 
Boullongne, Louis the elder, a French 

historical painter, b. 1609, d. 

1674. 

Boullongne, Louis the younger, a 
French historical and allegorical 
painter, b. 1654, d. 1784. 

Boullongne, Bon, a French painter 
of history and portrait, b. 1649, 
d. 1717. 

Boullongne, Magdelaine de, a French 
ladv who painted fruits, flowers, 
portraits, b. 1644, d. 1710. 

Boullongne, Ginevra, a French lady 
who painted fruits and flowers, 
d. 1708. 

Boulter, archbishop of Armagh, Ire- 
land, gave 30,000/. to charitable 
uses, b. 1671, d. 1742. 

Bonlton, Matthew, b. 1728, d. Sept. 
1809. 

Bounties first legally granted in Eng- 
land for raising naval stores in 
America, 1703 ; for exporting 
corn, 1689. 

Bourbon erected into a duchy, 1336. 

Bourbon Isle planted bv the French, 
1672. 

Bourbon, family compact, 1761 ; 
expelled France, 1791; restored, 
1814; re-expelled and again re- 
stored, 1815 ; the Orleans branch 
elected to the monarchy, 9th Aug., 
1830. 

Bourbon-les-bains,inBassig-ni,France, 
the vault under the church there 
gave way during mass, when 600 
persons were killed, 14th Sept., 
1778. 

Bourdon, Seb., a celebrated French 
painter of history and landscape, 
b. 1616. d. 1671. 



BO U 



BRA 



73 



Bourgeois, Francis, an English land- 
scape painter, founder of the Dul- 
wich Gallery, b. 1756, d. 1811. 

Bourienne, Mons. de, secretary and 
biographer of Napoleon, died in a 
maison de sante in Normandy, 1834. 

Bourignon, Madame, the enthusiast, 
b. 1616, d. 1680. 

Bourn, Thomas, an English topo- 
graphical writer, b. 1771, d. 1832. 

Bourralt, Edm. Fr., a French writer, 
b. 1632, d. 1701. 

Bout, Francis, a Belgian landscape 
and figure painter, b. 1660. 

Bow-bridge first built 1087. 

Bow church, Cheapside, built 1673 ; 
tower finished, 1680. 

Bowles, the widow, of West Hanney, 
Berks, d. 4th April, 1749, aged 124. 

Bows and arrows introduced into 
England, 1066. 

Bowver, William, the printer, b. 
1669, d. 18th Nov., 1777. 

Boxgrove priory, Sussex, built 1110. 

Bovce, Dr., the organist, d. 9th Feb., 
1779, aged 69. 

Boydell, John, alderman of London, 
promoter of the graphic art in 
England, b. 1719, d. 1805. 

Boydell, Josiah, alderman of Lon- 
don, a portrait and landscape pain- 
ter, and engraver, b. 1750, d. 1817. 

Boyer, Abel, the lexicographer, b. 
1664, d. 1729. 

Boyle, Richard, earl of Cork, b. 
1556, d. 1643. 

Bovle, Roger, inventor of the orrery, 
b. 1621, d. 1643. 

Bovle, Robert, the philosopher, d. 
1691, aged 65. 

Bovle, Charles, earl of Orrery, b. 
1676, d. 1731. 

Boyle, John, earl of Orrery, b. 1707, 
d. 1762. 

Boyle, Richard, earl of Burlington, 

b. 1695, d. 1753. 
Boyne, man-of-war, of 98 guns, was 

destroyed by fire at Portsmouth, 

when great mischief was done by 

tbe explosion of the magazine on 

1st May, 1795. 
Boyse, John, a divine, and one of the 

translators of the Bible, b. 1560, 

d. 1643. 

Boyse, Samuel, b. 1708, d. 1749. 



Brabant erected into a dukedom, 620. 
Braccioli, an Italian historical painter, 

b. 1698, d. 1762. 
Brad dock, general, killed at Du 

Quesne, 9th July, 1755. 
Bradeustoke Priory, Wilts., built, 

1076. 

Bradford, in Wiltshire, damaged by 

fire, 30th April, 1740. 
Bradford, England, erected into a 

borough, 1832. 
Bradley, Dr. James, the astronomer, 

b. 1692, d. 1762. 
Bradsole Abbey, Kent, built, 1191. 
Bradstow Pier, in Kent, destroyed by 

a storm, 2nd Jan., 1767 ; rebuilt, 

1772. 

Bradshaw, John, one of the judges of 
Charles I., b. 1586, d. 1659. 

Bradv, Rev. Dr. Nicholas, b. 1659, 
d. 1726. 

Brahe, Tycho, a famous astronomer, 
b. 1546, d. 1601. 

Brakenburg, a Dutch painter of rus- 
tic merriments, b. 1649. 

Bramah, Joseph, engineer and me- 
chanist, b. 1749, d. 9th Dec, 
1814. 

Bramante d'Urbino, a painter, b. 

1444, d. 1514. 
Bramantino, a Milanese painter, b. 

1400, d. 1450. 
Bramber Castle and Church, Sussex, 

built before the Conquest. 
Bramer, a Flemish historical painter, 

pupil of Rembrandt, b. 1596. 
Brancepeth Castle, Durham, built 

1140. 

Brand, John, a German landscape 

painter, b. 1723, d. 1793. 
Brandel, Peter, a German painter of 

history, b. 1660, d. 1739. 
Brandenberg, John, a Swiss painter 

of history and battles, b. 1660, d. 

1729. 

Brandenburgh House, residence of 

Queen Caroline, taken down, 1824. 
Brandenburgh created a marquisate, 

926; created a dukedom, 1526. 
Brandi, an Italian historic painter, 

pupil of Lanfranc,b. 1623, d. 1691. 
Brantome, Peter de Bourdeilles, d. 

1614, aged 87. 
Brandmuller, a painter of history 

and portraits, b. 1661, d. 1691. 

E 



71 



BRA 



BRE 



Brass exported in 1799 amounted 
to 77,033 cwt. 3 qr. 161b., at 
£7 14 8 per cwt., amounted to 
£595,728 15s. 5d. 

Bray, Dr. Thomas, deviser of propa- 
gating the Gospel in foreign parts 
b. 1656, d. 1730. 

Brav, William, an English antiquary, 
b" 1736, d. 1833. 

Bray, Solomon de, a Dutch portrait 
painter, b. 1597, d. 1664. 

Bray, Berks, famous in song for its 
vicai\who, from the reign of Henry 
to Elizabeth, changed his religion 
three times, and being called a 
turncoat, said he kept to his prin- 
ciple, that of living and dying 
Vicar of Bray. 

Brazen-noseCollege,Oxford, founded, 
1513. 

Brazil discovered, 1486 ; settled by 
the Spaniards, 1515; settled by 
the Dutch, 1624 ; taken from Hol- 
land by the Portuguese, 1654 ; 
government fixed at Rio, 1763; 
declared independent of Portugal, 
14th Dec, 1815 ; obtained a popu- 
lar representation, 1822. 

Brazil diamond mines discovered, 1730 

Bread. In the year 1754 the quar- 
tern loaf Avas sold for fourpence ; 
in the year 1757, it rose to 10c?., 
and in March, 1800, to 17c?., when 
new bread was forbid under the 
penalty of 5s. per loaf, if the baker 
sold it until 24 hours old. In 
January, 1801, the quartern loaf 
sold for Is. lid.; in July, 1810, 
it sold for Is. 5d. • in July, 1823, 
for 10c?. ; and in 1833, 8±d. 

Bread first made with yeast in Eng- 
land, 1656. 

Bread-fruit tree first introduced into 
the West Indies by Capt. Bligh, 
Jan., 1793. 

Breakwater, at Plymouth, com- 
menced 10th Aug., 1812. 

Breast-plates for armour first invent- 
ed, B.C. 397. 

Brecknock Castle built, 1089; pri- 
ory built, 1100. 

Breda, Peter Van, a Flemish land- 
scape painter, b. 1630, d. 1681. 

Breda, John Van, a Flemish land- 
scape painter, b. 1683, d. 1750. 



Breeches first introduced into Eng- 
land, 1654. 

Breemberg, Bartolomeo, a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1660. 

Bremen fortified. 1010 ; damaged by 
an explosion of gunpowder, 1000 
houses destroyed and 40 persons 
killed, 10th Sep., 1739. 

Brentana, a Venetian historic painter, 
b. 1656. d. 1726. 

Brentel, Fred., of Strasburg, a his- 
torical and landscape painter, b. 
1570, d. 1622. 

Brere, a village in Dorsetshire, seve- 
ral fires broke out at, and threat- 
ened the total destruction of the 
place, July, 1816. 

Brerewood, Edward, mathematician 
and antiquary, b. 1565, d. 1613. 

Brereton, Lieut. -Col., destroyed him- 
self while a court-martial was sit- 
ting on his conduct, after the riots 
at Bristol, 11th Jan., 1832. 

Brescia, in Italy, seriously damaged 
by an explosion, 8th Aug., 1779. - 

Brescia, Giov. Maria da, an Italian 
painter and engraver, b. 1640, d. 
1510. 

Brescia, Leonardo, an Italian historic 
painter, flourished 1540. 

Bresciano, an Italian painter of his- 
tory, d. 1599. 

Brest magazine, 400 yards long, was 
destroyed by fire, to the value of 
7,000,000f. in stores, besides the 
building, 19th Jan., 1744; Marine 
Hospital burnt, with 50 galley- 
slaves, 1st Dec, 1766; magazine, 
&c, destroyed by fire, 10 th July, 
1784, to the value of l,000,000*f. 

Breval, John Durant, dramatic wri- 
ter, d.-1739. 

Breviaries first adopted, 1080. 

Brewer's license taxed, 1781. 

Brewhouse of H. Meux, two large 
vats in, suddenly burst, deluging 
and destroying several neighbour- 
ing houses, 1 7th Oct., 1 8 1 4. Seve- 
ral lives were lost, and the total 
loss of beer was estimated at 
between 8000 and 9000 barrels. 

Breydel, Charles, a Flemish land- 
scape painter, b. 1677, d. 1744. 

Breydell, Francis, a Flemish portrait 
painter, b. 1679, d. 1750. 



BR I 



BR I 



Bribery first practised in England, i 
1554. 

Briberv at elections forbidden bv law, 
1696, 1729, 1735. 

Brice, Andrew, of Exeter, d. 7th | 
Nov., 1773, aged 75. 

Bricbian order of knighthood began 
in Sweden, 1366. 

Bricks first used in England by the 
Romans : tbe size ordered bv 
Cbarles I., 1625. 

Bricks and tiles taxed, 1804. 

Bridge, F.R.S., Rev. Bewick, natural 
philosopher, b. 1767, d. 1833. 

Bride cake originated in the Roman 
custom, called Confarreation, of 
dividing a cake of wheat and bar- 
ley, as a firm alliance between i 
man and wife. 

Bridewell, formerly a palace of Bang : 
Henry YIIL. London, built, 1522 ; j 
converted to an hospital, 1558. 

Bridge, the first of stone in England 
was at Bow, near Stratford, 1087. | 

Bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near 
Cadiz, fell down as soon as finished, 
while receiving the benediction, ; 
and killed several hundred persons I 
that were over and under it, 22nd i 
Feb., 1779. 

Bridge-town, Barbadoes, destroved bv j 
a fire, 18th April, 1668 ; had 160 
dwelling-houses destroved bv a 
fire, 8th Feb., 1756: again, i*20, 
14th Feb., 1758 ; again, 14th May, j 
1766; again, 27th Dec, 1767. 

Bridgenorth Castle, Salop, built, 800. 

Bridge water Castle and Bridge, So- 
mersetshire, built, 1204. 

Bridgewater, Duke of, b. 1736, d. 
1803. 

Briggs, Henrv, mathematician, b. j 

1556, d. 1630. 
Briggs, Dr. William, b. 1650, d. 1714. 
Brighthelmstone block-house washed , 

away bv the sea, 19th Nov., j 

1786. 

Bright, Mr., of Maiden, in Essex, 

died 10th Nov., 1755, who weighed 

44 stone, aged 29. 
Brighton, England, erected into a I 

borough, 1832. 
Brighton, chain pier at, blown down, 

15th Oct,, 1833. 
Bril, Matthew, a Flemish artist, who 



painted in the Vatican, b. 1550, d. 
1584. 

Bril, Paul, a celebrated Flemish land- 
scape painter, b. 1554, d. 1626. 

Brinckman, Philip Jerome, a histori- 
cal and landscape painter, b. at 
Spires, 1709, d. 1751. 

Brindley, Mr., the Duke of Bridge- 
waters engineer, b. 1716, d. 27th 
Sept., 1772. 

Bristol Cross built, 1373; taken down 
and removed to Stourhead, 1760 : 
exchange built, 1741 ; bridge bill 
passed, 22nd May, 1760. 

Bristol, riot at, when the turnpikes 
were demolished, and many houses 
destroyed, 20th July, 1749; re- 
form riots at, 30th' Oct., 1831, 
when several public buildings were 
destroyed, the jails broken open, 
and Queen Square fired ; 30 per- 
sons killed ; five rioters subse- 
quently executed ; several others 
transported. 

Britain first discovered to be an 
island, 40. 

British Islands. They were inhabited 
originally by a people called Bri- 
tons, of the same stock with the 
ancient Gauls or Celtae ; the Ro- 
mans first invaded them under 
Julius Caesar, B.C, 54., but made 
no conquests. The Emperor Clau- 
dius, and his generals Plautius, 
Vespasian, and Titus, subdued seve- 
ral provinces, after 30 pitched bat- 
tles with the natives, A.D. 43 and 
44. The conquest was completed 
by Agricola in the reign of Domi- 
tian, 85. Wrested froui the Roman 
empire by Carausius, 289 ; recov- 
ered by Constantius, 296. The 
Romans held their conquests till 
426 ; then the old inhabitants 
called in the Saxons to assist them 
against the Picts and Scots ; these 
Saxons made a second conquest, 
and divided South Britain into 
seven kingdoms, 455. This go- 
vernment was called the Saxon 
Heptarchy, and lasted till 827, 
when Egbert having subdued and 
united them under one government, 
was crowned King of England. 



See England. 



e 2 



76 



BRI 



BRO 



British Queen, packet, from Ostend 
to Margate, wrecked on the Good- 
Avin Sands, and all on board pe- 
rished, 16th Dec, 1814. 

British herring fishery incorporated, 
1750. 

British institution founded, 4th June, 
1805; opened, 18th Jan., 1806. 

British andforeign Bible society, 1804. 

British and foreign school society in- 
stituted, 1815. 

British linen company erected, 1746. 

British mineralogical society com- 
menced, 1799. 

British museum established, 1758. 

British society incorporated for ex- 
tending the fisheries, 1786. 

British lying-in hospital, Brownlow- 
street, London, instituted, 1749. 

Brittany founded as a kingdom, 383 ; 
made a duchy, 874 ; annexed to 
the crown of France, 1150. 

Britton, Thomas, the musical small- 
coal man, d. 1714. 

Brize, a Dutch painter of still life, 
flourished 1590. 

Brizio, an Italian painter of architec- 
ture and landscape, b. 1574, d. 

Broad seal of Englaud first used, 
1050. 

Broadswords forbidden to be worn in 
Edinburgh, 26th July, 1724. 

Brocklandt, a Dutch painter, b. 1553, 
d. 1583. 

Brocklesby, Dr.. R, b. 1722, d. 1797. 
Brodie Castle, Scotland, built, 1113. 
Brody, in Gallicia, 1500 houses burnt 

at," 5th May, 1801. 
Broeck, Crispin Vanden, a Flemish 

painter, engraver, and architect, 

b. 1530. 

Broeck, Elias Vanden, a Flemish 
painter of fruit and flowers, b. 
1657, died 1711. 

Brokers regulated in London by law, 
1697. 

Bromfield, William, surgeon, b. 
1712, d. 1762. 

Brompton, an English landscape and 
portrait painter, and pupil of Wil- 
son, d. 1790. 

Bronckhorst, Peter Van, an historical 
painter, b. at Delft, 1588, d. 1661. 

Bronckhorst, John Van; of Utrecht, 
an historic painter, b. 1603. 



Bronckhorst, John, of Leyden, s 
painter of animals, b.l 648, d.1723. 

Bronzini, a Florentine historic painter, 
b. 1511, d. 1580. 

Brook, Roger, of Halifax, in York- 
shire, d. 8th Oct., 1568, aged 133. 

Brooke, Sir Robert, d. 1558. 

Brooke, Lord, Fulk Greville, stabbed 
by his servant, 30th Sep., 1628, 
aged 70. 

Brooke, John Charles, Somerset he- 
rald, crushed to death at the Hay- 
market theatre, 3rd Feb., 1794, 
aged 45. 

Brooke, Francis, d. 1789. 

Brooke, Henry, b. 1706, d. 1703. 

Brookes, Joshua, F.R.S., an eminent 
English anatomist, b. 1761, d. 
1833. 

Brookey,John, ofBroadrush-common, 
in Devon, d. July, 1778, aged 135. 

Brooking, an English painter of ma- 
rine subjects, b. 1720, d. 1759. 

Broomholme Priory, Norfolk, built 
1113. 

Broomsgrove nearly destroyed by an 

inundation from a waterspout, 

13th April, 1792. 
Broom-flower, order of knighthood in 

France, began 1234. 
Brorci, an artist of Urbino, b. 1538, 

d. 1612. 

Brotherly love, order of knighthood, 
began. 1708. 

Brothels wei'e allowed in London as 
necessary evils, 1162; suppressed 
1545 ; tolerated in France, 1280; 
Pope Sixtus IV. licensed one at 
Rome, and the prostitutes paid him 
a weekly tax, which amounted to 
20,000 ducats a year, 1471. 

Brothers, sworn , probably arose from 
a custom in Morlachia, and other 
places, where friendship between 
the same sex are like marriages 
ratified at the altar. Others say, 
from persons covenanting formerly 
to share each others fortunes in 
any expedition to invade a country, 
as were Robert d'Oily and Robert 
dTvery, in William I.'s first expe- 
dition into England. Hence the 
term of " brethren in iniquity,'* 
because of their dividing plunder. 

Brotier, Gabriel, b. I722,d. 1789. 



BR 



BUC 



77 



Brougham and Denman, Messrs., 
first heard at the bar of the House 
of Lords for Queen Caroline, 22nd 
June, 1820. 

Brougham Castle, Westmoreland, 
built, 1070. 

Broughton, Lancashire, suspension 
bridge at, fell while a party of the 
60th rifles were passing over ; six 
had limbs broken, but no lives 
were lost, 11th April, 1831. 

Brouwer, Adrian, a celebrated Flem- 
ish painter of scenes from low life, 
b. 1608, d. 1640. 

Brown, Thomas, d. 1704. 

Brown, R. founder of the Brownists, 
d. aged 80, 1630. 

Brown, Robert, an English historical 
painter, d. 1770. 

Brown, John, a Scotch portrait and 
landscape painter, b. 1752, d. 1787. 

Brown, Mather, an American painter, 
who settled in England, d. 1st 
June, 1831. 

Brown, W. L., a Scotch writer on 
divinitv and metaphysics, b. 1753, 
d. 183*0. 

Brown, Count, celebrated general, 

slain 1757, aged 52. 
Brown, Dr. John, poet, b. 1715, d. 

1766. 

Brown, Dr. John, physician, b. 1735, 
d. 1788. 

Brown, Moses, a divine, b. 1703, d. 
1787. 

Browne, Sir W., an eminent English 
physician, a whimsieal character, 
b. 1692, d. 10th March, 1772. 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, b. 
1706, d. 1760. 

Browne, Wm.,poet,b. 1590, d. 1645. 

Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, anti- 
quary, &c, d. 1682. 

Browne, Edward, natural historian, 
d. 1708. 

Bru, a Spanish historical painter, b. 
1682, d. 1703. 

Bruce, Robert, Scottish general and 
king, d. 1329. 

Bruce, Major-general Sir Charles, a 
brave and distinguished British 
officer, b. 1777, d. 1832. 

Brueghel or Breughel, Peter, the 
elder, an eminent Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1510, d. 1570. 



Brueghel, Peter Petersz, the younger, 
a Dutch painter of extravagant 
allegorical subjects, d. 1642. 

Brueghel, John, or Velvet Brueghel, 
a Dutch painter of fruit, landscapes, 
and marine subjects, b. 1560, d. 
1625-42. 

Brueghel, Abraham, called the Nea- 
politan, a Dutch painter of still 
life, b. 1672, d. 1690. 

Bruges founded, 700 ; fortified, 890. 

Bruge, John of, or John Van Eyck, 
a Dutch landscape painter, b. 1370, 
d. 1441. 

Brugnatelli, Lewis, b. 1761, d. 1818. 

Brun, Augustine, a German painter 
of history, b. 1570, d. 1622. 

Brun, Charles Le, a celebrated French 
historic painter, b. 1619, d. 1690. 

Bruni, Domenico, an Italian painter 
of architecture and perspective, b. 
1591, d. 1666. 

Bruno, founder of the Carthusians, 
d. 1101, aged 71. 

Brunswick built, 261. 

Brunswick, Duke of , d. 1806. 

Brunswick, Duchess of, sister to 
George III., d. 23rd March, 1813. 

Bruyere, French author, b. 1664, d. 
1696, aged 52. 

Bruyn, Cornelius de, a Flemish por- 
trait painter, fl. 17th century. 

Bruyn, T. De, a painter of basso- 
relievo imitations, d. in London, 
1804. 

Brussels damaged by fire, and the 
ducal palace consumed, 31st Jan., 
1730. 

Brutus, Junius, d. 509 B.C. 
Brutus, Marcus, d. 24 B.C. 
Bryant, Thomas, shot by the military 

that escorted Sir F. Burdett to the 

Tower of London, 9th April, 1810. 
Bryant, Jacob, an eminent scholar, 

d. 14th Nov., 1804, aged 88. 
Bucer, Martin, b. 1491, d. 1551. 
Buck, Sam., a British painter and 

engraver, b. 1686, d. 1779". 
Buck, Jonathan, a landscape painter, 

b. in Dublin, flourished 1780. 
Buckfastleigh Abbey, Devon, built, 

918. 

Buchan, Dr. William, author of 
Domestic Medicine, &c, d. 25th 
Feb., 1805, aged 76. 



78 



BUC 



BUM 



Buchanan, Rev. Claudius, author of 
Asiatic Christian's Present, h. 
1766, d. 9th Feb., 1815. 

Buchanan, George, Latin poet, h. 
1506, d. 1582. 

Buckingham, tower at, fell down, 
and destroyed the church, 26th 
March, 1776; castle built, 918. 

Buckingham House built 1703; set- 
tled on the queen in lieu of Somer- 
set House, 19th May, 1775. 

Buckingham House taken down and 
rebuilt, 1826, at an expense of 
£644,473 8s. 9d. 

Buckingham, Duke of, killed at 
Portsmouth byFelton, 23rd Aug., 
1628. 

Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke 
of, b. 1627, d. 1640. 

Buckingham, John Sheffield, Duke 
of, b. 1649, d. 1721. 

Buckland Priory built, 1278. 

Buckles were invented about 1680. 

Bnde, William, French writer, b. 
1467, d. 1540. 

Budgell, Eustace, English writer, b. 
1685, drowned himself 1736. 

Buffalmacco, Buonamico, a Floren- 
tine painter of grotesque subjects, 
b. 1262, d. 1340. 

Buffon, Count de, b. 1707, d. 1788. 

Bufoni, Pompeo, a Roman portrait 
painter, b. 1634, d. 1679. 

Bugden Palace, Huntingdonshire, 
built 1480. 

Bugg-a-bo, or buggan-bo, originally 
no more than mothers frightening 
their children with the bull, bo, 
bull, bo, which the little ones, not 
rightly pronouncing, call bug-a-bo. 
It is properly bogle-bo, bogle signi- 
fying a malevolent spirit; the 
Shropshire term, buggan-bo, mean- 
ing the same thing. If a horse 
takes fright, they say, he spies a 
buggan. 

Bugiardini, a Florentine painter of 
history and portraits, b. 1481, d. 
1556. 

Building with stone first brought into 
England by Bennet, a monk, 670 ; 
with brick first introduced by the 
Romans into their provinces ; first 
in England about 886 ; introduced 
hereby the Earl of Arundel, 1600, 



at which time the houses in Lon- 
don were chiefly built of wood. 
The increase of buildings in Lon- 

" don prohibited, and within three 
miles of the city gates, by Queen 
Elizabeth, and that only one family 
should dwell in one house, 1580. 
The buildings from High Holborn, 
north and south, and Great Queen 
street, built nearly on the spot 
where stood the Elms or the an- 
cient Tyburn in Edward III., were 
erected between 1607 and 1631. 
The number of houses in London 
and its suburbs, in 1772, was 
computedat 122,930 ; but in 1791 
they amounted to above 200,000. 
In St. George's Fields near 7000 
have been erected within the above 
period, and of late years the build- 
ings round London have increased 
to a great extent. 

Builders' act passed, 1764 ; amended, 
1766. 

Buildings regulated bvlaw, 1764-70- 
72. 

Build was Abbey, Shropshire, built 
1153. 

Bulkeley hill, Cheshire, clothed with 
trees, sank down into a pit of wa- 
ter, so that the tops of the trees 
were invisible, 8th July, 1657. 

Bulkeley,the benevolent lord,d. 1 822. 

Bull, Dr. John, musician, b. 1563, 
d. 1621. 

Bull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lin- 
colnshire, 1209 ; at Tutbury, Staf- 
fordshire, 1374. 

Bull-fights in Spain first practised, 
1560. 

Bull-running, at Tutbury, Stafford- 
shire, introduced first, 1374. 

Bullets of stone used instead of iron, 
1514; of iron first mentioned in 
the Fadua, 1550. 

Bulmer, William, celebrated English 
typographer, b. 1751, d. 1830. 

Bullinger, a Swiss historical painter, 
b. 1713. 

Bullion of gold and silver, first me- 
thod of assaying, 1354. 

Bumper, a corruption of bon pere, 
good father, i. e. the pope, whose 
health was always drank by the 
monks after dinner in a full glass. 



BUN 



BUR 



79 



Bunbury,'H. W., an English drafts- 
man and caricaturist, b. 1750, d. 
1811. 

Bunel, Jacques, of Blois, a historic 

painter, b. 1558. 
Bungay,Suffolk,built 1st March, 1689. 
Bunk, James, a British painter of 

still life, d. 1 780. 
Bunker's Hill, America, battle of, 

fought, 1775. 
Bunnick, John Van, of Utrecht, a 

painter of landscape and history, 

b. 1654, d. 1727. 
Bunnick, Jacob Van, a Dutch painter 

of battle-pieces, d. 1725. 
Bunyan, John, b. 1628, d. 1688. 
Buonacorsi. See Vaga. 
Buonamico, Cristofano, an old Flo- 
rentine painter of history, b. 1272, 

d. 1340. 

Buonaparte attempted to be destroyed 
by an explosion of combustibles, 
24th Dec, 1800 ; offered terms to 
Louis XVIII. if he would relinquish 
the crown of France in his favour, 
26th Feb., 1803; crowned Emperor 
of the French, 2nd Dec, 1 804 ; di- 
vorced from the Empress Josephine, 
17th Dec, 1809 ; married to Maria 
Louisa of Austria, 1st April, 1810; 
son born, the fruit of this marriage, 
having the title of King of Rome, 
20th March, 1811; made overtures 
of peace to England, which were 
rejected, 17th April, 1812 ; quitted 
his army in Russia on the 5th, and 
arrived in Paris, 1 8th Dec, 1812 ; 
quitted Paris on the 15th, and 
joined his army at Mentz, 20th 
April, 1813; quitted his army at 
Dresden to return to Paris, 7th Oct., 
1813; quitted Paris to rejoin the 
army, 25th Jan., 1814 ; renounced 
for himself and heirs the thrones 
of France and Italy, and accepted 
the Isle of Elba for his retreat, 
5th April, 1814; embarked at Fre- 
jus for Elba, 28th April, 1814; 
arrived at Elba, May 3rd following ; 
all artists forbidden by the Mayor 
of Lyons to engrave or paint his 
likeness, 3rd Dec, 1814; quitted 
Elba and landed at Cannes, 1st 
March, 1815 ; arrived at Fontaine- 
blcau, 20th March, 1815; joined 



by the army and arrived at Paris, 
22nd March, 1815; allied sove- 
reigns signed a new treaty for his 
extermination, 25th March, 1815; 
abolished the slave trade, 29th 
March, 1815; left Paris to join 
the army at Laon, 12th June, 
1815; defeated at Waterloo, re- 
turned to Paris, 20th June, and 
abdicated on the 23rd in favour 
of his son ; arrived at Rochefort, 
with the view of sailing to Ame- 
rica, 3rd July, 1815; failing in this 
project, surrendered himself and 
suite of 40 persons to Captain 
Maitland, of the Bellerophon, 15th 
July, 1815 ; transferred at Torbay 
from the Bellerophon to the North- 
umberland, which sailed with him 
for the island of St. Helena, decreed 
by the allied sovereigns to be his 
place of residence for life, 8th Aug., 
1815 ; arrived at St. Helena, 16 th 
Oct., 1815 ; (his relatives of every 
description excluded from France 
by the law of amnesty, 12th Jan. 
1816; re-admitted, 1830;) died 
5th May, 1821 ; his statue set up 
in Paris again, 1833. 
Buonarotti, Michel Angelo, the first 
of all artists, an architect, painter, 
and sculptor, b. at Florence 1474, 
d. 1563. 

Buontalenti, Bernardo (Girandole), a 
Florentine painter and engineer, 
b. 1536, d. 1606. 

Burch, Edward,, an English gem en- 
graver, d. 1814. 

Burckhardt, J. Lewis, the eastern 
traveller, b. in Switzerland, 1784, 
d. 15th April, 1817. 

Binder, Rev. George, author of some 
valuable works on divinity, b. 1752, 
d. 1832. 

Burgmair, Hans, a German painter 
and engraver, b. 1474. 

Burgh Castle, Staffordshire, built by 
the Romans. 

Burgesses were first appointed in 
Scotland, 1326. 

Burgh, James, ingenious Scotch au- 
thor, b. 1714, d. 1775. 

Burgo, Luc de, the first European 
writer on algebra, d. 1494. 

Burgoyne, general, d. 1792. 



80 



BUR 



BUS 



Burgundy, the dukedom of, estab- 
lished, 890 ; the kingdom founded, 
413 ; again in 814; united to the 
German empire, 1035 ; disunited 
by a revolt, and divided into four 
sovereignties, 1074. 

Burgundian Cross, order of knight- 
hood, began 1535. 

Burini, Barbara, a Bolognese lady, 
who painted historic pieces, b. 1700, 
d. 1752. 

Burial places first permitted in cities 
in England, 742; forbidden within 
towns in Poland, 1792. 

Burials taxed, 1695, 1783. 

Burial place, the first Christian one 
in Britain, 596. 

Burials first permitted in consecrated 
places, 750 ; in church-yards, 758. 

Burials and Christenings, an account 
of the number of, within the city 
of London and bills of mortality, 
from the 13th Dec, 1826, to 12th 
Dec. 1827:— 

79 parishes within the walls, 
christened 1,022, buried 1,065 ; 17 
parishes without the walls, chris- 
tened 4,768, buried 3,646 ; 29, out 
parishes, christened 19,847, buried 
13,512; 10 parishes in the city 
and liberty of Westminster, christ- 
ened 4,288, buried 2,069. Total 
christened, 29,925 ; total buried, 
22,292. 

Christened — males 15,205, fe- 
males 14,720; in all 29,925. 
Buried — males 11,296, females 



10,996 ; in all 22,292. 

Died under two years old 6580 

Between two and five .... 1875 

Five and ten 850 

Ten and twenty 862 

Twenty and thirty 1565 

Thirty and forty 1831 

Forty and Fifty 2134 

Fifty and sixty 2128 

Sixty and seventy 2044 

Seventy and eighty 1680 

Eighty and ninety 666 

Ninety and hundred 74 

One hundred 1 

One hundred and one .... 1 

One hundred and two .... 1 
Burke, Edmund, d. 8th July, 1797, 
aged 68. 



Burkett,Rev. Wm,b. 1650, d. 1703. 

Burlington pier built 1697. 

Burlamaqui, T. T., b. 1694, d. 1750. 

Burleigh, Lord Exeter, made minis- 
ter of state to Queen Elizabeth, 
1560, d. 1598. 

Burman, Peter, the commentator, 
b. 1668, d. 1741. 

Burnet, Bishop of Sarum, b. 1643, 
d. 1715. 

Burnet, Thomas, b. about 1635, d. 
1715. 

Burney, Charles, Mus. Doc.,b. 1726, 
d. 1814. 

Burney, Dr. Charles, an eminent 
classical scholar, d. 28th Dec, 
1817. 

Burnham priory, Bucks, built 1266. 

Burning glasses and common mirrors, 
the discovery attributed to Ishern- 
hausen, a Lusatian baron, 1680. 

Burns, Robert, b. 1759, d. 1796; 
monument to his memory at Ayr 
completed 4th July, 1823. 

Burrough chapel, Somersetshire, was . 
standing 900. 

Burrow, Sir James, law writer, b. 
1701, d. 1782. 

Burton, Robert, author of the Ana- 
tomy of Melancholy, b. 8th Dec, 
1576. 

Burton Abbey, Staffordshire, built 
1040. 

Burwell, in Cambridgeshire, had a 
barn with 160 persons in it, to see 
a puppet-show, set fire to by care- 
lessness, when all, except six, were 
burnt, 8th Sept., 1727. 

Bury, in Lancashire, its play-house, 
containing upwards of 300 per- 
sons, fell down during the per- 
formance, and buried the audience 
under its ruins; five were killed 
on the spot, and many had their 
limbs broken, 1st July, 1787. 

Bury Castle, Suffolk, built 1020. , 

Busby, Rev. Dr. R., b. 1606, d. 1695. 

Busca, Antonio, a Milanese historical 
painter, b. 1625,d. 1686. 

Busch, John G., a German political 
economist, b. 1728, d. 1800. 

Bushes of evergreen, such as ivy, 
cypress, &c, w 7 ere anciently signs 
where wine was sold, hence the pro- 
verb, " Good wine needs no bush." 



BUT 



C A L 



31 



Butler, Charles, an eminent English 
jurisconsult and able miscellaneous 
writer, b. 1750, d. 1832. 

Butler, Samuel, author of Hudibras, 
b. 1612, d. 1680. 

Butler, Bishop, b. 1692, d. 1752. / 

Butley Priory built 1 771 - 

Butter annually sent to London from • 
Yorkshire, Cambridge, and Suf- 
folk, amounts to 300,000 firkins. 

Buttons covered with, and button- 
holes of cloth prohibited bv law, 
1721. 

Bye laws of corporations restrained 
1534. 

Bye, Mark de, a Dutch painter and 

engraver, b. 1612. 
Byland Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1134. 
Bylart, Jan, a Flemish historic paint- J 
*er, b. 1 603. 



yag, Admiral, misbehaved off Mi- 
norca, 20th May, 1756 ; brought 
prisoner to Greenwich, 9th Aug., 
1756 ; tried at Portsmouth and 
condemned 28th Jan., 1757 ; shot 
at Portsmouth on board the Mon- 
arch ship of war, 14th March, 1757. 

Byrne, William, an English engraver, 
b. 1743, d. 24th Sept., 1805. 

Byrom, John, inventor of short-hand, 
b. 1691, d. 1763. 

Byron, Lord, tried for murder and 
acquitted, 16th April, 1765. 

Byron, Lord Noel, poet, b. 22nd Jan , 
1787, d. 18th April, 1824, aged 37. 

Byss, John Rodolph, a Swiss alle- 
gorical painter, b. 1660, d. 1738. 

Byzantium, now called Constantino- 
ple, founded 715 B.C. 



CyABINET council first instituted 
25th April, 1670. 

Cables, a method of making them 
invented, by which 20 men are 
enabled to do the work of 200. 
The machine is set in motion by 
16 horses, for the cable is of the 
dimensions for the lrgest ship, 
1792. 

Cables, chain, invented, 17th century. 
Cabot, Sebastian, d. 1557, aged 80. 
Cabriolets, hack, first introduced into 

London, and 50 started, 1823 and 

1824. 

Cade, Jack the rebel, killed by Alex- 
ander Iden, 1451. 

Cadmus, first king of Thebes, 1094 
before Christ. 

Caerlaverve castle, Scotland, built 
1638. 

Caernarvon, second earl of, b. 3rd 
June, 1772, d. 16th April, 1833. 

Cassalpinus, And., the first systematic 
writer on botany, b. 1519, d. 1603. 

Caesar, after fighting 50 pitched bat>- 
ties, and slaying above 1,192,000 
men, was killed in the senate- 
house, 44 B. C. 

Caesarea, built after 12 years' labour, 
by Augustus Caesar, B,C. 7 years. 



Csssar, Sir Julius, the antiquary, b. 

1557, d. 1636. 
Cagliari, called Paolo Veronese, an 

Italian historic painter, b. 1 532, d. 

1588. 

Caille, Nic. Lov. de la, astronomer, 
d. 1762, aged 49. 

Cairo, Grand, founded by the Sara- 
cens, 969 ; nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake, and 40,000 inhabit- 
ants lost, 2nd June, 1754. 

Caissar, in Turkey, ruined by an 
earthquake; when 6,000 persons 
were killed, April 1794. 

Caius, or Kaye, John, antiquary, b. 
1510, d. 1573. 

Calamy, Edward, b. 1600, d. 1666. 

Calamy, Edmund, b. 1671, d. 1732. 

Calatrava, order of knighthood in- 
stituted in Spain, 1158. 

Calcar, John, a Flemish historic pain- 
ter, b. 1449, d. 1546. 

Calcutta seized and settled by the 
English, 1689. 

Calcutta, 125 persons suffocated in 
the black hole at, 20th June, 1756. 

Calder priory, Cumberland, built 
1134. 

Calderone, Spanish dramatist, flou- 
rished about 1640. 

e 3 



82 



C A L 



CAN 



Caledonia, East Indiaman, acciden- 
tally burnt, 29th May, 1804. 

Caledonia, in America, settled 1699. 

Caledonia, New, discovered by Cap- 
tain Cook, 1774. 

Calendar first regulated by Pope Gre- 
gory, 1579. 

Calepin, Arab., the lexicographer in 
eight languages, d. 1510. 

Caliber instrument invented at Nu- 
remburg, 1540. 

Calicoes prohibited from being printed 
or worn, 1700-21. 

Calico first imported by the East In- 
dia Company, 1631. 

Calico printing, and the Dutch loom 
engine first used in England, 1676. 

Calicoes were first made in Lancashire 
in 1772. 

California discovered by Cortes, 
1543 ; taken possession of by Sir 
F. Drake, 1578. 

Caligula assassinated A.D. 41. 

Callimachus, the inventor of wild- 
fire, d. 670. 

Callimachus, the inventor of the 
Corinthian order of architecture, 
flourished 450 B. C. 

Calmar, in Sweden, 150 houses at, 
destroyed and many lives lost by 
afire, Aug. 1800. 

Calmet, the learned Benedictine, 
died in Fiance 1757, aged 86. 

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, mi- 
nister to Louis XVI., d. 30th Oct., 
1802, aged 68. 

Calshot castle, Hampshire, built 
1540. 

Calvart, Denis, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1555, d. 1619. 

Calvert, Bernard, of Andover, went 
from South wark to Calais, July 1 7, 
1820, in one day, and returned the 
same evening. 

Calvin d. at Geneva 27th May, 1564, 
aged 55. 

Cam bray, Fenelon, archbishop of, 

d. 17*16, aged 64. 
Cambricks from France prohibited, 

1745 ; totally, 1758 ; re-admitted, 

1786. 

Cambridge, chancellors of, since the 
Revolution: — Charles Seymour, 
duke of Somerset, installed 1688; 
Thomas Holies Pelham, duke of 



Newcastle, 1748 ; Augustus Fitz. 
roy, duke of Grafton, 1768 ; Wil- 
liam Fred., duke of Gloucester, 
1811. 

Cambridge, once a city called Granta, 
built by Carausius ; university 
chartered, 538 ; founded, 900 '; 
the town burnt by the Danes, 
1010; university revived, 1110; 
its castle built, 1067 ; streets 
paved, 1410 ; again, 1544; chan- 
cellor's court established by Queen 
Elizabeth ; refused a degree to a 
papist recommended by the king, 
Feb. 1687; a senate-house built, 
1722; installation of the duke of 
Newcastle, July 5, 1749 ; the duke 
of Grafton, 1768 ; the statue of 
the duke of Somerset erected in the 
senate-house, 14th July, 1 756 ; of 
the late king, in 1765; paved and 
lighted, 1789. 

Cambridge castle built 1068. 

Cambridge, duchess of, delivered of a 
son, 26th March, 1 819. 

Camden, the historian, d. 2nd Nov., 
1623, aged 72. 

Camera Obscura invented 1515. 

Cameron, Dr. Archibald, executed at 
Tyburn 1753. 

Cameron, Mary, died at Inverness, 
May 1783, aged 130. 

Camoens, Portuguese poet, d. 1579, 
aged 50. 

Campbell, Dr., an author, d. 20th 

Dec, 1775, aged 67. 
Campbell, Geo., theologian, b. 1722, 

d. 1796. 

Camper, Peter, b. 1722, d. 1789. 
Campernile of St. Mano at Venice, 

built 1134. 
Campi, Bernardino, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1522, d. 1584. 
Campidoglio, Michel Angelo, Italian 

painter of fruit, flowers, &c, b. 

1610, d. 1670. 
Canal of Languedoc, which unites the 

Mediterranean and Cantabrian 

Seas, begun by Louis XIV. in 

1664. It is 64 leagues in length, 

and has 104 sluices. 
Canal ofBriaire, or Burgundy, uniting 

the Seine and Loire, finished by 

Louis XIII. It has 42 sluices. 

Begun in 1605. 



C A N 



CAN 



83 



Canal of Orleans, between tbe Loire 
and Seine, began 1675 ; it has 20 
sluices. 

Canal of Bourbon between tbe Oise 
and Paris, began 1790. 

Canal of tbe lake Ladoga in Russia, 
between tbe Baltic and Caspian 
Seas, began 1719. 

Canal in Cbina goes from Canton to 
Pekin in a straight line upwards of 
806 miles, having 75 locks, and 41 
large cities on its banks, with above 
10,000 vessels on it, finished in 
880 : 30,000 men were employed 
43 years in making it. In 1355 a 
canal was dag in Persia 100 miles 
long. Tbe Russian canal, begun 
by Peter tbe Great, in 1708. be- 
tween the Caspian Sea and the 
Baltic, was not entirely completed I 
till 1780. The distance by water \ 
from the frontiers of China to St. ! 
Petersburgh is 4472 miles ; that j 
from Astracan to Petersburgh 1434 | 
miles : the communication was be- 
gun by Peter tbe Great, who also 
began some others. The canal of 
Orleans in France was begun in 
1678 ; the canal of Languedoc was 
began in 1666, and finished 1 681. i 
The canal from Calais to Grave- 
lines was begun in 1681. and many 
more are marked out in France but 
not finished. In Spain the canal of 
Arragon was begun in 1785. In 
Sweden a canal was made from ! 
Stockholm to Gottenburgh 1751. 
In Ireland one from Dublin to the 
Shannon, 1762. The canal from 
Brussels to Antwerp was begun 
1531. finished 1560. That which 
joins the Baltic and North Sea at 
Kiel was opened to all nations 14th 
May. 1785. Navigable rivers, and 
canals to join rivers, first made in 
England by Henry I.. 1134, when 
the Trent was joined to the Wi- 
tham. The Thames made naviga- 
able to Oxford, by act of parlia- 
ment, 21 James I., 1624. The 
New River canal, running 36 miles, 
was begun in 1608, and finished 
1613. The Kennet, from Reading 
to Newbury, 2 George I., 1715. 
The river Lea made navigable from 



Hertford to Ware, and so to Lon- 
don. 12 George II., 1739. The 
Duke of Bridgewater's navigation 
began 1758, and was opened 17th 
June, 1761. Northamptonshire 
navigation began 7th Aug., 1761. 
Trent and Mersey canal, extending- 
90 miles, was finished 1772, since 
which time have been the follow- 
ing, viz. 

Canal from Belfast to Loughneaeh 
was begun 1783. 

Canal from Droitwich to the 
Severn 1756. 

Canal in Caermarthenshire 1756. 

Canal from the Severn, near Til- 
ton Bridge, 1766. 

Canal from Wilden Ferry, in Staf- 
fordshire, 1766. 

Canal from the Forth to the Clyde, 
in Scotland, 1768. 

Canal from Birmingham to Bils- 
ton 1768. 

Canal from Oxford to Coven try 
1769, completed Jan., 1790. 

Canal from Leeds to Liverpool 
1770. 

Canal from the Dee to Nantwich 
1772. 

Canal from Skipton, 1773, to Ox- 
ford 1775. 

Canal from Stroudwater to the 
Severn 1775, and from Stroud 
to the Thames begun 1783. 

Canal from Apedale 1775. 

Canal from Stourbridge 1776 — 
ditto from Hider's Green 1776. 

Canal from Chesterfield to the 
Trent finished 1777. 

Canal from the Trent to the Mer- 
sey enlarged 1783. 

Canal from the Thames to the 
Leachlade 1783. 

Canal of Leeds and Liverpool con- 
solidated 1783. 

Canal from the Lea to Limehouse 
1770. 

Canal from the Severn to Leach- 
lade completed in 1789. 

Canal from Glasgow to Bowling 
Bay, in the Clyde, July, 1799. 

Canal over the Tame near Bir- 
mingham, and the Coventry 
canalj with the Birmingham, 
&c, completed, by which the 



84 



CAN 



CAN 



inland navigation between Lon- 
don, Bristol, Liverpool, and 
Hull, was opened, July, 1790. 

Canal from Hereford to Glouces- 
ter begun Nov., 1791. 

Canal from Paddington to the 
Grand Junction Canal begun 
1798, opened in June, 1801. 

Canal, the Kennet and Avon, was 
opened 7 th July, 1799. 

Canal, Thames to Fenny Stratford, 
opened 28th May, 1800. 

Canal, Great Caledonian, to extend 
from the Murray Frith to the 
Frith of Mull, begun 1803, 
completed in 1824. 

Canal, Aberdare, Glamorganshire, 
South Wales, 1793. 

Canal, Aberdeenshire, extended by 
acts passed in 1796, 1801-3. 
, Canal, Aire and Calder, improved 
1828. 

Canal, Ashbv-de-la-Zouch, opened 
1805. 

Canal, Ashton-under Lyne, im- 
proved 1805. 

Canal from the river Thames to 
the town of Croydon opened 
Dec, 1809. 

Canal from Wilts and Berks to the 
river Thames, 21st Sept., 1810. 

Canal, Grand Union, made navi- 
gable to Welford, 1st Oct., 1813. 

Canal, Wey and Arun Junction, 
act for, passed 1813. 

Canal, Wey and Arun junction, 
opened Sept., 1816. 

Canal, Worcester and Birming- 
ham, opened 11th Dec, 1816. 

Canal, Leeds and Liverpool, 127 
miles in length, commenced 
1770, completed 1816. 

Canal, Birmingham and Liverpool, 
acts for, passed 1826-7. 

Canal, Brecknock and Abergaven- 
ny acts for, passed 1793 and 
1804. 

Canal, Bridgevvater and Taunton, 
act for, passed 1811. 

Canal, Bury and Sougher, im- 
proved, by an act passed 1813. 

Canal, Bute ship, act for, passed 
1830. 

Canal, Caledonian, opened Oct., 
1822. 



Canal, Dun river, navigation, 
Yorkshire, improved 1826. 

Canal, Edinburgh and Glasgow 
Union, acts for, passed 1817 to 
1826. 

Canal, Ellesmere, improved by 

acts passed 1827. 
Canal, Exe river and, improved 

1829. 

Canal, Ardrossan, and railway, act 

for, 1826. 
Canal, Glastonbury, act for, 1827. 
Canal, Gloucester and Berkeley, 

opened April, 1827. 
Canal, Grand, Ireland, extended to 

Ballinasloe 1828. 
Canal, Grand Junction, England, 

act for completing, 1819. 
Canal, Grand Surrey, act for com- 
pletion of, 1811. 
Canal, Grand Union, Leicester, act 

for, passed 1810. 
Canal, Grand Western, Devon, act 

for, passed 1812. 
Canal, Hertford Union, act for, 

passed 1824. 
Canal, Isle of Dogs, act for, passed 

1807; purchased by the West 

India DockComp. for 120,000/. 

1829. 

Canal, Kensington, act for, ob- 
tained 1824. 

Canal, Leeds Liverpool, extended 
1819. 

Canal, South, Lincoln, extended 
1828. 

Canal, Macclesfield, act for, passed 
1826. 

Canal, North Wilts, act for, passed 
1813. 

Canal, Norwich and Lowestoft, ex- 
ecuted under an act of 1827. 

Canal, Sankey, improved by an 
act passed 1830. 

Canal, Sheffield, act passed for, 
1815. 

Canal, Stratford-upon-Avon, act 

for improvement of, 1821. 
Canal, Tavistock, act for, 1803. 
Canal, Wilts and Berks, improve- 
ment act passed 1821. 
Canaletti, Antonio, a Venetian painter 
of city views, &c. b. 1697, d. 1768. 
Canary Isles discovered and granted 
to Spain, 1344 ; explored, 1393. 



CAN 



CAR 



85 



Candaules, king of Lydia, flourished 
B.C. 735, assassinated 718. 

Candiac, John Jennes, who knew his 
letters at 1 3 months old, and at 7 
years of age was master of Latin, 
Greek, and Hebrew, d. 1725, 
aged 7 years. 

Candle — " Not fit to hold a candle 
to him," arose from an early cus- 
tom of candles being held by do- 
mestics, and not placed on the 
table. 

Candle-light first used in churches, 
274. 

Candles, tallow, so great a luxury, 
that splinters of wood were used 
for lights : no idea of wax candles, 
1000. 

Candles, tallow, came into general 
use, 1290. 

Canea, Candia, suffered dreadfully 
from a storm, 1833. 

Canning, Geo., b. 11th April, 1770, 
d. 8th August, 1827. n 

Canning, George, a colossal bronze 
statue of, by Westmacott, set up 
in Palace Yard, Westminster, 
2nd May, 1832. 

Canning, Elizabeth, tried and trans- 
ported, 1722, d. 1754. 

Cannon ball, found in the ruins of 
Berwick castle, weighed 961bs., 
and measured 30 inches in cir- 
cumference, April 1811. 

Cannon : see Guns. 

Cano, Alonzo, a Spanish painter, 
sculptor, and architect, b. 1600, d. 
1676. 

Canonical hours for pravers instituted 
391. 

Canonization first introduced by papal 
authority, 993. 

Canon law first introduced into Eng- 
land, 1140. 

Canova, an eminent Venetian sculp- 
tor, b. 1757, at Possagno, d. 22nd 
Oct., 1822. 

Canterbury Castle built 1075. 

Canterbury built 912 B.C. ; paved 
1477; cathedral built 1184; 
Westgate built 1387. 

Canterbury revenues seized by the 
king 1096. 

Canterbury Palace robbed 11th Oct., 
1778. 

Canton, China, the East India Com- 



pany's factory at, destroyed by fire 
2nd Nov., 1822. 

Canton, John, natural philosopher, 
b. 1718, d. 1772. 

Cape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, 
discovered 1441, 

Cape Breton discovered by the Eng- 
lish 1584; yielded to France 1632; 
taken by England 1745 ; restored 
1748 ; again taken and kept 1758. 

Cape de Verd islands discovered 1447. 

Cape of Good Hope discovered 1487 ; 
planted by the Dutch 1651. 

Cape Horn first sailed round 1616 ; 
straits discovered 1643. 

Capell, Ed., critic, b. 1713, d. 1781. 

Capital punishments. See Punish- 
ments, capital, &c. 

Capmanv, Antonio, Spanish writer, 
b. 1754, d. 1810. 

Capo d'Istria, Count, assassinated at 
Napoli di Romania, 9th Oct., 1831. 

Capper or hatter, a statute passed 
that none should sell a hat above 
20c?., or cap above 2s. Sd., 1489. 

Caps first worn 1449. 

Caps. — A law enacted that every per- 
son above seven years of age should 
wear on Sundays and holidays a 
cap of wool, knit made, thickened 
and dressed in England by some of 
the trade of cappers, under the for- 
feiture of three farthings for every 
day's neglect, excepting maids, la- 
dies, and gentlewomen, and every 
lord, knight, and gentlemen, of 20 
marks of land, and their heirs, and 
such as have borne office of worship 
in any city, town, or place, and the 
wardens of the London comp.,1 57 1 . 

Caracalla, Emperor, d. 21 7, aged 43. 

Caracci, Annibale, an illustrious Bo- 
lognese artist, b. 1560, d. 1609. 

Caracci, Lodovico, a Bolognese pain- 
ter, b. 1555, d. 1619. 

Caracci, Agostino, a Bolognese his- 
toric painter, b. 1558, d. 1602. 

Caractacus, King of the Britons, car- 
ried prisoner to Rome A-D. 50. 

Caradoc of Llancarvan, the Welsh 
historian, d. 1 157. 

Caravaggio, Michel Angelo, Italian 
historic painter, b. 1569, d. 1609. 

Caravan, consisting of 2000 souls, 
returning from Mecca, were all de- 
stroyed, except 20, by a kamsin or 



86 



CAR 



CAR 



pestilential wind, in the deserts of 
Arabia, 12th Aug., 1812. 

Cardan, Jer., b. 1501, d. 1576. 

Cardigan Castle built 1160. 

Cardinals were originally the parish 
priests at Rome ; title began to be 
used 308 ; college of, founded by 
Pope Pascal I., 817 ; did not elect 
the popes till 1160 ; wore the red 
hat (to remind them that they 
ought to shed their blood, if re- 
quired, for religion), and were de- 
clared princes of the church, 1222; 
the cardinals set fire to the con- 
clave and separated, and a vacancy 
in the papal chair for two years 
1314 ; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged 
by order of Pius IV. 1560, as was 
Cardinal Poli under Leo X. ; title 
of eminence first given them by 
Pope Urban VIII. about 1630. 

Cards and dice doubly taxed 8th 
April, 1755; additional tax 1789. 

Cards invented in France, first used 
for the amusement of Charles VI. 
1380 ; forbidden the use of in Cas- 
tile 1387 ; 428,000 packs stamped 
in England in 1775. 

Carducci, Bartolomeo, a Florentine 
artist, b. 1560, d. 1610. 

Carenton, in Germany, 100 dwelling 
houses at, burnt, July, 1800. 

Carew, Thomas, d. 1639. 

Carew Castle, Pembroke, built 1 1 00. 

Carey, Harrv, musician, poet, &c, 
d. 1743. 

Caribee Islands discovered 1595. 

Carisbrook Castle built 692; rebuilt 
1610. 

Carlisle Castle built 680 ; city -walls 
built 690 ; both repaired 1092 and 
1434. 

Carlile, Richard, convicted of pub- 
lishing Paine' s Age of Reason, 
15th Oct.', 1819. On 16th Nov., 
following, sentenced to three years 1 
imprisonment in Dorchester gaol, 
and fined 1500/. 

Carlscrone, in Sweden, had 1087 
houses, two churches, all the mer- 
chants' houses except two, and all 
their magazines, destroyed by fire 
17th June, 1790. 

Carlos, Don, Prince of Spain, poisoned 
by order of his father through jea- 
lousy, 1568. 



Carlton House, fete given at, when 
many were hurt by the pressure of 
the vast assemblage, 20th June, 
1811. Fete at, given to the Duke 
of Wellington, 2500 persons pre- 
sent 21st July, 1814. 

Carneades, a philosopher, d. B. C. 
128, aged 90/ 

Carolina discovered 1497 ; planted 
1629. 

Caroline, queen"of George IV., pro- 
ceedings against, in the House of 
Lords, commenced 19th Aug., 
1820, and last debate on 10th 
Nov., 1820. 

Caroline, Queen, consort of Geo. IV., 
arrived inEngland, 6th June, 1820, 
and the following day demanded an 
open trial; went to St. Paul's, 
29th Nov., 1820 ; protested against 
her exclusion from the coronation, 
18th July, 1821 ; taken ill at 
Drury Lane theatre, 30th July ; 
died at Brandenburgh House, Ham- 
mersmith, after eight days' illness, 
7th Aug. ; her remains removed 
thence on their route to Brunswick 
for interment, 14th Aug., and in- 
terred 25th Aug., 1821. 

Carp first brought to England, 1525. 

Carpet, order of the, made in Eng- 
land, 1553. 

Carr, Sir John, author of several 
poems, b. 1762, d. 1832. 

Carriages introduced at Vienna, 1515 
— into England, 1580. 

Carriages taxed, 1747-76-82-85,1808. 

Carrington, N. C, a British poet, b. 
1777, d. 1831. 

Carte, Th., historian, b. 1686,d. 1724. 

Carter, George, English artist, d.1785. 

Carter, Mrs. E., b. 1717, d. 1806. 

Cartes, Rene des, philosopher, b. 
1596, d. 1650. 

Carthage, founded by the Tyrians, 
1259; enlarged by Qn. Dido", 869; 
destroyed, 146, rebuilt, 123 B. C. 

Carving in marble invented, 722 B.C. 

Cartmel monastery, Lancashire, built 
1188. 

Carving at table, by ladies, Verstegan 
says, originated among our Saxon 
ancestors ; and the title of lady 
sprang from this office, as laf-ord 
or loaf -giver (now lord), was so 
called from his maintaining a num- 



CAS 



CAY 



87 



of dependants ; so leaf-dian or 
loqf-dian, i. e. loaf-server, is the 
origin of lady, she serving it to the 
guests. 

Casan, a city of Tartary, burnt 15th 
Oct. 1752 ; in 1765 : and in 1815. 

Casas, B. las, b. 1474, d. 1566. 

Casaubon, Isaac, b. at Geneva, 1560, 
d. 1611. 

Casaubon, Meric, b. at Geneva, 1599, 
d. 1674. 

Cashman, John, a Spa-fields rioter, 
hanged for stealing fire-arms from 
the shop of Beckwith, 12th March, 
1817. 

Casimir III. of Poland, d. 1370. 
Caslon, Wm., letter-founder, d. 24th 

Jan., 1766, aged 74. 
Cassander, flourished B. C. 298. 
Cassandra, flourished B. C. 1149. 
Cassini, J. Dom., mathematician and 

astronomer, b. 1635, d. 1712. 
Cassini, James, b. 1677, d. 1756. 
Cassini, de Thung, b. 1714, d. 1784. 
Castagno, Andrea del, Italian artist, 

b. 1409, d. 1480. 
Castello, Giov. Bat., Italian bistoric 

painter, b. 1500, d. 1570 or 1580. 
Casti, Giambattista, b. 1721, d. 1803. 
Castiglione, Giov. Bened., a Genoese 

painter of history and landscape, b. 

1616, d. 1670. 
Castile and Aiagon, kingdom of, be- 
gan 1035. 
Castor, in Lincolnshire, church of, 

nearly destroyed by lightning, 6 th 

June, 1795. 
Castle and sword, order of, established 

by prince regent of Portugal, 1807. 
Castle-ane Priory, Norfolk, built 1090. 
Castle-ane Monastery, Yorkshire, 

built 1085. 
Castle Cornet, Guernsey, built 1100. 
Castle-rising Castle, Norfolk, built 

1204. 

Castle-Rushen Castle, Isle of Man, 
built 960. 

Castles in England taken from the 
barons, 1153 ; 1100 built in Eng- 
land between 1140 and 1154. 

Castle-Town Castle, Isle of Man, 
built 960. 

Castracani, Castruccio, b. 1284, d. 
1328. 

Catskill Mountains, N. America, and 
the woods intervening between Ul- 



ster and Sullivan counties, took 

fire, May, 1816. 
Catalogues of English printed books 

were first published in 1595; in 

Ireland, 1632. 
Catechism, a short one, published by 

the bishop of Winchester, 1552. 
Catharine-hall, Cambridge, founded 

1475. 

Catherine-hill Chapel, Surrey, built 
1230. 

Catharine de Medicis, d. 1589. 
Catharine, St., order of knighthood, 

began in Palestine, 1063. 
Catholic, a name given to the Roman 

christians, A. D. 38. 
Catholic Majesty, title of, given to the 

King of Spain, by the Pope, 739. 
Cato-street, London, Conspirators ar- 
rested 23rd Feb., 1820. 
Cato killed himself 5th Feb., B. C. 

46, aged 48. 
Cats' Isle, one of the Bahamas, the 

first discovery by Columbus, 1492. 
Cattle prohibited from being imported 

from Ireland and Scotland into 

England, 1663. 
Catullus, b. at Verona, B. C. 40, d. 

aged 46. 

Catworth, Huntingdonsh., materially 
injured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1753. 

Cauliflowers first planted in England 
1603. 

Cautionary towns of the Dutch, 
pawned to Queen Elizabeth, 1585, 
restored 1616. 

Cavalleri, Bon., inventor of indivisi- 
bles, b. 1598, d. 1657. 

Cavallo, Tiberius, b. 1749, d. 1809. 

Cave, Edward, the compiler of the 
first periodical magazine, b. 1691, 
d. 1754. 

Cave, Dr. William, b.J637, d.1713. 

Cavendish, Thos., British circum- 
navigator, d. 1592. 

Cavendish's first voyage to circum- 
navigate the globe, 1586. 

Cavendish, W., duke of Newcastle, 
author, b. 1592, d. 1676. 

Caverley, Sir Hugh, the first person 
who used guns for the service of 
England, d. 1389. 

Caxton, William, the first printer in 
England, fl.1474 ; b.l 412, d.1491. 

Cavlus, A. Claude, antiquary, b. 1692, 
d. 1765. 



88 



CAY 



CH A 



Cayenne Isle, first planted bv the 

French, 1635. 
Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, b. 

1520, d. 1598. 
Cecil, R., earl of Salisbury, b. about 

1550, d. 1612. 
Cecrops, first king of Athens, B. C. 

1556. 

Celery first introduced at table in 
England by Count Tallard, during 
his captivity after the battle of 
Malplaquet, 1709. 

Celestial sphere, first seen in Greece ; 
brought from Egypt, B. C. 368. 

Celsus, a famous jurisconsult, fl. A.D. 
103. 

Censors appointed at Rome, B.C. 437. 
Cent jours. See Hundred days. 
Centlivre, Susan, b. about 1677, d. 

4th Dec, 1723. 
Cervantes, Mich. de,b. 1547, d. 1616. 
Cesari, Giuseppe, an Italian painter, 

b. 1560, d. 1640. 
Ceuta, in Barbary, 200 houses at, 

blown down, 15th Feb., 1751-2. 
Ceylon, the Isle of, first discovered, 

1 506 ; nearly destroyed to revenge 

the Dutch cruelties, 1761. 
Chain Cables. See Cables. 
Chain shot invented bv Adm. de Wit, 

1666. 

Chairs, Sedan, first used in London. 
A fourteen years' patent for selling 
them granted to Duncombe, 1634. 

Chairs, private Sedans, 241 in Dub- 
lin city, 25th March, 1787. 

Chairs, Acts (Irish) for the regulation 
of, 1772-85-86-87. 

Chambaud, Mons. Lewis, d. 22nd 
Sept. 1776. 

Chamber of Deputies, France, num- 
ber of reduced 1816. 

Charnberry, in Sardinia, 18 persons 
and many buildings destroyed by 
an explosion of gunpowder, 1773. 

Chambers, Ephraim, author of the 
dictionary, d. 1740. 

Chambers, Sir William, architect, b. 
1729, d. 8th March, 1796. 

Chamfort, S.R.S.,b. 1741, d. 1794. 

Champagne, Philip de, historic painter, 
b. at Brussels 1602, d. 1674. 

Champion of England first introduced 
at coronations, 1377. 
. Chancellors of England since the ac- 
cession of George III. : — 



Lord Henley, afterwards earl of 
Northington, Jan. 1761. 

Charles Pratt, lord Camden, July 
1766. 

Charles Yorke, lord Hardwicke, 
Jan. 1770. 

In commission, viz. Sir Sydney 
Stafford Smythe, knt.— Hon. 
Henry Ashhurst, and Sir R. 
Aston, knt. Jan. 1770. 

Henry Bathurst, earl Bathurst, 
Jan. 1771. 

Thurlow, lord Thurlow, of Ash- 
field, 2nd June, 1778. 

In commission, viz. Lord Lough- 
borough, Sir William Ashhurst, 
and SirWm.BeaumontHotham, 
3rd April, 1783. 

Lord Thurlow again, 23rd Dec, 
1783. 

In commission, viz. Sir James 
Eyre, Sir William Henry Ash- 
hurst, Sir John Wilson, 15tb 
June, 1792. 

Lord Loughborough, 27th Jan., 
1793. 

Lord Eldon, 15th April, 1801. 
Lord Erskine, 7th Feb., 1806. 
Lord Eldon again, 25th Mar., 1807. 
Lord Lyndhurst, 30th Apr., 1827. 
Lord Brougham and Vaux, 16th 

Nov., 1832. 
Lord Lyndhurst again, 28th Nov., 
1834. 

Chancellors of Cambridge. See Cam- 
bridge. 

Chancellors of Oxford. See Oxford. 

Chancery, court of, established 605 ; 
present one by William I. 1066. 
The first person qualified for chan- 
cellor, by education, was Sir Th oraas 
More, 1530, the office before being 
rather that of a secretary of state 
than the president of a court of 
justice; first reference to a master 
in, owing to the ignorance of the 
chancellor, Sir Chris. Hatton,1588. 

Chandler, Samuel, dissenting divine, 
b. 1693, d. 1766. 

Chandler, Richard, b. 1738, d. 1811. 

Chapel at Roscommon, Ireland, one 
of the pillars of the gallery gave 
way, when 14 persons were killed 
and many injured, 17th Apr., 1804. 

Chapman, George, b. 1557, d. 1634. 

Chapone, Mrs., b. 1757, d. 1801. 



CH A 



CHE 



89 



Chappie, William, of Exeter, b. 1718, 
d. 1781. 

Chappe, Claude, an ingenious French- 
man, inventor of a telegraph, d. 
31st Jan., 1805. 

Charing Cross, London, erected 1678. 

Charing Cross Hospital, foundation- 
stone laid by the duke of Sussex, 
15th Sept., 1831. 

Charitable Corporation instituted, 
1708, abolished 1734. 

Charity Schools, the first were at 
Norton Falgate and St. Mary's 
Westminster. 

Charity Schools first founded in Eng- 
land, 25th March, 1688; 6000 
children assembled at St. Paul's, 
2nd May, 1782; 160 schools 
within London, Westminster, and 
the Bills of Mortality, established 
between 1688 and 1767, inclusive. 

Charlemagne, Emp., d. 813, aged 74. 

Charles I. set up his standard at Not- 
tingham, 26th Aug., 1642 ; it was 
blown down the same night by a 
violent storm. 

Charles I., equestrian statue of, Char- 
ing-cross, the sword, buckles, and 
straps taken from, 14 April, 1810. 

Charles X., of France, made his pub- 
lic entree into Paris, June 1825. 

Charles XIL, of Sweden, killed at 
Frederickshall, in Norway, 30th 
Nov., 1718, aged 36. 

Charleston, S. Carolina, infested with 
worms, June 1751 ; injured by an 
explosion, 11th Aug., 1762; de- 
stroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, 
1753 ; had 250 dwellings, besides 
out-houses, burnt, to the amount of 
100,000/. sterling, Jan. 15, 1778; 
taken by the British forces, May 
1779 ; 300 houses destroyed by 
fire, 13th June, 1796. 

Charlestown, New England, greatly 
damaged by a storm, 1761 ; burnt 
by English troops, 17th June,1775. 

Charlotte's, Queen, Island discovered 
by Captain Wallis, 1767. 

Charlotte's, Queen, Islands, a cluster 
discovered by Capt. Carteret, 1 767. 

Charlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns, 
destroyed by an accidental fire, near 
Leghorn; only 150 of her crew 
saved, 16th March, 1800. 



Charron, Peter, b. 1541, d. 1663. 

Charter-house, built 1371; converted 
into an hospital, 1611. 

Charters first granted to different 
cities in England, 1179. 

Chateaubriand dismissed from the 
ministry by Louis XVIII. for pub- 
lishing a pamphlet recommending 
a diminution of the Chamber of 
Deputies, 21st Sept., 1816. 

Chatham, Isle, one of the Gallapagos, 
explored 1793. 

Chatham, England, 28 houses at, de- 
stroyed by fire, 11th May, 1774. 

Chatham, Earl of, statue erected in 
Guildhall, 1782. 

Chatham Chest, first established 1582. 

Chatterton, Thomas, English poet, b. 
1541, d. 1603. 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, b. 1328, d. 1400. 

Chazelles, John M., the French 
mathematician, b. 1657, d. 1710. 

Cheapside-cross demolished, 2nd May, 
1643. 

Chelm, in Poland, 268 dwelling- 
houses and 107 warehouses of mer- 
chandise burnt, 4th May, 1788. 

Chelmsford Church, in Essex, walls 
and roof fell down, 17th Jan., 1800. 

Chelmsford Bridge, built 1100 ; pri- 
son built 1777. 

Chelsea Water- works, company of, 
incorporated 1722. 

Chelsea College, began 1609, finished 
1790 ; cost 150,000Z. ; physic gar- 
den began 1732; bridge began 1762. 

Cheltenham injured by a hurricane, to 
the amount of 4000?., June 1731. 

Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, mineral 
spring first discovered, 1740 ; visited 
by George III. and the royal family, 
12th July, 1788; erected into a 
borough by the Reform Bill, 1832. 

Chemistry and distillery introduced 
into Europe by the Spanish Moors, 
who learned both from the African 
Moors, and these again derived 
their knowledge from the Egyptians, 
1150. Hydraulic chemistry in- 
vented, 1746. 

Chenevix, Dr. Richard, the good 
bishop of Waterford, d. 11th Aug., 
1779. 

Chepstow, on the Severn, a boat near 
the town upset, by which, out of a 



so 



CHE 



CHO 



party of eight ladies and gentlemen, 
five were drowned, 22nd Sept., 
1812. Howick farm, near this 
town, set on fire, by which two 
buildings, containing each an exten- 
sive threshing machine, were de- 
stroyed, and a man who slept in 
one of the buildings perished, 14th 
Ovt, 1815. 

Cherokee Nation, seven chiefs of the, 
arrived in England, 1730; three 
more in 1762 ; three more in 
1766; three more in 1791. 

Cherries brought from Pontus to 
Home by Lucullus, 70. Apricots 
from Epirus ; peaches from Persia ; 
the finest plums from Damascus 
and Armenia ; pears and figs from 
Greece and Egypt ; citrons from 
Media ; pomegranates from Car- 
thage, about 114 B. C. 

Cherries brought from the Canary 
Islands to Affane, in Ireland, by 
Sir Walter Raleigh. 

Cherry-trees first planted in Britain, 
100 B.C. ; brought from Flanders, 
and planted in Kent, where an 
orchard of 32 acres produced in one 
year 1000/. worth, 1540. 

Chertsey Abbey founded 664. 

Cheselden, William, the anatomist, 
b. 1688, d. 1752. 

Chess, game of, invented 608 B. C. 

Chest of Chatham, for the relief of 
seamen, enforced by law, 1590. 

Chester Castle built 1084 ; cathedral 
founded at, 660 ; St. John's church 
built 689; Water-tower,built 1322; 
nearly destroyed by an accidental 
fire, 1471 ; a great number of per- 
sons killed by an explosion of gun- 
powder at a puppet show, 5th Nov., 
1772. 

Cheyne,G., physician, b. 1 67 1 , d. 1 743. 

Chianni, famous oriental scholar, d. at 
Warsaw, 1832. 

Chiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in, 
with three plates, to imitate draw- 
ings, first accomplished 1500. 

Chichele, Henry, founder of All 
Saints' college, Oxford, archbishop 

. of Canterbury, b. 1362, d. 1443. 

Chichester, built by Cissa, 516 ; paved, 
1576; cathedral built, 1115. 



Children forbidden by law to be sold 

in England, 1600. 
Childham Castle, Kent, bit. B.C. 182. 
Chili discovered by the Spaniards, 

1518; invaded by them, 1540; 

revolted from Spain, 1810; achieved 

its independency, 1818. 
Chimes on bells invented at Alost, 

1487. 

Chimneys first introduced in buildings 
in England, 1200 ; only one in the 
middle of the building until 1300. 

China first visited by the Portuguese, 
1517; conquered by the Eastern 
Tartars, 1635. 

China empire, founded 2100 B.C.; 
but its history does not extend above 
the Greek Olympiads ; the first dy- 
nasty, when prince Yu reigned,2207 
B.C. ; before this time the Chinese 
chronology is imperfect ; by some, 
Fohi is supposed to be the founder 
of the empire, and its first sovereign, 
2247 B.C.; literature there re- 
vived, and the art of printing prac- 
tised, 206 B. C, ; the first history 
of China was published by Semat- 
sian, 97 B. C. ; first grant of the 
Island of Macao, at the entrance of 
the river Canton, to the Portuguese, 
1586 ; an attempt to establish 
Christianity there by the Jesuits, 
1692 ; the missionaries expelled, 
1724. It is 15 times larger than 
Great Britain and Ireland ; and 
though not half the size of Europe, 
contains full as many inhabitants. 

China ware manufactured in England, 
at Chelsea, 1752 ; at Bow, 1758 ; 
in several places in England, 1760 ; 
by Wedgwood, 1762; at Dresden, 
in Saxony, 1706. 

China porcelain, first mentioned in 
history, 1591. 

Chishall, Great, in Essex, 100 houses, 
valued at 10,000/. damaged bv 
fire, 22nd Feb., 1798. 

Chivalry began in Europe, 912. 

Chocolate introduced into Europe 
from Mexico, 1520. 

Cholera, the malignant, supposed to 
have first appeared in Aug., 1817, 
at Jessore, the capital of a district 
in Bengal. 



CHO 



CHR 



91 



CHOLERA TABLE. 



The following Table exhibits the number of Cases of the Cholera, and of 
Deaths in various places which have been visited by it, as reported, and 
stated in different Journals, in 1831 and 1832. 



Great Britain and Ireland. 


Continent of Europe. 




Cases. (Deaths 




Cases. 


Deaths 


Dublin - 


9252 


2775 


St. Petersburg - 


9247 


4757 


Glasgow, to Aug. 15 
Liverpool, " 31 


4164 


1993 


Moscow 


8576 


4690 


A d A R 

4040 


loo 1 


Limberg - 


4922 


2589 


London, to April 28 


2532 


1334 


"Vienna - — 




1 OOO 


Cork 


3305 


843 


Warsaw 


3912 


1460 


Limerick 


2497 


843 


Berlin 




1 A(\~\ 
14U1 


Drogheda, to July 28 


1202 


488 


Prague 


3234 


1333 


Edinburgh " 25 


796 


467 


Konigsberg 


2188 


1314 


Paisley " 25 


638 


368 


Nisuei Novgorod 


1897 


982 


Belfast - 


2559 


303 


Kazan 


1487 


857 


Greenock, to July 25 


Oot 


275 


Breslau 


1276 


671 


Hull " 26 


726 


250 


Brunn 


1540 


604 


Leeds " 26 


544 


212 


Hamburg - 


874 


455 


York " 25 


384 


152 


Magdeburg 


576 


346 


Plymouth " 26 


354 


147 


Elbing 


434 


283 


Leith " 25 


194 


112 


Stettin 


366 


250 


Warrington " 26 


248 


109 


Halle 


303 


152 


Carlisle " 25 


214 


109 












America. 






Quebec, to Sept. 1 




2218 


Baltimore, Sept. 29 
Albany " 8 




710 


Montreal " 2 


4385 


1843 


1146 


418 


New York " 8 


5842 


3107 


Norfolk " 11 




400 


Do. Oct. 12 




3471 


Rochester " 3 


389 


107 


Philadelphia, Sept. 1 


2240 


740 









Christchurch College, Oxford, da- 
maged by fire to the amount of 
12,000/., 3rd March, 1809. 

Christ College, Oxford, began 1515, 
completed 1523. 

Christ College, Cambridge, founded 
1505. 

Christ Priory, Hampshire, built 1060. 
Christ's Hospital, London, founded 
1552. 

Christ, order of knighthood, began in 

Portugal, 319; in Livonia, 1203. 
Christ Church, Birmingham, first 

stone of, laid, 22nd July, 1805. 
Christian, the term of distinction first 

given to the disciples of Christ at 

Antioch, 40. 



Christianity was propagated in Spain 
in 36 ; in Britain, 60, or, as others 
say, in the 5th century ; in Fran- 
cbnia and Flanders, in the 7th cen- 
tury ; in Lombardy, Thuriiigia, and 
Hesse, in the 8th century ; in Swe- 
den, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, 
in the 9th century ; in Hungary 
and Sclavonia, in the 10th century; 
in Vandalia and Prussia, in the 1 1th 
century ; in Pomerania and Nor- 
way, in the 1 2th century ; in Li- 
vonia, Lithuania, and part of Tar- 
tary, in the 13th century; in Scla- 
vonia, part of Turkey, and the 
Canary isles, in the 14th century; 
in Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and 



32 



CHR 



CIR 



Congo, in the 15th century ; made 
great progress in Prussia, both the 
Indies, and in China, hy the Pro- 
testant faith, in the 1 6th century ; 
reinstated in Greece, &c. &c. in the 
17th century. 

Christian Charity, order of knight- 
hood, began in France, 1590. 

Christian king, the title of, first given 
to Louis IX. of France, 1469 ; an- 
nulled hy National Assembly, 1791. 

Christian Knowledge, Society for pro- 
moting, instituted 1798. 

Christiana, in Norway, had one quar- 
ter of that place destroyed by fire ; 
9th April, 1787, to the value of 
100,000 rix dollars, or 13,000/. 

Christie, James, an English miscel- 
laneous writer, b. 1773, d. 1831. 

Christenings taxed, 1783. 

Christina, Queen of Sweden, born 
1626, resigned the crown, 6th June, 
1 654, d. at Rome, 9th Apr., 1689. 

Christophe founded at St. Domingo 
an archbishopric and several bish- 
oprics, 5th April, 1811. 

Christophe, crowned at Cape Frangois, 
King of Hayti, 2nd June, 1811 ; 
shot himself in consequence of his 
subjects revolting, 6th Oct., 1820. 

Christopher's, St., Isle of, discovered 
1595 ; settled by the English, ] 626. 

Christmas-day first observed as a fes- 
tival, 98. 

Chrysostom, St., made bishop of Con- 
stantinople, 398; banished, 404; 
d. 407, aged 53. 

Chubb, Thomas, an English philoso- 
pher, b. 1679, d. 1747. 

Chudleigh, Devonshire, nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, 22nd May, 1807. 

Chudleigh, Lady, b. 1656, d. 1710. 

Chumleigh, Devonshire, nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, 19th Aug., 1803. 

Churches began to be built in Eng- 
land, first at Babingley, in Norfolk, 
638 — Fifty new ones ordered by 
parliament to be built, 1711. 

Churches first built for Christians, 
214. 

Church- music introduced into wor- 
ship, 350 ; choral service first used 
in England at Canterbury, 677; 
changed throughout England from 
the use of St. Paul's to that of 



Sarum, 1418; first performed in 
English, 8th May, 1559. 

Church-wardens and overseers insti- 
tuted, 1127. 

Church-yards first consecrated, 317 ; 
admitted into cities, 742. 

Church-benefices forbidden to be held 
by foreigners, 1430. 

Churches, 50 new ones built, act 
passed, 171 1. 

Churton, Archdeacon, a miscellaneous 
English author, b. 1754, d. 1831. 

Churchill, Rev. C., b. 1731, d. 1764. 

Churchyard, Th., poet, d. about 1604. 

Cibber, Mrs., actress, d. 1766,aged57. 

Cibber, Colley, b. 1671 ; made poet 
laureat, Dec. 1730; d. 1757. 

Cicero b. 107; made an oration 
against Verres, 70 ; his second ora- 
tion against the Agrarian law and 
banished, 58 ; put to death 43 
years before Christ, aged 64. 

Cider act passed, 1763; repealed, 176 6. 

Cignani, Carlo, a Bolognese painter, 
b. 1628, d. 1719. 

Cigny,Duchess de, gold to the amount 
of 500,000 francs found in her 
apartment at her death, Sept. 1832. 

Cimabue, Giov., a Florentine historic 
painter, b. 1240, d. 1300. 

Cimarosa d. at Naples, 1801. 

Cincinnatus, order of, began in Ame- 
rica, 1783. 

Cincinnatus, Quintius, made dictator 
of Rome from the plough, b. B.C. 
456. 

Cinna, d. B. C. 84. 

Cinnamon trade first began by the 
Dutch, 1506, but was known in 
the time of Augustus Caesar, and 
previously. 

Cinque Ports, vested in barons for 
the security of the coasts, 1708; 
first revival of their privileges, 1216; 
stripped of part again in 1 832. 

Cipriani, Giov. Bat., Italian historic 
painter, b. 1727, d. 1785. 

Circuits, Justiciary, established 1176; 
in Scotland, 1712; English ex- 
tended into Wales, 1828. 

Cirencester Abbey, founded 1 132. 

Circumnavigators of England were, 
Drake, undertaken in 1577 ; Ca- 
vendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683; 
Dampier, 1686; Cooke, 1708: 



CIR 



CLI 



S3 



Clipperton and Sheloock, 1719 ; 
Anson, 1740; Bvron, 1764; 
Wallis, 1766; Carteret, 1766; 
Cook, 1768, 1772, 1776; con- 
tinued by King, 1780; and since 
by Portlocke, &c. in 1788. First 
that entered the Pacific Ocean was 
Magellan, a Spaniard, 1 520. Other 
Spanish circumnavigators "were 
Groalva, 1537; Avalradi, 1337; 
Mendana, 1567 : Quiros, 1625. 
The Dutch circumnavigators were 
Le Maire, 1615; Tasman, 1642; 
Roggewin, 1721. M. Bougain- 
ville, the Frenchman, 1776, De 
Noet, 1801, and several others since. 

Circumcisiou instituted, B.C. 1897. 

Circus at Rome, built B. C. 605 ; 
contained 150,000 persons. There 
were eight in Rome, one said to 
contain 300,000 spectators. 

Cisalpine republic, founded by the 
French, 30th June, 1797 ; ac- 
knowledged by the emperor to be 
independent, 17th Oct., 1797. 

Cisbury fort, Wiltshire, built by 
Cissa, 547. 

Cities first incorporated, 1201. 

Cities and boroughs first represented 
in parliament, 1366. 

Choi law revived in Italy and Ger- 
many, 1127. 

Civil law first revived and studied in 
England by Theobald, Archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

Civil list, debts paid, 1777. 

Civita Vecchia nearly destroyed by 
an explosion, Sept., 1779. 

Clandestine marriages forbidden by 
act of parliament, 1753. 

Clapham Church, built 1777. 

Clare Hall, Cambridge, founded 1 326 . 

Clarence, Duke of,brother of Ed. IV., 
murd. in the Tower, 1478, aged 27. 

Clarence, Duke of, b. 21st Aug., 
1765; married 11th July, 1818, 
to the princess of Saxe Meiningen ; 
succeeded his brother George IV. 
on the throne of England, 26th 
June, 1 830. 

Clarendon statutes, passed 1164. 

Clarendon press printing office, Ox- 
ford, founded 1781. 

Clarendon, Hyde, Earl of, b. 1612; 
banished, 12th Dec, 1667 ; d. 7th 
Dec, 1674. 



Clarke, Dr. Edward Daniel, a cele- 
brated English traveller, "b. 1768, 
d. 9th March, 1822. 

Clarke, Mr., murder of, by Housman 
and Eugene Aram, discovered after 
a lapse of 13 years, Aug., 1759. 

Clarke, Dr. Samuel, b. 1675, d. 17th 
May, 1729. 

Clarke, Adam, L.L. D., a learned 
commentator on the Bible, b. at 
Moybeg, Ireland, in 1760, d. 1832. 

Clarkson, Christopher, an English 
historian, b. 1758, d. 1833. 

Claude, John, a French writer, b. 
1619, d. 1687. 

Claude. See Lorraine. 

Claudian, b. at Alexandria about 395. 

Clehanger House, Herefordshire, de- 
stroj-ed by fire, 3d Jan., 1794. 

Clemens, Alexandrinus, fi. A.D. 206. 

Clementi, Muzio, the celebrated Eng- 
lish pianist, b. 1752, d. 16th April, 
1832, and interred in the cloisters 
of Westminster Abbev. 

Clement's Inn, society of, founded 
1471. 

Cleoburv Castle, Shropshire, built 
1160. 

Cleopatra, Queen of Egvpt, killed 

herself B.C. 30, aged 41. 
Clerc, John le, d. 1739, aged 79. 
Clergymen's sons, &c, society, estab- 
lished in Scotland, Oct., 1794. 
Clergymen's widows and orphans, 

corporation established in England, 

July, 1670. 
Clergy of France renounced their 

privileges, 20th May, 1809. 
Clergy, their property seized by the 

National Assembly. 
Clergy, a canon made against their 

drunkenness, 741. 
Clergy excluded from seats in the 

Irish parliament, Henry VIII., 

1536 ; voluntarily resigned the 

privilege of taxing themselves, 1 664. 
Clerkenwell, monastery of, founded 

1098; burnt by a mob, 1381; 

new church, first stone of, laid 

18th Dec, 1788. 
Cleve Abbev, Somerset, founded in 

1198. 

Cleveland, John, popular poet, b. 

1613, d. 1658. 
Cliefden House burnt down 14th 

May, 1795. 



94 



CLI 



CO A 



Clifford, George, Earl of Cumber- 
land, b. 1558,d. 1605. 

Clifford' s-Inn society, estab. 1 345. 

Clifton Downs, suspension bridge at, 
first stone laid by Lady Elton, 20th 
June, 1831. 

Clitheroe Castle, Lancashire bit. 1171. 

Clitherow, Mrs., in Crown-court, near 
Moorfields, with her family and 
lodgers, consisting of 11 persons, 
were blown up while making fire- 
works by candle-light, 3rd Nov., 
1791. 

Clive, Mrs. Cath., actress, d. 1785. 

Clive, Lord, b. 1725; defeated the 
nabob, 26th June, 1757; created 
a peer, 1762 ; killed himself, Nov., 
1774, aged 49. 

Clock-makers, three from Delft, first 
settled in England, 1568. 

Clocks and watches taxed, 1797, re- 
pealed, 1798. 

Clocks, called water-clocks, first used 
in Rome, 158 B. C. ; clocks and 
dials first set up in churches, 913; 
clocks made to strike by the Ara- 
bians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300; 
a striking clock in Westminster, 
1368 ; the first portable one made, 
1530; none in England that went 
tolerably, till that dated 1540, now 
at Hampton-court palace; clocks 
with pendulums, &c, invented by 
one Fromantil, a Dutchman, about 
1656 ; repeating clocks and watches 
invented by one Barlow, 1676. 
Till about 1631, neither clocks nor 
watches were general. 

Clondalkin, Ireland, powder mills at 
blew up, and shattered the dwel- 
lings to a considerable distance 
around, onlv two lives lost, 15th 
April, 1787' 

Closterman, John, of Osnaburg, por- 
trait painter, b. 1656, d. 1710. 

Cloth, coarse woollen, introduced into 
England, 1191 ; first made at 
Kendal, 1390 ; medleys first made, 
1614. 

Clowes Wood, Ireland, took fire, 
when 30 acres of furze and heath 
were consumed, 1st Jan. 1805. 

Clum, Mrs., near Lichfield, d. 23rd 
■ Jan., 1772, aged 138, and lived 
103 years in one house. 

Clun Castle, Shropshire, built 1140. 



Clynnogvawr Abbey, Carmarthen- 
shire, built 1616. 

Coaches first used in England, 1580; 
an act passed to prevent men riding 
in coaches as effeminate, in 1601 ; 
private coaches began to be com- 
mon in London, 1 625 ; hackney 
coaches began in 1634, when Cap- 
tain Baily set up four in number ; 
were prohibited in 1635 ; fifty 
hackney coachmen only were al- 
lowed in 1637; limited to 200 in 
1652; to 300 in 1654: to 400 in 
1661 ; to 700 in 1694, when they 
were ^rst licensed ; to 800 in 
17K, to 1000 in 1771; to 1200 
in 1799. Hackney chariots, not 
to exceed 200, licensed, 1814. In 
the year 1736, the number of 
coaches made in this kingdom 
amounted to 40,000, one half of 
which, and upwards, were exported. 
By the duty on coaches it appeared, 
in 1778, 23,000 were kept in 
England, when their duty amounted 
to 1 17,000/. The duty on coaches 
in 1785, was 154,988/. in Eng- 
land, and in Scotland only 9000/. 

Coach-makers' licence com. 1785. 

Coach-tax commenced 25th March, 
1747 ; increased, 1776-82-85-97, 
and 1808. 

Coach from Hinkley to Leicester, by 
furious driving to beat a rival 
coach, was dashed to pieces against 
the Burbage turnpike gate, by 
which the coachman and four pas- 
sengers were killed, and four other 
passengers maimed, 14th July, 
1815. 

Coal-pit near Renfrew took fire, and 
continued to bum for nearly two 
days, six men lost, 1804. 

Coal-pit near Wakefield, inundated 
by a sudden gush of water, by 
which nine men and a boy perished, 
30th June, 1809. 

Coal-pit at Felling, near Gateshead, 
took fire, by which 93 persons pe- 
rished, 25th June, 1812. 

Coal-pit at Swiney Row, Durham, 
took fire, by which one man and 
six boys were severely hurt, 6 th 
Oct., 1812. 

Coal-pit, Harrington-mill, near the 
preceding, took fire, by which four 



CO A 



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95 



men and nineteen boys were killed, 
10th Oct., 1812. 
Coal-pit, Collingwood Main, took fire, 
by which eight men were killed, 
and two severely burnt, 17th July, 
1813. 

Coal-pit at Bradley, fell in, by which 
eight persons were buried in tbe 
ruins, of whom seven were dug out 
alive, after remaining seven days 
without food, 10th Aug., 1813. 

Coal-pit at Felling, took fire a second 
time, by which 9 men, 13 boys, 
and 12 horses were destroyed, Dec. 
1813. 

Coal-pit, Hepburn, took fire, by which 
11 persons were burnt to death, 
27th Aug., 1814. 

Coal-pit at Painshaw, Cumberland, 
three men killed by the choak 
damp, in descending to examine the 
state of the air, 15th March, 1815. 

Coal-pit belonging to Messrs. Nes- 
ham and Co. near Newbattle, Dur- 
ham, took fire, by which 70 persons 
lost their lives, 2nd June, 1815. 
At the same colliery 57 persons 
were killed or wounded by the 
bursting of a steam engine, 31 si 
July following. 

Coal-pit, Heaton Main, near New- 
castle, inundated by a sudden gush 
of water, by which 33 men, 42 
boys, and 37 horses perished, 3rd 
May, 1815. It was afterwards, 
19th Feb. 1816, ascertained that 
they all perished by starvation, 
having been enclosed in a cavity 
which the water did not penetrate. 

Coal-pit at Chirk, in Denbighshire, 
destroyed by an inundation occa- 
sioned by a stoppage in the river 
Ceriog, in consequence of the fall 
of an embankment, 28th Dec, 
1816 ; the colleiies were so exten- 
sive that the loss was considered as 
a public calamity. 

Coal-pit near Chester-le-street, Dur- 
ham, took fire, by which nearly 40 
persons lost their lives, July, 181 7. 

Coals discovered near Newcastle, 
1234 ; first dug at Newcastle by a 
charter granted the town by Henry 
III.; first used, 1280; dyers, 
brewers, &c. in the reign of Edward 
the First, began to use sea-coal for 



fire in 1350; but in consequence 
of an application from the nobility, 
&c. he published a proclamation 
against it as a public nuisance, 
1398. Imported from Newcastle 
to London in any quantity, 1350 ; 
in general use in London, 1400 ; 
600,000 chald. used in London 
1773; and 766,880 chald. in 1788 ; 
in 1792, there were 841,380 chal- 
drons ; cinders, 6270 chaldrons ; 
and Scotch coals, 2,449 tons ; in 

1793, there were 800,5101; in 

1794, 788,7441; in 1795,887,759 
chaldrons, besides cinders, &c. ; and 
in 1791, the quantity of 450,000 
chaldrons, Newcastle measure, was 
cleared out, in 4956 vessels, for 
over-sea and coastways ; in 1791 
there were 334,5 13§ chaldrons, 
besides cindei's, &c. The duties 
on coals carried coastways, besides 
those in London, amounted in 
1788 to 182,745/. 15s. 0£d. at 
5s. 6d. per chaldron. Those 
brought to London pay 10s. 8c?. 
per chaldron. All the duties on 
coals in England, amounted, in 
1783, to 445,811/., and in 1784, 
to 462,550/. And in Scotland, 
for both these years, to 3000/. 
The sum total of the duties in 
1788 was 306,728/. 

The coals imported into the port of 
London, from the 1st March, 
1790, to the first March, 1800: 

CHALD. TONS. 

1790 to 1791 754,307 2345 

1791 to 1792 814,622 2251 

1792 to 1793 832,358 2403 

1793 to 1794 815.318 1540 

1794 to 1795 732,846 1748 

1795 to 1796 928,743 578 

1796 to 1797 829,684 931 

1797 to 1798 897,037 814 

1798 to 1799 769,047 393 

1799 to 1800 865,804 493 
Coals, duty laid on by Charles I., 

1627 ; by Charles II., in favour of 
the Duke of Richmond, which was 
converted into an annuity by Geo. 
III. in June, 1800. 
Cobbett, William, found guilty of 
publishing a libel against Lord 
Hardwicke and Mr. Plunket, 26th 
May, 1804. 



96 



COB 



C 01 



Coburg Theatre, Surrey, opened 1816; 

its name altered to Victoria, 1 833-4. 
Cochrane, Admiral, Sir Alex., b. 

1759, d. 1832. 
Cochrane, Lord, joined the patriots 

of Peru and Chili. 

returned from South America, Aug. 

1825. 

Cockburn, Cath., d. 11th May, 1749. 
Cockermouth Castle, Cumberland, 

built 1069. 
Cockersend Abbev, Lancashire, built 

1200. 

Cock-fighting, instituted by the Ro- 
mans, after a victory over the Per- 
sians, B. C. 476. 

Cocklepark Tower, Northumberland, 
built before 1100. 

Cock-lane ghost, imposition practised 
and detected, March, 1762. 

Codrington, Christopher, b. 1668, d. 
1716. 

Codrington, Sir Edward, won the 
battleof Navarino,20th Oct , 1827. 

Codrus, the last Athenian king, vo- 
luntarily gave his life for the good 
of his country, after reigning 21 
years, B. C. 1069. 

Coeck, Peter, called Peter Van Aelst, 
Flemish painter, d. 1550. 

Coffee-house, the first in England was 
kept by Jacob, a Jew, at the sign 
of the Angel, in Oxford, in 1650 ; 
Mr. Edwards, an English Turkey 
merchant, brought home with him 
a Greek servant, who kept the first 
house for making and selling coffee 
in London, 1652. The Rainbow 
coffee-house, near Temple-bar, was, 
1657, represented as a nuisance to 
the neighbourhood. 

Coffee first brought to England by 
Mr. Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan, 
who made it his common beverage, 
at Baliol College, Oxford, in 1641 ; 
coffee was first brought to Mar- 
seilles, 1644. 

Coffee trees were conveyed from 
Mocha to Holland, in 1616; and 
carried to the West Indies in the 
year 1726 ; first cultivated at Su- 
rinam by the Dutch, 1718; its 
culture encouraged in the planta- 
tions, 1732. 
Coif, the Serjeant's, was originally an 
iron scull-cap, worn by knights 



under their helmets. Blackstone 
says it was introduced before 1259, 
to hide the tonsure of such rene- 
gado clerks as chose to remain as 
advocates in the secular courts, 
notwithstanding their prohibition 
by canon. 
Cohon, Mich., engineer, b. 1632, d. 
1704. 

Coin — silver, first coined by Phidon, 
king of Argos, 869 B.C.; silver 
money coined at Rome, 269 B.C. ; 
before then brass money only was 
used, a sign of no correspondence 
with the East, where gold and sil- 
ver were used long before; coin 
first used in Britain, 25 B. C. ; in 
Scotland of gold and silver, 220 ; 
coin was first made round in Eng- 
land in 1 101 ; silver halfpence and 
farthings were coined in the reign 
of John, and pence the largest cur- 
rent coin ; gold first coined in Eng- 
land, 1087 ; groats first coined in 
Bohemia, 1301 ; copper money 
used only in Scotland and Ireland, 
1399; gold next coined in Eng- 
land, -1345 ; groats and half groats 
the largest silver coin in Eng- 
land, 1531 ; in 1347, a pound of 
silver was coined into 22 shillings, 
and in 1352, a pound was coined 
into 25 shillings; in 1414, they 
were increased to 30 shillings ; and 
in 1500, a pound of silver was 
coined into 40 shillings. In 1530 
they were extended to 62, which 
is the same now. The money in 
Scotland, till now the same as in 
England, began to be debased, 
1354 ; gold first coined in Venice, 
1476 ; shillings first coined in Eng- 
land, 1068; crowns and half-crowns 
first coined, 1551 ; copper money 
introduced into France by Henry 
III. 1580; the first legal copper 
coin introduced, which put an end 
to private leaden tokens, univer- 
sally practised, especially in Lon- 
don, 1609 ; copper money intro- 
duced into England by James I., 
1620 ; milling coin introduced, 
1 662 ; halfpence and farthings first 
coined by government, 16th Aug., 
1672; guineas were first coined, 
1673 ; silver coinage, 1696 ; broad 



COI 



COL 



97 



pieces of gold called in by govern- 
ment, and coined into guineas, 
1732. Five shillings and three- 
penny pieces in gold were issued 
in 1716 and 1761. One million 
was coined in 1710 from French 
louis d'ors. Halfpence issued for 
the Isle of Man by England, 1786. 
Dollars were issued by the bank at 
4s. 9d. each, 4th March, 1797. 
Seven shilling pieces were issued 
in Dec, 1797. 

The whole money coined in Eng- 
land since the beginning of the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth, in- 
cluding the debased silver of the 
three preceding reigns, up to the 
year 1793, was as follows: — 
Bv Queen Elizabeth - 5,832,932 
King James I. - 2,500,000 
Charles I. - - 10,499,544 
Cromwell - - 1,000,000 
Charles II. - 7,524,105 
James II. - - 3,737,637 

Before the Revolution 31,094,218 

By King W. III., in- 

clu ding re- coinage 10,511,963 
Queen Anne - 2,691,626 
King George I. - 8,725,921 
King George II. - 11,966,576 

Before Geo. III.'s reign 33,896,086 

Total during reign of 
Geo. III., till 25th 
Mar. 1793, includ- 
ing re-coinage - - 51,073,362 

Total coined from the 
year 1558 to 1793, 
being 235 years - 116,063,666 

Of this 1 1 6,063,666?. sterling, there 
were 32,000,000?. in silver, long 
before the revolution. The whole 
gold coinage did not exceed six 
millions, all payments till then 
being mostly made in silver ; 
and so much is the nature of our 
coinage changed, that, during the 
reign of George III., the whole 
silver coinage only amounted to 
63,101/. 



The coinage of gold and silver in 
4 years amounted to 6,191,825/. 

Coined in 1793 2,747,430 6 
in 1794 2,553,894 12 
in 1795 497,711 5 6 
in 1796 only 391,789 2 
in 1797 2,000,297 



8,192,122 
Davenant estimated the coin in the 
kingdom, in 1711, to be about 
12,000,000/. Anderson esti- 
mates it, in the year 1762, at 
1 6,000,000/. ; and Mr. Chalmers 
supposes it, in 1786, to amount 
to 20,000,000/., and at present 
at 37,000,000/. 
The gold coin brought into the 
mint by proclamation, in 1773, 
1774, and 1776, amounted to 
15,563,593/. 10s. Sd. The 
expense attending the loss in 
collecting, melting, &c. to go- 
vernment, was 754,0 1 9/. 1 9s. 6d. 
The mint of the United States of 
America, established I793,issued 
gold and silver coin ; the cop- 
per had been delivered before. 
The gold coins are eagles, half 
eagles, and quarter eagles. The 
first is exactly five and forty 
shillings, English money, or ten 
dollars American coin. The 
dollars are coined in the same 
divisions of half, and quarter, 
which makes the course of ex- 
change simple, and suits the 
reckoning to every capacity ; ten 
quarter dollars make the quarter 
eagle, ten half dollars the half 
eagle, and ten dollars the eagle. 
There is, beside, one more silver 
coin, which is called a dime, and 
is the tenth part of a dollar. 
The copper coin is called a cent, 
and is the tenth part of a dime. 

Coin in bullion first legally permitted 
to be exported, 1663. 1 

Coining with a die first invented, 
1617 ; first used in England, 1620. 

Cokayne, Sir Aston, b. 1608, d. 1684. 

Coke, Lord Chief Justice, b. 1549. 
d. 1684. 

College of the four nations at Paris, 
built 1670. 



98 



COL 



C M 



Colbert, J. B., French statesman, b. 
1619, d. 1683. 

Colchester, built 125 B. C. ; castle 
burnt, 912 ; monastery of St. John 
built, 1097 ; walled, 1382. 

Cold Norton Priory, Oxfordshire, 
built 1160. 

Coldingbam Nunnery, Scotland, ra- 
vaged by the Danes, 869. 

Coles, Elisha, the grammarian, b. 
about 1640, d. 1680. 

Colet, Dr. John, founder of St. Paul's 
school, b. 1466, d. 1519. 

Coligni, Admiral, b. 1516, assassi- 
nated 1572. 

Collin, Henry Joseph Yon, dramatic 
writer, b. at Vienna, 1772, d. 
1811. 

Collin, Matthseus, tutor to the duke 
of Reichstadt, d. in 1824. 

Collars of S.S., in honour of St. Sul- 
picius, the fashion of wearing began, 
1407. 

College, Stephen, hanged at Oxford, 

18th Aug., 1681. 
Collier, Mr. Jos., d. 20th Feb., 1776. 
Collier, Rev. Jeremiah, b. 1650, d. 

1726. 

Collingwood, Admiral, Lord, b. 1 748, 
d. 1810. 

Collins, John, mathematician, b. 1624, 
d. 1683. 

Collins, Anthonv, b. 1676, d. 1729. 
Collins, Arthur, "b. 1682, d. 1760. 
Collins, William, poet,b. about 1720, 
d. 1756. 

Col!" n on, Peter, botanist, b. 1694, 
d. 1786. 

Colman, George, b. 1733, d. 1794. 

Colnett, James, the first explorer of 
the Western coast of Japan, 1791. 

Cologne, made an imperial city, 959 ; 
made archiepiscopal, 742 ; electo- 
ral, 1021. 

Cologne sustained great damage, its 
bridge, with 100 persons, waggons, 
&c., carried away by a flood, 1st 
Dec, 1747. 

Colossus of Rhodes, 720,000 lbs. 
weight, thrown down by an earth- 
quake 224 years B.C., and sold to 
a Jew, A.D. 684. 

Colquhoun, Patrick, b. 1745, d. 1820. 

Colson, John, of Cambridge, d. 1 761, 
' aged 80. 



Colston, Edward, institutor of several 
charitable establishments, b. 1636 
d. 1721. 

Colton, Rev. Caleb, author of Lacon, 
d. 28th April, 1832. 

Columbo, the British troops at, mur- 
dered in cold blood by the Adigaar 
of Candy, 6th June, 1803. 

Columbus, Christopher, b. 1442 ; 
discovered America, 1492, d. 1506. 

Columbus, Barthol, map and chart 
maker, d. 1514. 

Combe Abbey, Warwickshire, built 
1150. 

Combermere Abbev, Cheshire, built 
1134. 

Combinations amongst journeymen 
forbidden by law, 21st June, 1799. 

Comedy, the first acted in Athens on 
a scaffold, by Susarion and Dolon, 
562 B. C. ; those of Terence first 
acted, 154 B. C. ; the first in Eng- 
land, 1551. 

Comenius, J. Amos, Moravian gram- 
marian, b. 1592, d. 1671. 

Comet steam boat was run foul of by 
the Ayr, near Greenock, when she 
sunk, and 50 out of 60 passengers 
perished, Oct. 21, 1825. 

Comets had the parabolic form of 
their orbits demonstrated, 1680. 

Comets appeared to England in 1680- 
82, 1798, 1808-11. 

Comines, the historian, of Flanders, 
b. 1446, d. 1509. 

Commandments given to Moses, 1491 
B. C. 

Commandments, Creed, and Lord's 

Prayer, translated into the Saxon 

language, 781. 
Common Prayer published in English, 

with the authority of parliament, 

1548. 

Commerce of England, 1791. 

Exports - - 7,000,000 
Imports - - 5,000,000 



2,000,000 
Re-imported - 1,000,000 

Balance in favour 3,000,000 
See the different articles of produce 
under their proper titles. 
Commissioners of sewers first ap- 
pointed 1425. 



COMPANIES. 



Commissioners of public accounts ap- 
pointed, 1780. 

Commend me to such a friend, i. e. 
tell liim I am his humble servant, 
originated in the word commen- 
datus, in Doomsday-book, meaning 
one who lived under the patronage 
of a great man. 

Common Council of London, first ap- 
pointed 1208. 

Common Pleas, court of, established 
] 215; erected in Westminster Hall 
1741. 

Commons, House of, Westminster, 
totallv destroved bv an accidental 
fire, 16th Oct.', 1834. 
Commutation tax commenced, 1784. 
Companies : — African company es- 
tablished, 1618, 1762. In 1746, 
government owed the eompanv 
11,686,800/. and its divided capital 
amounted to 10,780,000/. both of 
which continued till 1776. 
African institution society insti- 
tuted, 1806. 
Agricultural societies established in 

England, 1787. 
American philosophical society in- 
stituted 2nd Jan., 1672. 
Amicable society incorp. 1706. 
Antiquarian society incorporated, 

2nd Nov., 1751 . 
Antiquarian society at Edinburgh, 

instituted 18th Dec, 1780. 
Antiquarian society at Newcastle, 
1812. 

Apothecaries' company, London, 
incorporated 1617. 

Armourers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1423. 

Artillery company revived, 1610. 

Artists, societv of, London, incor- 
porated 26th Feb., 1765. 

Arts and Sciences, society of, Lon- 
don, instituted 1753. 

Arts and Sciences, society estab- 
lished at New York, 1765. 

Arts, roval, at London, instituted 
1768." 

Augmentation office, estab. 1704. 

Bankers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1307. 

Bank of Amsterdam, founded 
1609; of Venice, 1157; of 
Rotterdam, 1635. 



Bank of England established, 1693 
Bank notes at 13 and 14 per 
cent. dis. and 15 and 20 ; also 
paid three per cent, on their 
bank notes once in three months, 
1697. — The dividend on their 
stock raised from five to seven 

per cent. March 19, 1788 

Lent government, in 1693, the. 
sum of 1,300,000/. at eight per 
cent. — In 1696, their stock 
amounted to 2,201,171/. 10s 
In 1709, they augmented it to 
4,402,343/. when they advanced 
government 400,000/. ; and in 
l714anotherloan of 1,500,000/. 
In 1742, government was in- 
debted to them 3,200,000/. See 
Banks. 

Bank of Scotland established 1695. 
Bank of Copenhagen, 1736. 
Bank of Berlin, 1765. 
Bank Casse d'Escompte, in France, 
1776. 

Bank at Petersburgh, 1786. 

Banks, savings, first established in 
different places inEngland,1816. 

Barber-Surgeons' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated, 1 308. 

Barnard' s-inn society, in Chancery- 
lane, commenced 1445. 

Bible society, naval and military, 
instituted 1780. 

Blacksmiths' company, London, 
incorporated 1577. 

Blackwell-hall factors' company, 
London, established 1516. 

Blind, school for the, instit. 1799. 

Book society, Dissenters, for tracts, 
instituted 1750. 

Bowyers' company, London, incor- 
porated, 1620. 

Brewers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1438. 

Bricklayers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1568. 
British herring fishery, incorporated 
1750. 

British institution founded, 4th 
June, 1805; opened, 18th Jan., 
1806. 

British and foreign bible society, 
1804. 

British and foreign school society, 
instituted 1815. 

F 2 



LOFC. 



100 



COMPANY 



British linen company erected, 
1746. 

British mineralogical society com- 
menced 1799. 

British museum, established 1758. 

British society incorporated for ex- 
tending the fisheries, 1786. 

British lying-in hospital for married 
women, instituted 1749. 

Butchers 1 company, London, incor- 
porated 1604. 

Cahinet council first constituted, 
25th April, 1670. 

Cap-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1650. 

Card-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1629. 

Carpenters' company, London, in- 
corporated 1344. 

Charitable corporation instituted, 
1708; abolished, 1731. 

Chatham chest first established, 
1582. 

Chelsea water-works company, in- 
corporated 1722. 

Christian knowledge, society for 
promoting, instituted 1698. 

Clement's-inn society, established 
1471. 

Clergymen's widows' and orphans' 
corporation established in Eng- 
land, July, 1670. 

Clergymen's sous', &c. society, 
estab. in Scotland, Oct. 1794. 

Clifford' s-inn society, began 1345. 

Clock-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1632. 

Cloth-workers' company, London, 
incorporated 1482. 

Coach-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1677. 

Condition of the poor, society for 
bettering the, instituted 1796. 

Comb-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1650. 

Commissioners—of sewers first ap- 
pointed, 1425. 

Companies first establishedriirLon- 
don, 1198. 

Cooks' company, London, incorpo- 
rated 1481. 

Coopers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1501. 

Cordwainers' company, London, 
incorporated 1410. 



Curriers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1605. 

Cutlers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1417. 

Deaf and dumb asylum instituted, 
1792. 

Drapers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1469. 

Dublin society incorporated, 1750. 

Dyers' company, London, incorpo- 
rated 1469. 

East India company, at Embden, 
established 1750. 

East India company, in England, 
established 1600; their stock 
then consisting of 72,000/. when 
they fitted out four ships ; and, 
meeting with success, they con- 
tinued for many years ; India 
stock sold from 360 to 500 per 
cent. 1683; a new company 
established, 1698; the old one 
re-established, and the two 
united, 1700; agreed to give 
government 400,000/. per ann. 
for four years, on condition that 
they might continue unmolested, 
1769 ; in great confusion, and 
applied to parliament for assist- 
ance, 1773 ; judges sent from 
England by government faith- 
fully to administer the laws 
there, to the company's servants, 
2nd April, 1744; board of con- 
troul instituted, 1784; charter 
renewed, 1 813; their commercial 
character relinquished in 1834. 

East India company's alms' -houses, 
founded 1656. 

East India company of Sweden 
erected, March, 1731. 

East India company of France, 
established 1627 ; abolished by 
the national assembly, and the 
trade laid open, 26th Jan., 1791. 

East India company of Holland, 
incorporated 1604. 

East-land company incorp., 1579. 

Electrical dispensatory, London, 
instituted 1793. 

Emanuel hospital, Westminster, 
instituted 1534. 

Embroiderers' company, London, 
incorporated 1591. 

English copper office,incorp. 1691. 



COMPANIES 



101 



Excise office, formed 1643. 

Eye, royal infirmary for the, insti- 
tuted 1804. 

Eye, London infirmary for, insti- 
tuted 1804. 

Fan-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1709. 

Farriers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1673. 

Felt-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1604. 

Fishermen's company, London, 
incorporated 1536. 

Fishmongers' company, London, 
incorporated 1536. 

First fruit's office established, 1543. 

Fletchers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1526. 

Founders' company, London, in- 
corporated 1614. 

Frame-work-knitters' company, 
London, incorporated 1664. 

Fruiterers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1604. 

Furriers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1509. 

Furnival's-inn society began 1563. 

Gardeners' company, London, in- 
corporated 1616. 

Geological society instituted 1813. 

Girdlers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1448. 

Glass- sellers' company, London, 
incorporated 1664. 

Glaziers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1637. 

Glovers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1556. 

Gold and silver wire-drawers' cora- 
pany,London, incorporated 1 623. 

Goldsmith's company, London, in- 
corporated 1327. 

Gray's-inn society began, 1357; 
house built, 1687. 

Greenock society for the encou- 
ragement of arts and sciences, 
formed 1812. 

Grocers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1429. 

Gunsmith's company, London, in- 
corporated 1638. 

Haberdashers' company, London, 
corporated 1407. 

Hackney-coach office established, 
24th June, 1694. 



Hamburgh company, incorporated 
1296. 

Hand-in-hand fire office, incorpo- 
rated 1696. 

Hat-band makers' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated 1638. 

Hawkers' and Pedlars' licence office, 
1697. 

Herald's college, instituted 1340. 

Herring fishery, established 2nd 
Sept., 1750. 

Highland society for agriculture, 
instituted Feb., 1785- 

Horner's company, London, incor- 
porated 1638. 

Hudson's-bay company, incorpo- 
rated 1670. 

Humane society, instituted 1774. 

Inn-holders' company, London, 
incorporated 1515. 

Institution, the national benevo- 
lent, at Gloucester, for the relief 
of distressed persons in middle 
life, of whatsoever country or 
persuasion, 1812. 

Institution, Devon and Exeter, 
for the diffusion of science, lite- 
rature, and the arts, 1812. 

Irish working schools' society, in- 
corporated Oct., 1773. 

Ironmongers' company, London, 
incorporated 1464. 

Joiners' company, London, incor- 
porated 1564. 

King's college in Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, founded and incorporated 
by charter 7th Oct., 1802. 

Lead office, established 1692. 

Leather-sellers' company, London, 
incorporated 1442. 

Lincoln 's-inn society, established 
1310. 

Literary fund for the relief of dis- 
tressed authors, established! 790. 

Liverpool society of arts, insti- 
tuted 1810. 

Linnsean society, founded 1788; 
incorporated 1802. 

London assurance office, charter 
granted 1716- 

London incorporated, and obtained 
their first charter for electing 
magistrates, 1208. 

London institution commenced, 
1805. 



102 



COMPANIES 



Loriners' company incorporated, 
1488. 

Lvon's-inn society established, 
'1420. 

Marine society established, 1756 ; 
to whom W. Hicks, Esq. left 
300/. per annum, 1763 ; incor- 
porated, 1772. 

Masons' company, London, incor- 
porated 1677. 

Medical society at Dublin insti- 
tuted 1785. 

Mercers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1393. 

Merchant-tailors' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated 1466. 

Military academy, Woolwich, es- 
tablished 1741. 

Mine and battery company incor- 
porated 1568. 

Mines, royal, established 1565* 

Mint office in the Tower estab- 
lished, 1066. 

Musicians' company, London , in- 
corporated 1604. 

Naval asylum instituted by the 
Duke of Clarence, 1801. 

Navy office fo unded , 4th Dec. . 1 6 44 . 

Needle-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1656. 

New inn society founded, 1485. 

Ostend company erected, Jan. 
1722, 1723; abolished, March, 
1731-2. 

Paper-stainers' company, London, 
incorporated 1580. 

Painting, academy of, in London, 
incorporated 1768. 

Parish clerks' company, London, 
incorporated 1232. 

Patten-makers 1 company, London, 
incorporated 1670. 

Pensioners, band of, estab. 1590. 

Pewterers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1744. 

Philanthropic society commenced, 
1788. 

Physicians' college incorporated. 
Sept. 23, 1518. 

Physic, school of, .established in 
Dublin 1814. 

Pin-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1636. 

Plasterers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1500. 



Plumbers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1611. 

Poulterers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1503. 

Preston Guild established, 1172. 

Promotion of Christian knowledge, 
society for the, established 1699. 

Propagation of the gospel in foreign 
parts, society for the, incorporated 
1701. 

Propagation of the gospel in New 
England, society from the, in- 
corporated 7th Feb., 1662. 

Raine's charity began to portion out 
four young women, 1758. 

Reformation of manners,socie/^for, 
formed 1698. \ 

Royal exchange assurance office, 
charter granted 1716. 

Royal miners' comp., incorp. 1564. 

Royal society, London, instituted 
30th Dec, 1660 ; incorporated 
1663. 

Royal institution of Great Britain 
commenced 1800, 

Royal society of arts, instituted in 
London, 1768. 

Royal society of musicians, 1785. 

Russel institution, com. 1808. 

Russia company, incorporated 1555. 

Saddlers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1280. 

Salt-office, established 1694; duties 
formed 15th June, 1702. 

Salters' company, London, incor- 
porated 1558. 

Samaritan society at the London 
hospital, commenced 1791. 

Scots' corporation began, 1665. 

Scriveners' company, London, in- 
corporated 1616. 

Seamen's widows' corporation bit. 
13th Oct., 1732. 

Secretary of state's office began, 
1530. 

Shipwrights' company, London, in- 
corporated 1610. 

Sick and wounded seamen's incor- 
poration began, 24th June, 1747. 

Silk-throwste'rs' company, London, 
incorporated 1629. 

Sion-college, London- wall, founded 
1623 ; incorporated 1664. 

Skinners' company, London, incor- 
porated 1327. 



COM 



CON 103 



Soap-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1638. 

Spectacle-makers' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated 1630. 

Stamp office established, 1694. 

Staples'-inn society estab. 1415. 

Starch-makers' company, London, 
incorporated 1632. 

Stationers' company, London, in- 
corporated 1556. 

Surgeons' company, London, incor- 
porated 1745. 

Surrey institution com. 1808; 
dissolved, 1823. 

Tallow-chandlers' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated 1463. 

Temple, three societies of the 
(inner, middle, and outer), 1340; 
founded 1560. 

Thavie's-inn society, estab. 1519 ; 
dissolved ] 768. 

Tin-plate -workers' company, Lon- 
don, incorporated 1670. 

Tobacco-pipe-makers' comp., Lon- 
don, incorporated 1663. 

Trinity house founded by Sir Th. 
Spert, 1512; incorp., 1685. 

Turkey company, incorp., 1685. 

Turners' company, London, incor- 
porated 1604. 

Victualling office instituted, 10th 
Dec, 1663. 

Vintners' company, London, incor- 
porated 1437. 

Upholders' company, London, in- 
corporated 1627. 

Wardrobe, great, in Scotland-yard, 
established 1485. 

Watermens' company, London, in- 
corporated 1550. 

Wax-chandlers" company, London, 
incorporated 1484. 

Weavers' company, London, incor- 
porated 1164. 

Welsh copper-office, incorp. 1694. 

Wheelwrights' comp. incorp. 1670. 

York-buildings water-works' com- 
pany, incorporated 1691. 
Companies, twelve first established 

in London, 1194. 
Compass, seaman's, inventedin China, 

1120 B.C.; said to be used at 

Venice, 1260 ; improved at Naples, 

1302 ; its variation observed 1500 ; 

its dipping, 1576. 



Compound waters highly taxed, 29th 
M ayl729. 

Compters of London, built near New- 
gate, 1789 to 1791, cost 20,473Z. 

Concert, the first subscription one 
was at Oxford, 1665 ; the first in 
London was in 1678. 

Conciliatory act, for treating with the 
American colonies, 7th Feb., 1778. 

Conciliatory terms offered to Ame- 
rica, and rejected, 13th Ap., 1778. 

Conception of the Virgin Mary, order 
began 1619. 

Conception of the Virgin, festival of, 
instituted 1387. 

Conclave for the election of popes 
first ordered 1274. 

Concubines allowed the priests 1 132. 

Confession, auricular, in troducedl 2 54. 

Confirmation took place 190. 

Concord, order of knighthood, began 
in Brandenburgh 1660. 

Condamine, M. de, F.R S., d. 8th 
Feb., 1774, aged 74. 

Conde, Prince of, b. 1621, d. 1686. 

Condorcet, Marq. de,b. 1743, d.1793. 

Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, 
b. B.C. 551. 

Congo kingdom discovered and set- 
tled by the Portuguese 1 482. 

Congress abolished the British author- 
ity in the American colonies 5th 
May, 1776. 

Congreve, William, b. 1670, d. 1729. 

Conic Sections, the first idea of, arose 
B.C. 240. 

Coninsburg Castle, Yorkshire, existed 
in 489. 

Conjunction of the sun, moon, and 
planets 1186 ; of Saturn and Ju- 
piter 1394. 

Conon of Samos, Greek astronomer, 
flourished B.C. 400. 

Consecration of churches instituted 
153. 

Consecration of bishops, the form or- 
dained 1549. 

Convents and other religious orders 
suppressed in the two Sicilies by 
orderof King Joachim Murat 1 809 ; 
abolished in Spain 1811 ; restored 
in Spain May, 1814; restored in 
the two Sicilies 1815. 

Conservators of public liberties chosen 
in England 1215. 



104 CON 



CON 



Conspiracies and insurrections, the 
most remarkable, in ancient and 
modern history — A conspiracy was 
formed against the infant republic 
of Rome, to restore the banished 
Sextus Tarquin and the regal go- 
vernment ; the two sons of Junius 
Brutus, the first consul, being con- 
cerned in it, were publicly con- 
demned and put to death by their 

father 507 B.C Another, by the 

Tarquin faction against the Roman | 
senators ; Publius and Marcus dis- 
cover it ; the other conspirators are 
put to death, 496.— Of Catiline I 
and his associates, to murder the 
consuls and senate, and to burn 
the city of Rome, discovered by 
Cicero, consul for the year, 63 — 
An insurrection in Spain which 
cost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, 
and double that number of Moors, 
A.D. 1560. — At Malta, to destroy 
the whole order, for which 125 
slaves suffered death, 26th June, 
1749.— At Lisbon, by several of 
the nobility, who shot the king, 
1758.-^At Algiers, on account of 
tribute, 1761. — At Madrid, when 
they obliged the king to banish the 
Marquis Squillace, 1769. — At the 

Brazils, 1772 At Palermo, 26th 

Oct., 1773. — At Stockhlom, in 
1792, when Gustavus III. was 

assassinated by Ankerstroem At 

St. Domingo and the other French 
West India islands, where near 
16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 
Avhites,and 550 plantations destroy- 
ed, 1794. -In Dublin, 1803.— Of 
the Prince of Asturias against his 
father, 1807. — Of the inhabitants 
of Madrid against the French, in 
which many persons were killed, 
1808—^At Algiers, 1808. 

Conspiracies and insurrections in Eng- 
land A conspiracy of the Nor- 
man barons against William I., 
1074.— Against William II. 1088 
and 1093. — Against Henry II. by 
his queen and children, 1173 — 
Insurrection of Foulk de Brent 
against Henry III., 1224 — A con- 
' spiracy against the same king for 
cancelling Magna Charta, 1227 — 



Of the barons against Henry III., 

1258 Of the Duke of Exeter 

and others against the life of Henry 

IV. , discovered by dropping a paper 
accidentally, 1400. — Against Hen. 

V. by the Earl of Cambridge and 

others, 1415 Of Richard, Duke 

of Gloucester, against his nephews 
Edward V. and his brother, whom 
he caused to be murdered, 1483. — 
Imposture ofLambertSimnel,1486. 
— Imposture of Perkin Warbeck, 
1492.— Of the Earl of Suffolk and 
others against Henry VII., 1 506. — 
Insurrection of the London appren- 
tices, 7 H. VIII., 1517.— gainst 
Queen Elizabeth by Dr. Story, 
1571 ; by Anthony Babington and 
others, 1586; by Lopez, a Jew. 
and others, 1593 ; by Patrick York, 
an Irish fencing-master, employed 
by the Spaniards to kill the queen, 
1594; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who 
engaged one Squire to poison the 
queen's saddle, 1598: all these con- 
spirators were executed. — Against 
James I. by the Marchioness de 
Verneuil, his mistress, and others, 
1604. — Of Sindercomb and others 
to assassinate Oliver Cromwell, 
discovered by his associates ; Sin- 
dercomb was condemned, and poi- 
soned himself before he was to 
have been executed, 1656. — An 
insurrection of the Puritans, 1657. 
— Of the fifth monarchy men 
against Charles II., 1660. — A con- 
spiracy of Blood and his associates, 
who seized and wounded the Duke 
of Ormond, and would have hanged 
him, if he had not escaped, 1670 ; 
they stole the crown, 1671. — Of 
the French, Spanish, and English 
Jesuits, countenanced by the pope, 
to assassinate Charles II., discov- 
ered by Dr. Young and Titus 
Oates, 1668 ; another to assassinate 
him at the Rye-house farm, near 
Hoddesden, Hertfordshire, in his 
way from Newmarket, called the 
Rye- house plot, 1683.— Of Lord 
Preston, the Bishop of Ely, and 
others, to restore King James,1691. 
— Of Granvil, a French chevalier, 
and his associates, to assassinate 



CON 



COO 



105 



King William in Flanders, 1692. 
— A conspiracy by the Earl of 
Aylesbury and others to kill the 
king near Richmond, as be came 
from bunting, discovered by Pen- 
dergrass, called tbe Assassination 
Plot, 1696.— -Of Simon Frazer, 
Lord Lovat, in favour of tbe Pre- 
tender, against Queen Anne, 1703. 
— Of tbe Marquis Guiscard, 1710. 
— To assassinate George I. by 
James Sbepbard, an enthusiastic 
youth, who had been educated to 
consider the king as an usurper, 
1718. — Of counsellor Layer and 
others to bring in tbe Pretender, 
1722. -Of Col. Despard and his 
associates to assassinate George III. 
and to overturn the existing govern- 
ment, 1803 — Of Thistlewood and 
others, 1820. — See Riots, Insur- 
rections. 

Constant, M. Benjamin, French ora- 
tor and political writer, d. 1830. 

Constantine the Great d. 3 3 7 5 aged 66. 

Constantine, Emperor of Rome, d. 
at York 306. 

Constantinople changed its name from 
Byzantium, 330 ; was made the 
seat of an emperor, 1268 ; cadies 
or justices introduced to decide the 
disputes between the Greeks and 
Turks, 1390 ; taken by Mahomet 
Ii. 29th May, 1453, who put an 
end to the eastern empire 1458 ; 
walled 20 miles round, 413 ; had 
above 12,000 houses and 7000 in- 
habitants destroyed by a fire, 27th 
Sept., 1729; again, which burnt 
five davs, 31st May, 1745: again, 
12,000 houses, 29th Jan., 1749- 
50 ; again, near 10,000, in June, 
1750; again, 4000, and the plague 
7000 persons in 1751 ; nearly de- 
stroyed by an earthquake and 3000 
inhabitants killed, 2nd Sept., 1754; 
had 5000 houses burnt, 1 756 ; had 
15,000 houses and 1000 persons 
burnt, 5th July,1756; considerable 
havoc made in 1761-5-7-9-71 ; 
had 2000 houses burnt 4th Sept., 
1778 ; 600 houses were burnt 19th 
Feb., 1782; 10th June following 
7000 ; and 22nd Aug. following 
there were 10,000 houses, 50 
mosques, 100 corn mills, &c, de- ' 



stroyed. On 5th Aug., 1784, 
10,000 houses, &c, were destroyed 
another destroyed 10,000 houses 
4th Aug., 1784: 32,000 houses 
were destroyed by fire between 
March and July, 1791 ; 7000 were 
destroyed 1782 ; and the same 
number were destroyed Aug. 1 795. 
The suburb of Pera had 1300 
houses and several magnificent 
buildings burnt down 13th March, 
1799. In 1812 and 1813,300.000 
of its inhabitants destroyed by a 
pestilence. In Aug., 1816, 1200 
houses and 2000 shops destroyed by 
fire; 12,000 houses, 30 mosques, 
400 boats, and 400 people, burnt 
in 1823. 

Constantinople, Armenian church 
opened at, 26th Jan., 1834. 

Consuls first chosen at Rome B.C. 
508. 

Consul, the first English one in Italy 
1485 ; in Portugal 1683. 

Contractors with government disquali- 
fied from si 1 1 ing i n parliament 1 782. 

Contributions from the public de- 
manded by act of parliament, from 
all persons whose wages were 4/. 
per annum, 1695. 

Contributions, voluntary, to support 
the British government against the 
machinations of France, amounted 
to 2,500,000/., 1798; transmitted 
to England from India 200,000/. 

Contributions for the relief of the 
widows and orphans of those who 
fell at the battle of the Nile, 
35,260/. 8s. 6d. 

Conventicles punished by law 1661. 

Convicts first sent to Botany Bay 1 7 85 . 

Convocation of the clergy first sum- 
moned to meet by writ Ed. I. 1695. 

Cook, Thomas, bookbinder, hung and 
gibbeted at Leicester for the mur- 
der of Mr. Paas, 10th Aug., 1832. 

Cooke, George, an eminent English 
engraver, b. 1780, d. 1834. 

Cook, Capt. James, the navigator, 
b. 27th Oct., 1728, killed 14th 
Feb. 1779. 

Cooke, George, celebrated English 
actor, b. 17th April, 1756, d. at 
New York, 26th Sept., 1812. 

Cooke, Sir Anthony, learned lawyer, 
b. about 1506, d. 1576. 

F 3 



106 COO 



COR 



Cooper, Rev. Edward, divinity writer, 
d. 26th Feb., 1833. 

Cooper, Thomas, Bishop of Win- 
chester, clironologist, b. about 1517, 
d, 1594. 

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of 
Shaftesbury, b. 1621, d. 1683. 

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of 
Shaftesbury, b. 1671, d. 1713. 

Cooper, John Gilbert, poet, b. 1723, 
d. 1769. 

Coote, Sir Eyre, b. 1726, d. 1783. 

Copenhagen founded 1169; made a 
city 1319; made the capital of 
Denmark 1443 ; burnt ] 7*28, when 
77 streets were destroyed ; had its 
royal palace destroyed by fire 26th 
Feb. ,1794, to the amount of twenty 
millions of rix-dollars, equal to 
4,500,000/. sterling; above 100 
persons lost their lives. Its arsenal, 
admiralty, &c, with near 50 streets 
having 1363 houses, were destroyed 
by fire on 5th June, 1 795 ; it raged 
48 hours. Bombarded by the Eng- 
lish 18th July, 1807. 

Copernicus, of Thorn, in Prussia, b. 
10th Jan., 1472, d. 1543. 

Copes instituted 256. 

Copper first imported from Virginia, 
Oct., 1730. 

Copper money first coined in Scotland 
by order of parliament 1466 ; in 
Ireland 1399 ; in France 1580 ; in 
England the first legal, in 1689. 
Tradesman's tokens, or halfpence, 
were coined in 1672. Penny pieces 
first issued 26th July, 1797 ; half- 
pence on the same principle issued 
Jan., 1800. 

Copper mines first discovered in Swe- 
den 1396; in England 1561; re- 
vived in England 1 689 ; found in 
New York 1722. The Parry's 
copper mine in Anglesea has a bed 
of copper ore forty feet thick, and 
supplies between 29 and 30,000 
tons anually, 1790. The quantity 
exported in 1799 was 97,125 cwt. 
2 qrs. 7lbs., at 6/. 9s. per cwt. 
amounted to 626,459/. 19s. 6d. 

Copper, account of the quantity and 
prices of the different articles of, 
purchased for the use of his Majes- 
ty's navy, from the 29th of April, 
1799, to the 17th of March, 1800; 



and also of old copper delivered 
in payment for the same, with the 
prices as far as it can be made up : 
Copper sheets 615 tons 15 cwt. 
131b. ; copper bolts and rings 123 
tons 9 cwt. 3 qrs. 251bs. ; copper 
nails 15 tons 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 231bs. ; 
Mixed metal nails 158 tons 14 cwt. 
121bs. Value 128,325/. 14s. Id. 

Old copper returned to the con- 
tractors in part pavment for the 
new, 37,5967. 2s. 1 Id. 

Copper coin forbidden to be counter- 
feited 1771. 

Copyright secured by act of parlia- 
ment 1710; further secured by 
act passed in 1814. 

Corah, Dathan,and Abiram swallowed 
up in the earth B.C. 1480. 

Coram, Capt. Thomas, projector of 
the Foundling Hospital, d. 29th 
March, 1751, aged 84. 

Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, poet, b. 
1582, d. 1635. 

Corelli, musician, b. 1653, d. 1713. 

Corfe Castle, Dorset, built 970: 
borough of, disfranchised 1 832. 

Corfu, a magazine at, destroyed by 
fire, when 72,0001bs. of powder 
and 60 bomb shells blew up, killing 
180 men, 11th March, 1789. 

Corinna, Signora, the learned Italian 
lady, received the triumph of a 
coronation at Rome 31st Jul v. 
1776, d. 1800. 

Corinth,kingdom of, estab. B.C. 1 355. 

Coriolanus banished from Rome B.C. 
491. 

Cork, city of, in Ireland, inclosed 1 170. 

Corn, export of, allowed from Britain 
1437 ; value of quantity exported 
in 1765, 681,000/. ; imported in 
1800, 2,611.667 qrs., and of oat- 
meal 1,039,079 cwt. 

Corn, bill to permit the exportation 
of, passed 1813 ; to permit the im- 
portation when British wheat shall 
be at 80s. per quarter, 1815; to 
permit foreign corn warehoused to 
be taken out for home consump- 
tion, 1826. 

Corn, prices of, and their variations 
during the following years : — In 
1784 the prices varied from 48s. 2d. 
to 41s. 10c?.; difference 6s. 4d. 
In 1785 the prices varied from 



C OR 



COT 107 



375. 5c?. to 34s. 6e?. ; difference j 
2s. lie?. In 1786 the prices varied I 
from 36s. 2d. to SSs. lOd. ; differ- 
ence 2s. 4c?. In 1787 the prices I 
varied from 44s. 10c?. to 36s. Id. ; 
difference 8s. 9d. In 1788 the 
prices varied from 45s. Id. to 
42s. 9d. ; difference 2s. 4c?. In 
1789 the prices varied from 54s. 
lie?, to 47s. ; difference 7s. 11c?. 
In 1828 the prices varied from 
75s. 3c?. to 56s. ; difference 19s. 3c?. 
In 1829 the prices varied from 
75s. 3c?. to 56s. 3c?. ; difference 
19s. In 1830 the prices varied 
from 72s. lie?, to 56s. lc?. ; differ- 
ence 16s. 10c?. In 1831 the prices 
varied from 73s. 5c?. to 60s. 5e?. ; 
difference 13s. In 1832 the prices 
varied from 63s. 5e?. to 52s. 5c?. ; 
difference lis. 

Cornaro, Lewis, h. 1467, d. 1565. 

Corneille, Peter, dramatic poet, b. 
6th June, 1606, d. 1684, aged 78. 

Corneille, Thos., poet and historian, 
d. 1709, aged 84. 

Cornelius Nepos d. about 25 B.C. 

Cornish, an alderman of London, 
hanged and quartered 19th Oct., 
1685, for high treason. 

Cornwall, the first Duke of, 1337. 

Cornwallis, Marquis, K.G., b. 1738, 
d. in India 1805. 

Coronation of "William and Mary, 
11th April, 1689. 

Coronation of George IV. in West- 
minster Abbey, 19th July, 1821. 

Coronation of William IV. in West- 
minster Abbey, 8th Sept., 1830. 

Coronation chair and stone of destiny 
brought from Scotland 1296. 

Coroners officers of the realm in 925. 

Corpus Christi day, 25th May, the 
profane exhibition of the cat on, 
suppressed 1757 ; festival of, ap- 
pointed 1265. 

Corpus Christi Col., Oxford, founded 
1516. 

Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 
founded 1351. 

Corsica dependent on Genoa until 
1730; ceded to France 1770; of- 
fered to Germany for 150,000/. in 
1731 ; surrendered its sovereignty 
to Great Britain 1794;relin. 1796*. 



! Cortes, assembly of, in Spain, con- 
voked 15th Jane, 1808 ; dissolved 
7th Juue, 1812. 
| Cortez, Ferdinand, conqueror of Mex- 
ico, b. 1485, d. 1547, aged 62. 
Corunna, in Spain, arsenal at, des- 
troyed by fire, 60 persons killed and 
50 wounded, 11th March, 1794. 
Cosmo de Medicis d. 1464, aged 75. 
Costard, George, astronomical writer, 

b. about 1710, d. 1782. 
Coster, Lawrence, d. about 1440. 
Cotes, Roger, the mathematician, b. 

1682, d. 1716. 
Cotte, the French architect, d. 1735, 
aged 79. 

Cottin, Madame de,b. 1772, d. 1807. 
Cotton, Sir Robert, an tiquarv, b. 1570, 
d. 1631. 

Cotton manufacturer's utensils pro- 
hibited to be exported 1774. 
Cotton duty instituted 1785. 
Cotton-wool, used in English manu- 
factures in 1787, was valued at 
7,500,000/. and weighed about 
22,600,0001bs. The quantitv manu- 
factured in 1791was 32,148,'9061bs. 
One pound of cotton-wool, when 
spun, has been worth five pounds 
sterling ; and when wove into mus- 
lin and ornamented in the tambour, 
is worth 15/., yielding 5,900/. per 
cent, on the raw material. Again, 
one pound of cotton has produced 
205 hanks, each hank, when ex- 
tended, measured 203,000 yards. 
In this manufacture, in 1787, there 
were in England and Scotland 143 
water mills, which cost 715,000/.; 
and 550 mule jennies, of 50 spin- 
dles each, Avorth 19,250/. ; 20,070 
hand jennies, of 80 spindles each, 
worth 140,490/. ; buildings, card- 
ing-machines, &c, worthl25,260/. 
Money employed in the manufac- 
ture 1,000,000/., which gives em- 
ployment to above 60,000 for spin- 
ning, and with its subsequent stage 
for preparation, employs 360,000 
men, women, and children. 

The increase of this manufacture 
is as follows : — 
Years lbs. Value 
1781.. 5,101,920 ..£2,000,000 
1782.. 11,206,«10 .. 3,900,000 



108 COT 



cou 



1783.. 9,546,179.. 3,200,000 
1784. . 1 1 ,280,236 . . 3,950,000 
1785. . 17,992,888 . . 6,000,000 
1786. . 19,151,867 . . 6,500,000 
1787 . . 22,600,000 . . 7,500,000 
The quantity imported was — 
British islands 6,600,0001bs. ; 
French and Spanish settlements 
6,000, OOOlbs. ; Dutch settlements 
l,700,0001bs. ; Portuguese settle- 
ments 2,500,0001bs. ; East Indies 
100,0001bs. ; Smyrna and Turkey 
cotton 5,700,0001bs. : total quan- 
tity 22,600,0001bs. And was ap- 
plied as follows : — To the candle- 
wick branch l,500,0001bs. ; to 
the hosiery branch l,500,0001bs. ; 
to the silk and linen mixtures 
2,000,0001bs. ; to the fustian 
branch 6,000,0001bs. ; to calicoes, 
muslins, &c, ll,600,0001bs. 

No. of lbs. imported into Great 
Britain in 1800, 56,010,732 ; in 
1810, 132,488,935; in 1820, 
150,043,082 ; 1831,280,249,600. 

Cotton manufactory at Durham totally 
consumed by fire, 7th Jan., 1804. 

Cotton's wharf, London, burnt, when 
damage amounting to 49,000/. was 
sustained, 12th Aug., 1751. 

Cottonian Library settled on the pub- 
lic 1701 ; damaged by fire 25th 
Oct., 1731. 

Couchman, lieutenant of the Chester- 
field, and Morgan, lieutenant of 
marines, shot pursuant to sentence 
on board the Chesterfield, at Ports- 
mouth, 14th July, 1749. 

Councils That at Jerusalem, when 

the first controversy w r as discussed, 
48 ; at Antioch, 269 ; at Aries, 
31 4, at which three English bishops 
were present ; the first Nicene one, 
when 328 fathers attended, against 
Arius, 325; the first at Constan- 
tinople, when Pope Damasus pre- 
sided, and 150 fathers attended, 
381 ; that at Sardis, when 376 fa- 
thers attended, 400 ; the first at 
Ephesus, when Pope Celestine pre- 
sided, and 200 fathers attended, 
431 ; that at Chalcedon, when 
Pope Leo presided, and 600 fathers 
-attended, 451 ; the second at Con- 
stantinople, when Pope Vigilius 



presided, and 165 fathers attended, 
552 ; one called the Milevetan 
council, 568 ; at Constantinople in 
600 ; at Rome in 649 ; the third 
at Constantinople, when Pope Aga- 
tho presided, and 289 fathers at- 
tended, 680 ; the second at Nice, 
when Pope Adrian presided, and 
350 fathers attended, 787 ; the 
fourth at Constantinople, when 
Pope Adrian presided, and 101 
fathers attended, 869 ; that at Ver- 
celli, when Pope Leo IX. presided, 
1053 ; the Lateran one, when Pope 
Calixtus II. presided, and 300 fa- 
thers attended, 1112; the second 
Lateran one, when Pope Innocent 
II. presided, and 1000 fathers at- 
tended, 1139; the third Lateran 
one, when Pope Alexander III. 
presided, and 300 fathers attended, 
1 1 75 ; the fourth Lateran one, 
when Pope Innocent III. presided, 
and 1185 fathers attended, 1215 
and 1217; at Lyons, 1255 and 
1274; that at Vienne, when Pope 
Clement V. presided, and 300 fa- 
thers attended, 1312; one at Con- 
stance, when Pope John XXII. 
and Martin V. presided, 1414; the 
sixth Lateran one, when Pope Ju- 
lius III. and Pius IV. presided 
against Luther, 1546. There have 
been several other provincial coun- 
cils, and others, as that of Avignon 
in France, aud at Bituiia in Tus- 
cany, 1431 ; at Tours in France, 
1448 ; at Florence in Italy, 1449; 
at Toledo in Spain, 1473 ; at Augs- 
burgh in Germany, 1548 ; at Co- 
logne in Germany, 1548 ; at Treves 
in German}', 1548; at Cologne in 
Germany, 1549 ; atMentz in Ger- 
many, 1549; and at Numantia in 
Spain, 1550. 

Counsel first allowed to persons guilty 
of high treason, 21st April, 1696. 

Counties, first division of, in England, 
900. 

Counties first sent members to parlia- 
ment 1258. 

County gaols have cost building as 
follows : — Gloucester, 18,009/., 
contains 170 cells; Monmouth, 
4,000/., contains 26 cells; Ipswich, 



cou 



CRE 109 



1 3,000/. , contains 86 cells ; Sussex, 
5,500/., contains 30 cells ; Oxford 
city, 4,500/., contains 30 cells; 
Oxford county, 10,000/., contains 
80 cells; Manchester, 15,000/., 
contains 1 40 cells ; Preston, 9,000/., 
contains 70 cells; Stafford, 18,000/., 
contains 140 cells ; Liverpool, 
25,000/., contains 300 cells ; Dor- 
chester, 12,000/., contains 100 
cells; Devon, 20,000/., contains- 
160 cells. 

County courts first erected, 896. 

Couriers or posts invented by Charle- 
magne, 808. 

Courland made a duchy, 1561 . 

Courts of conscience or requests in 
London began 1517 ; again in 
1603 ; in Bristol, Gloucester, and 
Newcastle, 30th Nov., 1689 ; ex- 
tended to the sum of 5/., Oct. 1800. 

Courts of justice instituted at Athens 
B.C. 1272. 

Covell Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 
14 in number, lat. 4° 30' N., Ion. 
168° 40' E., discovered 1832. 

Covent Garden Square built 1633. 

Covent Garden Church built by Inigo 
Jones; repaired 1789 ; burnt down 
17th Sept., 1795 ; rebuilt after the 
same design 1798. 

Covent Garden Theatre built 1733; 
enlarged 1792 ; burnt down 20th 
Sept., 1808 ; rebuilt 1809. 

Coventry act passed 1669 ; regulated 
1699. 

Coventry Abbey built 1043. 

Coventry, Sir John, maimed and de- 
faced 25th Dec, 1670. 

Coverham Abbey, Yorksh., blt.1280. 

Cow-pox, inoculation by, as a security 
against the small-pox, introduced 
by Dr. Jenner, 1800. 

Coward, a feudal expression, implying 
cow-herd, for which office a man 
void of courage was deemed only 
fit for. 

Cowdley House, Kent, the seat of 
Viscount Montagu, destroyed by 
fire, with all its valuable paiutings 
and furniture, 25th Sept., 1793. 

Cowes Castle, in the Isle of Wight, 
built 1540. 

Cowley, Abraham, English poet, b. 
1618, d. 1667. 



Cowley, Hannah, d. 11th March, 
1809, aged 66. 

Cowling Castle, Kent, built 1481. 

Cowper, William, English poet, b. 
1731, d. 1800. 

Cows, there were, in 1795, 8500 kept 
near London, which yielded about 
28,713,000 quarts of milk, which 
sold to the milk people for l^d. 
per quart, and yielded 209,365/. 
125. 6d. or 24/. 13s. 0|d per an- 
num per cow, at about 9 quarts a 
day. The consumers paid 3d. per 
quart, which amounted to about 
358,912/. 10s., yielding a profit of 
149,547/. 17s. 6d. 

Cows, value of, imported into Eng- 
land in 1829, 1721/.; 1830,2348/.; 
1831, 1726/. 

Cox*s Museum Lottery, 1773. 

Cox, Bishop, translator of the Bible, 
b. 1499, d. 1581. 

Crabbe, Rev. George, a celebrated 
British poet, the protege of Edmund 
Burke, b. 1574, d. 1832. 

Cracow, in Poland, first founded, 7 00. 

Cranbourn Priory, Dorsetsh., bit. 980. 

Cranmer, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1489, 
introduced to Henry VIII. 1529, 
burnt at Oxford, 21st March, 1556. 

Cratinus, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 464. 

Crayons, art of fixing discovered, 1748. 

Creak Priory, Norfolk, built 1206. 

Creation of the world began, according 
to Abp. Usher, on Sunday, 23rd 
Oct., in the year before the vulgar 
era of the birth of Christ, as given 
in the Hebrew text, 4004 ; in the 
LXX. 5872 ; in the Samaritan, 
4700; of the Julian period, 710. 
Adam and Eve were created on 
Friday, 28th Oct. ; they are placed 
in Paradise, but are soon tempted 
and fall ; sentence is passed upon 
them by God, who encourages them 
at the same time with the promise 
of the seed of the woman ; they are 
banished Paradise. 

Creation, by patent, to tithes, first used 
in England by Edward III., 1344. 

Crebillon, P. J., dramatic writer, b. 
1674, d. 1762. 

Crebillon, C. P. I., b. 1707, d. 1777. 

Crediton, Devonshire, 460 houses at, 
destroyed by fire, 14th Aug., 1743 ; 



110 CRE 



CRO 



greater portion of the town burnt 
down, 2nd May, 1769 ; and 39 
houses again burnt, 1st May, 1772. 

Creech, Rev. Thomas, b. 1659, de- 
stroyed himself, 1702. 

Creed, Lord's prayer, &c, permitted 
in the Saxon language, 746. 

Crementz, in Hungary, totally de- 
stroyed by a fire, 1777. 

Crescent, order of knighthood, began 
at Naples, 1448. 

Crichton, fthe admirable, b. 1561, 
murdered 1582. 

Crickeath Castle,Carnarvonshire,built 
1206. 

Crimea, part of, settled by the Rus- 
sians, 1784. 

Criminals ordered for transportation 
instead of execution, 1590 ; 72,000 
executed in reign of Henry VIII. 

Crimp-houses, in London, destroyed 
by the mob, Sept. 1794-5. 

Cripplegate, London, pulled down and 
sold for 91/., July, 1760. 

Crisp, Edmund, of Bury, in Suffolk, 
cut and mangled, 1729. 

Crockery first manufactured 1 309 B C. 

Croesus, the rich king of Lydia, flou- 
rished B. C. 562. 

Croft, William, musician, b. 1677, 
d. 1727, aged 70. 

Croisades to Palestine, began in 1096. 

Cromwell, Oliver, the Protector, b. 
25 April, 1599, d. 3rd Sept., 1658. 

Cromwell, Mrs. S., great-great grand- 
daughter of the protector, Oliver 
Cromwell, and last of the name, 
died atCheshunt, 28th Feb., 1834, 
aged 90 years. 

Cromwell, Lord, born 1490 ; made 
vicar-general, Oct., 1535 ; beheaded 
28th July, 1540. 

Cronstadt, near St.Petersbnrg, founded 
by Peter the Great, of Russia, 1 704, 
considerably injured by fire, 1741. 

Crook, Japhet, his ears cut off", in the 
pillory, 1731. 

Cross, St., hospital, Winchester, built 
1132. 

Cross, the sign of, first used by chris- 
tians, A. D. 110. 

Cross of our Saviour found on Mount 
Calvary, A. D. 326. 

Crosses first set upon steeples and 
spires, 568. 



Cronsaz, John P., b. 1663, d. 1750. 

Croyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, built 
718; destroyed by the Danes, 867 ; 
rebuilt, 945 ; destroyed by fire 
1091 ; again built 1112, about 30 
years after which it was again burnt 
down, and finally rebuilt 1170. 

Crown of England. Egbert was sole 
monarch of England, 827. From 
Egbert the crown descended regu- 
larly, with very little deviation. 
In the three succeeding reigns it 
was suspended by force, till the 
Saxon line was restored in Edward 
the Confessor, who indeed was not 
the next heir, because Edmund II. 
had a son living, Edward, an outlaw 
in Hungary. On Edward the Con- 
fessor's decease, Harold II. usurped 
the throne, though the right re- 
mained in Edgar Atheling, son of 
Edward the outlaw, and grandson 
of Edmund II. At this time, 
William I., duke of Normandy, 
claimed a right from a grant of 
Edward the Confessor, and by con- 
quest transferred the crown to a 
new family. From him it descended 
to his second and third sons, Wil- 
liam II. and Henry I , his eldest 
son Robert being kept out of pos- 
session by his brothers. Henry I. 
was succeeded by Stephen, grand- 
son of William I. by his daughter 
Adelicia, his elder brother Theobald 
waiving his claim, and Maud, the 
daughter of Henry I. and grand- 
daughter of Edward the outlaw, to 
whom the succession belonged, 
being excluded by force ; however, 
her son, Henry II., as heir to Wil- 
liam I., succeeded Stephen ; though 
the proper heirs in the Saxon line 
were the sons of Malcolm, king of 
Scotland, by Margaret, the daughter 
of Edward the outlaw. But Henry 

I. having married the daughter of 
Edgar Atheling, by whom he had 
Maud, and her son Henryll. coming 
to the crown, in some measure re- 
stored the Saxon line. From Henry 

II. the crown descended to his old- 
est son then living, Richard I. on 
whose death it was seized by his 
brother John, Henry II.'s youngest 



CR 



CRO 



111 



son, in exclusion of his nephew 
Arthur. On the death of Arthur 
and his sister Eleanor, without 
issue, the crown properly descended 
to Henry III. son of John ; and 
from Henry HI. in an hereditary 
line of six generations, to Richard 
II., and this right of succession was 
declared in parliament hy the 25th 
of Edward III. Richard II. re- 
signed the crown, and the right 
resulted to the issue of his grand- 
father Edward III. , and should have 
fallen on the posterity of Lionel, 
duke of Clarence, the first son of 
Edward III. ; hut Henry, duke of 
Lancaster, descended from the third 
son of Edward III., usurped it, 
under the title of Henry IV"., pre- 
tending to he the next heir. Par- 
liament (7th Henry IV.) settled 
it on him and his heirs. Henry 
IV. was regularly succeeded by his 
son and grandson, Henry V. and 
VI. Under Henry VI. the house j 
of York, descended from Lionel, 
duke of Clarence, hy the mother's 
side, began to. claim their dormant 
right, and established it in Edward 

IV. by parliament. This king was 
succeeded by his eldest son Edward 

V. , who was deposed and succeeded 
by his unnatural uncle, Richard III. 
his father's brother, on a pretence 
of bastardy. During this reign 
Henry VII., earl of Richmond, a 
descendant of the house of Lan- 
caster, assumed the throne, and his 
possession was established by par- 
liament, 1485. He marrying 
Elizabeth of York, Edward IV.'s 
daughter, the undoubted heiress of 
of William the Conqueror, the 
families of York and Lancaster 
were united in Henry VIII., her 
eldest son, who transmitted the 
crown in succession to his three 
children, confirmed by parliament, 
25th Henry VIII. c. 12. This 
statute was repealed by 28 Henry 
VIII. c. 7, by which, after the 
king's divorce from Ann Boleyn, 
Mary and Elizabeth were bastard- 
ized. They were again legitimated, 
and the succession was restored by 



35 Henry VIII. c. 1. Parliament 
now asserted its right of directing 
the succession by 1 3 Elizabeth, c. 1 . 
On the death of Elizabeth, suc- 
ceeded James VI. of Scotland, our 
James I. (the lineal descendant of 
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. 
and his wife Elizabeth of York, the 
wife of James IV. of Scotland,) and 
in him were united, not only the 
different competitors since the con- 
quest, but likewise the right of the 
Saxon monarchs, he being the direct 
lineal descenendant of Malcolm, 
who married Margaret the daughter 
of Edmund II. From James I. 
the crown descended to his second 
son Charles I., his eldest son Arthur 
being dead. After him the suc- 
cession was interrupted by the 
usurpation of Oliver Cromwell, and 
his son Richard, but restored in 
1668, in Charles II., eldest son of 
Charles I. He dying without le- 
gitimate issue, it passed to his 
brother James II., whom parlia- 
ment excluded, and called in Wil- 
liam of Orange and his wife Mary, 
the eldest daughter of James II. 
1 668, to the exclusion of her father 
and her brother. On the death of 
this William III., Anne, second 
daughter of James II. reigned ; and 
she leaving no issue, the crown was 
settled by parliament, 12 and 13 
William III. on the princess Sophia 
of Hanover, the youngest daughter 
of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, 
who was the daughter of James I., 
and her heirs, being Protestants. 
She dying before Queen Anne, her 
son George I. succeeded, in which 
family the crown has regularly de- 
scended to the present king. 

Crown, the first Roman that wore one 
was Tarquin, 616 B. C. ; first used 
in England, 872 ; the first tiara or 
triple one used by the pope, 1634 ; 
the first single one used by them 
was in 553 ; first double one, 1303. 

Crown lands in England, valued at 
120,626/. 14s. Id. per annum, 
ordered by parliament to be sold, 
whose leases are between 3 and 3 1 
years unexpired, 1786. 



112 CRO 



C US 



Crown lands resumed by law, 1 449. 
Crown royal, order of knighthood, 

instituted in France, 802. 
Croxall, Rev. Dr. Samuel, d. 1751. 
Croxton, Abbey, Staffordsh., bit. 1180. 
Croyland, the monk of, murdered at 

Peterborough, 863. 
Crucifixes painted in churches and 

chambers, first introduced, 461. 
Cruden, Alexander, author of the 

Concordance, d. 1770, aged 69. 
Crusade, the first, 1096. 
Ctesias, the historian, d. 384 B. C. 
Cuba discovered, 1492 ; settled in 

1511 ; damaged by an earthquake 

and violent rain, 21st June, 1791, 

when 30 OOpersons perished, 11,700 

cattle of various kinds, amongst 

them 3700 horses. 
Cudworth, Rev. Ralph, b. 1617, d. 

1688. 

Cujas, James, French writer, b. 1520, 
d. 1590. 

Cullen, Dr. William, of Edinburgh, 
d. 5th Feb , 1790, aged 78. 

Cullen, Dr. Henry, of Edinburgh, d. 
11th Oct., 1790. 

Cullerne, Wiltshire, six miles from 
Bath, burnt, and 32 families re- 
duced to destitution, 1st Apr., 1774. 

Culross forest took fire accidentally, 
25th July, 1803. 

Culverins first made in England, 1534. 

Cumberland, Richard, bishop, critical 
author, b. 1632, d. 1718. 

Cumberland, Richard, English dra- 
matic writer, b. 19th Feb., 1732, 
d. 7th May, 1811. 

Cumberland, Duke of, attempt to 
assassinate the, 31st May, 1810; 
married the Dowager Princess of 
Salm, Aug., 1814, at New Strelitz, 
and, 29th Aug., 1815, re-married 
at Carlton House ; motion for 
settling 6000/. per annum additional 
on both Duke and Duchess nega- 
tived in the House of Commons by 
a majority of one, 3rd July, 1815. 

Cumberland, Duchess of, delivered of 
a son, 5th June, 1819. 

Cunningham, John, the poet, b. 1 729, 
d. 1773. 

Cup, Sacramental, restored to the 

laity, 1547. 
Curacoa, settled by the Dutch, 1634. 



Curates, Stipendiary, law for the better 
support and maintenance of, 1813. 

Curfew bell, established by William 
the Conqueror 1068, abolished in 
1103. 

Curran, John Philpot, Irish orator, b. 
1750, d. 1817. 

Currants first planted in England, 
1533 ; brought from Zante, 1482. 

Currie, James, a doctor at Liverpool, 
b. 1756, d. 1805. 

Curtis, Wm. botanist,b.l746, d.1799. 

Curtius, M., rode into a gulf at Rome, 
B. C. 362. 

Curtius, Quintus, flourished A.D. 64. 

Custom Stores, Dublin, damaged by 
fire, supposed to be wilful, 1833. 

Custom House, London, Lower 
Thames-street, first built, 1559; 
burnt down and rebuilt, 1718 ; 
burnt down again, 12th Feb., 1814; 
rebuilt and opened for business, 
12th May, 1817. 

Custom House, long room of, fell in 
26th Jan., 1825. 

Customs on exports and imports first 
collected in England, about 979 ; 
first granted, 1274; amounted to but 
14,000/. in 1580; farmed for many 
years for 20,000/. till 1590; to 
50,000/. in 1592; to 148,000/. in 
1614; to 168,000/. in 1622; to 
300,000/. in 1642 ; farmed for 
390,000/. in 1666; amounted to 
557,752/. in 1688 ; from 1700 to 
1714, net amount was20,241,468/. 
which, on amedium wasl,352,764/. 
amounted to 1,555,600/. in 1720 ; 
tol,593,000/.inl721;tol,904,000Z. 
in 1744; to 2,000,000/. in 1748 ; to 
4,609,300/. in 1786 ; to 4,965,000/. 
in 1787 ; to 4,867,000/. in 1789 ; to 
6,890,000/. in 1790; to 4,044,923/. 
15*. 6d. in 1794; to 3,412,255/. 
6s. 8d. in 1795 ; to 17,894,405/. 
4 5 . Id. in 1828; to 16,516,271/. in 
1832; and to 21,247,280/.inl830. 
Its officers deprived of voting for 
members of parliament , 1782 ; seiz- 
ures at the custom-house amounted 
to 26,000/. in 1742. The report 
of the committee on the wet dock- 
bill has furnished the public with 
the most authentic evidence of the 
immense increase of our commerce. 



CUT 



DAN 



113 



In 1790, the tonnage of foreign 
vessels cleared out from London 
was precisely double what it was in 
1751. In 1795, this tonnage was 
more than one-third greater than in 
1790. 

Cutting for the stone first performed 
on a criminal at Paris, with success, 
in 1474. 

Cuvier, Baron, the French naturalist, 
b. 1767, d. 1832. 



Cyder, called wine, made in England, 
1234. 

Cvmmer Abbey,Merionethshire, built 
1200. 

Cyphers, digits or figures in Arithme- 
tic, invented bv the Arabic Moors, 
813. 

Cyprian, St., martyred, A. D. 258. 
Cyril, of Alexandria, flourished 412. 
Cyril, of Jerusalem, flourished 350. 
Cyrus, the Great, d. B. C. 529. 



D. 



D ABLANCOURT, French wri- 
ter, b. 1606, d. 1664. 

Dach, John, of Cologne, a painter of 
history, b. 1566, d. about 1646. 

Dacier, Andrew, French critic, b. 
1651, d. 1722. 

Dacier, Madam, French commenta- 
tor, b. 1651, d. 6th Aug., 1720. 

Daire Castle, Cumberland, built B.C. 
925. 

Daddi, Bernardo, an Italian history 

painter, d. 1380. 
Daddi. Cosimo, a Florentine painter 

of history, d. of plague, 1630. 
Daele. John Van. a Dutch painter of 

land and sea views, b. 1530, died 

1601. 

Daedalus, British frigate, struck on a 
shoal and was lost, the crew saved, 
16th July, 1813. 

Daedalus, the ancient architect, flou- 
rished B. C. 987. 

DafBer, N., a Genoese engraver, d. 
after 1752. 

Dagiu, Fran., a Venetian historical 
painter, b. 1714, d. 1784. 

Dahl, Michael, of Stockholm, a por- 
trait painter, b. 1656, d. 1743. 

Daily, Lieut. Gen., served in the 
American war, b. d. 1832. 

D'Alembert, Mon., mathematician, b. 
1717, d. 27th Oct., 1783. 

Dalens, Diik. (Theodore), a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1659, d. 1688. 

Dalkeith, Scotland, extensive range 
of buildings at, consumed bv fire, 
30th Sept/, 1812. 

Dall. Nich. Thomas, a Danish land- 
scape and scene painter, d. in Lon- 
don, 1777. 



Dallamano, an Italian painter of ar- 
chitectural views, b. 1679, d. 1758. 

Dalrymple, Alex., b. 1737, d. 1800. 

Dalrvmple, David, Sir, b. 1726, d. 
1792. 

Dalton, Richard, an English artist, 

patronised by the Prince of "Wales 

(afterwards G. IV.) and bv the Earl 

of Charlemont, b. 1720, 'd. 1791. 
Damas in Barbary, nearly obliterated 

by an earthquake, when 60,000 

souls perished, 3rd Dec, 1759. 
Damerham, Wilts., sustained 3000/. 

worth of damage by a fire, 14th 

July, 1755. 
Damery, Simon, a Flemish painter of 

history, b. 1597, d. 1640. 
Damien attempted to assassinate the 

king of France, 5th Jan., 1757. 
Damini, Pietro, of Castelfranco, an 

historic painter, b. 1592, d. of 

plague, 1630. 
Damm, Thomas, of Leighton, near 

Minchnal, Cheshire, d. 1608, aged 

154. 

Dam pier, William, the navigator, b. 

1652, d. in the reign of Geo. I., 

date unknown. 
Dancing by cinque paces, introduced 

into England from Italy, 1541 ; 

incorporated in France, 1659. 
Dance, George, a British painter and 

architect, b. 1741, d. 1825. 
Dance. See Holland. 
Danchet, Anthonv, French poet, b. 

1671, d. 1748." 
Danckert, Henry, a Dutch painter 

and engraver, b. about 1630. 
Dancourt, F. E., a French actor and 

comic poet, b. 1661, d. 1726. 



114 DAN 



DAY 



Dandini, Cesare, a celebrated Floren- 
tine painter, b. 1595, d. 1658. 

Dandini, Vincenzio, a Florentine 
painter of history, b. 1607. 

Dandini, Pietro, a Florentine historic 
painter, b. 1646, d. 1712. 

Danedi, Giov. Stef. (Montalto,) an 
Italian historic painter, b. 1608, d. 
1689. 

Danedi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter 
of scriptural subjects, b. 1618, d. 
1688. 

Danegelt, a land tax first established 
by^Ethelred II., 991 ; abolished 
by Stephen, 1135. 

Danet, Peter, French -writer, d. 1 709. 

Danhauer, a German painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1675, d. 1733. 

Daniel sent captive to Babylon, 606 ; 
interprets Nebuchadnezzar's dream, 
603 ; cast into the lion's den, 538 ; 
predicted the Persian empire, 534 
B. C. 

Daniel, Samuel, poet and historian, b. 

1562, d. 1619. 
Daniel, the French historian, b. 1649, 

d. 1723. 

Danks, Fran., a Dutch portrait and 
history painter, b. 1650, d. 1703. 

D'Anville,J.B.B.,b. 1697, d. 1782. 

Dannecher, (J. H. Yon, of Stuttgard, 
an eminent sculptor, b. 1758. 

Dante, Vincenzio, an Italian poet 
and painter, d. 1756. 

Dante, the great Florentine poet, au- 
thor of the Inferno, b. 1265, d. 
1321. 

Danti, Theodora, a female painter of 
Perugia, b. 1498, d. 1573. 

Danti, Antonio, a Roman portrait 
and history painter, b. 1634, d. 
1675. 

Dantzic founded, 1169; first walled 
in, 1398 ; admitted to a suffrage 
in the election of kings of Poland, 
1632; put themselves under the 
protection of Russia, 1703 ; com- 
pelled to acknowledge Stanislaus 
king of Poland, 1707 ; the king of 
Prussia seized upon the territory 
round the city, 1789. 

Dantzic, 300 persons at, killed and 
wounded, and 600 houses damaged 
by an explosion of gunpowder, 6th 
Dec, 1815. 



D'Arcon, I., inventor of the floating 

batteries, b. 1733, d. 1800. 
Darien settled in 1700. 
D'Arcy, Count, the philosopher, b. 

1725, d. 1779. 
Darius, the Mede, king of Assyria, 

flourished B.C. 538. 
Darius, the last king of Persia, slain 

B. C. 330. 
Darlington, worsted mills at, belong- 
ing to Messrs. Pease, burned down, 

damage estimated at 35,000/. 19th 

Feb. 1817. 
Darlington Temple, Devon, bit. 1123. 
Darnley, Lord, married to Mary, 

Queen of Scots, 1561, murdered 

10th Feb., 1567. 
Dartford Priory, Kent, built 1372. 
Dartford Cotton Mills, damaged by 

fire to the amount of 10,000/. 21st 

Dec, 1795. 
Darwin, Dr. Erasmus, d. 18th Mav, 

1802, aged 70. 
Daubenton,I. J. M.,b. 1716,d.l810. 
D'Aubigne, French writer, b. 1550, 

d. 1630. 

Dauphiny annexed to the crown of 
France, 1349. 

Daun, Count, b. 1705, d. 1766. 

Dauphin of France, murdered the 
Duke of Burgundy, and was disin- 
herited the crown, 1419. 

Daurat, French poet, b. 1507, d. 1588. 

Davenant, Sir William, dramatic poet, 
b. 1605, d. 1668. 

Davenant, Dr. John, bishop of Salis- 
bury, b. 1570, d. 20th April, 1641. 

Davenant, Ch., b. 1656, d. 1714. 

David, b. at Bethlehem, 1085; suc- 
ceeded Saul in Israel, 1055 ; com- 
mitted adult erv with Bathsheba, 
1035; marriedher 1034 ; d. 1015 
B.C. 

David, St.,b. in the 5th century, d. 

about 544. 
David's, St., cathedral built, 1180; 

palace built, 1335. 
David, James Louis, restorer of the 

French school of painting, b. 1750, 

d. 1825. 

David, King. See Old Testament, 

events of. 
Davies, Sir John, lawver and poet, 

b. 1570, d. 1626. 
Davies, Snevd, Dr., poet, d.'1769. 



DAY 



DEL 115 



Davila, historian, b. 1576, d. 1631. 

Davington Nunnery, Kent, bit. 1153. 

Davis, J., English navigator, d. 1605. 

Davis's Straits discovered 15B5. 

Davy, Robert, and English portrait 
painter, d. 1793. 

Daw, Sir Humphrey, b. 17th Dec, 
1779, d.2 9 th May, 1829. 

Dawes, Philip, an English painter, 
pupil of Hogarth, b. ,d.l780. 

Dawes, Rich., critic, b. 1708, d. 1766. 

Davy, John, an eminent musical com- 
poser, d. in poverty, 22d Feb. 1824. 

Dav, Thomas, b. about 1712, d. 
1785. . 

Day, Thomas, author of Sandford 
and Merton, b. 1748, d. 1789. 

Day, John, printer, who first intro- 
duced the Greek and Saxon cha- 
racters into Eugland, d. 1584. 

Dayes, Edward, a promising British 
painter, who fell by his own hand, 
1804. 

Deaf and Dumb asylum, inst. 1792. 
Deal Castle, Kent, built 1539. 
Dean, Hugh, a Bx-itish artist of great 

merit, but greater eccentricity, d. 

1784. 

Dearth, 1194, so great in England 
and France, that a quarter of wheat 
was sold for 20s., almost as much 
as 61. now, followed by a pestilen- 
tial fever, 1193, 1194, 1195 ; ano- 
ther, 1222 ; another with a mur- 
rain, when wheat sold for 40s. a 
quarter, as much as 81. now, 1315; 
wheat sold for 31. a bushel, 1316; 
another great one, with a murrain'; 
1385 ; two others, 1348 and 1353, 
again, when bread was made in 
many places of fern roots and ivy 
berries, 1438; 2,000,000/. was 
paid for corn imported in a dearth, 
1565; and 1,200,000/. in 1748. 

Deaths taxed, 1783. 

Death, Captain, killed in an engage- 
ment, 28th Dec, 1756. 

Debenhem, Suffolk, 38 houses at, 
destroyed by fire, 1st Mar., 1743-4. 

Deborah the prophetess, and third 
judge of Israel, with Barak, general 
of the Israelites, defeats the Ca- 
naanites under Sisera, at the waters 
of Megiddo ; Sisera is killed by 
Jael the wife of Hcbcr, 1285; 



upon this battle was composed the 
beautiful song of Victory, in Judges, 
chap. v. ; the land of Israel had 
rest in the 40th year after the rest 
given by Ehud. See Old Testa- 
ment, events of. 

Debt. See national debt and interest. 

Decameron of Boccaccio, a copy of 
this work, small folio, printed in 
1471, knocked down to the Mar- 
quis of Blandford, at the Duke of 
Roxburgh's sale, for 2,260/., 17th 
June, 1812. 

Decemviri, first creation of, at Rome, 
B. C. 450. 

Decimal arithmetic invented 1602, 
by Simon Steven of Bruges. 

De Champagne, Philip, b. at Brussels, 
1602, d. 1674. 

Decker, Thomas, cotemporary, and 
flourished with Ben Jonson. 

Declaration of rights, bill passed, 1689- 

De Courcy, had the privilege of stand- 
ing covered before the kings of 
England, granted by King John, 
1203. 

Dedications to books introduced in 
the time of Mecsenas, A. D. 17 ; 
practised for the purpose of ob- 
taining money, 1600. 

Dedication of churches introduced in 
the 4th century. 

Dee, John, mathematician and astro- 
loger, b. 1527, d. 1608. 

Deeds in old English in Rymer's 
Foedera, 1385. 

Deering, Sir Cholmley, killed in a 
duel, 9th May, 1711. 

Defence, British 74 gun ship, stranded 
on the coast of North Jutland, 
when all the crew, except five sea- 
men and one marine perished, 24th 
Dec, 1811. 

Defender of the Faith, the title of, 
given to the king of England, 1520. 

Defoe, Daniel, a political writer, b. 
1663, d. 1731. 

Degrees, academical, first introduced 
at Paris, previous to 1213. 

De la Fosse, a French artist, he 
painted the interior of the British 
Museum, b. 1640, d. 1716. 

Delany, Dr., miscellaneous writer, 
b. 1686, d. 1768. 

De-La-Plata river discovered, 1512. 



116 DEL 



DEP 



De-La-Notte, Ghirendo, an artist 

who flourished 1570. 
De-Launcey. a French engraver, h. 

1739, d. 1792. 
Delft, James William, a Dutch 

painter and engraver, b. 1580, d. 

1640- 

Delft, J. W., a Dutch painter and 
engraver, b. 1619, d. 1661. 

Delft city founded, 1072 ; nearly de- 
stroyed by a fire, 1536. 

Delft earthenware, invented at Ti- 
renza, 1450. 

Delille, Abbe, French poet, d. 1813. 

Delisle, Jos. Nich., astronomer, b. 
1688, d. 1768. 

Delisle, William, geographer, b. 1675, 
d. 1726. 

De Limer, Don John Taverra, native 
of Portugal, d. 1738, aged 198. 

Delmont, Diodato, a Flemish historic 
painter, b. 1581, d. 1630. 

Delolme, J. L., b. 1745, d. 1807. 

Delphos, temple of, burnt down, B.C. 
548. 

Delpo, Giacomo, a Neapolitan painter 
of architecture, b. 1709, d. 1754. 

De Luc, J. A., b. 1726, d. 1817. 

Deluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly, 
1529 B. C. 

Deluge, general, threatened in the year 
of the world 1536 ; began 25th 
Nov., 1656, i. e. 2348 B. C. ; it 
continued 377 days ; Noah left the 
ark on Friday, 18th Dec, 2347 
B. C. 

Delvito, a Neapolitan painter of his- 
torical pictures, b. 1435, d. 1498. 

Democritus, d. B. C. 361, aged 109. 

Demoirre, Ab., celebrated mathema- 
tician, b. 1667, d. 1754. 

Demosthenes, b. 381 ; recalled from 
banishment, 322 ; poisoned himself, 
313 B.C. 

Dempster, Thomas, historian and 
commentator, d. 1625. 

Denbigh Abbey, built 1330 ; castle 
built, 1280. 

Denham, Sir John, English poet, b. 
1615, d. 1668. 

Denham, Thomas, M. D., died 26th 
Nov., 1815. 

Denmark united to Norway, 1412 ; 
separated from it, 1521 ; crown 
made hereditary, 1660 ; Pomerania 



and the Isle of Rugen annexed to. 
it in exchange for Norway, by 
treaty, 14th Jan., 1814. 
Denmark, kings of, from Frederick I. 



Frederick I. began - 1523 

Christian III. - - 1554 

Frederick II. - - 1559 

Christian IV. - - 1558 

Frederick III. - - 1648 

Christian V. - - 1670 

Frederick IV. - - 1699 

Christian VI. - - 1730 

Frederick V. - - 1746 

Christian VII. - - 1766 

Frederick VI. - - 1808 



Denner, Balthazzar, of Hamburgh, a 
portrait painter, b. 1685, d. 1747. 

Dennis, John, celebrated critic, b. 
1657, d. 1733. 

Dennis's Abbey, France, built 1140. 

Dennis, St., order of, began in France 
1267. 

Denou, Baron, Dom. Vincent, a 
French painter, and one of the 
literary companions of Buonaparte 
in Egypt, b. 1747, d. 1825. 

Denys, Jacques, a Belgian portrait 
painter, b. 1647. 

D'Eon, Chevalier, b. 1728, d. 1810. 

Depredations, value of, said to be 
committed annually in the metro- 
polis. Among the small thefts are 
included pewter pots, stated at 
55,000/. :— 

£ 

Small thefts - - - 710,000 
Thefts on rivers and quays 500,000 
In dock-yards, &c. on the 

Thames - - - 300,000 
Burglaries, highway-rob- 
beries, &c. - - 220,000 
Coining base money - 200,000 
Forging bills, swindling, &c. 70,000 

£2,000,000 



Deptford, king's naval stores, erected 
there, 1513. 

Deptford, destructive fire, which de- 
stroyed the Victualling Office, and 
two lighters in the river, 16th 
Jan., 1749 ; the store-house, 2nd 
Sept., 1758; the red-house, 26th 
Feb., 1761 ; and the king's mill, 
Dec, 1775. 



DER 



DIC 117 



Derham, Dr. William, b. 1657, d. 

April, 1735. 
Dermody, the Irish Bloomfield, h. 

at Ennis, 1775, d. at Sydenham, 

15th July, 1802. 
Derrick, Samuel, an author and 

Master of the Ceremonies at Bath, 

b. 1724, d. 1769. 
Dervet, Claude, of Lorraine, a portrait 

and historical painter, b. 1600. 
Derwentwater, Earl of, and Lord 

Kenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill, 

24th Feb., 1716. 
Deryck, Peter Cornelius, a Dutch 

landscape and portrait painter, b. 

1568, d. 1630. 
Deryke, William, of Antwerp, an 

historic painter, b. 1635, d. 1697. 
Desaguliers, J. T., b. 1683, d. 1744. 
Desault, J. P., celebrated surgeon, b. 

1744, d. 1795. 
Desani, Pietro, a Bolognese historic 

painter, b. 1595, d. 1647. 
Desbarres, Bonaventure, a French 

privateer, b. 1700, d. 1729. 
Descada, Isle of, discovered by Colum- 
bus, 1494. 
Descamps, John Baptist, of Dunkirk, 

a painter of history and landscape, 

b. 1714, d. 1791. 
Descent of Crown of England. See 

Crown of England. 
Deshayes, Jean Bap., of Rouen, an 

historic painter, b. 1729, d. 1765. 
Deshoulieres, Ant., French writer, b. 

1638, d. 1694. 
Desmaiseaux, Peter, b. 1666, d. 1745. 
Desmond, Thomas, Earl of, beheaded 

in Ireland, 1468. 
Despard, Col., and six associates, ex- 
ecuted in Southwark, for high 

treason, 21st Feb., 1803. 
Desportes, Francis, a French painter 

of fruit, &c. b. 1661, d. 1773. 
Desportes, Philip, French writer, b. 

1546, d. 1600. 
Desprez, Louis John, a French pain- 
ter and architect, d. 1804. 
Deucalion died 1500 B.C. 
Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b. 

1567, beheaded 1601. 
Devereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b. 

1592, d. 1646. 
Devis, Arthur, an English portrait 

painter, b. 1711, d. 1787. 



Devis, Arthur Willliam, an English 
landscape painter, (one of the An 
telope crew, wrecked on the Pelew 
Islands,) b. 1762, d. 1822. 

Devizes Castle, built 1136. 

Devonport, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Devonshire House, Piccadilly, de- 
stroyed by fire, 1733. 

D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, b. 1 602,d. 1 650. 

Dewit. See Wit. 

Dewitt, John, statesman, b. 1625, d. 
1672. 

Dey of Algiers assassinated by a sol- 
dier, 11th Dec, 1754. 

Dey of Tunis first appointed 1570. 

Deynum, John Bap. Van, of Antwerp, 
portrait painter, b. 1620, d. 1669. 

Deyster, Louis, of Bruges, a painter 
of portrait and history, b. 1656, d. 
1711. 

Diamonds, nine of, called the curse of 
Scotland, from a Scotch member 
of parliament, part of whose family 
arms is the nine of diamonds, voting 
for the introduction of the malt tax 
into Scotland. 

Diamonds first polished and cut at 
Bruges, 1489. 

Diamond mines discovered at Brazil, 
1730 ; that at Coulour, in the East 
Indies, 1640; that at Gaolcondo, 
1584 ; one sent from Brazil for the 
court of Portugal weighed 1680 
carats, "or 12 ounces and a half, 
valued at 224 millions sterling. 
Governor Pitt's weighed 127 carats, 
and sold for 135,000/. to the king 
of France. That which belonged 
to Aureng-Zeb weighed 793 carats. 
The mogul's weighed 279 carats, 
779,244/. The grand duke of 
Tuscan y's weighed 139 carats. 

Diamantini, Giu. Cavaliere, an Italian 
painter and engraver, b. 1660. 

Diana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt 
B. C. 356. 

Diaz, Michael, the navigator, d. 1512. 

Dibdin, Charles, writer of humorous 
ballads,b. 1748,d.25th July, 1814. 

Dibdin, Charles, Jun. dramatic author 
and manager, d. 17th Jan., 1833. 

Dice, invented B.C. 1500; 3000 pair 
stamped in England, 1775. 

Dictum de Kenilworth, passed 1266. 



118 DIC 



DO D 



Dictators created at Rome, B.C. 497. 

Dido flourished B. C. 833. 

Didot, Francis Ambrose, the cele- 
brated French printer, b. Jan., 
1730, d. 18th July, 1804. 

Diebitsch, Russian general who crossed 
the Balkan, d. 19th June, 1831. 

Diepenbeck, Ab. Van., of Bois-le- 
Duc, an historic painter, b. 1607, 
d. 1675. 

Diepraam, Ab., a Dutch painter of 

battle-pieces, b. 1655. 
Diest, Ad. Van, a Dutch landscape 

painter, b. 1655, d. 1704. 
Dietrich, C. W. Ernest, of Weimar, 

landscape painter, b. 1712, d. 1774. 
Dietzch, J. C, of Niuemburg, an 

engraver and landscape painter, b. 

1710. 

Dieu et mon Droit, " God and my 
Right," first used as a motto by 
Richard L after a victory over the 
French, 1194. 

Digby, Sir Edward, b. 1581 ; hanged 
with the other conspirators in the 
Powder Plot, 30th Jan., 1606. 

Digby, Sir Kenelm.b. 1603, d. 1665. 

Digges, Sir Dudlev, statesman, b. 
1538, d. 1639. 

Dillenius, John James, professor of 
botany at Oxford, b. 1684, d. 1747. 

Dinah. See Old Testament, events of. 

DiodorusSiculus,writer, lived B.C.45. 

Diogenes, the Cynic philosopher, d. 
B. C. 324, aged 89. 

Diogenes, Laertius, fl. A.D. 183. 

Dion Cassius, flourished 229. 

Dionysius Priory, Hants, built 1124. 

Dionvsius Periegetes, flourished about 

A. D. 140. 

Dionysius, tyrant of Svracuse, d. 368 

B. C. 

Dionysius, of Halicarnassus, flourished 
in the reign of Augustus B.C. 30. 

Dionysius, the Areopagite, flourished 
in our Saviour's time. 

Diophantus, the first writer on Alge- 
bra, 365. 

Dipping needle, invented by Robert 

Norman, a compass maker of Rad- 

cloffe, 1580. 
Discepoli, Giov. Bat., of Lugano, an 

historic painter, b. 1590, d. 1660. 
Dispensation first granted by the Pope 

1200. 



Dissenters first separated from the 
Church of England, 1571. 

Dissolution of monasteries by act, 
1536, to the value of 361,000/. per 
annum, and 50,000 religious were 
maintained by it, equal now to 
1,750,000/. There were 643 mo- 
nasteries, 90 colleges, 374 chapel- 
ries, and 110 hospitals. 

Distaff spinning first introduced into 
England by Bonavera, an Italian, 
1505. 

Distilling first practised in Spain by 

the Moors, 1150. 
Distillation of spirituous liquors began 

in the 1 2th century ; in Ireland, 

1590. 

Distillery in 1786 vielded in Eng- 
land, 421,193/. is. 3id. and in 
1794, it yielded 680,573/. 16s. 8d: 
If the tax on malt, and the product 
of the Scotch distilleries are in- 
cluded, it will be 900,000/. 0s. 9d. 

Diving bell first tried at Cadiz in pre- 
sence of the Emperor Charles V. 

Divorce, the first at Rome, B.C. 229. 

Dobson, William, an eminent English 
portrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1646. 

Docks, London, the first stone of 
laid, 26th June, 1802; opened, 
30th Jan., 1805. 

Docks, West India, in the Isle of 
Dogs, opened 21st Aug., 1802. 

Docks, East India, opened 4th Aug., 
1806. 

Docks, Sheerness, opened 5th Sept., 
1823. 

Docks, St. Katherine's, opened 1825. 
Doctor's Degrees began in England, 
1607. 

Dodd, R., a civil engineer and writer 

on canals, docks, &c. b. 1756, d. 

11th April, 1822. 
Dodd, Rev. Dr., b. 29th May, 1789, 

executed for forgerv,27 June,1777. 
Doddridge, Dr., b. 26th June, 1702, 

d. 26th Oct., 1751. 
Dodington, Lord Melcombe. b. 1691, 

d. 1762. 

Dodsley, James, d. 19th Feb., 1997, 
aged 74. 

Dodsley, Rob., poet, b.1703, d. 1764. 
Dodsworth, Roger, antiquary, d.1659, 
aged 79. 

Dodwell, Henry, b. 1641, d. 1711. 



DOE 



DOU 119 



Does, J. Vander, the old, a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1623, d. 1673. 

Does, S. Vander, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1653, d.1717. 

Does, J. Vander, the young, a Dutch 
painter, b. 1563 d. 1693. 

Doggett, Thomas, the actor, d. 1724. 

Dog, order of knighthood, began 1070. 

Dog-stealers' Act passed, 1770 ; tax 
on dogs, 1796 aud 1808. 

Dolci, Carlo, an eminent Florentine 
painter of history, b. 1616, d. 1686. 

Dollartsee, between Groningen and 
East Friesland, formed by an in- 
undation, 1277. 

Dollond, Peter, an eminent English 
optician, b. 17 30, d. 2nd July, 1820. 

Dolomieu, D. G., b. 1750, d. 1801. 

Dolon, the first comic actor, flourished 
562 B. C. 

DolwyddellanCastle,Caernarvonshire, 
North Wales, built 500. 

Domenichino, Zampieri, a Bolognese 
painter of bistory and portraits, b. 
1581, supposed to have been poi- 
soned, 1641. 

Domenique, Jean, a French painter 
and disciple of Claude, d. 1684. 

Domini, Girolamo, an Italian historic 
painter, b. 1681, d. 1739. 

Dominic, Cavaliere, a Roman historic 
painter, b. 1595, d. 1640. 

Dominici, Francesco, of Trevigi, a 
portrait and history painter, d. 1 600. 

Domingo,St.,Isle of, discovered 1492 ; 
city founded, 1494; nearly de- 
stroyed, and the town of Port-au- 
Prince nearly burnt down by the 
revolting negroes, Oct., Nov., and 
Dec, 1791 ; given up by Rochain- 
beau, the French governor, to the 
black troops, 19th Nov., 1803. 

Dominica discovered by Columbus, 3d 
Nov., 1493 ; considerable damage 
done on shore and among the ship- 
ping at, by a gale of wind, 23rd July, 
1813 ; again, 15th Sept., 1816. 

Domitian assas. A.D. 96, aged 45. 

Domitian's Palace, at Rome, built 
A.D. 80. 

Domus Dei House, at Dover, built 
1240. 

Don, river, overflowed its banks, and 
caused serious injury, 10th Aug., 
1750. 



Don, a title first adopted by the 

King of Spain, 759. 
Donaldson, John, a Scotch painter of 

portraits in miniature, b. 1737, d. 

1801. 

Donati, Bertolo, a Venetian historical 

painter, b. 1540, d. 1601. 
Donato, an old Venetian painter, b. 

1427, d. 1478. 
Donato, or Donatello, a Florentine 

artist, b. 1383, d. 1466. 
Doncker, John, a Dutch portrait 

painter, b. 1610. 
Doncker, Peter, a Dutch painter of 

history and portrait, b. 1612, d. 

1668. 

Donducci(Il Masteletta), a Bolognese 

landscape painter, b. 1576, d. 1655. 
Doni, an Italian historic painter, b. 

1472, d. 1560. 
Donne, D., b. 1573, d. 1631. 
Donnington Castle, Berks. ,built,1260. 
Donosa, Josepho, a Spanish painter of 

architectural subjects, b. 1628, d. 

1686. 

Doomsday-book began 900, finished 
1086. 

Dorchester Cathedral first built 686. 
Dorchester, Dorsetshire, destroyed by 

an accidental fire, 7th Aug., 1613. 
Doria, And., Genoese admiral, d. 

1560, aged 84. 
Dorigny, Michael, a French historical 

painter, b. 1617, d. 1665. 
Dorigny, Louis, a French painter and 

engraver, b. J 654. d. 1742. 
Dormitory, at Westminster School, 

rebuilt, 1719. 
Dorset, the young Duke of, killed by 

the falling of his horse, when 

hunting with Lord Powerscourt's 

hounds at Killiney, Ireland, 3rd 

Feb., 1815. 
Dorsington, in Warwickshire, greatly 

injured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1759. 
Dort, Holland, sea broke in at, and 

drowned 100,000 persons, 1421. 
Dossi, an Italian painter of history 

and portrait, b. 1490, d. 1560. 
Doudyns, W., an eminent Dutch 

historic painter, b. 1630, d. 1697. 
Doufflest, Gerard, a Flemish painter 

of history, b. 1594, d. 1660. 
Doughet, an Italian painter, b. 1600, 

d. 1663. 



120 D U 



DRY 



Dough nomore, John Hely Hutchin- 
son, (second) earl of, Baron Alex- 
andria, a distinguished British offi- 
cer, b. 1757, d. 1832. 

Doughty, W., an English portrait 
painter and engraver, flourished 
1780. 

Douglas, Gawin, b. 1474, d. 1522. 

Douglas, Dr. John, Bishop of Salis- 
bury, and English "writer, b. 1719, 
d. 1596. 

Douglass Castle, near Edinburgh, de- 
stroyed by a fire, 11th Dec, 1758. 

Dove of Castile, order of knighthood, 
instituted 1379. 

Dover, Lord, an accomplished and 
learned British statesman and 
writer, d. 10 June, 1833, at the 
age of 36 years. 

Dover Castle built by Julius Csesar ; 
the tower built 47 ; the town for- 
tified 1525; St. Mary's Church 
built 121 ; priory built 1130 ; pier, 
built 1549. 

Dover-cliff, part of, fell dow T n, near 
Guildford battery, by which Mrs. 
Poole and her five young children 
and her niece were killed, 14th 
Dec, 1810. 

Dover foot barracks burnt down, 
owing to the carelessness of a 
plumber, 30th July, 1800. 

Douven, J. Francis, a Dutch portrait 
painter, b. 1655, d. 1727. 

Douw, Gerhard, of Leyden, a cele- 
brated painter, and pupil of Rem- 
brandt, b. 1613, d. 1674. 

Doyen, Gab. Francis, a French histo- 
rical painter, b. 1726, d. 1806. 

Dozello, a Neapolitan painter and 
architect, b. 1405, d. 1470. 

Draco flourished about 600 B.C. 

Draghi, Giov. Bat., a Geneose painter 
of history, b. 1657, d. 1712. 

Dragon, order of knighthood, in Hun- 
gary, began 1413. 

Dragoons first raised in England, 
1681 , sent to Oxford to awe the 
people, 7th Oct., 1715. 

Drakanburgh, Mr. Christian Jacob, 
died in Denmark, aged 146, 1770. 

Drake, Sir Francis, b. 1545, set sail 
round the world 1577, died 28th 
Jan., 1596. 

Draper, Sir W., died at Bath, 1787. 



Drayton, Michael, English poet, born 

about 1563, d. 1631. 
Drelincourt. Ch., b. at Sedan, 1595, 

d. 1669. 

Dresden founded 808 ; china invented 

1702 ; tremendous explosion of 

gunpowder at, by which many lives 

were lost, 27th June, 1814. 
Dress restrained by act of parliament, 

1455, 1574, 1580. 
Dreyet, Peter, a French engraver, b. 

1697, d. 1739. 
Drew, Samuel, A. M., a distinguished 

metaphysical writer, b. 1765, d. 

29th March, 1833. 
Drillenburg, of Utrecht, a landscape 

painter, b. 1625. 
Droit D'Aubaine abolished in France, 

5th Aug., 1790. 
Drolling of Berghem, a painter of 

subjects from common life, b. 1752, 

d. 1807. 

Drontheim, in Norway, 62 houses 
and 12 magazines at, destroyed by 
fire, value of damages 65,700/., 
Dec, 1788. 

Druids destroyed by command of 
Suetonius Paulinus, A. D. 60. 

Drummond, William, the poet, b. 

/ 1565, d. 1649. 

Drunkenness in the clergy restrained 
by canon law, 741. 

Drunkenness in the laity restrained 
by law, 975. 

Drury-lane and St. Giles's first paved 
according to act of parliament, 1 605. 

Drury-lane theatre built, 1662; de- 
stroyed by fire, 1672 ; rebuilt, 
1674 ; pulled down, 1791 ; rebuilt, 
1794 ; burnt, 1809; rebuilt and 
opened to the public, 10th Nov,. 
1812. The receipts of the first 
year of the new theatre were, 
79,925/. 145. Od. ; of the second, 
68,389/. 3s. 0d.; of the third, 
61,585/. 85. 5d. ; of the fourth, 
49,586/. 175. Od. 

Drusius, John, b. at Oudenarde, 1550, 
d. 1616. 

Druyvesteyn, Arnold Jansse, of 

Haerlem, a painter of landscapes, 

b. 1564, d. 1636. 
Dryden, John, an eminent British 

poet, b. 9th Aug., 1631, d. 1st 

May, 1700. 



DUB 



DUN 121 



Dublin City walls built about 838 ; 
its first charter granted, 1173; its 
castle built, 1220 ; university 
founded by Queen Elizabeth, 
1591 ; students admitted to its 
university, Jan., 1594; parliament 
house began, 1729, cost 40,000J. 

Dublin House of Commons, &c, de- 
stroyed by fire, 27th Feb., 1792 ; 
since the Union converted into a 
national bank. The city greatly 
damaged by an inundation of the 
Liffey, 2nd and 3rd of Dec, 1802. 

Dublin Custom House, first stone of. 
laid, 1 730. 

Dubois, Edward, a Dutch landscape 
and portrait painter, b. 1622, d. 
1699. 

Dubois, Simon, a Dutch painter of 
battle pieces and portraits, d. 1708. 

Due, John L., a Dutch painter of 
cattle, assemblies, &c, b. 1636, d. 
1695. 

Ducarel, Dr. Andrew Col tee, the 
antiquary, d. 29th May, 1785. 
aged 72. 

Ducart, Isaac, of Amsterdam, a 
flower painter, b. 1630, d. 1697. 

Duccio, a Florentine artist, restorer of 
Mosaic work, d. 1360. 

Duchange, Gasp., an engraver, b. 
1660, d. 1754. 

Duchemin, Catherine, a French fe- 
male painter of fruits and flowers, 
b. 1630, d. 1698. 

Duchesne, " father of French his- 
tory," b. 1534, d. 1640. 

Duckworth, an English admiral, b. 
1748, d. 1817. 

D'Udmie, reviver of stucco-work, b. 
1494, d. 1564. 

Dudlev, earl of Leicester, b. 1532, d. 
1588. 

Dudley, Edmund, beheaded, Aug., 
1510, aged 48. 

Dudley, duke of Northumberland 
(whose son married Lady Jane 
Grey), beheaded on Tower-hill, 
22nd Aug., 1553. 

Dudley Castle, Staffordshire, built, 
700; priory, built, 1160. 

Duelling, the first public one, 1096 ; 
in civil matters, forbidden in 
France, 1305 ; with small swords 
introduced into England, 1587. 



Dufau, Fortune, of St. Domingo, 
pupil of David, an historical pain- 
ter, d. 1821. 

Dufresne, C. L., a French painter of 
history and portrait, b. 1635, d. 
1711. 

Dugdale, Sir Wm., b. 1605, d. 1686. 

Duiven, John, a Dutch portrait pain- 
ter, b. 1600, d. 1640. 

Duke of Clarence, ship, lost in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1803. 

Duke, first created in Scotland, 
1393. 

Duke, title first given in England to 

Edward, son of Edward III., 17th 

March, 1337. 
Duke, grand, the title first given to 

the dukes of Tuscany, by Pius V., 

1570. 

Dulin, Peter, a French painter of 
history, b. 1670, d. 1748. 

Dullaert, Heyman, a Dutch painter 
of history and portrait, b. 1636, d. 
1684. 

Dulwich College, built, 1619. 
Dumouriez, the French general, seized 

the commissioners from the na- 
tional convention, and quitted the 

army, 1st April, 1793. 
Dunbar, built, 1187. 
Duncan, king of Scotland, murdered 

by Macbeth, 1039. 
Duncan, admiral lord, b. 1st July, 

1734; d. 4th Aug., 1804. 
Dun combe, William, translator of 

Horace, d. 1769, aged 79. 
Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, 

b. 1740, d. 1811. 
Dunkirk founded, 966 ; sold to 

France for 200,0007., A.D. 1662. 
Dunmow Prioiy, Essex, built, 1110. 
Dunning, J., lord Ashburton, b. 

1731, d. 1783. 
Dunoon Castle, Scotland, built before 

1334. 

Duns Scotus, d. 1308, aged 37. 
Dunstable Priory, founded 1132. 
Dunstafmage Castle, Scotland, built, 
1307. 

Dunstan, St., d. 988, aged 64. 

Dunstan's, St., Church, 

Dunstanburg Priory, Northumber- 
land, built, 1280. 

Dunz, John, a Swiss painter of flow- 
ers and fruits, b. 1645, d. 1736. 



122 DUO 



EAR 



Duomo, or Cathedral at Pisa, built, 
1061. 

Duomo, or Cathedral at Florence, 

began, 1296 ; finished, 1444. 
Du Pan, Mallet, b. 1749, d. 1800. 
Dupenon, M. Anquetil, an historic 

painter, b. 1731, d. 1805. 
Dupont, Gainsborough, an English 

landscape and portrait painter, d. 

1797. 

Dupre, M., his villa, near Beacons- | 
field, the residence of Edmund 
Burke, destroyed by fire, 21st Apr., 
1813. 

Durel, John, an English divine, d. 

1683, aged 58. 
Durer, Albert, an eminent painter 

and engraver, b. at Nuremburg, 

1471, d. 1528. 
D'Uifey, Thomas, English satirist 

and ballad writer, b. about 1630, 

d. Feb., 1724. 
Durham Castle, built, 1069. 
Durham, twenty-five dwelling houses 

at, burnt down, 1691. 
Durno, James, an English painter of 

history, b. 1750, d. 1795. 



Duty on brandy lowered 4s. Gd. per 
gallon, 10th May, 1787. 

Duties termed " incident duties," in 
1787, yielded 2,000,000?. 

Dusart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, 
pupil of Ostade, b. 1665, d. 1704. 

Duval, Nich., a Dutch historic pain- 
ter, b. 1644, d. 1732. 

Duval, Philip, a French historical 
painter, pupil of Le Brun, d. 1709. 

Duvenede, Marc Van, a Dutch 
painter of historv, pupil of Carlo 
Maratti, b. 1674,' d. 1729. 

Duxburg, near Chorley, at, 26 persons 
drowned by the breaking of the ice 
under them, 13th Dec. 1812. 

Dyck, Daniel Vanden, a Flemish his- 
toric and portrait painter, d. 1670. 

Dyer, John, a British painter and 
poet,b. in Caerrnarthenshire, 1700, 
d. 1758. 

Dyeing, abuses in it, prevented, 1783. 

Dyeing and dipping their own cloths, 
the English were so little skilled 
in, 1608, that they were usually 
sent white to Holland, and returned 
to England for sale. 



E 

EaCHARD, Rev. Dr. John, b. 

about 1636, d. 1697. 
Ear of Corn, order, began in Britany 

1050. 

Earl first created in England about 
886, when Alfred the Great was 
invested with the dignity and title 
by Ethelred I., grandson of Egbert. 

Earl Marshal, the first, appointed in 
England, 1383. 

Earthenw 7 are vessels first made by the 
Romans 715 B.C. ; the first made 
in modern Italy 1710 ; the present 
improved kind began to be made in 
1763 by Wedgwood in England. 

Earthquake, one in Asia that over- 
turned twelve cities,17 B.C. ; Her- 
culaneum buried by one, 79 A.D. ; 
four cities in Asia, two in Greece, 
and three in Galatia, overturned, 
107 ; Antioch destroyed, 115; one 
that swallowed up Nicomedia and 
several cities, 120; one in Mace- 
donia swallowed up 150 cities, 357 ; 



at Nicomedia, in Bithynia, 358 ; at 
Jerusalem and Constantinople, 363 ; 
in Italy, 369; Nice destroyed, 370; 
a general one, 377 ; one, from Sep- 
tember to November, swallowed 
up several cities in Europe, 394 ; 
five in different parts of Europe, 
400 ; one swallowed up several 
villages of the Cimbri, 417 ; one 
in Palestine, 419 ; one at Constan- 
tinople, 434 ; at Constantinople, 
Alexandria, and Antioch, 446 ; one 
that destroyed Antioch, 14th Sept., 
458 ; one at Constantinople that 
lasted 40 days, 480 ; one at Anti- 
och, that destroyed that and other 
cities, 526 ; another at Antioch, 
that swallowed up 4800 inhabitants, 
528 ; Pompeiopolis, in Mysia, 
swallowed up, 541 ; one almost 
universal, 544 ; one at Constanti- 
nople, 552 ; .one at Rome and 
Constantinople, 557 ; city of Beri- 
tus destroyed, the Isle of Coos 



EARTHQUAKES. 



123 



shaken, and Tripoli and Bilbus 
damaged, 560 ; at Daphne and 
Antioch, 581 ; six hundred cities 
destroyed, 742 ; in Palestine and 
Syria, where thousands lost their 
lives, 746; at Mecca, where 1500 
houses and ninety towers were 
thrown down, 867 ; Constantinople 
overthrown, and Greece shaken, 
986; one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Wor- 
cester and Derby, 1043; one on 
8th April, 1076, in England ; and 
again in 108] and 1088, through- 
out England, followed by a scarcity, 
corn not ripe till Nov., 1090 ; one 
in Shropsh., 1110; one which over- 
whelmed Liege and Rottenburgh, in 
Sweden, 1112; one in December at 
Antiochia, which destroyed several 
cities and towns, and overturned 
the castle of Trialeth, and the 
cities of Mariseum and Mamistria, 
1114 ; in Lombardy for forty daj s, 
1117; one in December, 1118; 
one, 1120; in August, in many 
parts of the kingdom, 1133; one 
in August, 1134; one that swal- 
lowed up Catania and 15,000 souls, 
1137 ; at Lincoln, 1142 ; Antioch, 
Tripoli, and Damascus destroyed, 
1150; at Oxenhall, near Darling- 
ton, in Durham, 1178; in Hun- 
gary and England, 1179 : one that 
overthrew the church of Lincoln, 
and others, 1185 ; at Calabria, in 
Sicily, a city, with its inhabitants, 
lost in the Adriatic Sea, 1186; 
Verona greatly damaged, 1187; 
in Somersetshire, 1199 ; at Brisa, 
in Lombardy, where 2000 lives 
were lost, 1222; one in England, 
14th Feb., 1248; one in Somer- 
setshire, 1249 ; one at St. Albans, 
1250; general one that threw down 
St. Michael's on the hill, without 
Glastonbury, 1247 ; the greatest 
ever known in England, 14th Nov., 
1318 ; a dreadful one in Germanv, 
1346 ; several churches thrown 
down, 21st May, 1382; a very 
dreadful one, accompanied with 
thunder and lightning, 28th Sept., 
1426 ; one at Naples, when 40,000 
persons perished, 1456 ; in Italv, 
1510 ; in the Isle of Cuba, 1530 ; 



at Reigate, Croydon, and Dorking, 
in Surrey, May, 1551 ; in China, 
1556 ; in Herefordshire, which 
overthrew Kingston Chapel, &c, 
17th Feb., 1571; in Yorkshire, 
Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, 
Herefordshire, &c, 26th Feb., 
1574; in London and Westmin- 
ster, when part of St. Paul's and 
the Temple churches fell ; it was 
felt at Sandwich and Dover in 
Kent, 6th April, 1580; in Peru, 
1581-2; in Dorsetshire, where it 
removed a considerable piece of 
ground, 13th Jan., 1583; in Bo- 
hemia, Moravia, and Hungary, 
1590 ; in Japan, where several 
cities were swallowed up, 1596 ; 
in Kent, where the hills became 
valleys full of water, 1596 ; at 
Peru, at Quito, and Arequipa, 
1600 ; at Banda, in the East In- 
dies, 1621 : at Manilla, 1637; in 
Calabria, in Italy, 27th March, 
1638 ; at Mechlin, in Germany, 
1640: in Norway, 24th May, 
1657 ; in France, June, 1660 ; at 
Ragusa, in Illyrium, near 6000 
inhabitants were lost, and several 
towns in Dalmatia and Albania, 
6th April, 1667 ; in China, 1668 ; 
in Staffordshire and Derbyshire, 
1677-8 ; in Oxfordshire and Staf- 
fordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; 
at Naples, when a third part of 
that city and much shipping were 
destroyed, 6th and 7th June, 1688 ; 
Smyrna destroyed, 10th July, 
1688 ; Lyme, in Dorsetshire, nearly 
destroyed, 1 639 ; Fort Royal, in 
Jamaica, destroyed, and 3000 peo- 
ple lost, Sept., 1692; Messina, in 
Sicily, overturned in a moment, 
'18,000 persons perished, and in 
the island 60,000, Jan., 1692; 
a dreadful one in the isle of Tene- 
riffe, 24th Dec, 1704; one at 
China, 19th June, 1718; Paler- 
mo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, 
Sept., 1726 ; at Boston, in New 
England, 29th Oct., 1727 ; the 
whole kingdom of Chili swallowed 
up, with St. Jago, 30th July, 1730 ; 
at Aynho, in Northamptonshire, 
10th Oct., 1731; one at Naples, 
g2 



124 



EARTHQUAKES. 



1731 ; another in the city of Ave- 
lino, which it destroyed, and Ori- 
auain great part, 29th Nov., 1732 ; 
in Calabria, where the territory of 
Nova Casa sunk 29 feet without 
destroying a building, 18th April, 
] 783 ; at Arundel and Shoreham, 
25th Oct., 1735 ; in Ireland, which 
destroyed five churches and above 
one hundred houses, Aug., 1734 ; 
in Hungary, which turned round a 
mountain," 23rd Oct., 1736; at 
Smyrna, April, 1739 ; at Palermo, 
which swallowed up a convent , but 
the monks escaped, 4th Feb., 
1 739-40 ; at Leghorn, 5th and 6th 
Jan., 1742 ; in Somersetshire, 15th 
June, 1745 ; a terrible one at Lima, 
which destroyed that city, and 
5000 persons lost their lives ; there 
were 74 churches, 14 monasteries, 
and 1 5 hospitals thrown down, and 
the loss in effects reckoned im- 
mense, from 27th Oct. to 20th 
Nov., 1746 ; it extended itself to 
Callao, which was destroyed, with 
about 5000 of its inhabitants; in 
London, 8th Feb. and 8th March, 
1750; at Liverpool, Chester, and 
Manchester, 2nd April, 1750; at 
Fiume, in the Gulf of Venice, 5th 
Feb., 1751; the greatest part of 
the city of Adrianople destroyed, 
22nd Aug., 1752; Grand Cairo 
had tw-o-thirds of the houses and 
40,000 inhabitants swallowed up, 
2nd Sept., 1754 ; the city of Quito 
in Peru destroyed, 24th April, 
1755; the island of Mitylene, in 
the Archipelago, when 2000 houses 
were overthrown, May, 1755, which 
did considerable damage at Oporto, 
in Portugal, and Seville, in Spain, 
but more particularly at Lisbon, 
where in about eight minutes most 
of the houses and 30,000 inhabit- 
ants were destroyed, and whole 
streets swallowed up ; the cities of 
Coimbra and Braga suffered, and 
St. Ubes was swallowed up; at 
Faro 3000 inhabitants were buried, 
great part of Malaga was destroyed; 
one half of Fez, in Morocco, and 
12,000 Arabs were' swallowed up, 
and above half of the island of 



Madeira destroyed ; it extended 
5000 miles ; at the Azores isles, 
where 10,000 were buried in the 
ruins, and the island divided in 
two, 9th July, 1757 ; at Bour- 
deaux, in France, 1 1th Aug., 1758 ; 
at Tripoli, in Syria, which extended 
near 10,000 miles, when Damas 
lost 6000 inhabitants, and several 
other cities, with the remains of 
Balbec, were destroyed, between 
Oct. and Dec, 1759; Truxillo, in 
Peru, was swallowed up in Nov., 
1759 ; in Syria, 30th Oct., 1760; 
in the Molucca islands, 1763 ; one 
at Constantinople, that buried 880 
persons, 22nd May, 1766; at Mar- 
tinico, Aug., 1767, where 1600 
lost their lives ; and at St. Pierre, 
1767 ; at Comora and Buda, 28th 
June, 1768; one in the Brazils, 
1772 ; in the Archipelago, 700 
houses and 100 inhabitants were 
lost, in Dec, 1770; one at Fez, 
in Morocco, 6th May, 1763 ; in 
Kerry in Ireland, June, 1773; 
Guatimala, in New Spain, entirely 
swallowed up, and many thousand 
iuhabitants perished, 15th Dec, 
1773; at Radkofani, near Flor- 
ence, in Italy, great damage was 
done, 5th Oct., 1777; at Smyrna, 
25th June, 1778, which destroyed 
great part of that city ; at Tauris, 
in Persia, where 15,000 houses 
were thrown down, and great part 
of the inhabitants perished, 3rd 
March, 1780 ; at Calabria, and in 
the Isle of Sicily, 1783; again, 
1784, which totally destroyed Mes- 
sina, &c. ; at Archindschan, when 
it destroyed the town and 12,000 
inhabitants, 18th July, 1784 ; Are- 
quipo destroyed, 1785; in the 
north of England, 11th Aug., 1786; 
at Iceland, and some parts of Ger- 
many, Nov., 1784; at Barbadoes, 
Oct., 1784; in Calabria, in Italy, 
10th April, 1785; in Scotland, 
and different parts of the north of 
England, 11th Aug., 1786; in 
Mexico, and other parts of New 
Spain, 18th April, 1787; Borgo- 
di-San-Sapoloro, in Tuscany, had 
its cathedral, bishop's palace, &c, 



EAR 



EAS 



125 



destroyed, 30th Sept., 1789, with 
the adjacent town of Castello, &c, 
and Borgo had 150 houses des- 
troyed, and 30 houses, &c, swal- 
lowed up by an opening of the 
earth ; in Westmoreland, at Arn- 
side, 6th March, 1790; and in 
Scotland, in Oct., 1791 ; in Sicily 
and Calabria, Oct., 1791, particu- 
larly at Mileto and Monte Leone ; 
at Lisbon on the 27th Nov., 1791, 
when many chimneys were thrown 
down, and much damage done ; at 
Zante, in the Adriatic Sea, where 
many buildings were thrown doAvn, 
and above 60 persons perished, 2nd 
Dec, 1791 ; in the counties of 
Bedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Not- 
tingham, &c, 2nd March, 1792 ; 
at Domingo, where 32 houses were 
overthrown at the Cape, April, 
1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salis- 
bury, on 29th Sept., 1793, but no 
very material damage done ; in 
Turkey, where three towns, con- 
taining 10,000 inhabitants were 
lost, 3rd July, 1794; near Naples, 
where the city of Torre del Greco 
was nearly destroyed, 13th June, 
1794; in different parts of the 
north of England, 1 8th Nov., 1 795 ; 
at Sumatra, in the East Indies, 
great damage was done, and above 
300 persons perished, 20th Feb., 
1797 ; the whole of the country 
between Sta. Fe and Panama de- 
stroyed, including the cities of 
Cuzco and Quito, with 40,000 in- 
habitants, in Feb., 1797; there 
were several violent shocks in the 
West India islands in the same 
month ; at Sienna, in Italy, when 
50 persons lost their lives by the 
fall of buildings, 25th May, 1758. 
At Constantinople, 26 Oct., 1800, 
which destroyed the royal palace 
and an immensity of buildings ; it 
extended into Romania and Walla- 
chia, to Bucharest and Adrianople ; 
12th June, 1802, an earthquake 
nearly destroyed Crema in Upper 
Italy ; Minguin was entirely swal- 
lowed up in a lake ; Brescia had 
three churches and twelve houses 
destroyed ; so violent a shock in 
Holland as to cause the chande- 



liers in Maaslin church to vibrate 

, two or three feet, in Jan., 1804 ; 
at Dunning, in Scotland, 18th Jan.^L 
1808 ; the church of La Tour, and 
most of the houses in Lucerne, 
partly destroyed, 'April, 1808 ; 
in March, 1812, the city of Ca- 
raccas and upwards of thirty other 
towns, scattered over a space of 
300 square miles, were destroyed, 
80,000 persons killed, and thou- 
sands more wounded ; three shocks 
were felt at Swansea, in South 
Wales, in Dec, 1832. 

Easley Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1152. 

East Angles, kingdom of, began 571 ; 
ended 792. 

East Grinstead, tower at, fell down, 
12th Nov., 1785 ; borough of, dis- 
franchised 1832. 

East Indies were first discovered by 
the Romans, but authors differ as 
to the time ; but with certainty we 
know that Alexander the Great 
made extensive conquests in this 
country 327 B.C. ; by the Portu- 
guese, 1497 ; conquered in 1500, 
and settled by them in 1506; the 
first settlement was Goa. The 
first commercial intercourse of the 
English with the East Indies was a 
private adventure of three ships 
fitted out from England 33 Eliz., 
1591 ; only one of them reached 
India, and after a voyage of three 
years, the commander, Capt. Lan- 
caster, was brought home in another 
ship, the sailors having seized on 
his own ; but his information gave 
rise to a capital mercantile voyage, 
and the first East India Company's 
charter, on 31st Dec, 1600, their 
stock consisting of 72,000/., they 
fitted out four ships, and meeting 
with success, they have continued 
ever since. 

East India Comp.'s act passed 1718. 

East India College at Haileybury, 
Hertfordshire, completed 1809. 

East India Company in England es- 
tablished 1600; India stock sold 
from 360 to 500 per cent., 1683 ; 
a new company established, 1689 ; 
the old one re-established and the 
two united, 1700 ; agreed to give 
government 400,000/. per annum, 



126 E A S 



EDS 



for four years, on condition that 
they might continue unmolested, 
1769 ; in great confusion, and ap- 
plied to parliament for assistance, 
1773; judges sent from England 
hy government faithfully to admin- 
ister the laws there to the company's 
servants, 2nd April, 1774 ; board 
of control instituted, 1784; char- 
ter of, renewed, 1813 ; commercial 
part of the charter revoked, 1833 , 
total estimated revenues in India, 
1829-30, 22,054,416/; grand total 
of charges in same year 22,862,985/. 

East India Company's alms'-houses 
founded, 1656. 

East India Company at Embden es- 
tablished, 1750. ' 

East India Company of Sweden 
erected, March, 1731. 

East India Company of France estab- 
lished, 1627 ; abolished by the na- 
tional assembly, and the trade laid 
open, 26th Jan., 1791. 

East India Company of Holland incor- 
porated, 1604. 

East India House, Leadenhall-street, 
London, bit. 1726; enlarged, 1799. 

East-land company inrorporatedl579. 

East Saxons, kingdom of, began 527, 
ended 746. 

Eastburn House, Essex, built 1572. 

Eastbury Priory, Sussex, built 1270. 

Easter Island first discovered 1722. 

Easter established, 68 ; controversy 
determined, 667. 

Echard, Rev. Laur., the historian, b. 
1671, d. 1730. 

Eckkardt, John Giles, a German por- 
trait painter, d. 1719. 

Eclipses, total, of the moon, observed 
by the Chaldeans at Babylon, 721 
B.C.: at Syracuse, 413 B.C.; in 
Asia Minor, 219 B C. : at Rome, 
168 B.C., predicted by Q. Sul. 
Gallus ; another, which terrified 
the troops and prevented their re- 
volt, A.D. 14. 

Eclipses, most remarkable, of the sun, 
observed at Sardis, predicted by 
Thales, 585 B.C. ; at Athens, 424 
B.C. ; at Rome, caused a total 
darkness at noon-day, A.D. 291 ; 

■ at Constantinople, 968 ; in France, 
29th June, 1033, dark at noon- 
day ; in England., 5 Stephen, 21st 



March, 1140, occasioned a total 
darkness ; another on the 22nd 
June, 2 Richard I.. 1191, entire 
darkness, and the stars very visible 
at ten in the morning ; in the same 
year, the true sun, and the appear- 
ance ofanother,so that astronomers 
alone could distinguish the differ- 
ence by their glasses ; another, 
1331 ; a total, of the sun in Eng- 
land, when the darkness was so 
great that the stars faintly appeared, 
and the birds went to roost in the 
morning about ten, 22 April, 1715. 

Eclipse, solar, a remarkable one, 14th 
July, 1748 ; the quantity eclipsed 
was ten digits, and during the time 
of eclipse Venus made a beautifully 
brilliant appearance. 

Edelinck, Gerard, a Dutch artist, b. 
1641, d. 1707. 

Eddystone Light House near Ply- 
mouth first built, 1696 ; blown 
down, 26 Nov.. 1703 ; rebuilt 
1706 ; burnt 1755 ; rebuilt 1759 ; 
burnt again 1770 ; rebuilt of stone 
after Smeaton's famous design, 1 774. 

Edema, Gerard, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1652, d. 1700. 

Edgar Atheling d. 975, aged 70. 

Edgar s Tower, Worcester, built 975. 

Edge worth, R . Lovell, b. 1 744,d. 1817. 

Edinburgh built 950; fortified, and 
castle erected, 1074 ; made the me- 
tropolis of Scotland by James III., 
1482 ; James II. was the first king 
crowned there, 1437 ; new college, 
foundation of, laid, 1789; new 
Bridewell built 1791 ; bank of, 
foundation laid, 3rd June, 1801. 

Edinburgh, fire at, 1544; great fire 
also in the Lawn Market, 1771 ; 
another 1795; one hundred houses 
destroyed by fire, the Tron Church 
greatly damaged, and the lead on 
the roof, melting with the heat, 
poured down in a stream and in- 
jured many, Nov., 1824. 

Edmondsburv, St., monastery, Suf- 
folk, built 663 ; enlarged 1031 ; the 
arches near the east gate built 1148. 

Edridge, Henrv, a British miniature 
painter, b. 1768, d. 1821. 

Edson, Calvin, the Living Skeleton, 
d. of" tabes mesenterica," or tape- 
worm, 14 feet long, 1833. 



ED W 



E L B 127 



Edwards, William, d. at Caeren, near 

Cardiff, Glamorganshire, in 1663, 

aged 168. 
Edwards, Thomas, English critic, b. 

1699, d. 1757. 
Edwards, Bryan, historian, b, 1743, 

d. 1800. 

Edwards, George, naturalist, h. 1693, 
d. 1713. 

Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, b. 

1703, d. 1758. 
Edwards, William, architect, b. 1718, 

d. 1789. 

Edwards, Edward, a British painter of 
history, b. 1738, d. 1806. 

Edwards, Sydenham, a British botani- 
cal draftsman, b. 1768, d. 1819. 

Eeckhout, Gerbrant Vander, an emi- 
nent Dutch painter of portraits and 
■ history, and pupil of Rembrandt, b. 
1621,4. 1674. 

Eeckhout, Anthony Vander, of Brus- 
sels, a painter of fruit and flowers, 
b. 1656, assassinated 1 695. 

Eel of the silver kind, six feet in 
length, 35 inches in circumference, 
and 341bs. in weight, taken in the 
Medwav, Aug., 1810. 

Egialeus, King of Sicyon, 2089 B.C. 

Eginhart, the historian, d. 845. 

Egiuton, Francis, a British artist, the 
restorer of painting on glass, b.« 
1737, d. 1805. 

Egmont, Justus Van, of Leyden, an 
historic painter, b. 1602, d. 1674. 

Egremont Castle, Cumberland, built 
1070. 

Egypt, the kingdom of, began 2188 
B.C., and lasted 1633 years; re- 
duced to a province 31 after Christ, 
and subdued by the Turks 1525 ; 
the French army entered it in 
1798, and conquered it, but were 
expelled by the English in 1801 ; 
revolted from Turkey and estab- 
lished an independent government, 
1832. 

Egyptian goose shot near Stamford, 
Lincolnshire, Feb., 1806. 

Ehret, Geo. Dion., of Baden-Durlach , 
a celebrated botanical painter, b. 
1710, d. 1770. 

Ehud, the Benjamite, being a second 
judge in an embassy, kills Eglon, and 
so relieves the Israelites from their 



second bondage, in the 80th year 

from their rest under Othni el, 1325. 

A little after this, Shamgar killed 

600 Philistines, with an ox goad. 
Elbe River, inundation of, occasioning 

90,000/. worth of damage, 31st 

Aug., 1631. 
Elbing, in Prussia, founded, 1240. 
Elbucht, John Van, a Dutch painter 

of history, landscape, and sea-pieces, 

b. 1500. 

Eldon, near Thetford, Norfolk, fifty 
houses at, burnt down, 4th June, 
1752. 

Elections made void by bribery, 
1696, 1735, 1778, 1788. 

Electors of Germany first began 1298. 

Electrical Dispensatory, London, in- 
stituted, 1793. 

Electricity, first idea of, given by two 
globes of brimstone, 1467; electric 
stroke discovered at Leyden, 1746 ; 
first known it would fire spirits, 
1 756 ; that of the Aurora Borealis 
and lightning, in 1769. 

Elephant, order of knighthood, began 
in Denmark, 1478. 

Eleusinian mysteries first introduced 
at Athens, by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. 

Elevation of the Host introduced, 
1222. 

Eli, the eleventh judge of Israel, 

broke his neck at Shiloh, B. C. 

1116, aged 98. 
Elias, Matthew, of Cassel, a painter 

of history, b. 1658, d. 1741. 
Elijah, the prophet, 911; supported 

by the widow of Sai'epta, 910 ; 

taken up into heaven, B.C. 896. 
Elisha, having prophesied for sixty 

years, d. B.C. 830. 
Elizabeth Castle, Jersey, built, 

1586. 

Elizabeth, extra India ship, wrecked 

off Dunkirk, only 22 of the crew 

saved, 30th Dec, 1810. 
Ell, a yard in measure, fixed by the 

length of Henry the First's arm, 

1101. 

Elh>er, Ottomar, of Gottenburg, a 
painter of history and portrait, b. 
I 1633, d. 1688. 

Elliger, Ottomar, the younger, of 
Hamburgh, a scholar and painter, 
b. 1666, d. 1732. 



128 ELL 



ENG 



Elliot, Sir John, the English physi- 
cian, d. 1787. 

Ellis, George, d. 1815, aged 70. 

Ellis, an English engraver, d. 1793. 

Ellis, Mr. W., d. at Liverpool, Aug., 
1780, aged 130& years. 

Ellis, Ellen, of Beaumaris, Anglesea, 
aged 72, Drought to bed 10th 
May, 1776. She had been 46 years 
married, and her eldest child was 
45 years old. She had not borne 
a child for 25 years previously. 

Elliston, R. W., a celebrated English 
actor, b. 1774, d. 1831. 

Elmer, Stephen, an English painter 
of dead game,' &c, d. 1798. 

Elmes, Miss, murdered at Chelsea, 
5th May, 1833. 

Elsheimer, Adam, of Frankfort, a 
landscape painter, b. 1574, d. 1620. 

Elsineur, in Denmark, built, 2 B.C. 

Elstol, William, a Saxon scholar, b. 
1673, d. 1714. 

Elstree, Cambridgeshire, almost en- 
tirely destroyed by fire, 3rd April, 
.1774. 

Eltham Palace, built, 1269. 

Ely Monastery, built, 506 ; destroyed 
by the Danes, 870 ; rebuilt, 1109 ; 
Bishop's House, Holborn, built, 
1290 ; pulled down, and converted 
into sites for dwelling houses, 1780. 

Elzevir, Daniel, a Dutch painter, 
d. 1680. 

Elzevir, Louis, a Dutch painter, 
flourished, 1593. 

Emancipation of Roman Catholics in 
England, bill for the, passed the 
House of Com., 10th April, 1829. 

Emanuel College, Cambridge, founded 
1584 ; sustained damage by fire, 
estimated at 20,000/., Oct.,'l811. 

Emanuel Hospital, Westminster, in- 
stituted 1534. 

Emerson, William, b. 1701, d. 1782. 

Emelraet, a Dutch landscape painter, 
b. 1612, d. 1668. 

Eminence, the title of, first given to 
cardinals, 1644. 

Emigrations from England and Ire- 
land, numerous, 1815; number of 
American and foreign vessels bring- 
ing emigrants to New York, 1192, 
. in 1816; number of passengers, 
7122. 



Emma, mother of Edward the con" 
fessor, accused of incontinence, 
1 042 ; stripped of her possessions, 
1043 ; sent to Whorwell Nunnery, 
1051. 

Empedocles, flourished B.C. 445. 

Emperors of Germany and Austria. 
See Germany and Austria. 

Empoli, Jacopo Da, an Italian his- 
torical painter, b. 1554, d. 1640. 

Empson, beheaded on Tower Hill. 
28th Aug., 1510. 

Eneas, the Trojan prince, d. 1177. 
B.C. 

Enfield, Dr.,b. 1741, d. 1797. 

Enghien, the Duke de, of the family 
of Conde, shot bv order of Napo- 
leon, 21st March,* 1804. 

Engelraems, of Mechlin, an historic 
painter, b. 1527, d. 1583. 

Enghelbrechtsen, of Leyden, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1468, d. 1533. 

Engines, building and machinery, 
used in and about collieries, de- 
stroving of, made capital offence, 
1815. 

Engines for extinguishing fires, in- 
vented, 1663 ; improved, 1752. 

England originally inhabited by the 
Britons, a branch of the ancient 
Gauls, or Celtse. — The western 
part, in the time of the Romans, 
was inhabited by the Belgae, the 
northern by the Brigantes, South 
Wales, by the Silures, and Norfolk 
and Suffolk, by the Iceni. — Invaded 
by Julius Caesar, 55 B.C., subdued 
by Claudius, 46 A.D., and complete- 
ly so by Agricola, in 85. — The Ro- 
mans kept possession till 427. — 
Ravagedby the Picts and Scots.448. 
Conquered by the Saxons, 455, 
who were invited over by the 
ancient inhabitants, and they di- 
vided it into seven kingdoms, cal- 
led the heptarchy Erected into 

a kingdom by the union of all 
the kingdoms of the heptarchy, 
near 400 years after the arrival of 
the Saxons, 827. — Called England 
by order of Egbert, who was the 
first king of England, in a gene- 
ral council held at Winchester, 
A.D. 829. — The name of England 
and of Englishman, had been used 



ENGLAND. 



129 



as far back as 688, but bad never j 
been ratified by any assembly of 
tbe nation. — Conquered by the 

Danes, 867 Recovered by Alfred, 

878 — Divided into counties and 

hundreds, 886 A general survey 

made, and tbe rolls deposited at 
Winchester, 896. — An inglorious 
peace made with the Danes, and 
tribute agreed to be paid annually, 
besides 10,000^. in money, pro- 
vided they retired, and discontinued 
their invasions, 993. — In 1002 the 
Danes broke the agreement, com- 
mitted horrid cruelties and devas- 
tations, and the timid Ethelred II. 
paid them no less than 36,000*. for 
peace, which sum was levied by a 
tax on all the lands in England for 
Danegelt, by which ignominious 
name this first land tax was known 
and collected in England, till it 
was suppressed by Edward the Con- 
fessor, in 1042 , when it was40,000/» 
annually. — William I. revived it 
as a crown revenue. — In 1013, 
Swein totally conquered England, 
was proclaimed king, and obliged 
Ethelred to retire to the Isle of 
Wight, who sent his "wife and sons 
to Normandy ; it remained in the 
hands of tbe Danish kings, till 
1042.— William, duke of Nor- 
mandy, claimed the crown, invaded 
England, defeated the reigning king 
Harold II., and the English were 
next governed by the Norman line, 
1066. — A new survey made of 
England, and the register called 
Doomsday-book, being, however, 
only an alteration and improve- 
ment of Alfred's, 1080 ; the taxes 
were levied according to this survey 
till 13 Henry VIII. 1522, when a 
more accurate survey was taken, 
and was called by the people the 
new Doomsday-book. — Put under 
an interdict by the pope, for John's 
opposing his nomination to the see 
of Canterbury, 1208. — Interdict 
taken off on John's submission, 
1214.— All in arms, 1215 ; Magna 
Charta was confirmed in this year. 
— Underwent a reformation in go- 
vernment, 1258. — Put under an 
interdict on Henry VIII. 's shaking 



off the pope's supremacy, 1535. — ■ 
The crowns of England and Scot- 
land united in the person of James 
VI. of Scotland, who succeeded to 
the throne of England, by the title 
of James I. 1603. — The two king- 
doms united by the consent of both 
nations, and thenceforth named 
Great Britain, 1707. — Ireland 
united to England and Scotland, 
and the whole denominated the 
British empire, 1st Jan., 1801. — 
Prince of Wales sworn in regent of 
the kingdom, during the indisposi- 
tion of George III., Feb. 5, 1811. 
England. See Chancellors of, 
England, descent of crown. See 

Crown of England, descent of. 
England, the first geographical map 
of it, 1520. The island of Great 
Britain is about 520 miles in 
length, and the circuit of its coast 
makes about 1800 miles. The 
part constituting England and 
Wales is in length, from Newha- 
ven in Sussex, to Berwick-upon- 
Tweed, 355 miles, and in breadth, 
from the South Foreland in Kent 
to the Land's End in Cornwall, 
325 miles. The area of England 
and Wales, computed in acres, has 
been very differently stated by 
different authors; for as it has 
never been ascertained by an actual, 
survey, various modes of computa- 
tion have been adopted, which have 
disagreed materially in the result. 
The following are the principal 
estimates on this point : — By Sir 
William Petty, 28,000,000 acres ; 
Dr. Grew, 46,000,000 acres ; Dr. 
Halley, 39,938,500 acres; Tem- 
pleman, 31 ,648,000 acres ; Arthur 
Young, 46,916,000 acres; Rev. 
H. Beeke, 38,498,572 acres. In 
the returns relative to the poor, 
laid before the house of commons 
in 1804, it was stated that by the 
best computation England and 
Wales contained 58,335 square 
statute miles, and 37,334,400 sta- 
tute acres. Scotland, with its is- 
lands, contains about 21,000,000 
acres. The soil of South Britain 
is annually cropped in the following 
proportions Wheat, 3,080,000 

G 3 



130 



ENGLAND. 



acres ; barley and rye, 850,000 
acres; oats and beans, 2,800,000 
acres ; clover, fye-grass, &c, 
1,120,000 acres; turnips, carrots, 
cabbages, &c, 1,126,000 acres; 
fallow, 2,100,000 acres ; bop 
grounds, 35,000 acres ; nursery 
grounds, 8,500 acres ; fruit and 
kitchen gardens, 45, 000 acres ; plea- 
sure grounds, 16,000 acres ; land 
depastured by cattle, 17,000,000 
acr. ; hedge-rows, copses, and woods, 
1,600,000 acres ; ways, water, &c, 
1,282,100 acres. Cultivated land, 
31,056,600 acres ; commons and 
wastes, 6,277,800 acres. Total, 
37,334,400 acres. The number 
of horses for which dutv is paid is 
1,780,000. Their annual con- 
sumption of food, reckoned by the 
produce of acres, is — 200,000 plea- 
sure horses, 5 acres each, 1,000,000 
acres ; 30,000 cavalry, 5 acres each, 
150,000 acres; 1,200,000 hus- 
bandry, 4 acres each, 4,800,000 
acres ; 350,000 colts, mares, &c, 
3 acres each, 1,050,000 acres. 
Total, 7,000,000 acres. The total 
population of Great Britain, as it 
appeared by the returns made in 
1801, including the army,nnvy, and 
merchant seam en, was 10,942,646 ; 
to which, if the islands of Guernsey, 
Jersey, Alderney, and the Scilly 
islands, are added, it may be taken 
at 11,000,000. See Population. 
But it is evident that the welfare 
of anation, and its political strength, 
do not depend so much on its nu- 
merical population, as on the man- 
ner in which that population is em- 
ployed ; the proportion of produc- 
tive to unproductive labourers of 
which it consists. No accurate 
account of this kind has ever been 
taken, but the following estimate 
of the different classes of persons 
who compose the present popula- 
tisn of Great Britain, cannot be 
far from the truth : — Nobility and 
gentry, 5,000 ; clergy of the 
churches of England and Scotland, 
18,0C0 ; ditto, dissenters of every 
description, 14,000 ; army and 
militia, including half-pay, &c, 
240,000 ; navy and marines, ' 



130,000; seamen in the mer- 
chants' semce, 155,000 ; lighter- 
men, watermen, &c, 3,500 ; per- 
sons employed in collecting the 
public revenue, 6,000 ; judges^ 
counsel, attorneys, &c, 14,000 - r 
merchants, brokers, factors, &c. r 
25,000; clerks to ditto, and to 
commercial companies, 40,000 ; 
employed in the different manu- 
factures, 1,680,000 ; mechanics 
not immediately belonging to ditto, 
50,000; shopkeepers, 160,000: 
schoolmasters and mistresses, 
20,000; artists, 5,000; players, 
musicians, &c, 4,000 ; employed 
in agriculture, 2,000,000 ; male 
and female servants, 800,000 ; 
gamblers, swindlers, thieves, pros- 
titutes, &c, 150,000 ; convicts and 
prisoners, 1 0,000 ; aged and infirm, 
293,000 ; wives and daughters of 
most of the above, 2,427,500 ; 
children under ten years of age, 
2,750,000, Total, 11,000,000. 

The total income of all classes 
of the community, both as arising 
from capital and labour, appears to 
be nearly as follows : — From rent 
of lands, 29,000,000/. ; from rent 
of houses, 8,500,000/.; profits of 
farming, or occupation of land, 
6,120,000/.; income of labourers 
iu agriculture, 15,000,000/. ; pro- 
fits of mines, canals, collieries, &c, 
2,000,000/.; profits of merchant 
shipping, &c, 1,000,000Z. ; income 
of stockholders, 20,500,000/. ; 
from mortgages and other moneys 
lent, 3,000,000/.; profits of foreign 
trade, 1 1,250,000/. ; profits of ma- 
nufactures, 14,100,000/.; pay of 
army, navy, and merchant seamen, 
5,000,000/. ; income of the clergy 
of all descriptions, 2/200,000/.; 
judges, and all subordinate officers 
of the law, 1,800,000/.; profes- 
sors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c, 
600,000/. ; retail trades not imme- 
diately connected with foreign trade 
or manufactures, 8,000,000/. ; vari- 
ous other professions and emploj'- 
ments, 2,000,000/. ; male and fe- 
male servants, 2,400,000/. TAtal, 
132,470,000/. If this statement, 
the total of which is corroborated 



ENGLAND. 



131 



by the produce of the late income 
or property tax, is not far from the 
truth, it will not be difficult to 
form a similar estimate of the total 
national capital, viz. — Value of the 
land, at 28 years' purchase, 
812,000,000/. ; value of houses, at 
20 years 1 purchase, 170,000,000/. ; 
manufactories, machinery, steam 
engines, &c.,20,000, 000/. ; house- 
hold furniture, 42,500,000/. ; ap- 
parel, provisions, fuel, wine, plate, 
watches, and jewels, boolts, car- 
riages, &c, 40,000,000/. ; cattle of 
all kinds, 90,000,000/.; grain of 
all kinds, 10,600,000/. ; hay, 
straw, &c, 6,600,000/.; imple- 
ments of husbandry, 2,000,000/. ; 
merchant shipping, 12,800,000/. ; 
the navy, 6,000,000/.; coin and 
bullion, 24,000,000/.; goods in 
the hands of merchants, &c, 
16,300,000/.; goods in the hands 
of manufacturers and retail traders, 
20,000,000/. Total national capi- 
tal, 1,272,800,000/. 

By the calculations of the com- 
mittee, it is computed that the cul- 
tivation of the waste lands would 
yield to the nation an income of 
above 20,000,000/. a year. 

The following was delivered by 
the committee of agriculture, being 
a general view of the extent of the 
island of Great Britain, and the 
proportion between the waste and 
uninclosed, and the cultivated part 
thereof: — 

Acres Uncultivated. 
England and Wales 7,888,777 
Scotland - - 14,213,224 



22,107,001 



Acr.es Cultivated. 
England and Wales 39,027,156 
Scotland . . 12,151,471 



51,178,627 



Total Extent. 
England and Wales 46,91 5,933 
Scotland - - 26,369,695 



73,285,628 



The above estimate will give 
some general idea of the magnitude 
of this great source of national 
wealth. 

Of the value of these wastes, 
were they improved in the manner 
of which they are capable, it is 
difficult to form any adequate idea. 
At the same time it may be of 
service to submit some data, as the 
basis of future calculation. On 
the supposition, therefore, that there 
are 22,000,000 of acres of waste 
and uninclosed lands in the king- 
dom, the whole may be divided, 
according to the various qualities of 
the soil and surface, in the follow- 
ing manner : — Acres. 
Incapable of all im- 
provement - - 1,000,000 
Fit to be planted - 3,000,000 
Fit for upland pasture 14,000,000 
Fit for tillage - - 3,000,000 
Capable of being con- 
verted into meadow, 
or water-meadow - 1,000,000 



Total - 22,000,000 

The 1,000,000 of acres, as being- 
incapable of cultivation, must be 
estimated as of no annual value. 

The 3,000,000, supposed to be 
fit for plantation, according to the 
ingenious calculation of the late 
bishop of Llandaff, may be worth 
8s. per acre, or, in all, 1,200,000/. 
per annum. This, however, is the 
value of the annual produce, and 
not rent. 

The 14,000,000 of acres of up- 
land pasture, when improved, can- 
not be calculated at less than 5s. 
per acre of rent, or 3,500,000/. per 
annum. 

The 3,000,000 of acres supposed 
to be convertible into arable land 
would certainly, when inclosed, be 
worth at an average 10s. per acre, 
or 1,500,000/. per annum. 

The 1,000,000 of acres supposed 
to be converted into meadow, or 
water-meadow, cannot be calcu- 
lated at less than 1/. 10s. per acre, 
or 1,500,000 in all. 



132 



ENGLAND. 



The account may then he thus 
stated : — 

£ 

Rent of the upland pasture 3,500,000 
Rent of the arable land - 1,500,000 
Rent of the meadows - 1,500,000 

6,500,000 

This must he multiplied by 
3, in order to give the 
annual produce - - 3 

19,500,000 
Add the annual produce of 
3,000,000 of acres, sup- 
posed to be planted, 
amounting to - - 1,200,000 

Total £20,700,000 



England, Wales, and Scotland, popula- 
tion of, in 1801, 10,942,646 ; 1821, 
14,391,631 ; 1831, 17,000,000. 

English parents forbidden by law 
from selling their children out of 
the kingdom, 1000. 

English Coll. at Rome founded 854. 

English Kings. — Before the Romans 
came into this island, the Britons, 
who then possessed the country, 
were divided into several nations, 
each of them governed by tbeir own 
kings ; and when Britain became 
a member of the Roman empire, 
many of their tribes had their pro- 
per kings, wbo were suffered to 
govern by their own laws, provided 
they were tributary. Such were 
Cogidunus and Prastitagus, men- 
tioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is 
said to be the first Christian king, 
died in 181, and left the Roman 
empire heir to his kingdom ; and 
Coilus, the father of Helena, mo- 



ther of Constantine the Great. 
After the Romans had quitted Bri- 
tain, upon the irruption of the 
Goths into Italy, during the reign 
of Honorius, that is, in 410, the 
real government returned to the 
Britons, who chose for their king 
Constantine, brother of Aldroinus 
King of Brittany, in France, a 
prince of the British blood, to 
whom succeeded Constantine his 
son ; then Vortigern, who usurped 
the crown : but being harassed by 
the Scots and Picts, in 448, to 
maintain his usurpation first called 
in the Saxons, at that time hover- 
ing along the coast of Britain, in 
449. These having got sure foot- 
ing in the island, never left the 
Britons quiet till they were pos- 
sessed of the whole ; and though 
they were overthrown in many bat- 
tles by King Yortimer, the son and 
colleague of Vortigern, and after- 
wards by King Arthur, yet the 
Britons were soon after his death 
so broken and weakened, that they 
were forced at last to retreat, and 
exchange the plain and fertile part 
of Britain for the mountains of 
Wales. Cadwallader, the last king 
of the Britons, began to reign 683, 
killed in battle Lothair, King of 
Kent, and Ethelwold, King of the 
West Saxons ; turned monk, and 
died at Rome. Thus the Britons 
left the stage and the Saxons en- 
tered. By these the country was 
divided into seven kingdoms, called 
the Heptarchy, Kent, the first 
kingdom, was in Julius Caesar's 
time, the sovereignty of four petty 
princes, and never called a kingdom 
till Hengist erected it into one. 



ENGLAND, 



133 



The year of tlie Reign of the Sovereign.* of England, corresponding with the 
year of Christ, from 1066 to 1830. 



T\ T m. Conq. 

Oct. 14. ' 

1 1066 
22 1087 


Edward I. 
Nov. 16. 
1 1272 
36 1307 


Richard III. 
June 22. 
1 1483 
3 1485 


James II. 

Feb. 6. 
1 1685 
4 1688 


Wm. Rufus. 
Sept. 9. 
1 1087 
14 1100 


Edward II, 
July 7. 
1 1307 
20 1326 


Henry VII. 

Aug. 22. 

1 1485 
25 1509 


"Win. & JVXsxy 
Feb. 13. 
1 1688 
15 1702 


Henry I. 
August 1. 
1 1100 
36 1135 


Edward III. 
Jan. 25. 
1 1326 
52 1377 


Henry VIII. 

April 21. 

1 1509 
38 1547 


Anne, 
March 8. 
1 1702 
13 1714 


Stephen. 
Dec. 2. 
1 1135 
20 1154 


Richard II. 
June 21. 
1 1377 
23 1399 


Edward VI. 
Jan. 29. ■ 
1 1547 
8 1553 


George I. 
Aug. 1. 
1 1714 
14 1727 


Henry II. 
Oct. 25. 
1 1154 
36 1189 


Henry IV. 

Sept. 29. 

1 1399 
14 1413 


Queen Mary 
Julv 6. 
1 1553 
6 1558 


George II. 
June 1 1. 
1 1727 
34 1760 


Richard I. 
Aug. 13. 
1 1189 
11 1199 


Henry V. 
March 20. 
1 1413 
11 1422 


Elizabeth. 
Nov. 17. 
1 1558 
45 1603 


George III. 

Oct! 25. 

1 1760 
61 1820 


John. 
April 6. 
1 1199 
18 1216 


Henry VI. 
Aug, 31, 
1 1422 
39 1461 


James I. 
March 24. 
1 1603 
25 1625 


George IV, 
Jan? 29. 
1 1820 
10 1830 


Henry III. 
Oct. 17. 
1 1216 
57 1272 


Edward IV, 
March 5. 
1 1461 

24 1483 


Charles I. 
March 27. 
1 ] 625 
24 1648 


William IV. 
June 26. 
1 1830 




Edward V. 
April 9. 
1 1483 


Charles II. 
Jan. 30. 
1 1648 
38 1685 





N. B — Every king's reign begins at the death of his predecessor. For 
example, George IV. began 29th Jan., 1820. The first year of his reiarn is 
complete 28th Jan., 1821. 



134 



ENGLAND. 



The Heptarchy. — The kingdom 
of Kent contained only the county 
of Kent ; its kings were— 



1 Hengist began 


too 


Z JiiSlce 


4oo 


a Ucta 


K 1 
01 z 


4 Ymrick 


- 534 


o JiitnelDert 


OOo 


a tj„i,„ij 
o Hiabald , 


Rl 7 
01 / 


7 Ercombert 


04U 


o hig oert 


RRA 
004 


9 Lothaire 


0/ o 


11/ XLCHlClv 


685 


11 Withdred 


- 686 


, n j Eadbert and 
Z (Edelbert 


: 725 


1 3 Edelbert alone 


- 743 


14 Alkric 


- 760 


15 Edelbert Pren 


- 794 


16 Cuthred 


- 798 


17 Baldred 


- 805 



This kingdom began 455, ended 
823. Its first Christian king was 
Ethelbert. 



The kingdom of South Saxons 
contained the counties of Sussex 



and Surrey : its kings were — 



1 Ella began 


- 491 


2 Cissa 


- 514 


3 Chevelin 


. 590 


4 Ceolwic 


- 592 


5 Ceoluph 


- 597 


6 S Cinigsil ) 


- 611 


I Quicelm ) 


7 Ethelwolf 


- 634 


8 Canowalch 


- 643 


9 Adelwach 


- 649 



This kingdom began 491, ended 
754. Its first Christian king was 
Ethelwolf. 

The kingdom of West Saxons 
contained the counties of Cornwall, 
Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, 
Hants, and Berks : its kings were — 



1 Cerdic began 


- 519 


2 Kenric 


- 534 


3 Ceaulin 


- 560 


4 Ceolric 


- 592 


5 Ceoluph 


- 598 


6 Cinigisil 


- 611 


7 Cuichelme 


- 614 


8 Kenwald 


- 643 


9'Adelwald 


- 648 


10 Lexburga 


- 672 


11 Censua, Eskwin 


- 674 



12 Kentwin 


- 676 


io ^eauwaiu 


OoO 


1 A Tun 

14 ma 


Ooo 


15 Ethlard 


- 727 


16 Cuthred 


- 740 


j 7 S Sigebert and ? 
^ Kenwolfe \ 


- 754 


18 Brithrick 


- 784 


19 Egbert 


- 800 



This kingdom began 519, ended 
828. Its first Christian king was 
Cinigisil. 

The kingdom of East Saxons 
contained the counties of Essex 



and Middlesex : its kings were — 



1 


Erchenwin began 


- 527 


2 


Sledda - 


- 587 


3 


Sebert 
( Sexred ^ 


- 604 


4 


< Seward > 
( Sigebert ) 


- 616 


5 


Sigebert the Little 


- 623 


6 


Sigebert the Good 


- 653 


7 


Swithelme 


- 655 


8 


Sighere and Sebba 


- 665 


9 


Sebba 


- 683 


10 


£ Sigherdand i 


- 694 


) Seofred $ 


11 


Offa 


- 705 


12 


Seolfred 


- 707 


13 


Swithred 


- 746 




This kingdom began 527, ended 



746. Its first Christian king was 
Sebert. 

The kingdom of Northumber- 
land contained Yorkshire, Dur- 
ham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, 
Cumberland, and Northumberland. 



Its 


kings were — 




1 


Ella, or Ida, began - 


547 


2 


Adda - 


559 


3 


Glappa . - 


566 


4 


Theodwald 


572 


5 


Frethulfe 


573 


6 


Theodrick 


579 


7 


Ethelrick 


586 


8 


Ethelfrid 


593 


9 


Edwin 


624 


10 


Osric 


633 


11 


Oswald 


634 


12 


Oswy 


643 


13 


Ethelward 


653 


14 


Egfrid - 


670 


15 


Alfred - - 


685 


16 


Osred I. 


705 



ENGLAND. 



135 



17 Kenred - 

18 Oswick - 

19 Ceolulpke 

20 Egbert - 

21 Oswulpk 

22 Edilwald 

23 Ailred - 

24 Ethelred 

25 Alfwald I. 

26 Osredll. 

27 Ethelred restored 

28 Osbald - 

29 Ardulph 

30 Alfwald IT. - 

31 Andred 



716 
718 
730 
737 
758 
759 
765 
774 
779 
789 
790 
796 
797 
807 
810 



11 



- 749 



This kingdom began 547, ended 
810. Its first Christian king was 
Edwin. 

The kingdom of East Angles 
contained the comities of Suffolk, 
Norfolk, Cambridge, and the Isle 
of Ely : its kings were — 

1 Uffa began - - 571 

2 Titullus - - 578 

3 Redwald - - 599 

4 Erpenwald - - 624 

5 Sigebert - - 633 
gSEgrick I _ 644 

f Annas S 

7 Ethelric - - 654 

8 Ethwald - - 655 

9 Adwolfe - - 664 
10 Alfwald - - 679 

Beoma and \ 
Ethelbert J 

12 Beoma alone - 758 

13 Ethelred - - 790 

14 Ethelbert - - 792 
This kingdom began 571, ended 

792. Its first Christian king was 
Redwald. 

The kingdom of Mercia con- 
tained the counties of Huntingdon, 
Rutland, Lincoln, Northampton, 
Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Ox- 
ford, Chester, Salop, Gloucester, 
Worcester, Stafford, Warwick, 
Buckingham, Bedford, and Hert- 
ford : its kings were — 

1 Crida began - - 584 

2 Whibba - - 597 

3 Cheorlus - - 616 

4 Pcnda - - - 625 

5 Peada - - - 653 

6 Wolfhere - - 659 



7 Ethelred 

8 Kenred 

9 Ceolred 

10 Ethelbald 

11 Offa 

12 Egfrid - 

13 Kenwolfe 

14 Kenelme 

15 Ceoluph 

16 Bernulfe 

17 Ludecan 

18 Whitlafe 

19 Bertwolfe 

20 Burdred 



- 675 

- 704 

- 709 

- 716 

- 757 

- 794 

- 795 

- 819 

- 819 

- 821 

- 823 

- 825 

- 826 

- 828 



This kingdom began 584, ended 
828. Its first Christian king was 
Peada. 

The Saxons, though they were 
divided into seven kingdoms, were, 
for the most part, subject only to 
one monarch, who was styled king 
of the English nation ; the most 
powerful giving the law unto the 
others, and succeeded as follows : — 

Hengist, first monarch of Bri- 
tain, landed in the Isle of Thanet, 
449 ; laid the foundation of the 
monarchy in 455 ; defeated Vorti- 
mer at Crayford, Jan., 457 ; mas- 
sacred 300 British nobles on Salis- 
bury plain, 1st May, 474. He 
bore in his standard the white horse, 
blazoned in the same manner as 
now borne by the dukes of Bruns- 
wick. He was born at Angria, in 
Westphalia, reigned 34 years, died 
in 488. 

Ella, second monarch, landed 
at Shoreham, in Sussex, 477 ; as- 
sumed the title of king of the 
South Saxons, 491 ; died 499. 

Cerdic, third monarch, arrived 
in Britain, and overcame Arthur 
near Chard, Hampshire, 519; began 
the kingdom of the West Saxons 
the same year; died 534. 

Kenric, second king of the 
West Saxons, fourth monarch, 
eldest son of Cerdic, succeeded in 
534, and died in 560. 

Ceaulin, third king of the 
West Saxons, and fifth monarch, 
succeeded his father, 560 ; seized 
on Sussex in 590 ; abdicated in 
591 ; and died in banishment, 593. 



136 



ENGLAND. 



Ethelbert I., fifth king of Kent, 
and sixth monarch, 593 ; St. Au- 
gustine first arrived in his do- 
minions, who, with his followers, 
were entertained by the king at 
Canterbury, where they settled ; 
to whose doctrine Ethelbert became 
a convert. He gave Augustine an 
idol temple without the walls of 
the city, as a burial-place for him 
and his successors, which was con- 
verted into the first monastery. 
The king was the first that caused 
the laws of the land to be collected 
and translated into Saxon. He 
died 24th Feb., 617, and was 
buried at Canterbury. 

Redwald, third king of the East 
Angles, seventh monarch, 616 ; he 
died 624. 

Edwin the Great, king of Nor- 
thumberland, succeeded as eighth 
monarch in 624. He was the first 
Christian, and the ninth king of 
Northumberland. He lost his life 
in a battle at Hatfield, 4th Oct., 
633. 

Oswald, tenth king of Northum- 
berland, and ninth monarch of Bri- 
tain, 634. He was slain at Maser- 
field, in Shropshire, 1st Aug., 642. 

Oswy, eleventh king of Northum- 
berland, tenth monarch of Britain, 
13thOct.,634. He defeated Penda, 
the Mercian, and Ethelred, king of 
the East Angles, 6th Nov., 655. 
He died 15th Feb., 670. 

Wolfhere, sixth king of the 
Mercians, eleventh monarch, 671 ; 
died 675, and was buried at Peter- 
borough. 

Ethelred, seventh king of Mer- 
cia, and twelfth monarch, 675. 
He desolated part of Kent, and in 
677 destroyed Rochester, and many 
religious foundations ; to atone for 
which he became a monk, 705, and 
died abbot ofBradney, 716. 

Kenred, his nephew, eighth king 
of Mercia, and thirteenth monarch, 
705 ; reigned four years, and fol- 
lowing his uncle's example, became 
a monk. 

Ceolred, son to Ethelred, ninth 
king of the Mercians, and four- 



teenth monarch, 709 ; was killed in 
battle with the West Saxons in 
716 ; and was buried at Litchfield. 

Ethel bald I., tenth king of the 
Mercians, fifteenth monarch, 716 ; 
built Croyland abbey, in Lincoln- 
shire. He was slain by his own 
subjects when he was leading his 
troops against Cuthred, the West 
Saxon, at Secondine, three miles 
from Tamworth, in Warwickshire, 
and was buried at Repton, in Der- 
byshire, 757. 

Offa, the eleventh king of the 
Mercians, and the sixteenth mo- 
narch, 757. He was born lame, 
deaf, and blind, which continued 
till he arrived at manhood. He 
took up arms against Kent, slew 
their king at Otteford, and con- 
quered that kingdom. He caused 
a great trench to be dug from Bris- 
tol to Basingwerk, in Flintshire, as 
the boundary of the Britons, who 
harboured in Wales, 774. Offa 
first ordained the sounding of trum- 
pets before the kings of England, 
to denote their appearance, and 
require respect. He admitted his 
son, Egfryd, a partner in his sove- 
reignty ; and, out of devotion, paid 
a visit to Rome, where he made 
his kingdom subject to a tribute, 
then called Peter-pence, aDd pro- 
cured the canonization of St. Alban. 
At his return he built St. Alban's 
monastery, in Hertfordshire, 793. 
He died at Offley, 29th June, 794, 
and was buried at Bedford, in a 
chapel since swallowed up by the 
river Ouse. 

Egfryd, twelfth king of the 
Mercians, and seventeenth monarch , 
13th July, 794; but died 17th 
Dec. following, and was buried at 
St. Alban's. 

Kenwolfe, thirteenth king of the 
Mercians, and eighteenth monarch, 
795. He conquered Kent, and 
gave that kingdom to Cudred, 798. 
He built Winchcomb monastery, 
in Gloucestershire, where he led 
the captive prince, Pren, to the 
altar, and released him without 
ransom or entreaty. He died in 



ENGLAND. 



137 



819, and was buried at Winch - 
comb. 

Egbert, seventeenth king of the 
West Saxons, and nineteenth, but 
first sole monarch of the English. 
He conquered Kent, and laid the 
foundation of the sole monarchy in 
823, which put an end to the 
Saxon Heptarchy, and was solemnly 
crowned at Winchester, when, by 
his edict, he ordered all the South 
of the island to be called England, 
827. He died 4th Feb., 838, and 
was buried at Winchester. 

Ethelwulf, eldest son of Eg- 
bert, succeeded to his father, not- 
witb standing, at the time of Egbert's 
death, lie was bishop of Winchester. 
In 853 he ordained tithes to be 
collected, and exempted the clergy 
from regal tributes. He visited 
Rome in 854, confirming the grant 
of Peter-pence, and agreed to pay 
Rome 300 marks per annum. 
His son Ethelbald obliged him to 
divide the sovereignty with him, 
855. He died 13th Jan., 857, 
and was buried at Winchester. 

Ethelbald II., eldest son of 
Ethelwulf, succeeded in 857. He 
died 20th Dec, 860, and was 
buried at Sherborne, but removed 
to Salisbury. 

Ethelbert II., second son of 
Ethelwulf, succeeded in 860, and 
was harassed greatly by the Danes, 
who were repulsed and vanquished. 
He died in 866, was buried at 
Sherborne, and was succeeded bv 

Ethelred I., third son of Ethel- 
wolf, in 866, when the Danes again 
harassed his kingdom. In 870, 
they destroyed the monasteries of 
of Bradney, Croyland, Peterbo- 
rough, Ely, and Huntingdon, when 
the nuns of Coldingham defaced 
themselves to avoid their pollution ; 
and in East Anglia they murdered 
Edmund, at Edmundsbury, in 
Suffolk. Ethelred overthrew the 
Danes, 871, at Assendon. He had 
nine set battles with the Danes in 
one year, and was wounded at Wit- 
tingham, which occasioned his 
death, 27th April, 872, and was 



buried at Wimborne, in Dorset- 
shire. 

Alfred, the fourth son of Ethel- 
wolf, succeeded in 87*2, in the 22nd 
year of his age ; was crowned at 
Winchester, and is distinguished 
by the title of Alfred the Great. 
He was born at Wantage, in Berk- 
shire, 849, and obliged to take. the 
field against the Danes within one 
month after his coronation at 
Wilton, in Wiltshire. He fought 
seven battles with them in 876, 
In 877 another succour of Danes 
arrived, and Alfred was obliged to 
disguise himself in the habit of a 
shepherd, in the Lsle of Athelney, 
in the county of Somerset, till, in 

878, collecting his scattered friends, 
he attacked and defeated them in 

879, when he obliged the greatest 
part of their army to quit the land ; 
in 897 they went up the river Lea, 
and built a fortress at Ware, where 
King Alfred turned off the course 
of the river, and left their ships 
drv, which obliged the Danes to 
remove. He died 28th Oct., 900. 
He formed a body of laws, after- 
wards made use of by Edward the 
Confessor, which was the ground- 
work of the present. He divided 
his kingdom into shires, hundreds, 
and tithings, and obliged his nobles 
to bring up their children to learn- 
ing; and to induce them thereto, 
admitted none to offices except 
they were learned ; and to enable 
them to procure that learning, he 
founded the university of Oxford. 
He was buried at Winchester. 

Edward the Elder, his son, suc- 
ceeded him, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, in 901. 
In 911, Leolin, prince of Wales, 
did homage to Edward for his prin- 
cipality. He died at Farringdon, 
in Berkshire, in 925, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

Athelstan, his eldest son, suc- 
ceeded him, and was crowned with 
far greater magnificence than usual, 
at Kingston-upon-Thames, in 925. 
In 937 he defeated two Welsh 
princes, but soon after, on their 



138 



ENGLAND. 



making submission, he restored 
them their estates. He escaped 
being assassinated in his tent, 938, 
which he revenged by attacking his 
enemy, when five petty sovereigns, 
twelve dukes, and an army who 
came to the assistance of Anlaf, 
king of Ireland, were slain ; which 
battle was fought near Dunbar, in 
Scotland. He made the princes of 
Wales tributary, 939 ; and died 
17th Oct., 941, at Gloucester. 

Edmund I., the fifth son of Ed- 
ward the Elder, succeeded at the 
age of 18, and was crowned king at 
Kingston-upon- Thames, 940. On 
26th May, 947, he was stabbed by 
Leolf, a noted robber, whom he 
had sentenced to banishment, and 
died of the wound. He was buried 
at Glastonbury. 

Edred, his brother, aged 28, 
succeeded in 948, and was crowned 
at Kingston-upon-Thames, the 17th 
of August. He died in 955, and 
was buried at Winchester. 

Edwy, the eldest son of Edmund, 
succeeded, and was crowned at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, in 955. 
He had great dissensions with the 
clergy, and banished Dunstan, their 
ringleader, which occasions little 
credit to be given to the character 
the priests give him. He died of 
grief in 959, after a turbulent reign 
of four years, and was buried at 
Winchester. 

Edgar, at the age of 16, suc- 
ceeded his brother, and was crowned 
at Kingston-upon-Thames, in 959, 
and again at Bath, 973. He im- 
posed on the princes of Wales a 
tribute of wolves' heads, that for 
three years amounted to 300 each 
year. He obliged eight tributary 
princes to row him in a barge on 
the river Dee, in 960. He died 
18th July, 975, and was buried at 
Glastonbury. 

Edward the Martyr, his eldest 
son, succeeded him, being but 12 
years of age ; was crowned by Dun- 
stan, at Kingston-upon-Thames, 
in 975. He was stabbed by the 
instructions of his mother-in-law, 



as he was drinking at Corfe-castle, 
in the isle of Purbeck, in Dorset- 
shire, on 18th May, 979. He was 
buried at Warcham, without any 
ceremony, but removed three years 
after, in great pomp, to Shaftesbury. 

Etheliied II. succeeded his bro- 
ther, and was crowned at Kingston- 
upon-Thames, 14th April, 979. 
In 982, his palace, with a great 
part of London, was destroyed by a 
great fire. England was ravaged 
by the Danes, Avho, in 999, re- 
ceived at one payment about 
30,000/., raised by a land-tax, 
called Danegelt. A general mas- 
sacre of the Danes, 13th Nov., 
1002. Swein revenged his coun- 
trymen's deaths, 1003, and did not 
quit the kingdom till Ethelred had 
paid him 36,000/., which he the 
year following demanded as an 
annual tribute. In the spring of 
1008, they subdued great part of 
the kingdom. To stop their pro- 
gress it was agreed to pay the 
Danes 48,000/. to quit the king- 
dom, 1012. In the space of 20 
years they had 469,687/. sterling. 
Soon after Swein entered the 
Humber again, when Ethelred re- 
tired to the isle of Wight, and sent 
his sons, with their mother Emma, 
into Normandy, to her brother, 
and Swein took possession of the 
whole kingdom, 1013. 

Swein was proclaimed king of 
England in 1013, and no person 
disputed his title. His first act of 
sovereignty was an insupportable 
tax, which he did not live to see 
collected. He was killed 3rd Feb., 
1014, at Thetford, in Norfolk. 

Canute, his son, was proclaimed 
March, 1014, and endeavoured to 
gain the affections of his English 
subjects, but without success, re- 
tired to Denmark, and 

Ethelred returned at the invi- 
tation of his subjects. Canute re- 
turned, 1015, soon after he had 
left England, and landed at Sand- 
wich. Ethelred retired to the 
north, but by evading a battle with 
the Danes, he lost the affections of 



ENGLAND. 



139 



his subjects, and retiring to Lon- 
don lie expired, 24th April, 1016. 

Edmund Ironside, his son, was 
crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, 
April, 1016; but by a disagree- 
ment among the nobility, Canute 
was crowned at Southampton. In 
June following, Canute totally 
routed Edmund, at Assendon, in 
Essex, who soon after met Canute 
in the isle of Alney, in the Severn, 
where a peace was concluded, and 
the kingdom divided between them. 
Edmund did not survive above a 
month after, being murdered at 
Oxford, 30th Nov., 1016, before 
he bad reigned a year. He left 
two sons and two daughters ; from 
one of which daughters James I. 
of England descended, and from 
him William IV. 

Canute was established 1017; 
made an alliance with Normandy, 
and married Emma, Ethelred's 
widow, 1018; made a voyage to 
Denmark, attacked Norway, and 
took possession of the crown, 1028 ; 
died at Shaftesbury, 1036, and was 
buried at Winchester. 

Harold L, his son, began his 
reign, 1036; died, 18th May, 
1039 ; and was succeeded by his 
younger brother, 

Hardicanute, king of Denmark, 
who died at Lambeth, 1041 ; was 
buried at Winchester, and suc- 
ceeded by a son of Queen Emma, 
by her first husband, Ethelred II. 

Edward the Confessor was born 
at Islip, in Oxfordshire, began his 
reign in the 40th year of his age. 
He was crowned at Winchester, 
1042; married Editha, daughter 
of Godwin, earl of Kent, 1043; 
remitted the tax of Danegelt, and 
was the first king of England that 
touched for the king's evil, 1058; 
died 5th Jan., 1066, aged 65; 
was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
which he rebuilt, where his bones 
were enshrined in gold, set with 
jewels, 1066. Emma, his mother, 
died 1052. He was succeeded by 

Harold II., son of the earl of 
Kent, who began in 1066; de- 



feated his brother Tosti and the 
king of Norway, who had invaded 
his dominions, at Stamford, 25th 
Sept., 1066; but was killed by 
the Normans at Hastings, 14th 
Oct. following. 

William I., duke of Normandy, 
a descendant of Canute, born 
1027 ; paid a visit to Edward the 
Confessor, in England, 1051 ; be- 
trothed his daughter to Harold II , 
1058; made a claim of the crown 
of England, 1066; invaded Eng- 
land, landed at Pevensey, in Sus- 
sex, the same year; defeated the 
English troops at Hastings, 14th 
Oct., 1066, when Harold was slain, 
and William assumed the title of 
Conqueror. He was crowned at 
Westminster, 25th Dec, 1066; 
invaded Scotland, 1072; subverted 
the English constitution, 1074 ; 
refused to swear fealty to the pope 
for the crown of England; wounded 
by his son Robert, at Gerberot, in 
Normandy, 1077 ; invaded France, 
1086; soon after fell from his 
horse, and contracted a rupture ; 
he died at Hermentrude, near 
Rouen, in Normandy, 1087; was 
buried at Caen, and succeeded in 
Normandy, by his eldest son, 
Robert, and in England by his 
second son, 

William II. born 1057; crowned 
at Westminster, 27th Sept., 1087 ; 
invaded Normandy with success, 
1090 ; killed by accident as he was 
hunting in the New Forest, by Sir 
Walter Tyrrel, Aug., 1100, 'aged 
43 ; was buried at Winchester, 
and succeeded by his brother, 

Henry I. born, 1068, crowned, 
5th Aug., 1100 ; married Matilda, 
daughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, 
11th Nov., following; made peace 
with his brother Robert, 1101 ; 
invaded Normandy, 1105 ; attacked 
by Robert, whom he defeated and 
took prisoner, 1107, and sent him 
to England ; betrothed his daugh- 
ter Matilda to the emperor of Ger- 
many, 1109 ; challenged by Louis 
of France; 1117; lost his queen, 
1st May, 1118; his eldest son and 



40 



ENGLAND. 



two others of his children ship- 
decked and lost with 180 of his 
nobility, in coming from Normandy, 
1120; married Adelicia, daughter 
of Godfrey, earl of Louvain, 29th 
Jan., 1121 ; in quiet possession of 
Normandy, 1129 ; surfeited him- 
self with eating lampreys, at Lyons, 
near Rouen, in Normandy, and 
died 2nd Dec, 1135, aged 68 ; his 
body was brought over to England, 
and buried at Reading. He was 
succeeded by his nephew, Stephen, 
third son of his sister Adela, bv 
the earl of Blois. He left 100,000/. 
in cash, besides plate and jewels to 
an immense value. 

Matilda, or Maud, daughter of 
Henry I., born 1101; married to 
Henry IV., emperor of Germany, 
1109; had the English nobility 
swear fealty to her, 1126 ; buried 
her husband 1127 ; married Jeffrey 
Plantagenet, earl of An jo a, 1130 ; 
set aside from the English succession 
by Stephen, 1135 ; landed in Eng- 
land, and claimed a right to the 
crown, 30th Sept., 1139 ; defeated 
Stephen at Lincoln, and confined 
him in Gloucester, 1141 ; besieged 
in Oxford, and fled from a window 
of Oxford Castle by a rope, in the 
"winter of 1142 ; retired to France, 
1147 ; her son Henry concluded a 
peace with Stephen, 1153. She 
died at Rouen, in Normandy, 10th 
Sept , 1167, and was buried in the 
abbey of Bee. 

Stephen, born, 1105; crowned, 
26th Dec, 1135 ; taken prisoner at 
Lincoln by the earl of Gloucester, 
Matilda's "half-brother, Feb., 1141, 
and put in irons at Bristol, but 
released in exchange for the earl of 
Gloucester, taken at Winchester ; 
made peace with Henry, Maude's 
son, 1153; died of the piles at 
Dover, 25th Oct., 1154, aged 50 ; 
■was buried at Feversham, and suc- 
ceeded by Henry, son of Matilda. 

Adela, Stephen's queen, "was 
crowned on Easter-day, 1136 ; 
died 3rd May, 1151, at Henning- 
ham Castle, Essex, and buried in a 
monastery at Feversham. 



Henry II., grandson of Henry 

I. , born, 1133; married Eleanor, 
heiress of Guienne and Poitou, on 
"Whitsunday, 1152, the divorced 
wife of Louis VII., king of France. 
He invaded England, 7th Jan., 
1153, and had homage done him 
as successor to King Stephen, in a 
council held at Oxford, 13th Jan.. 
1 1 54 ; returned into Normandy 
the spring following. — He began 
his reign 24th Oct., 1154; arrived 
in England 8th Dec, and was. 
with his queen, Eleanor, crowned 
at London, the 19th of the same 
month; crowned in Lincoln, 1158 ; 
again at Worcester, 1159 ; quelled 
the rebellion in Maine, 1166 ; had 
his son Henry crowned king of 
England, 1170; invaded Ireland, 
26th Oct., 1171, and reduced the 
island to his subjection in 1172; 
imprisoned his queen on account 
of Rosamond, his concubine, 1173; 
did penance at Becket's tomb, 8th 
July, 1174 ; took the king of 
Scotland prisoner, and obliged him 
to give up the independency of his 
crown, 1175; named his son John, 
lord of Ireland, 1176; had, the 
same year, an amour with Alice, 
of France, the intended princess of 
his son Richard, 1181; lost his 
eldest son, Henry, 11th June, 
1183; his son Richard rebelled, 
1185 ; had his son Jeffrey trodden 
under foot and killed, at a tourna- 
ment in Paris, 19th Aug., 1187; 
made a convention with Philip of 
France to go to the holy war, 

1188 ; died with grief at the altar, 
cursing his sons, 6th July, 1189, 
aged 61 ; was buried at Fcntev- 
raud, in France, and succeeded by 
his son Richard. 

Eleanor, queen to King Henrv 

II. , died 1205. 

Richard I. was born at Oxford, 
1157; crowned at London, 3rd 
Sept., 1189 ; released the king and 
people of Scotland from the oaths 
of homage they had taken to his 
father for 10,000 marks, 5th Dec, 
embarked at Dover, 11th Dec, 

1189 ; set out on the crusade, and 



ENGLAND. 



141 



joined Philip of France, on the 
plains of Vezelay, 29th June, 
1 190 ; took Messina the latter end 
of the year : married Berengaria, 
daughter of the king of Navarre, 
12th May, 1191 ; "defeated the 
Cyprians, and took their king pri- 
soner, 1191 ; taken prisoner near 
Vienna, on his return home, by 
Leopold, duke of Austria, 20th 
Dec, 1192 ; ransomed for 40,000*. . 
and set at liberty, at Mentz, 4th 
Feb., 1194: returned to England, 
29th March following; wounded 
with an arrow at Chaluz, near 
Limoges, in Normandy, and died 
6ih April, 1199; was buried at 
Fontevraud, and succeeded by his 
brother, 

John, the youngest son of Henry 
II., born at Oxford, 24th Dec, 
1166; was crowned 27th May. 
1199: divorced his wife Avisa, 
and married Isabella, daughter of 
. the Count of Angoulesme, and 
they were both crowned at West- 
minster, 8th Oct., 1200; went to 
Paris, 1200 ; besieged the castle of 
Mirable, and took his nephew. 
Arthur, prisoner, 1st Aug.. 1202. 
whom he caused to be murdered, 3rd 
April, 1203 ; the same year he 
was expelled the French provinces; 
imprisoned his queen, 1208: ban- 
ished all the clergy in his domi- 
nions, 1208; was excommunicated, 
1209; landed in Ireland, 8th 
June, 1210 : surrendered his crown 
to Pandulf, the pope's legate, 25th 
May, 1213 ; absolved, 20th July 
following ; obliged by his barons 
to confirm Magna Charta, 9th 
June, 1215 ; lost his treasure and 
baggage in passing the marshes of 
Lynn, 1216 ; died at Newark, 
19th Oct., 1216; was buried at 
Worcester, where his corpse was 
discovered nearly entire in 1797, 

having been buried 580 years 

He was succeeded by his son, 

Henry III., born 1st Oct., 
1207 ; crowned at Gloucester, 28th 
Oct., 1216 ; received homage from 
Alexander of Scotland, at North- 
ampton, 1218; crowned again at 



Gloucester, 7th May, (he laid the 
first stone of the new abbey church 
at Westminster in 1221,) 1219 ; 
married Eleanor, of Provence, dow- 
ager of the Earl Pembroke, 14th 
Jan., 1236 ; sold his plate and 
jewels to the citizens of London, 
1248, when he married his daugh- 
ter Margaret to the king of Scots, 
1253 ; obliged by his nobles to 
resign the power of a sovereign, 
and sell Normandy and Anjou 
to the French, 1258-9 ; shut him- 
self up in the Tower of London, 
for fear of his nobles, 1261 ; taken 
prisoner at Lewes, 14th May, 
1264; wounded at the battle of 
Evesham, 1265 ; died with age at 
St. Edmondsbury, 16th Nov., 
1272 ; and was succeeded by his 
son Edward. 

Eleanor, Henry IIL's queen, 
died in a monastery at Ambers- 
bury, about 1292, where she had 
retired. 

Edward I. born 16th June, 
1239 ; married Eleanor, princess 
of Castile, 1253 ; succeeded to the 
crown 16th Nov., 1272; wounded 
in the Holy Land with a poisoned 
dagger ; recovered, and landed 
in England, 25th July, 1274 ; 
crowned at Westminster, 19th 
Aug. following, with his queen ; 
went to France, and did homage to 
the French king, 1279; reduced 
the Welsh princes, 1282. Elea- 
nor, his queen, died of a fever on 
her journey to Scotland, at Herdby, 
in Lincolnshire, 1291, and was 
conveyed to Westminster, when 
elegant stone crosses were erected 
at each place where the corpse 
rested ; married Margaret, sister 
to the king of France, 12th Sept., 
1299 ; conquered Scotland, 1296, 
and brought to England their coro- 
nation chair, &c, died of a flux at 
Burgh-upon-the-Sands, in Cumber- 
land, 7th July, 1307 ; was buried 
at Westminster, where, on 2nd 
May, 1774, some antiquarians, by 
consent of the chapter, examined 
his tomb, when they found his 
corpse unconsumed, though buried 



142 



ENGLAND. 



466 years. — He was succeeded by 
his fourth son, 

Edward II. horn at Caernarvon, 
in Wales, 25th April, 1284 ; was 
the first king of England's eldest 
son that had the title of Prince of 
Wales, with which he was invested 

in 1284 He ascended the throne, 

7th July, 1307 ; married Isabella, 
daughter of the French king, 1308 ; 
and was crowned with his queen at 
Westminster, 24th Feb., 1308; 
obliged by his barons to invest the 
government of the kingdom in 
twenty-one persons, 16th March, 
1309 ; went on a pilgrimage to 
Boulogne, 13th Dec, 1313; de- 
clared his queen and all her adhe- 
rents enemies to the kingdom, 
1325 ; conveyed his French domi- 
nions to his son Edward, 10th 
Sept., 1325 ; dethroned, 13th 
Jan., 1327, and succeeded by his 
son, Edward III. ; murdered at 
Berkeley Castle, 22nd Sept. follow- 
ing, and was buried at Gloucester. 

Edward III. born at Windsor, 
13th Nov., 1313 ; succeeded to 
the crown, 13th Jan., 1327; 
crowned at Westminster, 1st Feb. 
following ; he married Pkilippa, 
daughter of the earl of Hainault, 
24th Jan., 1328; claimed the 
regency of France, 1328 ; confined 
his mother Isabella, and caused 
her favourite, earl Mortimer, to 
be hanged at Tyburn, 29th Nov., 
1330 ; the Scots defeated at Hali- 
down, 1333 ; invaded France, and 
pawned his crown and jewels for 
50,000 florins, 1340; quartered 
the arms of England and France, 
and at the same time used the 
motto, Dieu et mon droit, 1340 ; 
made the first distinction between 
Lords and Commons, 1342 ; 
defeated the French at Cressy, 
30,000 slain, among whom was 
the king of Bohemia, 1346; the 
queen took the king of Scotland 
prisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, 
the same year ; Calais besieged and 
taken, 4th Aug., 1347, and St. 
Stephen's chapel, afterwards the 
House of Commons, built, 1348 ; 



the order of the Garter instituted, 
1349; the French defeated at 
Poictiers, their king and prince 
taken, and the king of Navarre 
imprisoned, 1356; the king of 
Scotland ransomed for 100,000 
marks, 1358; the king of France 
ransomed for 300,000/., 1359 ; four 
kings entertained at the Lord May- 
or's feast, viz. : England, France, 
Scotland, and Cyprus, 1364; Phi- 
lippa, his queen, d. at Windsor, 16th 
Aug., 1369 ; and Avas buried at 
Westminster; Edward died at 
Richmond, 21st June, 1377, and 
was succeeded by his grandson, 
Richard IT., son to 

Edward the Black Prince, who 
was born 15th June, 1330 ; created 
duke of Cornwall in full parlia- 
ment, 7th March, 1337, the first 
in England that bore the title of 
duke ; created prince of Wales, 
1344; brought the king of France 
prisoner to England, from the bat- 
tle of Poictiers, 19th Sept., 1356; 
went to Castile, 1367 ; died of 
a consumption, 8th June, 1376; 
and was buried at Canterbury. 

John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- 
caster, fourth son of Edward III., 
born 1340, married Blanch, daugh- 
ter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359 : 
by whom he became possessed of 
that dukedom and title ; she died 
1396, and in 1372 he married the 
daughter of the king of Castile and 
Leon, and took that title. — In 
1369, he married a third wife, 
Catherine Swinford, from whom 
descended Henry VII. — He died 
1399, and was buried in St. Paul's 
Cathedral, London. 

Richard II. born at Bourdeaux, 
6th Jan., 1367 ; had two royal 
godfathers, the kings of Navarre 
and Majorca ; made guardian of 
the kingdom, 30th Aug., 1372; 
created prince of Wales, 1376 ; 
succeeded his grandfather, Edward 
III., 16th June, 1377, when not 
eleven years old, and crowned at 
Westminster, 16th July following ; 
the rebellion of Wat Tyler and 
Jack Straw, 1381 ; married Anne, 



ENGLAND. 



143 



sister to the emperor of Germany, 
and king of Bohemia, Jan., 1382, 
who died without issue at Shene, 
and was buried in Westminster 
Abbey, 3rd Aug., 1395 ; married 
Isabella, daughter to the king of 
France, 31st Oct., 1396. — He was 
.taken prisoner by Henry duke of 
'Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to 
the Tower, 1st Sept., 1399; re- 
signed his crown 29th Sept. follow- 
ing, and was succeeded by Henry 
IV. — Richard was murdered in 
Pomfret Castle, 13th Feb., 1400, 
and buried at Langley, but removed 
to Westminster 14 years afterwards. 

Thomas, duke of Gloucester, 
uncle to Richard II., was smo- 
thered, 28th Feb., 1367. 

Thomas Beaufort, duke of Ex- 
eter, half-brother to Richard II., 
died without issue, 24th Dec, 
1424, and was buried at St. Ed- 
mo ndsbury, where his body was 
discovered uncorrupted in 1772, 
after his burial 348 years. 

Henry IV., duke of Lancaster, 
grandson of Edward III., born 
1367; married Mary, the daughter 
of the earl of Hereford, who died 
1394, before he obtained the 
crown; fought with the duke of 
Norfolk, 1397, and banished; re- 
turned to England in arms against 
Richard II., who resigned him his 
crown, and Henry was crowned, 
13th Oct., 1399, when he created 
47 knights of the Bath, including 
his three sons ; conspired against, 
Jan., 1400; marched against the 
Welsh, 1402 ; married a second 
queen, Joan of Navarre, widow of 
the duke of Bretagne, 1402 ; she 
was crowned with great magni- 
ficence, 27th Feb. following, and 
died in 1417; in 1403 began the 
rebellion of the Percies, suppressed 
July following. — He died of an 
apoplexy, in Westminster, 20th 
March, 1413; was buried at Can- 
terbury, and succeeded by his son, 

Henry V., who was born in 
1388, and, when prince of Wales, 
was committed to prison for insult- 
ing one of the judges, 1412 ; 



crowned at Westminster, 9th 
April, 1413 ; claimed the crown 
of France, 1414; gained the bat- 
tle of Agincourt, 25th Oct., 141.5 ; 
pledged his regalia for 60,000/., to 
push his conquests, 1416 — The 
emperor Sigismund paid a visit to 
Henry, and was installed Knight 
of the Garter, 1416 ; invaded Nor- 
mandy with an army of 26,000 
men, 1417 ; declared regent, and 
married Catharine of France, 2nd 
June, 1420 ; she was crowned at 
Westminster, 22nd Feb. following ; 
outlived Henry, and was married 
afterwards to Owen Tudor, grand- 
father of Henry VII. — Henry died 
of a pleurisy at Rouen, 31st Aug., 
1422, aged 34, was buried at West- 
minster, and succeeded by 

Henry VI. born at Windsor, 
6th Dec, 1421 ; succeeded to the 
throne, 31st Aug., 1422 ; pro- 
claimed king of France the same 
year ; crowned at Westminster, 
6th Nov., 1429 ; crowned at 
Paris, 17th Dec, 1430; married 
to Margaret, daughter of the duke 
of Anjou, at Southwick, Hamp- 
shire, 22nd April, 1445, and was 
crowned at Westminster, 30th 
May following ; Jack Cade's in- 
surrection, 1450 ; Henry taken 
prisoner at St. i^ban's, 1455; but 
regained his liberty, 1461 ; and 
deposed 2nd March following, by 
his fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; 
fled into Scotland, and taken pri- 
soner in Lancashire, 1463 ; re- 
stored to his throne, 6th Nov., 
1470 ; taken prisoner again by 
Edward, 11th April, 1471 ; Queen 
Margaret and her son taken pri- 
soners at Tewkesbury, by Edward, 
June, 1471 ; the prince killed in 
cold blood, 21st May, and Henry 
murdered in the Tower, 20th June 
following, and buried at Chertsey, 
aged 49, afterwards removed to 
Windsor. 

Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 
fourth son of Henry IV., was 
strangled by the order of his 
nephew, Henry VI., and buried at 
St. Alban's, 1447. 



144 



ENGLAND. 



Edward IV., bora at Rouen, 
29th April, 1443 ; descended from 
the third son of Edward III. elected 
king, 3rd March, 1461 ; and before 
his coronation was obliged to take 
the field, and fight the battle of 
Towton, when 36,776 fell, and not 
one prisoner taken but the earl of 
Devonshire, 29 th March ; was 
crowned at "Westminster, 28th 
June, 1461 ; sat publicly with the 
judges in Westminster-hall, 1462; 
married Lady Elizabeth Grey, 
widow of Sir John Grey, of Groby, 
1 st March, 1 465, who was crowned 
the 26th following. — Henry was 
taken prisoner by the earl of War- 
wick, in Yorkshire, whence he was 
brought to London, with his legs 
tied under his horse's belly, 1464; 
released and restored, 1470. Ed- 
ward caused his brother, the duke 
of Clarence, who had joined the earl 
of Warwick, to be drowned in a butt 
of malmsey wine, 1 1 tli March, 1 478 ; 
died of a surfeit at Westminster, 9th 
April, 1483 ; and was buried at 
Windsor, where his corpse was dis- 
covered undecayed, 1 1 March, 1789, 
and his dress nearly perfect, as were 
the lineaments of his face. He 
was succeeded by his infant son, 

Edward V., b. 4th Nov., 1470 ; 
proclaimed king at London, 9th Ap. , 
1483 ; deposed 20th June follow- 
ing; and, with the duke of York, his 
brother, smothered soon after by 
i, their uncle, who succeeded him. 

Richard III., duke of Glouces- 
ter, brother to Edward IV., born 
1453 ; took prince Edward, son of 
Henry VI. prisoner at Tewkesbury, 
and helped to murder him in cold 
blood, (whose widow he afterwards 
married,) 1471 ; drowned the duke 
of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. 
in a butt of malmsey wine, 1478 ; 
made protector of England, 27th 
May, 1483; elected king, 20th 
June, and crowned 6th July fol- 
lowing ; ditto at York, 18th Aug. ; 
lost his queen, 16th March, 1484; 
slain in battle, at Bosworth, 22nd 
Aug., 1485, aged 32 ; was buried 
at Leicester, and succeeded by 



Henry VII., born 1455; who 
landed at Milford Haven, 7th Aug., 
1485; defeated Richard III. in 
Bosworth-field, and was elected 
king, 1485; crowned 30th Oct., 
the same year ; married Elizabeth, 
daughter of Edward IV., 18th 
Jan., 1486, who was crowned 25th 
Nov., 1487 following; defeated 
Lambert Simnel, the impostor, 
16th June, 1487 ; received of the 
French king, as a compromise for 
his claim on that crown, 186,250/. 
besides 25,000 cro^vns yearly, 
1492 ; married his eldest son 
Arthur to princess Catherine of 
Spain, 14th Nov., 1501 ; prince 
Arthur died, 2nd April, 1502; 
queen Elizabeth died in child-bed, 
1 1 th Feb. following, and was buried 
at Westminster. — Mary, his third 
daughter, married Louis XII. of 
France, 9th Oct., 1514, by whom 
she was left without issue, and she 
married, 2nd May, 1515, Charles 
Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by whom 
she had issue, and died 1533, and 
was buried at St. Edmondsbury, 
where her corpse was discovered, 
6th Sept., 1784, in a perfect state. 
She was grandmother of the un- 
fortunate Lady Jane Grey. — Henry 
married his daughter Margaret to 
James IV. of Scotland, 1501 ; 
died of a consumption at Richmond, 
22nd April, 1509, aged 54 ; was 
buried at Westminster, and suc- 
ceeded by his son, 

Henry VIII. , born 28th June, 
1491 ; married Catherine, Infanta 
of Spain,/ widow of his brother 
Arthur, 3rd June, 1509 ; crowned 
24th June following ; had a per- 
sonal interview with Francis I. king 
of France, at Guisnes in Flanders, 
June, 1520, and againat Boulogne, 
11th Oct., 1532 ; received the title 
of Defender of the Faith, 1521 ; 
in Nov., 1534, he was declared 
Head of the Church by parliament ; 
divorced queen Catherine and mar- 
ried Anne Bulleyn, 14th Nov., 
1532; Anne crowned, 1st June, 
1533 ; assumed the title of Head 
of the Church of England, in the 



ENGLAND. 



145 



presence of his whole court, 
and received the first fruits and 
tenths ; he was excommunicated 
by Pope Paul, 30th Aug., 1535 ; 
Catherine, his first queen, died 
at Kimbolton, 8th Jan., 1536, 
aged 50 ; he put Anne, his second 
queen, to death, 19th May , ana 
married Jane Seymour, 20th May, 
1536, who died in childbed, 12th 
Oct., 1 537 ; he dissolved the re- 
ligious foundations in England, 
1539 ; married Anne of Cleves, 
6th Jan., 1540 ; divorced her, 10th 
July, 1 540 ; married Catherine 
Howard, his fifth wife, 8th Aug. 
following, and beheaded her on 
Tower-hill, with Lady Rochford, 
13th Feb., 1542; the title of king 
of Ireland was confirmed by act of 
parliament, 24th Jan., 1544, to 
the king and his successors ; mar- 
ried Catharine Parr, his sixth wife, 
12th July, 1543.— He died of a 
fever and an ulcerated leg, at 
Westminster, 28th Jan., 1547, in 
the 56th year of his age ; was 
buried at "Windsor, and was suc- 
ceeded by his only son, 

Edward VI., born 12th Oct., 
1537 ; crowned Sunday, 20th 
Feb., 1547 ; who died of consump- 
tion at Greenwich, 6th July, 1553 ; 
was buried at Westminster, and 
was succeeded, agreeably to his 
will, by his cousin, 

Jane Grey, born 1537 ; pro- 
claimed queen, 9th July, 1553 ; 
deposed soon after, and sent to the 
Tower, where she, with lord Dud- 
ley, her husband, and her father, 
were beheaded, 12th April, 1554, 
aged 17, by the order of 

Mary, born 11th Feb., 1516 ; 
proclaimed 9th July, 1553 ; and 
crowned, 1st Oct., following; mar- 
ried Philip of Spain, 25th July, 
1554; died of dropsy, 17th Nov., 
1558 ; was buried at Westminster, 
and was succeeded by herhalf-sister, 

Elizabeth, born 7th Sept., 
1533 ; sent prisoner to the Tower, 
1554; began to reign, 17th Nov., 
1 558 ; crowned at Westminster, 
15th Jan., 1559 ; Mary, queen of 



Scots, fled to England, 17th May, 
1568, and was imprisoned at Tut- 
bury castle, 3rd Dec, 1569 ; Eliza- 
beth relieved the protestants in 
France with 100,000 crowns, be- 
sides artillery, 1568 ; a marriage 
proposed between the queen and 
the duke of Anjou, 1571 ; but 
finally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded 
Mary queen of Scots, at Fotherin- 
gay Castle, in Northamptonshire, 
8th Feb., 1587, aged 44; the 
Spanish armada destroyed, 1588 ; 
Tyrone's rebellion in Ireland, 1598; 
Essex, the queen's favourite, be- 
headed, 25th Feb., 1601 ; the 
queen died at Richmond, 24th 
March, 1603 ; was buried at West- 
minster, and was succeeded by the 
son of Mary, queen of Scots, then 
James VI. of Scotland. 

James I., born at Edinburgh, 
19th June, 1566; was crowned 
king of Scotland, 29th July, 1567, 
at 13 months 8 days old ; married 
Anne, princess of Denmark, 20th 
Aug., 1589 ; succeeded to the crown 
of England, 24th March, 1603 ; first 
styled king of Great Britain, 1 604 ; 
arrived at London, 7th May follow- 
ing; lost his eldest son, Henry prince 
of Wales, 5th Nov., 1612, aged 18 
(his funeral expenses amounted to 
16,016/.); married his daughter 
Elizabeth to the prince Palatine of 
the Rhine, 1612 ; from whom his 
present majesty, William IV. is 
descended ; went to Scotland, 14th 
March, 1617 ; returned 1 5th Sept., 
1618; lost his queen, March, 
1619; died of an ague, 27th 
March, 1625 ; was buried at West- 
minster, and was succeeded by 

Charles I., born 19th Nov., 
1600 ; visited Madrid to fetch a 
wife, 7th March, 1623; succeeded 
to the crown, 27th March, 1625 ; 
married Henrietta, daughter of the 
king of France, the same year ; 
crowned 2nd Feb., 1626 ; crowned 
at Edinburgh, 1633 ; went to Scot- 
land, Aug. 1641 ; returned, 25th 
Nov. following ; went to the House 
of Commons, and demanded the 
five members, Jan., 1641-2 ; re- 

H 



146 



ENGLAND. 



tired to York, March, 1642 ; raised 
his standard at Nottingham, 22nd 
Aug. following ; travelled in the 
disguise of a servant, and put him- 
self into the hands of the Scots, at 
Newark, 5th May, 1646 ; sold by 
the Scots for 400,000/. 8th Aug. fol- 
lowing ; seized by cornet Joyce, at 
Holmby, 4th June, 1646 ; escaped 
from Hampton-court, and retreated 
to the Isle of Wight, 29th July, 
1648; closely confined in Hurst 
castle, 1st December following; 
removed to Windsor castle, 23rd 
Dec, to St. James's, 15th Jan., 
1649 ; brought to trial the 20th 
Jan., condemned the 27th, be- 
headed at Whitehall the 30th, aged 
49, and buried in St. George's chapel, 
Windsor. His queen, Henrietta, 
died in France, 10th Aug., 1669. 

OLivERCROMWELL,born at Hunt- 
ingdon, 25th April, 1599, chosen 
member of parliament for Hunting- 
don, 1628; made a lieut.-general, 
1643 ; went over to Ireland with his 
army, 13th Aug., 1649; returned 
May, 1650: made protector for 
life, 12th Dec, 1653; was near 
being killed by falling from a coach- 
box, Oct., 1654; re-admitted the 
Jews into England in 1656, after 
their expulsion of 365 years ; re- 
fused the title of king, 8th May, 
1657; died at Whitehall, 3rd 
Sept., 1658 ; and was succeeded 
by his son, 

Richard Cromwell, proclaimed 
protector, 4th Sept., 1658; re- 
signed, April 22nd 1659; died at 
Cheshunt in Hertfordshire, 12th 
July, 1712, aged 90. 

Charles II. born 29th May, 
1630; escaped from St. James's, 
23rd April, 1648 ; landed in Scot- 
land, 1650 ; crowned at Scone, 1st 
Jan., 1651 ; defeated at the battle 
of Worcester, 1651 ; landed at 
Dover, 25th May, 1660, and re- 
stored to his throne ; crowned 23rd 
April, 1661 ; married Catherine, 
infanta of Portugal, 21st May, 
1662 ; accepted the city freedom, 
. 18th Dec, 1674; died 6th Feb., 
1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy; 



was buried at Westminster,, and 
was succeeded by his brother 
James. Catherine, his queen, 
died, 30th Dec, 1705. 

James II. born 15th Oct., 
1633 ; married Anne Hyde, Sept., 
1660, who died, 1671 ; married 
the princess of Modena, 21st 
Nov., 1678 ; succeeded to the 
throne, 6th Feb., 1685; Mon- 
mouth, natural son of Charles II., 
landed in England, 11th June, 
1685 ; proclaimed king at Taun- 
ton, in Somersetshire, 20th June 
following ; defeated near Bridge- 
water, 6th July ; beheaded on 
Tower-hill, 15th July following, 
aged 35 ; James's queen had a son 
born, 10th June, 1688; the king 
fled from his palace, 10th Dec, 
1688 ; was seized soon after at 
Feversham, and carried back to 
Whitehall; left England 23rd 
Dec. following ; landed at Kinsale, 
in Ireland, 12th March, 1689; 
returned to France, July, 1690 ; 
died at St. Germain's, 6th Sept., 
1701. 

William III., prince of Orange, 
born 4th Nov., 1650 ; created 
Stadtholder, 3rd July, 1672; 
married the princess Mary of 
England, 4th Nov., 1677 ; landed 
at Torbay, in England, with an 
army, 4th Nov., 1688 ; declared 
king of England, 13th Feb., 
1689 ; crowned with his queen, 
11th April, 1689; landed at Car- 
rickfergus, 14th June, 1690; and 
defeated James II. at the battle of 
the Boyne, 1st July following ; a 
plot laid for assassinating him, 
Feb., 1690 ; fell from his horse 
and broke his collar-bone, 26th 
Feb., 1702 ; died, March 8, aged 
5 1 ; was buried 12th April follow- 
ing, and left his sister-in-law, 
Anne, his successor to the crown. 

Mary, William's queen, born 
,30th April, 1662 ; proclaimed 
(with her husband) queen regent 
of England, 13th Feb., 1689 ; 
died of the small-pox, 28th Dec, 
1694, aged 32, and was buried at 
Westminster. 



ENGLAND. 



147 



Anne, born 6th Feb., 1665; 
married to Prince George of Den- 
mark, 28th July, 1683, by whom 
she had 18 children, all of whom 
died young ; she came to the 
crown, 8th March, 1702 ; crowned 
23rd April following ; lost her son 
George, duke of Gloucester, by a 
fever, 29th July, 1700, aged 11 ; 
lost her husband, who died of an 
asthma and dropsy, 28th Oct., 
1708, aged 35 ; the queen died of 
an apoplexy, 1st Aug, 1714, aged 
49 ; was buried at Westminster, 
and was succeeded by 

George I., elector of Hanover, 
duke of Brunswick Lunenburg, 
born 28th May, 1660; created 
duke of Cambridge, &c, 5th Oct., 
1706. Princess Sophia, his queen, 
mother of George II., died 8 th 
June, 1714, aged 83. He was 
proclaimed 1st August, 1714; 
landed at Greenwich, 18th Sept. 
following ; crowned 20th Oct. same 
year at "Westminster ; died on his 
journey to Hanover, at Osnaburgh, 
Sunday, 1 1th June, 1727, of a para- 
lytic disorder, aged 67, and was 
succeeded by his eldest son, 

George II. bom 30th Oct., 
1683 ; created prince of Wales, 
4th Oct., 1714; married the prin- 
cess Wilhelmina Carolina Doro- 
thea, of Braudenburgh Anspach, 
1705; ascended the throne 11th 
June, 1727; lost his queen of a 
mortification in her bowels, 20th 
Nov., 1737, aged 54; suppressed 
a rebellion, 1745 ; died suddenly 
at Kensington, 25th Oct., 1760, 
aged 77, and was succeeded by his 
grandson, George III. 

Frederick Lewis, prince of 
Wales, son of George II., born 
20th Jan., 1707 ; arrived in Eng- 
land, Dec, 1728 ; married Au- 
gusta, princess of Saxe Gotha, 
27th April, 1736 ; forbidden the 
court the year following; died 20th 
March, 1751, aged 44 ; having had 
issue, Augusta, born 11th Aug,, 
1737, afterwards duchess of Bruns- 
wick; George Augustus, afterwards 
king of England ; Edward Augus- 



tus, born 25th March, 1759, died 
duke of York, 17th Sept., 1769; 
Eliza Caroline, b. 10th Jan., 1740, 
died Sept., 1759; William Henry, 
born 23rd November, 1743, duke 
of Gloucester, died 25th Aug., 
1805 ; Henry Frederick, born 7th 
November, 1745, duke of Cumber- 
land, married Oct., 1771, Anne 
Horton, daughter of lord Irnham, 
and died without issue, 18th 
Sept., 1790; Louisa- Anne, born 
29th May, 1748, died 21st May, 
1768 ; Frederick William, born 
24th May, 1750, died 10th May, 
1765 ; Caroline Matilda, born 
22nd July, 1759, died queen of 
Denmark, 1775. His princess 
died of a consumption, 8th Feb., 
1772, aged 52. 

George III., eldest son of Fre- 
derick, late prince of Wales, was 
born 4th June, 1738 ; created 
prince of Wales, 1751 ; succeeded 
his grandfather, 25th Oct., 1760; 
proclaimed the next day ; married 
Charlotte Sophia, princess of Meck- 
lenburgh Strelitz, 8th Sept., 1761, 
who was born 19th May, 1744; 
and both were crowned, 22nd Sept., 
1761. His majesty was deranged 
in mind from October, 1788, to 
March, 1789; on 24th April, 
1789, he went in procession to St. 
Paul's Cathedral ; recovered from 
a second attack, 16th March, 
1804; relapsed, 1810; continued 
insane till he died, 29th Jan., 
1820. Their issue are, 

1. George prince of Wales (the 
late king), born 12th Aug., 1762; 
married, 8th April, 1795, Caroline 
Amelia Augusta, the second daugh- 
ter of the duke of Brunswick (by 
Augusta, the eldest sister of George 
III.), born 17th May, 1768, by 
whom be had issue, Charlotte 
Caroline Augusta, born 7th Jan., 
1796, who died 6th Nov., 1817. 

2. Frederick, duke of York, 
bishop of Osnaburg, b. 16th Aug., 
1763 ; married at Berlin 1st Oct., 
and again by the archbishop of 
Canterbury, 21st Nov., to Frede- 
rica Charlotta Ulrica Catharina, 

h 2 



148 ENG 



ERA 



princess royal of Prussia, -who -was 
born 7th May, 1767 ; d. 5th Jan., 
]827. 

3. William Henry, born 21st 
Aug., ] 765 ; duke of Clarence, 
passed through all the ranks of the 
navy, but received no command 
(afterwards William IV). 

4. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, 
b. 29th Sept., 1766 ; married, 17th 
May, 1797, to Frederick William, 
duke (afterwards king) of Wur- 
temburg, who died, 1816. 

5. Edward, duke of Kent, born 
2nd Nov., 1767 ; died 23rd Jan., 
1820. 

6. Augusta Sophia, born 8th 
Nov., 1768. 

7. Elizabeth, b. 22nd May,l 770. 

8. Ernest Augusta, duke of 
Cumberland, born 5th June, 1771 ; 
married to the dowager princess of 
Salms, 29th Aug., 1814. 

9. Augustus Frederick, duke of 
Sussex, born 27th Jan., 1773. 

10. Adolphus Frederick, duke 
of Cambridge, 24th Feb., 1774. 

11. Mary, born 25th April, 
1776; married to William Frede- 
rick, duke of Gloucester, 22nd 
July, 1816. 

12. Sophia, b. 3rd Nov., 1777. 

13. Octavius, bom 23rd Feb., 
1779 ■ died 3rd May, 1783. 

14. Alfred, born 22nd Sept., 
1780; died 20th Aug., 1782. 

15. Amelia, born 8th Aug., 
1783; died 2nd Nov., 1810. 

George IV., eldest son of 
George III., born 12th August, 
1762 ; married the princess Caro- 
line of Brunswick, 8 th April, 
1795; assumed the office of regent, 
1810; succeeded to the throne, 
29th Jan., 1820; died 26th June, 
1830. Queen Caroline died 27th 
Aug., 1821. Princess Charlotte 
of Wales born, his only issue, 7th 
Jan., 1796; married Prince Leo- 
pold of Saxe Cobuig, afterwards 
king of Belgium, 2nd May, 1816 ; 
died in child-bed, 6th Nov., 1817. 

William IV. born 21st Aug., 
1765; married, 13th July, 1818, 
Adelaide, sister of the duke of 



Saxe Meiningen, born 1 3 th JuIy T 
1792 ; was appointed Lord High 
Admiral in 1827 ; succeeded his 
brother, George IV., 26th June, 
1830. 

Engraving on metal invented, and 
consequently rolling-press printing. 
1423 ; on copper, as now used, 
1511 ; in mezzotinto, and improved 
by Prince Rupert, Palatine, 1648; 
crayon engraving invented at Paris 
by Bonnet, 1769 ; engraving on 
steel plates first practised, 1818, 
by Mr. Perkins. 

Engraving on wood invented in Flan- 
ders, 1423 ; revived by Albert 
Durer, 1511 ; on glass invented at 
Paris by Boudier, 1709. 

Engraving in England protected by a 
bill, 1775-7. 

Ennius, Quintus, b. 237 B.C., d. 
aged 70. 

Enoch translated into heaven A.M. 
987, aged 365. 

Entailing estates introduced bv statute 
1279, 1807. 

Entertainment, places of, about Lon- 
don, licensed 1752. 

Epaminondas, the Theban general, 
slain 363 B.C. 

Epictetus flourished A.D. 40. 

Epicurus, philosopher, b. 342, d. 
271 B.C. 

Epifanio, Raimondo, a Neapolitan his- 
toric painter, b. 1440, d. 1482. 

Epimetheus, the inventor of earthen 
vessels, d. 171 B.C. 

Epiphanius, b. in Palestine about 332. 
d. 403. 

Epiphany, the feast of, instituted 813. 
Episcopacy abolished in Scotland 1689. 
Epsom, mineral spring first discovered 
at, 1630. 

Equestrian statue, the first that was 
erected, of Louis XIV. of France, 
founded at one cast, 1699. 

Era, that of Nabonassar, 747 B.C. : 
Philippic, or death of Alexander, 
324 B.C. ; of contracts, or Seleuci- 
dae, 312 B.C. The Christians 
made their era the birth of Christ, 
which was A.M. 3962, but did not 
use this reckoning till the year 600, 
using in the meantime the civil 
account of the empire. The Ma- 



ERA 



EUG 149 



home tans began their Hegira (for 
so they term their computation) 
from the flight of their prophet 
from Mecca, when he was driven 
thence by the Philarchse, A.D, b'22. 
The Greeks reckon by Olympiads, 
the first of which is placed in the 
year of the world 3187 ; but this 
account perishing under the Con- 
stantinopolitan emperors, they reck- 
oned by indictions, every indiction 
containing 15 years, and the first 
beginning A.D. 313, which among 
chronologers are still used. The 
Romans reckoned first from the 
building of their city, which was 
A.M. 3113, and afterwards from 
the 16th year of the Emperor 
Augustus, A.M. 3936, which reck- 
oning was used among the Spaniards 
till the reign of Ferdinand the Ca- 

, tholic. The Jews had divers epochs, 
as, 1 . From the beginning of the 
world, in the beginning of time ; 
2. From the universal deluge, ann. 
2656 ; 3. From the confusion of 
tongues, ann. 2786; 4. From Abra- 
ham's journey out of Chaldea into 
Canaan, ann. 2021 ; 5. From the 
departure of the children of Israel 
out of Egypt, ann. 1451 ; 6. From 
the year of the jubilee, ann. 2499 ; 
7. From the building of Solomon's 
temple, ann. 2932 ; and 8. From 
the captivity of Babylon, A.M. 
3357 ; but in historical computa- 
tion of time are used only the two 
most ordinary epochs, the world's 
creation, and Christ's appearance in 
the flesh. The Christian era began 
to be used in Italy, &c, in 525 ; 
and in England in 816. 

Erasmus b. at Rotterdam 1467, d. 
1536. 

Erfurt, in Thuringia, founded 476. 

Erinna, Greek poetess, contemporary 
with Sappho. 

Ermels, of Cologne, a painter of his- 
tory and landscape, b. 1641, d. 
1693. 

Ermine, the order of knighthood, 
began in France, 1450; in Naples, 
1463. 

Ernesti, Augustus William, b. 1707,d. 
at Leipsic July 29th, 1801. 



Errante, Giuseppe, a Sicilian painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1760, 
d. 1821. 

Errard, Charles, a French painter of 
history and architecture, b. 1606, 
d. 1689. 

Errors, vulgar. See Vulgar Errors. 
Erskine, Thomas Lord, b. 1750, d. 

17th Jan., 1824. 
Escalante, a Spanish historical painter, 

b. 1630, d. 1670. 
Escot House, near Honiton, destroyed 

by fire, 27th Dec, 1808. 
Escurial, in Spain, built 1562. 
Esher Place, Surrey, built 1414. 
Espagnoletto. See Ribera. 
Espinosa, a Spanish historical painter, 

b. 1600, d. 1680. 
Esquire first applied to persons of for- 
tune, not knights' attendants, 1245. 
Ess, James Van, a Flemish painter of 

flovvers,fruit, birds, b. 1570, d.1621. 
Essex, Cromwell, Earl of, b. about 

1490, beheaded 28th July, 1540. 
Essex, Devereux, Earl of, beheaded 

25th Feb., 1601. 
Essex, Mr., architect, b. at Cambridge 

1723, d. 1784. 
Estcourt, Richard, dramatic writer, 

d. 1713, aged 48. 
Etching on copper invented with aqua 

fortis, 1512. 
Ethelbert's Tower, in Canterbury, 

built 1047. 
Etherege, Sir George, b. about 1636, 

d. 1683. 

Etna has had eruptions in 1 1 69, 1 329, 
1408-44-47, 1536-64, 1669-94, 
when the city of Catania, with the 
adjacent country, were destroyed, 
and 1 8,000 people perished ; again 
in 1699, 1787, and 1811 ; again in 
1832. 

Etna, 26th May, 1830, seven new 
craters were opened, and eight vil- 
lages with the inhabitantsdestroyed. 

Eton College builtl441; rebuiltl569. 

Euclid d. about 280 B.C., aged 74. 

Eudosia d. 460, aged 60. 

Eugene, Prince, b. 1663, commanded 
at Hochstet, 5th Aug., 1704 ; vic- 
torious at Turin, 7th Sept., 1706; 
victorious at Oudenarde, 1708 ; 
wounded before Lisle, 1708 ; de- 
feated the grand vizier at Peter- 



150 



E VJE N T S. 



warden, 5th Aug., 1716; d. 10th 

April, 1734, aged 73. 
Euler, M., the mathematician, b. at 

Basil, 14th April, 1707, d. 7th 

Sept., 1783. 
Euripides d. 407 B.C., aged 77. 
EusdeD, Rev. S., d. 27th Sept., 1730. 
Eusebius b. 267, d. 338. 
Eustatia, Isle of, settled by the Dutch, 

1632. 

Eutropius, historian, flourished 340. 

Eutychius b. 876, d. about 933. 

Evagrias, ecclesiastical historian, flou- 
rished 380. 

Evan, Rev. T., founder of the Unita- 
rian congregations in South Wales, 
b. 1765, d. 10th May, 1833. 

Evans, Rev. John, a miscellaneous 
English author, d. 1832. 

Evelyn, John, English writer and 
naturalist, b. 1620, d. 1706. 

Evelyn, John,b. 1655, d. 1713. 

Events, general : The city of Alex- 
andria, in Egypt, and the library 
of the Ptolemies, containing 
400,000 valuable boohs, in manu- 
script, were burnt by Julius Ceesar, 
47 B.C. — The second library, con- 
sisting of 700,000 volumes, was 
totally destroyed by the Saracens, 
who heated the water for their 
baths for six months, by burning 
books instead of wood, at the com- 
mand of the caliph Omar, A. D. 
636. The amphitheatre at Fidonia, 
now Castel Giubelio, fell in, and 
50,000 people were killed, A. D. 
26. 170 Roman ladies suffered 
death for poisoning their husbands, 
331. A column of fire appeared 
in the air at Rome 30 days, 390. 
The country of Palestine infested 
with such swarms of locusts that 
they darkened the air; after de- 
vouring the fruits of the earth they 
died, and caused a stench which 
occasioned a pestilential fever, 406. 
A similar circumstance occurred in 
France, 873. A prodigious quan- 
tity of snakes formed themselves 
into two bands, on a plain near 
Tournay, in Flanders, and fought 
with such fury that one band was 
almost destroyed, and the peasants 
killed the other by sticks and fire, 



1059. Prince William, eldest son 
of Henry I. , with his newly-married 
bride, daughter to the Earl of Anjou, 
Richard and Mary, two other of the 
king's children, and 180 of the nobi- 
lity, shipwrecked and lost in coming 
from Normandy, 1120. At Oxen- 
hall, near Darlington, the earth sud- 
denly rose to an eminence like a 
mountain; remained so several 
hours, then sunk in as suddenly 
with a horrible noise, leaving a 
deep chasm, which continues to 
this day, 1179. The river Gulen, 
in Norway, buried itself under 
ground, 1334, but burst out soon 
after, and destroyed 250 persons, 
with several churches, houses, &c. 
The monastery of St. John, near 
Smithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler's 
rabble, 1381. Alice Hackney, 
who had been buried 175 years, 
was accidentally dug up in the 
church of St. Mary Hill, London ; 
the skin was whole, and the joints 
of the arms pliable, 1494. On 
Saturday, 17th February, 1571, 
Marcley Hill, near Hereford, 
moved from its situation; conti- 
nued in motion till Monday fol- 
lowing, carried along with it the 
trees, hedges, and cattle on its 
surface ; overthrew a chapel in its 
way ; formed a large hill twelve 
fathoms high, and left a chasm 
forty feet deep, and thirty-two long, 
where it stood before. — A similar 
prodigy happened at Blackmoor, in 
Dorsetshire, 1533. Sixty houses 
blown up, including a tavern full 
of company, opposite Barking 
Church, Tower Street, by the 
accidental blowing up of some bar- 
rels of gunpowder at a ship-chan- 
dler's, 4th January, 1649 : a child 
in a cradle was found unhurt on 
the leads of the church. 3000 
people killed at Gravelines, by an 
explosion from a magazine, 1654. 
A hill at Bulkely, near Chester, 
which had trees on it of a consider- 
able height, sunk down, on 8th 
July, 1657, into a pit of water, so 
deep that the tops of the trees were 
not to be seen. An unaccountable 



EVE 

darkness (no eclipse) at noon day 
in England, so that no person could 
see to read, 12th January, 1679. 
On 6th April, 1679, a village 
called Boisa, near Turin, suddenly 
sunk, together with ahove 200 of 
the inhabitants, and was never after 
seen. A remarkable comet appeared 
in England for a week, 1680. Above 
100 men were killed in Dublin, 
by the blowing up of a magazine of 
218 barrels of gunpowder, 1693. 
The family seat of Borge, near 
Fredericks tadt, in Norway, sunk 
into an abyss 100 fathoms deep, 
which instantly became a lake; 
14 persons and 200 head of cattle 
were drowned, 1702. A body of 
light appeared in the north-east, 
which formed several columns or 
pillars of light, and threw the peo- 
ple into great consternation : it 
lasted from the evening of 6th 
March, till three o'clock the next 
morning, 1715. A fire happened 
in a barn at Burwell, Cambridge- 
shire, at a puppet-show, when 120 
persons lost their lives, 1727. The 
heart of a man was found at Wa- 
verly, in Surrey, preserved 700 
years in spirits, 1731. 100 yards 
of the north end of the island of 
Portland sunk into the sea, which 
did 4000^. damage to the pier, 20th 
Dec, 1735. The pier, with part 
of the land (nearly half a mile 
square), washed into the sea, Feb., 
1792. The roof of the church, at 
Fearn, in Scotland, fell in during 
the service, and killed 60 persons, 
10th Oct., 1742. The Victory man 
of war, of 100 guns, lost, with Adm. 
Balchen, 1100 men, and about 50 
gentlemen volunteers, Oct., 1744. 
A scaffold, built for spectators to 
see Lord Lovat beheaded, fell 
down ; several persons were killed, 
and a great number maimed, 1747. 
The Bath stage waggon burnt- on 
Salisbury Plain, with its valuable 
lading, by the wheels taking fire, 
20th May, 1758. The floor of 
the sessions-hall, at Poole, in 
Monmouthshire, fell when the 
court was sitting, and occasioned 



NTS. 151 

the death of several persons, 11th 
Aug., 1758. The Prince George 
man of war burnt off Lisbon, when 
435 of her crew perished, 1758. 
The York Indiaman lost in going 
into Limerick, in Ireland, 14th 
Nov., 1758. An Algerine xebec, 
of 22 guns, was lost in Mount's 
Bay, Cornwall, Sept., 1760. The 
roof of the opera-house at Rome 
fell in, 18th Jan., 1762. Lady 
Molesworth and her three children 
burnt by accident, 1764. A flash 
of lightning penetrated the theatre, 
at Venice, during the representa- 
tion; 600 people were in the 
house, several of whom were 
killed ; it put out the candles, 
melted a lady's gold watch case, 
the jewels in the ears of others, 
and split several diamonds, Aug., 
1769. At the fire- works exhi- 
bited at Paris, in honour of the 
Dauphin's marriage (afterwards 
Louis XVI.), the passages were so 
stopped up, that the people, seized 
with a panic, trampled upon one 
another till they lay in heaps ; a 
scaffold erected over the river also 
broke down, and hundreds were 
drowned; nearly 1000 persons lost 
their lives, 31st March, 1770. The 
Aurora frigate lost, and never 
heard of after, 1771. At Chester, 
an explosion of gunpowder de- 
stroyed many of the spectators of 
a puppet-show, and greatly damaged 
several houses, 5th Nov., 1772. 
The river Pever, in Gloucester- 
shire, suddenly altered its course, 
and 10 acres of land, with every 
thing upon its surface, were re- 
moved with the current, 1773. 
At Chamberry, in Sardinia, 18 
persons, and several houses, were 
destroyed by an explosion of gun- 
powder, 1773. At Abbeville, in 
France, an explosion of gunpowder 
destroyed 150 of the inhabitants, 
and 100 houses; the loss sustained 
was estimated at 472,917 livres, 
Nov. , 1 7 7 3 . 66 Jews were killed 
by a floor giving way at the cele- 
bration of a wedding at Mantua, 
3rd June, 1776. . The London 



152 



EVENTS. 



East Indiaman mn down by the 
Russel man of war, and 110 per- 
sons perished, 28th Dec, 1778. 
400 of the inhabitants of Saragossa, 
in Spain, perished by a fire that 
burnt down the play-house, Dec., 
1778. The vault under the church 
at Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, 
France, gave way during the cele- 
bration of mass, which occasioned 
the death of six hundred persons, 

1778. The Boyne man of war, of 
98 guns, was destroyed by fire, at 
Portsmouth, and great mischief 
was done by the explosion of the 
magazine, 30th April, 1795. The 
bridge of Puerta de St. Maria, 
near Cadiz, fell down while re- 
ceiving the benediction, and killed 
several hundred persons that were 
upon and under it, 22nd Feb., 

1779. The Royal George, of 100 
guns, overset at Portsmouth ; Ad- 
miral Kempenfelt and the crew 
lost ; there were nearly 100 women 
and 200 Jews on board ; news 
arrived at the Admiralty 30 Aug., 
1782. The Swan sloop of war 
lost off Waterford, 130 persons 
perished, Aug., 1782. In St. 
Joseph's parish, Barbadoes, a large 
plantation, with all the buildings, 
was destroyed, by the land remov- 
ing from its original site to another, 
and covering every thing in its way, 
16th Oct., 1784. At Winster, in 
Derbyshire, nearly sixty people 
were met at a puppet-show, when 
the upper floor of the house was 
blown up with gunpowder, and no 
hurt done to the people below, 
25th Jan., 1785. An unaccount- 
able but total darkness at Quebec, 
&c, in North America, on Sunday, 
16th Sept., 1785. The tower of 
the church of East Grinstead, in 
Sussex, fell down, 14th Nov., 
1785. The floor of the sessions- 
house at New Malton, Yorkshire, 
gave way, when 300 persons fell 
12 feet, but no lives were lost, 9 th 
Dec, 1785. At Montpelier, in 
France, a booth wherein a play 
was performing, fell, and killed 
500 persons, 31st July, 1786. 



The playhouse at Bury, in Lanca- 
shire, containing upwards of 300 
persons, fell down during the per- 
formance, and buried the audience 
under its ruins ; five were killed, 
and many had their limbs broken, 
5th July, 1787. The ground at 
Brixton, in Norfolk, for a very 
considerable extent, sunk nearly 30 
feet, June, 1788. At Corfu, a 
magazine was destroyed by a fire, 
when 72,0001bs. of powder, and 
600 bomb-shells blew up, and 
killed 180 men, 11th March, 
1789. The Guardian frigate mira- 
culously preserved from shipwreck 
on an island of ice, Dec, 1789. 
In Crown-court, near Moorfields, 
Mrs. Clitherow, with her family 
and lodgers, consisting of 1 1 per- 
sons, were blown up while making 
fireworks by candle-light, 3rd Nov., 
1791. At a theatrical entertain- 
ment at Clermont Ferrard, in 
France, the floor of the apartment 
gave way, when 36 persons were 
killed, and fifty-seven were much 
wounded, Dec, 1791. At Lublin, 
in Poland, two synagogues and a 
great number of houses were to- 
tally destroyed, all the windows in 
the town broken, and above 90 
killed or dangerously wounded, by 
an explosion, occasioned by the 
axle-trees of ten carriages taking 
fire, that were conveying gunpow- 
der to the army, 28th June, 1792. 
The lake of Harantoreen, in the 
County cf Kerry, Ireland, a mile 
in circuit, sunk into the ground, 
25th March, 1792. A piece of 
land in Finland, 4000 square ells 
in extent, sunk 15 fathoms, but 
most of the inhabitants saved them- 
selves, Feb., 1 793. On 4th April, 
1793, a spot of ground at Caplow 
wood, in the parish of Fawnhope, 
near Hereford, removed for the 
extent of four acres, filling up the 
adjoining road 12 feet high ; and a 
yew tree was removed 40 yards 
without receiving any injury, 
though several large apertures were 
made near it. At Bayonne, in 
France, the chapel of the new 



EVE 

castle was blown up by gunpowder, 
and 100 persons lost their lives, 
10th July, 1793. The barracks 
at Youghal, in Ireland, were blown 
up by accident, in Sept., 1793. 
The bog of Castleguard or Poule- 
nard, in the county of Louth, in 
Ireland, moved in a body from its 
original situation to the distance 
of some miles, crossing the high 
road towards Doon, covering every- 
thing in its way, at least 20 feet in 
many parts, and throwing down 
several bridges, houses, &c, 20th 
Dec, 1793. At the Little Theatre, 
in the Haymarket, London, 15 
persons were trod to death, by 
endeavouring to get admission to 
see the performance, 3rd Feb., 
1794 ; several others were greatly 
bruised, of whom some died. The 
theatre at Capo dTstria, in Italy, 
fell, and crushed the performers 
and the audience to death, 6th 
Feb., 1794. At Grenelle, near 
Paris, by an explosion, occasioned 
by the blowing up of powder-mills, 
nearly 3000 persons lost their 
lives, and all the adjacent build- 
ings were nearly destroyed, 3rd 
Sept., 1794. The arsenal at Ban- 
dau blown up, 20th Dec, 1794. 
The arsenal at Corunna, in Spain, 
was destroyed by fire, 60 persons 
killed, and 50 wounded, 11th 
March, 1794. Woggis, near Lu- 
cerne, was swallowed up by an 
internal current, 4th Aug., 1795. 
The floor of a Methodist Meeting- 
house, at Leeds, gave way, when 
16 women, a man, and a child, 
were killed, and nearly 80 persons 
dreadfully wounded, 29th May, 
1766. The theatre at Mentz was 
destroyed by fire during the per- 
formance, on the falling in of 
which many were crushed to death, 
and above 70 were burnt, Aug., 
1796. The Amphion frigate was 
blown up at Plymouth, 22nd 
Sept., 1796, and ail the crew 
perished. The Royal Charlotte, 
of 100 guns, was burnt by acci- 
dent near Leghorn, 16th March, 
1800; only 150 persons were 



NTS. 153 

saved. On the last day of the 
year 1790, there was so thick a 
fog at Amsterdam, that the people 
could not see their way along the 
streets, but ran against each other, 
even though they had lights in 
their hands : about 250 perished 
by falling into the canals. The 
Union Packet of Dover was lost 
off Calais, 28th Jan., 1792. A 
similar accident had not happened 
for 105 years before. A new vol- 
cano appeared in one of the Azore 
islands, 1st May, 1808. Powder 
mills at Dartford blew up, when 
3 persons perished, and the effects 
were felt at 30 miles' distance, 
1827. Rev. Rob. Taylor con- 
victed of blasphemy, and sentenced 
to one year's imprisonment, 24th 
Oct., 1827. The tide rose three 
times within two hours upon the 
Kentish coast, 31st Oct., 1827. 
Bank notes, amount 20,000/., stolen 
from the Warwick mail opposite to 
Furnivai's Inn, Holborn, 21st Nov. 
1827. First stone of New Lon- 
don Bridge on the city side laid by 
R. L. Jones, chairman of the Bridge 
Committee, 28th Dec, 1827. 
Cliff at Ringstead, opposite to 
Weymouth, commenced burning, 
1827. E. G. Wakefield convicted 
of unlawfully carrying off Miss 
Turner, 23 March, 1827. Thames 
Tunnel gave way, when six men 
were drowned, 12th Jan., 1828. 
Brunswick Theatre fell down dur- 
ing rehearsal, many lives lost, 28th 
Feb., 1828. Mr. O'Connell, a 
Roman Catholic, returned to par- 
liament for the county Clare, 5th 
July, 1828. Queen of Portugal 
visits London, 6ch Oct., 1828. St. 
Katherine's Dock opened, 25th 
Oct., 1828. Burke, the Scotch 
murderer, who killed his victims 
by suffocation, executed, 28 June, 
1829. Farringdon Market opened, 
20th Nov., 1829. Manchester 
railway opened, 15th Sept., 1830. 
Suspension bridge at Broughton, 
Manchester, fell in while the 60th 
rifle brigade were passing over, 1st 
April, 1831. Frolic steamer lost 
h3 



154 EVE 



EXC 



off the coast of South Wales, Ap., 
1 83 1 . Exeter Hall, Strand, 29th 
March, 1831. Col. Brereton, who 
commanded the troops during the 
Bristol riots, shot himself rather 
than submit to trial bv court-mar- 
tial, 13th Jan., 1832*. Dr. Bell, 
author of Madras system of educa- 
tion, died 28th Jan., 1832, leaving 
100,000/. for the promotion of 
education. The Experiment, bound 
to Canada, wrecked off Calais, 
when 25 emigrants perished, 15th 
April, 1832. Royal assent given 
to the Reform Bill, 7th June, 1832. 
His Majesty assaulted at Ascot 
Heath races by Collins, a sailor, 
19th June, 1832. Nineteen boats 
were upset, Avhen the crews all 
perished, off the Shetland Isles, in 
a violent storm, 17th July, 1832. 
Pinney, Mayor of Bristol, tried for 
neglect of duty during the Bristol 
riots, 26th Oct., 1832. The cita- 
del of Antwerp bombarded and 
taken by the French, 24th Oct., 
1832. 

Everdingen, Aldret Van, of Alkmaar, 

a landscape painter, b. 1621, d. 1675. 
Everdingen, John Van, of Alkmaar, 

painter of still life, d. 1656. 
Everdvck, a Dutch painter of history, 

b. 1*610, d. 1652. 
Evremond, St.,b. 1613, d. 9th Sept., 

1703. 

Ewelme, Oxfordshire, fifteen houses 
at, burnt down, 23rd May, 1755. 

Ewelme Palace, Oxfordshire, built 
1424. 

Exaltation of the cross, instit. 629. 
Exchange, bills of — 
No. at Is. duty, issued 1832, 54,938 
at 5s. - - - 1 71,650 
at 15s. - - - 12,652 
at 30s. - - - 1,413 
Exchequer, court of, instituted on 
the model of the transmarine 
exchequer in Normandy, 1079 ; 
exchequer stopped payment from 
2nd Dec, 1672, to May following ; 
exchequer bills invented 1695 : first 
circulated by the Bank, 1705; 
English and Irish exchequer con- 
solidated, 1816. 
Exchequer Office, robbed 1303. 



Exchequer Chamber, court of, erected 
by Edward III., 1359; improved 
by Elizabeth, 1584. 

Excise Office, the first established in 
England, 1643; its officers de* 
prived of their votes for members 
of parliament, 1782. 

Excise Office, in Broad- street, Lon- 
don, built 1774. 

Excise on beer, ale, &c, first imposed 
by act of parliament, 1643; bill 
passed, 25th Nov., 16:J0. 

Excise scheme introduced into the 
house of commons, and opposed by 
every trading town in the kingdom, 
1733. For one week, in 1773, it 
amounted to 28.000/. In 1744, 
it was 3,754,072/. In the same 
year the malt distillery of London 
was 459,000/. The revenue was 
3,847,000/. in 1746: 5,540,114/. 
6s. lOdin 1786 ;and 19,867,914/. 
10s. lOfrf. in 1808. 

Excise Duties. The average quantity 
of hops on which duty was paid in 
the years ending 5th of January, 
183i, 1832, and 1833, was 
27,991,5021bs. ; and the quantity 
on which duty was paid in the 
vear ending the 5 th of January, 
1834, was 32,747,310 lbs., mak- 
ing an increase of 4,755,808 lbs. 
The average quantity of malt on 
which duty was paid during the 
same three years was 36,535,056 
bushels; and the quantity on 
which duty was paid in the year 
ending the 5th of January, ] 834, 
was 40,005,348 bushels, making 
an increase of 3,470,292 bushels. 
The average quantity of tea on 
which duty was paid in the same 
three years, was 30,529,581 lbs. ; 
and the quantity on which duty 
was paid in the vear ending the 5th 
January, 1834, was 31,829,0751bs. 
making an increase of 1 ,22 ?,2421bs. 
The average quantity of spirits on 
which duty was paid during the 
same three years was 21,978,809 
gallons ; and the quantity on which 
duty was paid in the year ending 
the 5th of January, 1834, was 
21,840,719 gallons; so that the 
decrease has been 138,090 gallons. 



EXC 



EZR 



155 



''Excise of the United Kingdom in | 
1820, 29,675,988, in 1830, 
19,990,092/. 

Excommunication from Rome for- 
bidden to be used in England, 
under severe penalties, 1391. 

Exeter Change, New, in the Strand, 
London, opened with much cere- 
mony, 29th March, 1831. 

Exeter castle built, 680; cathedral 
began, 1064; completed, 1485; 
new bridge began, 1770 ; county 
court house built, 1776 ; theatre 
built, 1783. 

Exeter College, Oxford, built 1316. 

Exeter conduit, constructed 1486. 

Exeter, Marquis of. Lord Montague, 
and Sir Nicholas Carew, beheaded 
31st Dec, 1558. 

Eximeno, a Spanish painter of fruits, 
flowers, &c. b. 1674, d. 1754. 

Expenses during the wars in William 
IIL's reign, 30,446,382/. ; during 
Queen Anne's reign, 43,360,008/. ; 
during George the First's reign, 
6,048,267/.; War began 1739, 
46,418,689/. ; War began 1756, 
1 1 1 ,271,996/. ; the American war, 
139,171,876/.; Spanish and Rus- 
sian armaments,2,800,000/.; Debts 
contracted from 1792 to the con- 
clusion of the war with France, 
374,789,425/. 

Explanation, Irish-a&t of, passed 1665. 

Exportation of Corn permitted by 
law, 1663; bounty granted on, 
1689. 

Exports The following official list 

shows the real value of the exports 
for one year of British produce and 
manufactures : — I. Class. Manu- 
factures. — 1. Cotton manufactures, 
23,587,300/. 2. Woollen manu- 
factures, 5,500,921/. 3. Linen 
manufactures, 2,303,442/. 4. Silk 
manufactures,136,402/.— ILClass. 

Produce of Mechanic Industry 

1 . Hardware and cutlery exported, 
455,494/. 2. Brass and copper 
goods, 672,495/. 3. Iron and 
steel, wrought and unwrought, 



1 ,059,123/. 4. Plated ware, jew- 
ellery, and watches, 200,000/. 
5. Tin ore, and pewter and tin 
wares, 283,391/. 6. Hats of all 
sorts, 204,000/. 7. Leather and 
Saddler?, 213,000/. 8. Salt, 
207,000/. 

Exports, declared value of, from the 
United Kingdom to all parts of the 
w ld:— in 1830, 38,251,502/.; 
in 1831, 37,163,684/. Value of, 
to Europe, in 1830, 22,291,278/. ; 
to Africa. America, West Indies, 
16,612,525/. ; to the East Indies, 
China, &c. 17,170,307/. 

Eyck, Hub. Van, founder of the 
Flemish school of painting, b. 
1366, d. 1426. 

Eyck, John Van, the supposed in- 
ventor of oil painting, b. at Maasevk, 
1370, d. 1441. 

Eyck, Gaspar Van, of Antwerp, a 
painter of marine views, b. 1625. 

Evckens, John, a Flemish painter, 
"b. 1625, d. 1669. 

Eyckens, Francis, a Flemish painter, 
b. 1627, d. 1673. 

Eyckens, the Old, a Dutch painter of 
landscape and architccture,b.l599, 
d. 1649. 

Eve, roval infirmary for the, insti- 

tuted*1804. 
Eye, London infirmary for the, insti- 
tuted 1804. 
Eynhouedts, Rombout, a Dutch por- 
trait painter and engraver, b. 1605. 
Evnsham Abbey, Oxfordshire, built 
'1005. 

Eyre, justices in ; the office instituted 
by Henry II. 1184; the last in- 
stance of their holding a court in 
any of the forests, is believed to 
have been during the reign of 
Charles II. 

Ezerghan, on the confines of Armenia, 
destroyed by an earthquake, when 
6300 inhabitants perished, 28th 
July, 1784. 

Ezra, flourished B.C. 447. See Old 
Testament, Events of. 



156 FAB 



FAM 



I^ABER, a Dutcli portrait painter, 

d. in England, 1721. 
Fabius, Maximus, the opponent of 

Hannibal, died B.C. 203. 
Fabriaco, an Italian painter r b. 1392, 

d. 1480. 

Fabriano, Gentile da, of V T erona, a 

painter of history and portraits, b. 

1360, d. 1440. 
Fabricius, Charles, of Delft, a portrait 

painter, b. 1624, killed by the 

blowing up of a magazine, 1654. 
Fabricius, Cams, d. about 250 B.C. 
Fabrizzi, Antonio Maria, an Italian 

historic painter, b. 1594, d. 1649. 
Fabroni, Angiolo, Italian biographer, 

b. 1732, d. 22nd Sept., 1803. 
Fachetti, Pietro, a portrait painter of 

Mantua, b. 1535, d. 1613. 
Facini Pietro, a Bolognese historical 

painter, pupil of Caracci, b. 1560, 

d. 1602. 

Faenza earthenware, invented, 1289. 

Fage, Raimond de la, of Languedoc, 
drew with the pen in an admirable 
style, b. 1648, d. 1690. 

Fahrenheit, G. D.,b. 1686, d. 1736. 

Fairs and markets first instituted in 
England, by Alfred, 886. The 
first fairs originated in wakes, when 
the number of people assembled 
brought together a variety of traders 
annually on these days. From 
these holidays they were called 
Ferise or Fairs. 

Fairbrother, Mr., died at Wigan, in 
Lancashire, aged 138, May, 1770. 

Fairclough, Daniel, b. 1582,' d.1645. 

Fairfax, Edward, poet, lived in the 
reign of James I,, d. about 1632. 

Fairfax, Sir John, general of the par- 
liamentary army, b. 1611, d. 1671. 

Faistenberger, Anthony, of Inspruck, 
landscape painter, b. 1678,d.l722. 

Faithorn, William, an English en- 
graver, d.T691. 

Fakenham, in Norfolk, much injured 
by a fire, 4th Aug., 1738. 

Falcieri, an Italian historic painter, 
b. 1628, d. 1703. 

Falco, Juan Conchillos, a Spanish 
painter of history, b. 1651, d. 1711. 



Falconer, W., poet, b. 1730,d. 1769. 

Falcone, of Naples, a painter of bat- 
tles, b. 1600, d. 1680. 

Falconetto, an Italian painter and 
architect, b. 1461, d. 1534. 

Faldoni, an Italian painter and en- 
graver, b. 1690. 

Falens, a Flemish painter in the 
manner of Wouvermans, b. 1684, 
d. 1733. 

Falkland Isles, discovered 1592. 

Falkland, Lucius Lord, b. 1610; 
killed at the battle of Newbury, 
Sept., 1643. 

Fallopius, Gabriel, the anatomist, b. 
at Modena, 1490, d. 1563. 

Falmouth, 22 houses and the theatre 
at, destroyed by fire, 21st Aug., 
1792. 

Famine, which lasted seven years, 
1708 B.C. ; at Rome, when many 
persons threw themselves into the 
Tiber, 440 B.C. ; in Britain, so 
that the inhabitants ate the bark of 
trees, 272 A.C. ; one in Scotland, 
where thousands were starved, 
306 ; in England and Wales, where 
40,000 were starved, 319 ; all over 
Britain, 325 ; at Constantinople, 
446 ; in Italy, where parents ate 
their children, 450 ; in Scotland, 
576 ; all over England, Wales, 
and Scotland, 739 ; another in 
Wales. 747 ; in Wales and Scot- 
land, 792 ; again in Scotland, 803; 
again in Scotland, when thousands 
were starved, 823 ; a severe one 
in Wales, 836 ; in Scotland, which 
lasted four years, 954 ; famines in 
England, 864, 974, 976, 1005; 
Scotland, which lasted two years, 
1047; in England, 1050, 1087; 
in England and France, from 1193 
to 1195; in England, 1261,1315, 
1318, 1335, 1348; in England 
and France, called the dear sum- 
mer, 1358 ; in England, 1389 and 
1438, so great that bread was 
made of fern roots; in 1565 two 
millions were expended on the 
importation of corn ; one in 1748; 
another in 1798 ; in the province 



FAN 



PER 



157 



of Vellore, in 1 81 0, by which 6000 
people perislied ; in the diocese of 
Drontheim in Norway, in conse- 
quence of the intercepting of sup- 
plies bv Sweden, 5000 persons, 
1813. 

Fancourt, Samuel, the first promoter 
of circulating- libraries, h. 1678, d. 
1768. 

Fanone, a Neapolitan painter, b. 1318, 
d. 1387. 

Fans, muffs, masks, and false hair, 
first devised in Italy, and brought 
into England from France, 1572. 

Fanshawe, Sir Richard, b. 1607, d. 
1666. 

Fanzone, an historic painter, b. at 
Faenza, 1562, d. 1645. 

Farelli, a Neapolitan painter of his- 
tory, b. 1624, d. 1706. 

Farinato, Paolo degli Uberti, an Italian 
historic painter, b. 1522, d. 1606. 

Farinelli, B. C, an Italian singer, b. 
1705, d. 1782. 

Farino-ton, George, a British painter 
of history, b. 1754, d. 1788. 

Farley Castle, Somersetsh., bit. 1342. 

Farmer, Hugh, theologian, d. 1787, 
aged 73. 

Fanner, Richard, b. 1735, d. 1797. 
Farms, several in Suffolk destroyed 

bv fire, supposed wilfully kindled, 

May, 1816. 
Farnaby, Thomas, b. 1647, d. 1757. 
Famham Castle, Surrey, bit. 1138. 
Farquhar, George, dramatic writer, b. 

1678, d. 1707. 
Farthings coined in silver bv Henry 

Vin. 1522; in copper by Chas. II. 
Fassolo, Bernardino, of Pavia, an his- 
toric painter, fi. 1520. 
Fasts established, 138. 
Fator, a Spanish monk, poet, and 

painter, b. 1522, d. 1583- 
Fattone, II. See Penni. 
Faucus, Georo-e, a French landscape 

painter, b. 1647, d. 1708. 
Faulkener, George, of Dublin, printer, 

d. 1753. 

Fauntleroy, Henry, a London banker, 
hanged for forgery, 30 Nov., 1824. 

Faust, or John Faustus, claimant of 
the invention of printing, d. 1466. 

Faux, Guv, executed in Parliament- 
yard, 31st Jan., 1606. 



1 Fava, H Conte Pietro, a Bolognese 

nobleman and historic painter, b. 

1669, d. 1744. 
Fawkes, Francis, an English poet, b. 

about 1721, d. 1777. 
Feddes, a Dutch painter of history 

and portraits, b. 1588, d. 1634. 
Fehling, Hen. C, a German historic 

painter, b. 1653, d. 1725. 
Fei, a Florentine painter of history 

and architecture, b. 1 538. 
Female servants taxed, 1785; tax 

discontinued, 1792. 
Fencing schools prohibited in London, 

as introductory to duels, 1286. 
Fenelon, archbishop of Cambrav, b. 

1651, d. 1716. 
Fenn, Sir John, d. 14th Feb., 1794, 

aged 55. 

Fenton, Elijah, b. 1683, d. 12th 
July, 1730. 

Fenton, Sir Geoffry, d. 1608. 

Fenwick, Sir John, beheaded on 
Tower-hill, 28th Jan., 1697. 

Feodal or feudal laws, the tenure of 
land by suit and service to the lord 
or owner of it, introduced into 
England by the Saxons about 600. 
The slavery of this tenure increased 
under William I. 1070. This was 
dividing the kingdom into baronies, 
giving them to certain persons, and 
requiring those persons to furnish 
the king with money, and a stated 
number of soldiers. It was dis- 
countenanced in France by Louis 
XL, about 1470 ; restored and 
limited by Henry VII., 1495; 
abolished bv statute, 12th Charles 
II., 1662. 

Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, b. 
1784, d. 29th Sept., 1833. 

Ferdinando, Man. de Paleotti, brother 
to the duchess of Shrewsbury, 
hanged for murder, at Tyburn, 
28th Feb., 1717-18. 

Feret, a French landscape painter, b. 
1674, d. 1737. 

Ferg, or Fergue, Paul Francis, of 
Vienna, an eminent landscape 
painter, b. 1639, d. of want, 1740. 

Ferguson, Robert, poet, b. 1750, d. 
17-74. 

Ferguson, William, a Scotch painter 
of still life, d. 1690. 



158 



PER 



FIL 



Ferguson, James, a British astrono- 
mer, mechanist and portrait painter, 
b. 1710, A. 1776. 

Ferguson, Adam, professor of moral 
philosophy in the University of 
Edinburgh, b. 1724, d. 22nd Feb., 
1816. 

Fernandez, Luis, a Spanish painter of 
history, b. 1594, d. 1654. 

Fernandez, Francesco, a Spanish his- 
toric painter, b. 1604, killed in a 
quarrel, 1646. 

Fernandez, Antonio de Arias, a 

. Spanish painter of history, b. 1604, 
d. 1684. 

Ferrada, a Spanish historical painter, 
b. 1620, d. 1678. 

Ferrajuoli, a Neapolitan historic 
painter, b. 1661. 

Ferrar, bishop of St. David's, burnt at 
Caermarthen, 1555. 

Ferrari, Gaudenzio, an Italian painter, 
b. 1484, d. 1550. 

Ferrari, Giov. And., a Genoese land- 
scape painter, b. 1599, d. 1669. 

Ferrari, Luca de, of Reggio, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1605, d. 1654. 

Ferrari, Gregorio de, a Genoese his- 
torical painter, b. 1644, d. 1726. 

Ferrari, Abate Lorenzo, a Genoese 
painter of history, b. 1632, d. 1744. 

Ferrari, Orazio, of Voltri, a historic 
painter, b. 1606, d. of plague, 1657. 

Ferrari, Leonardo, painter of Bologna, 
b. 1620. 

Ferrars, George, English poet and 
historian, b. 1512, d. 1579. 

Ferrati. See Salvi. 

Ferrers, Lawrence, Earl of, com- 
mitted to the Tower for murdering 
his steward, 13th Feb., 1759-60 ; 
tried and condemned, 18th April, 
hanged at Tyburn, 5th May, 1760. 

Ferretti, a Florentine historic painter, 
b. 1692. 

Ferri, Ciro, an eminent painter, b. at 
Rome, 1634, d. 1689. 

Ferriars, Dr., critic and medical 
writer, b. 1764, d. 181 5. 

Ferry boat upset in attempting to 
cross the Menai Strait, between 
Anglesea and Caernarvon, when 
50 persons perished, 4th Dec, 1785. 

Festivals of Christinas, Easter, As- 
cension, and the Pentecost or Whit- 



suntide, first ordered to be kept by 
all Christians, 68. Rogation days 
appointed, 469. Jubilees in the 
Romish church instituted by Pope 
Boniface VIII. 1300. At first 
they were observed every hundred 
years ; but future popes reduced 
them to fifty, and then to every 
period of twenty-five years. 
Festival of the Jews, the principal, 
being the feast of the Tabernacles, 
is celebrated by them to this day : 
it was instituted by Moses in the 
wilderness, 1490 B. C, but was 
celebrated with the greatest mag- 
nificence for fourteen days, upon 
the dedication of the temple of 
Solomon, 1005 B.C. They carried 
boughs loaded with fruit in pro- 
cession. 

Feti, Domenico, of Rome, an historic 
painter, b. 1589, d. 1624. 

Feversham Abbey, Kent, built 1147. 

Fevre, Roland le, of Anjou, a portrait 
painter, b. 1608, d. 1677. 

Fevre, Claude le, of Fontainbleau, a 
painter of flowers, b. 1 633, d. 1675. 

Fialetti, Odoardo, a Bolognese pain- 
ter of history and portrait, b. 1573, 
d. 1638. 

Fiammin.o o, a Flemish historical pain- 
ter, b. 1523, d. 1601. 

Fiaselli, Domenico, called also Sar- 
zana, a portrait painter, b. 1589, 
d. 1669. 

Ficherelli, Felice, a Florentine painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1605, d. 
1660. 

Fiddes, Rev. Dr. Richard, b. 1671, 
d. 1725. 

Field, Richard, theological writer, b. 

1561, d. 1616. 
Fielding, Henry, English novelist, b. 

1707, d. 1754, aged 47. . 
Fielding, Sir John, d. 6th Sept., 1780. 
Fielding, Sarah, b. 1714, d. 1768. 
Fiery Ordeal enforced, 1042. 
Figino, Ambrogio, a Milanese portrait 

painter, d. 1590. 
Figures, arithmetical, introduced into 

Europe from Arabia, 991 ; into 

England 1253. 
Filicaja, Vincent, an Italian poet, b. 

1542, d. 1707. 
Filicus, John, a Dutch painter of por- 



FIRES. 



159 



traits, conversations, &c. b. 1660, I 
d. 1719. 

Filippi, Camillo, of Ferrara, a painter 
of history, cL 1574. 

Filippi, Sebastiano, a celebrated his- 
torical painter, b. at Ferrara, 1532, 
d. 1602. 

Filrner. Sir Robert, d. in 1647. 

Filocamo, Antonio and Paolo, two 
artists of Messina, pupils of Carlo 
Maratti, d. of plague, 17-48. 

Finet, Sir John, English wit, b. 1571, 
d. 1641. 

Fingal, the Caledonian, d. 283. 

Finnev, a British enamel painter, d. 
1807. 

Finoglia, a Neapolitan historical pain- | 
ter, d. 1656. 

Finsbury District, London, erected 
into a borough, 1832. 

Fiore, a Neapolitan painter of history, 
b. 1352, d. 1444. 

Fiori, Caesar, a Milanese portrait pain- i 
ter, b. 1636, d. 1702. 

Fiori, Mario di, a Neapolitan painter 
of flowers, b. 1603, d. 1673. 

Fiorini, Giov. Bat., a Bolognese pain- 
ter of historic subjects, fl. 1590. 

Fires in London, one -which destroyed ! 
great part of that city, 982 ; aaain 
in 1077, 1087, 1092, 1132; and 
in 1136 London bridge, being of 
timber, was burnt. On London- 
bridge, which destroyed nearly 
3000 persons, 10th July, 1212. 
One at Leadenhall, 1484. YVest- 
minster palace was burnt, 1540. 
The remarkable fire that burnt ! 
down 13,000 houses, the city gates, ; 
Guildhall,&c. 86 churches, amongst 
which was St. Paul's cathedral, and 
400 streets ; the ruins of this city 
were 436 acres, extending from 
the TWer to the Temple church, i 
and from the north-east gate to 
Holborn bridge and Fleet-ditch ; it 
broke out near the Monument, 2nd 
Sept., 1666, and burnt four days 
and nights. Drury-lane playhouse 
and near 60 houses were burnt, 
Jan. 1671-2. A fire at St. Catha- 
rine's, which destroyed about 
700 houses. In Southwark, 600 
houses, 1676. In the Temple, 
26th Jan., 1679. Gray's inn, 7th 
Feb., 1680. Whitehall palace 



burnt in part, April, 1690 ; totally 
consumed. 5th Jan. 1693. Thames- 
street, 120 houses burnt and above 
50 persons perished, 13th Jan., 
1715. 150 houses were burnt 
down in Nightingale-lane, Wap- 
ping, 4th Dec, 1716. Custom- 
house burnt, 1718. Billin^soate, 
1718. Shad well had 50 houses 
burnt, 10th Sept., 1736. Battle- 
bridsre, 12th Ausj., 1749. Cornhill, 
25 Mar., 1748, 10 Nov., 1759, and 
7 Nov., 1765. Inner Temple, 4th 
Jan., 1736-7. Cotton- wharf burnt, 
at 40,000/. damage, 12th Aug., 
1751. Lincoln' s-inn-square, 27th 
June, 1752. Billingsgate, 13th 
Jan., 1754. The Hermitage brew- 
house, 20,000/. damage, 1st May, 

1755. Staple-inn, where four 
persons were burnt, 27th Nov., 

1756. London temporary bridge, 
11th April, 1759. In Duke-st., 
Lincoln's-inn, which burnt the 
Sardinian ambassador's chapel,30th 
Nov., 1759. In King-street, Co- 
vent-garden, 50 houses burnt, 
70,000/. damage, 23rd Dec, 1759. 
Fishmongers' Hall, and several 
houses in Thames-street, 10th Feb., 
1761. East Smithfield had 23 
houses burnt, 11th April, 1761. 
14 houses in Swallow-street, 24th 
April, 1761 ; 30 houses burnt at 
Shadwell, besides barges, 2nd May, 
1761. Vault under St. James's 
church, Piccadilly, burnt, 15th 
Jan., 1763. At Rotherhithe, 1st 
June, 1765. London-house, in 
Aldersgate -street, 1768. Throg- 
morton-street, 9th May, 1772. 
Chandos-street, Covent-o-arden, 
10th May, 1772. Cornhill, 6th 
June, 1773. In the Tower, 31st 
Jan., 1774. In King-street, Co- 
vent-garden, 4th May, 1774. 20 
houses were burnt at the Dock, 
"Wapping, 28th Sept., 1775. At 
Sidney House, in the Old Bailey, 
1st Aug., 1775. In Russel-street, 
Covent-gardeu, 29th Sept., 1775. 
At the Savoy, 2nd March, 1776. 
In Pope's-head Alley, Cornhill, 
1st Dec, 1746. Greenwich Hos- 
pital, 2nd Jan., 1779. At Her- 
mitage-stairs, which destroyed 31 



160 



FIRES. 



houses, besides other buildings, 
16th March, 1779. At Horsley- 
down, 30th April, 1780, of near 
30 houses, besides warehouses and 
shipping. London-bridge water- 
works, 31st Oct., 1779. In the 
Strand, near the New Church, 
1781. Gun dock, Wapping, where 
14 houses were burnt, 23rd Sept., 

1783. At Mr. Seddon's, in Al- 
dersgate-street and Bartholomew- 
close, which destroyed 100.000/. 
worth of goods, 5th Nov, 1783. 
Opposite Exeter Change, in July, 

1784. In Abchurch-lane, 27th 
July, 1784. Spring-garden gate, 
2nd April, 1785. Compton-street, 
16houses, 12th June, 1785. Dock- 
head, which destroyed several ware- 
houses, the loss very considerable, 
2nd May, 1785. In Holborn, 
13th June, 1785. James-street, 
Havmarket, 1786. Vine-street, 
Piccadilly, 2nd Oct., 1 786. The 
corner of Bow-street, Covent gar- 
den, 10th Jan., 1788. The Opera- 
house, in the Haymarket, 17th 
June, 1789. In Hanway-yard, 
Oxford-street, 12th March," 1790. 
At the foot of Westminster-bridge, 
20 persons killed or maimed, 18th 
Feb., 1 79\). In Aldersgate-street, 
16th May, 1790. Fleet-street, 4th 
Oct , 1790. Rotherhithe, when 
20 houses were destroyed, 12th 
Oct., 1790. Near the Hermitage, 
with 30,000/. damage, 1st April, 

1790. The Albion-mills destroyed, 
2nd March. 1 791. From Cherry- 
garden-stairs to West-lane, Rother- 
hithe, destroyed, and several ves- 
sels, with 60 houses, 14th Sept., 

1791. At a sugar-house, Well- 
close-square, &c. where 30,000/!. 
damage was done, 12th Dec. ,1791. 
The Duke of Richmond's house, 
&c. in Privy-gardens, burnt 21st 
Dec, 1791. The Pantheon, in 
Oxford-street, burnt 14th Jan., 

1792. Near Finsbury-square, 
Moorfields, at a timber-yard, with 
a loss of '10,000/., 28th July, 
1792. At HawleyVwharf, Her- 
mitage-wharf, which did 10,000/. 
damage, by destruction of sugar, 
2nd Dec, 1 793. In Duck-lane, 



near Wardour-street, 13 houses 
were burnt down, 13th Dec, 1793. 
At Limehouse-hole, where many 
houses were burnt, 18th June, 

1794. At Wapping, where up- 
wards of 630 houses were destroyed, 
together with an East India ware- 
house, in which 35,000 bags of 
saltpetre were destroyed, 22nd and 
23rd July, 1794; the whole loss 
was estimated at above 1,000,000/. 
sterling : there was 40,000/. worth 
of sugar in one sugar-house; the 
whole is said to be the most dread- 
ful accident of the kind since the 
fire of London in 1666. At Ast- 
ley's theatre, near Westminster- 
bridge, which destroyed to the 
value of near 30,000/., together 
with 19 other houses, 17th Aug., 

1 795. The elegant church of St. 
Paul's, Covent-garden, was burnt 
down by the carelessness of work- 
men employed in its repair, 17th 
Sept., 1795. At Shadwell 20 
houses were burnt. 1 st Nov., 1796. 
In the Minories, where 30 houses 
destroyed, 23rd March, 1797. The 
water-works at Shadwell, which 
conveyed water from the Tower to 
Limehouse, and raised 903 gallons 
in a minute, were burnt down in 
one hour and a half, on 12th Dec, 
1797. The King's Bench prison 
had 50 apartments destroyed by an 
accidental fire, 14th July, 1799. 
Near the Custom-house, three large 
warehouses of West India goods, 
valued at 30,000/-, destroyed, 11th 
Feb., 1800. At Wapping, where 
30 houses, besides warehouses, 
value 80,000/., were burnt, and 
many lives lost, 6th Oct., 1800 ; 
it extended from Mew-stairs to 
Execution-dock. In Store-street, 
Tottenham-court-road, 40,000/. was 
destroyed by fire at a brewery, 
27th Sept., 1*802. At the printing- 
office of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Fal- 
con-court, Fleet-street, where pro- 
perty to the amount of 80,000/. was 
burnt, 2nd Feb., 1803. The great 
tower over the choir of Westmin- 
ster Abbey destroyed, 9th July, 
1803. At an inn in Chelmsford, 
in which 120 Hanoverian troops 



FIRES. 



161 



had been lodged a few hours before, 
12 of whom were burnt, 22nd Oct., 
1804. Eight persons burnt in 
Adam-street, Edge ware-road, 27th 
Jan., 1805. Co vent-garden theatre 
totally destroyed by fire, 20th 
Sept., 1808. Part of St. James's 
Palace burnt down, 21st Jan., 

1809. Drury-lane theatre, 24th 
Feb., 1809. Mr. Smeetons print- 
ing-office, St. Martin's-lane, him- 
self and wife destroyed in the 
flames, 27th May, 1809. In Con- 
duit-street, atwhich Mr. Windham, 
in exerting himself to save Mr. 
North's library and manuscripts, 
received a blow in the thigh which 
proved the cause of his death, 8th 
July, 1809. At the wharf of 
Messrs. Pococke and Buckley, 
Whitefriars-dock, by which timber 
to the amount of 30,000^. and nine 
valuable horses were destroyed, 1 st 
Jan., 181 0. At Reeve's floor-cloth 
manufactory,Little Tichfield-street, 
by which seven houses and Mr, 
Huntington's chapel were des- 
troyed, 13th July, 1810. At the 
house of Mr. Paris, printer, in 
Tooke's-court, by which three 
houses were destroyed, and one 
woman burnt to death, 20th July, 

1810. At Gillet's printing-office 
in Salisbury-square, 29th July, 
1810, after a former calamity of 
the same kind in 1805. At the 
Mexican coffee-house, Lisle-street, 
Mr. Simeon, the proprietor, and 
his wife, destroyed in the flames, 
8th Dec, 1810. Goullee's pork- 
shop, corner of Half-moon-street, 
Bishopsgate-street, in which Mr. 
Goullee, his wife, three children, 
nurse, maid-servant, and shop-boy 
perished, 22nd April, 1811. In 
Bury -street, St. Mary Axe, by 
which nearly half the street was 
destroyed, 18th June, 1811. At 
Mr. Holland's, tallow-chandler, 
South- Audley-street, by which that 
and several other houses were de- 
stroyed, 25th Aug., 1812. At Mr. 
MerleXpicture-frarne-maker.Lead- 
enhall-street, by which every house 
to Billiter-lane was consumed and 
three others, 17th Oct., 1812. At 



the Commercial Hall, Skinner- 
street, which was entirely consumed, 
4 th April, 1813. At a fishmonger's 
near Vauxhall turnpike, by which 
the Oak tavern and Vauxhall cha- 
pel were destroyed, 12th Aug., 
1813. At the premises of Messrs. 
Jones and Co., timber-merchants, 
King-street, Southwark, by which 
15 otherhousesweredestroyed,Dec. 

1813. In Denmark-street, by 
which five houses were destroyed, 
and one woman lost her life, 18th 
Jan., 1814. At the Custom-house, 
Thames-street, by which the whole 
range of buildings and many other 
houses were destroyed, 12th Feb., 

1814. At the mustard-mills of 
Messrs. Lingard and Jones, South- 
wark, by which great devastation 
was made, several adjoining ware- 
houses being destroyed, and a great 
extent of stabling belonging to 
Theel and Steel, 28th Aug., 1814. 
In High-street, Shadwell, by which 
20 dwellings were consumed, 10th 
Oct., 1814. In Narrow-street, 
Limehouse, by which 16 dwelling- 
houses and several warehouses were 
burnt down, 11th Nov., 1814. At 
Mr. Bigg's, St. Paul's Church-yard, 
by which the house and two of his 
children were consumed, 19th Jan., 

1815. Works belonging to the 
Gas Company in Dorset-street de- 
stroyed, 24th May, 1815. In Lead- 
enhall-street, opposite the India 
House, by which two houses were 
burnt down, 4th June, 1815. In 
the range of buildings between the 
Crescent and America- square, by 
which nearly 20 houses were de- 
stroyed, 14th July, 1815. At the 
Mint, by which the eastern and 
southern wings of the building were 
unroofed, and the interior, contain- 
ing the machinery, destroyed, 2 1st 
Oct., 1815. In W ardour-street, 
at the house of Mr. Seymour, three 
of whose daughters, the eldest only 
eight years of age, perished in the 
flames, 31st Oct., 1815. At Grove 
Place, Kentish Town, by which the 
house of Mr. Slack was destroyed, 
and himself fell a victim to the 
flames, 23rd Nov., 1815. In Red 



162 



FIRES. 



Lion-street, Holborn, by which the 
house of a goldbeater was destroyed, 
and a child perished in the flames, 
24th Nov., 1815. At an umbrella 
maker's, High Holbom, between 
Featherstone-buildings and Brown- 
low-street, by winch six houses 
were entirely burnt to the ground, 
28th Nov., 1815. In Crown-street, 
Finsbury-square, by which the 
house and warehouse of Mr. Mit- 
chel were destroyed, 31st Dec, 

1815. In Berkeley-square, at the 
house of Mr. Charles Boon, which, 
with its furniture and library, were 
destroyed, llth Feb., 1816. At 
the Stock Exchange Coffee-house, 
which was entirely destroyed, as 
were several adjoining counting- 
houses, 23rd April, 1816. At the 
Plough Inn, Clapham, which was 
entirely destroyed, 29th May,1816. 
Extensive premises of Mr. Irvine, 
No. 49 and 50, St. Mary-le-bone- 
street, entirely destroyed, with 
many new T and unfinished carriages, 
1st June, 1816. At the house of 
Mr. Dunkin, tallow-chandler, Al- 
dersgate-street, which was des- 
troyed, with the upper part of the 
adjoining house of Cockerton and 
Son, oilmen, 26th June, 1816; 
these houses had just been rebuilt 
in consequence of a similar confla- 
gration in the preceding year. At 
Mr. Norris's carpet warehouse, 
which was under repair in conse- 
quence of having been burnt down 
ten months before, 20th Sept., 

1816. At the shop of Mr. Fal- 
coner, carpenter, Turk's-head-yard, 
Oxford-market, by wdiich that and 
five others were greatly damaged, 
2nd Oct., 1816. At the ware- 
house of Mr. Henderson, by which 
several houses were burnt down, 
others damaged, and property to 
the amount of 40,000^. destroyed, 
23rd Oct., 1816. Near Wapping 
Docks, by which the warehouses of 
Messrs. Viner and Co. and several 
adjoining ones were burnt down, 
16th Dec, 1816. At Poplar, at 
the house of Mrs. Cock, by which 
that and nine other houses were 
destroyed ; Mrs. Cock, at the age 



of 80 vears', perished in the flames, 
50th Dec, 1816. The house of 
Mr. Driskall, Mount-place, Honi- 
erton-road, burnt to the ground, 
the damage estimated at 5000/., 
6th April, 1817. The house of 
Mr. Bainbiidge, carver and gilder, 
High Holboi'u, totally destroyed by 
fire, 7th April, 1 81 7. The exten- 
sive premises in Fleet-street, lately 
belonging to Mr. Mist, destroyed 
by fire, 23rd May, 1817. House 
of Mr. Black, oilman, facing Ber- 
mondsey church, destroyed by fire, 
and Mr. Black, his wife, and eldest 
child, found suffocated in the ad- 
joining house, 28th June, 1817. 
At Mr. Wheater's, grocer, No. 460, 
Strand, by which ten houses were 
destroyed, and three persons pe- 
rished in the flames, 1st March, 
1818. At Mr. Clarke's, oilman, 
Somers' Town ; and at Mr. Higgs', 
hat manufacturer, Webber-row, 
Blackfriars'-road, in the latter of 
which two children Mere burned, 
14th April, 1818. At Messrs. 
Spencer's, Newton-street, High 
Holborn, which burned five houses, 
and 'damaged several others, July, 
1818. In Ratcliff Highway, which 
consumed fifteen houses, Aug., 

1818. In Nelson -street, Y\ T hite- 
chapel, at the sugar-house of Mess. 
Craven and Shu Its, which did dam- 
age to the amount of 15,000/., 
Aug., 1819. At the house of Mr. 
Worms, Whitechapel, in which 
three children were destroyed, Nov. 

1819. The sugar-refinery of Messrs. 
Severn, King, and Co., was burned 
down ; the loss was estimated at 
80,000/., Nov., 1819. At the 
house of Mr. Kerr, boot-maker, 
comer of Norfolk-street, Strand, 
w-hich destroyed two houses and 
damaged several others, 17th Jan., 

1820. In Thames-street, in the 
premises of Messrs. Thomas and 
Co., porter merchants ; damage 
was done to the amount of 20,000/. 
Feb., 1820. At Mr. Westlake's, 
ship -builder, Roth erhi the, which 
consumed seven houses, a brig, 
several warehouses, and property 
worth 50,000/., March, 1820. In 



FIRES. 



163 



Drury-lanc, which destroj-ed a tim- 
ber yard and ten houses, and threat- 
ened the destruction of the neigh- 
bourhood, 9th Nov., 1820. At 
Messrs. Smith and Co., sugar-ba- 
kers, Mile End, to the loss of 
200,000/., 11th Jan., 1821. In 
Gutter-lane, Cheapside, which de- 
stroyed three houses and damaged 
six, 27th Feb., 1821. On the 
premises of Messrs. Southall and 
Fossick, Gracechurch-street, which 
destroyed four houses and a meet- 
ing-house, and occasioned the death 
of four persons, 9th Sept., 1821. 
Four houses destroyed, and three 
persons burnt, in Prince's-street, 
Soho, 10th Sept., 1821. Three 
houses destroyed in Waterloo-row, 
Surrey-road, 19th Oct., 1821. At 
Mr. George Hoppe's, Old Gravel- 
lane, Wapping, by which several 
houses were destroyed or injured, 
3rd Nov., 1821. A West India- 
man, of 300 tons burthen, de- 
stroyed in the river Thames, 16th 
Dec, 1821. The extensive pre- 
mises of Mr. Bagster, bookseller, 
Paternoster-row, were consumed, 
2nd March, 1822. At Mr. Briggs', 
tallow-chandler, Old Gravel-lane, 
which destroyed the house and 
several workshops, 4th June, 1822. 
Two houses destroyed in St. John's 
street, Clerkenwell, 20th June, 
1822. The premises of Mr. White, 
boat-builder, at Rotherhithe, and 
another house, 28th June, 1822. 
Two houses in Adam-street, Adel- 
phi, consumed, 29th June, 1822. 
The house of Mr. Ward ell, provi- 
sion merchant, Old Gravel-lane, 
30th June, 1822. The premises 
of Messrs. Astor and Co., musical 
instrument makers, Tottenham- 
street, were destroyed, 20th July, 
1822. A fire broke out in the 
plate-glass manufactory of Messrs. 
Reed and Co., Upper Smithfield, 
which reduced the premises to a 
heapof ruins; theloss wasl00,000/. 
1 1th Aug., 1822. The patent rope 
manufactory and all the machinery 
of Mr. Dun, at Stepney, consumed, 
14th Aug., 1822. A fire destroyed 
the house of Mr. Stokes, calico- 



printer, Grosvenor Market, 24th 
Aug., 1822. Two houses in Up- 
per East Smithfield burned down, 
26th Aug., 1822. Three houses 
burned in Old Round Court, 2nd 
Sept., 1822. The extensive pre- 
mises of Messrs. Luntley and Mil- 
ner, wholesale druggists, Bread- 
street Hill, nearly destroyed, 3rd 
Sept., 1822. A dreadful fire broke 
out at the floor-cloth manufactory 
of Messrs. Rolls and Goulston, in 
the Bermondsey-road, which con- 
sumed the premises, a timher yard, 
and destroyed or damaged nearly 
twenty houses, 16th Sept., 1822. 
Next door to the Architectural Li- 
brary of Mr. Taylor, in Holborn, 
which destroyed that house and 
several others, and several works 
of art of the greatest value, 23rd 
Nov., 1822. Long's Hotel, Bond- 
street, nearly burnt down, 21st 
Dec, 1822. A destructive fire in 
Watling-street, which destroyed 
several houses, 16th Jan., 1823. 
Several houses and one person 
burned in New-street, Covent Gar- 
den, 12th May, 1823. Fifteen 
houses consumed in Red Lion- 
street, Bedford-square, and Fea- 
therstone Buildings, 24th June, 

1823. A house consumed in the 
London-road, and several others 
damaged, 14th Sept., 1823. In 
King-street, Hammersmith, which 
destroyed two houses and damaged 
several others ; a child was killed, 
3rd Feb., 1824. A fire broke out 
at the extensive Avharfs of Messrs. 
Pickford and Co., on the banks of 
the City Road Basin ; the damage 
was estimated at 30,000/., and two 
lives were lost, 26th Feb., 1824. 
A fire broke out at the house of 
Mr. Bond, linen draper, Fleet- 
street, and communicated to that 
of Mr. Hill, chemist, and six 
others, which were completely de- 
stroyed ; this fire opened a view of 
St. Bride's church, 14th Nov., 

1824. On the following day, the 
extensive warehouses of Messrs. 
Wilkinson, upholsterers, Ludgate- 
hill, and several adjoining houses 
were burnt down. The tavern at 



164 FIR 



FI S 



Cumberland Gardens near Vaux- 
hall, 25th May, 1825. A fire 
broke out at the house of Mr. Cru- 
zett, carver and gilder, Great Titch- 
field-street, which spread to several 
houses in Mortimer-street, Wells- 
street, and Great Portland-street, 
destroying 20 or 30 houses, includ- 
ing a timber-yard, St. Margaret's 
chapel, and Valley's picture gal- 
lery,in which were many fine works 
of art, the damage estimated at 
200,000/., 21st June, 1825. A 
fire in Cavendish -street, Oxford- 
street, in which three females were 
burnt to death, 29th July, 1825. 
A fire broke out at the corner of 
Anchor-court, Old -street, and de- 
stroyed five houses, 10th August, 
1825. A fire at the house of Mr. 
Bell, oilman, Shoreditch, in which 
Mr. Bell perished, 13th Sept., 
1825. A fire broke out at the 
patent shot manufactory of Messrs. 
Walker and Parker, near Waterloo 
Bridge, which was completely gut- 
ted, 5th Jan., 1826. Royalty 
Theatre burnt down, loss esti- 
mated at 18,000/., 5th Jan., 1826. 
At Sheerness, 30th July, 1827. 
Duplin Castle, Perthshire, 11th 
Sept., 1827. Talacre, Flintshire, 12 
Sept., 1827. Bramham-park Man- 
sion, 21st Julv, 1828. Glasgow 
Theatre, 12th Jan., 1829. York 
Minster nearly destroyed, the fire 
communicated by a lunatic named 
Martin, 2nd Feb., 1829. West- 
minster Abbey discovered to be on 
fire, 27th April, 1 829. Destructive 
fire at Manchester, 1 2th Oct., 1 829. 
Ramsgate Theatre, 30th Nov., 
1 829. At Hinch brook, the seat of 
Lord Sandwich, 22nd Jan , 1830. 
Argyle Rooms, Regent-street, 12th 
Feb., 1 830. English Opera House, 
Strand, London, 1 6th Feb., 1830. 
Messrs. Haighton's, Bartholomew- 
close, 11th Aug., 1830, damage 
estimated at 200,000/. Residence of 
Lord Walsingham, Harley-st. where 
his Lordship perished, and Lady 
W. died of the injuries received, 
27th April, 1831. At a fire in 
Monmouth-street some lives were 
lost, and also at another in Buck- 



lersbury, 1833. Houses of Lords 
and Commons, Westminster, acci- 
dentally set on fire and destroyed, 
16th Oct., 1834. 

Fires occasioned by servants punish- 
able, 1707. 

Fire artillery in England, the first in 
Europe, 1347. 

Fire engines invented, 1663; improved 
as now used, or nearly so, 1752. 

Fire, method to prevent the spreading 
of, invented by Mr. David Hart- 
ley, 1764. 

Fire ships first used by the English 
under Admiral Drake, 1588. 

Fire watch first established in Lon- 
don, 12th Nov., 1791. 

Fire-works for the peace displayed in 
the Green Park, 27th April, 1784. 

Fire-works at Paris exhibited in ho- 
nour of the Dauphin's marriage, the 
passages being stopped up occasioned 
such a crowd, that the people, seized 
with panic, trampled upon one an- 
other till they lay in heaps ; a scaf- 
fold erected over the river also broke 
down, and hundreds were drowned ; 
near 1000 persons lost their lives. 

Firmin, Thomas, the patriotic citizen 
of London, b. 1632, d. 1697. 

First Fruit Office established 1543. 

First Fruits act passed 1704. 

First Fruits and tenths instituted b} r 
Clement V., 1306 ; first collected 
in England, 1316; granted by 
Queen Anne for the relief of poor 
clergy, 7th Feb., 1704. 

Firvvood, near Bolton, Lancashire, 
bleach-mills at, value 30,000/., 
destroyed by fire 27th Oct., 1825. 

Fish, the increase of, is said to be in 
the following proportions : — A 
flounder of two ounces contains 
133,407 eggs or spawn ; one of 24 
ounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, 
weighing from four ounces to 5f, 
from 21,285 to 36,960. Lobsters, 
from 14 to 36 ounces, contain 
21,699. Mackarel, 20 ounces, 
454,061. Prawn about 3806. 
Shrimps from 2849 to 6807. 
Smelts from 14,411 to 38,278. 
Sole of 5 ounces, 38,772 ; one of 
141 oz. 100,362. To which may 
be added the cod, which produces 
3,686,760, and a ling 19,248,625. 



165 



FISH CONDEMNED. 



Return of the Quantity and Description of Fish seized and condemned as 
unfit for Food, by the Officer or Officers appointed for that purpose, in the 
City or Port of London, in each of three years. 



Description of Fish. 


In the vear 
1831. 
Number 
seized. 


In the vear 
1832. 
Number 
seized. 


In the year 
1833. 
Number 
seized. 


Salmon - 
Turbot - 
Cod - 

Soles - - - - 
Herrings - 

Haddocks ... - 

Mackerel - 

Plaice, Maids, and Skate 

Salt Fish ... - 

TVhi tings - - - - 

Brill - 

Lobsters - 

Crabs - 


3,310 
590 
1,815 
7,500 
2,030 
635 
32,050 
61/245 
215 
870 
650 
27,340 
756 


8,150 
207 
699 
24,600 
3,000 
6,700 
92,410 
19,950 
292 
400 
180 
6,025 
980 


664 

676 
1,963 
38,300 
1,448 
6,783 
4,027 
124,160 
1,861 
1^500 

413 
8,653 

300 




138,206 


163,584 


190,748 


Peri'svinkles and Wilks - 
Muscles - 
Oysters - 

Sprats ------ 

Shrimps - 


Bushels. 
88 
10 
35 
1,050 
5 


Bushels. 
523 
15 
50 
1,200 
17 


Bushels. 
437 
15 
none. 

80 
none. 




1,188 


1,805 


532 


Salmon (pickled) - 




Kits. 
126 





Total number of fish seized and condemned - - 492,538 

Bushels of sprats and small shell fish - 3,525 
Kits of pickled salmon ----- 126 

JOHN GOLDHAM, 
Yeoman of the "Waterside, and Clerk of 
Billingsgate-market. 



166 FIS 



FLO 



Fisli brought to London by land car- 
riage, first practised 1761. 

Fish oil used in London amounted 
annually to 300,000/. 

Fish, Sim., English reformer, d. 1531. 

Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, b. 1459, 
beheaded 22nd June, 1535. 

Fishing towns legally regulated 1542. 

Fishing on our coasts, the Dutch 
forced to pay a tribute for, 1609 ; 
the Dutch paid 30,000/. for liberty 
to fish, 1683; Welwood, in his 
answer to Grotius, says, "that the 
Scots obliged the Dutch, by treaty, 
to keep 80 miles from the shore in 
fishing, and to pay a tribute at the 
port of Aberdeen, where a tower 
was erected for that and other pur- 
poses, and the Dutch paid the tri- 
bute even in the memory of our 
forefathers." 

Fishmongers' 1 Hall, old, in London, 
burnt 10th Feb., 1761 ; new one 
at London Bridge finished 1834. 

Fitzgerald, with five of his uncles, 
wantonly put to death by Henry 
VIII., 3rd Feb., 1537. 

Fitzgerald, George Robert, hanged at 
Castlebar, 12th June, 1786. 

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, mortally 
wounded in an attempt to take him 
into custody in Dublin, May, 1798. 

Fitzherbert, Sir Anthony, eminent 
English judge, d. 1538. 

Fitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick, 
slain before Philipsburgh, 1734. 

Fitzpatrick, Richard, general in the 
army, and writer of several hu- 
morous political poems, d. 25th 
April, 1813. 

Fitzwilliarn, W. Wentworth, Lord, 
the friend of Fox,b. 1748, d. 1833. 

Five-mile act passed 14th Oct. , 1665. 
This act obliged non-conformist 
teachers, who refused to take the 
non-resistance oath, not to come 
within five miles of any corporation 
where they had preached since the 
act of oblivion, unless they were 
travelling, under the penalty of 50/. 

Flag, the honour of, given by the 
Dutch to England, 1674. 

Flameel, Bertholet, of Liege, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1614, supposed 
poisoned, 1675. 



, Flamen, Albert, a Flemish landscape 

painter, flourished 1665. 
Flaminio, J. A., the poet, b. at 

Imola 1464, d. 1536. 
Flamstead, J., astronomer, b. 1646, 

d. 1719. 

Flanders erected into an earldom, 
793 ; made part of France, 1795 ; 
annexed to Holland 1813. 

Flatman, Thomas, of London, a poet 
and painter, b. 1633, d. 1688. 

Flaxley Abbey, built in the reign of 
Henry L, 1110, totally destroyed 
bv a fire, damage estimated at 
7000/., 1st April, 1777. 

Flaxman, John, an eminent English 
sculptor, b. at York 1755, d. 1826. 

Flaxman, Anne, wife of the sculptor, 
and an accomplished classical scho- 
lar, d. 6th Feb., 1820. 

Flecknoe, Richard, English dramatist, 
d. 1678. 

Fleet Market, old, opened 30th Sept., 
1737; obelisk erected, 1775; a 
new market opened 7th June,1780 ; 
removed 20th Nov., 1829. 

Fleet prison burnt by the rioters 7th 
June, 1780. 

Fleetwood, William, English law 
writer, d. 1594. 

Fleetwood, William, Bishop of St. 
Asaph, antiquary, d. 1723. 

Fletcher, James, author of the His- 
tory of Poland, d. 3rd Feb., 1832, 
aged 21. 

Fletcher, John, dramatic writer (see 
Beaumont), b. 1576, d. 1625. 

Fletcher, Phineas, poet, d. 1650. 

Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, b. 
1650, d. 1716. 

Fleurieu, Ch. Pierre Claret de, b.2nd 
July, 1738, d. 13th Aug. 1810. 

Fleury, Cardinal, d. 1743, aged 90. 

Fleurv, Claude, French writer, b. 
1640, d. 1723. 

Flinders, Capt. M., d. 1814. 

Flink, Govert, of Cleves, a landscape 
painter, b. 1614, d. 1660. 

Flint Castle, N. Wales, built 1185. 

Flogging. — By a return to an order of 
the House of Commons, it appears 
that the number of corporal punish- 
ments inflicted in the British army 
in 1830, was 655; in 1831, 646'; 
in 1832, 485; and in 1833, 370. 



FLO 



FOR 16? 



Floor of an apartment at Clermont 
Ferrand, France, gave way during 
a theatrical entertainment, when 
36 persons were killed, and 57 had 
their limhs hroken,or were severely 
wounded, Dec, 1791. 

Florence founded 1408 B.C. 

Florence bridge built 1330. 

Florian, Peter, b. 1755, d. 1794. 

Florida discovered by Cabot 1500 ; 
settled in 1763. 

Floris, Francis, of Antwerp, a painter 
and sculptor, b. 1520, d. 1570. 

Flour mills, Lighthouse Quay, near 
Watford, destroyed by fire, and 
two men lost their lives, 9th June, 
1814. 

Flowers, the art of preserving them 
in sand first discovered, 1633. 

Flushing, in Zealand, damaged by fire, 
and the Prince of Orange's house 
burnt, Jan., 1748-9. 

Fogs, remarkable, in London, 1st 
Jan., 1720, when several chairmen 
fell with their fares into the canal 
in St. James's Park, others into 
Fleet-ditch, and much damage was 
done on the Thames. A fog- 
equally dense occurred 10th Jan., 
1812, and a third 20th Dec, 1813. 

Folard, Chevalier, b. 1669, d. 1752. 

Foler, Antonio, a Venetian painter of 
history, b. 1526, d. 1616. 

Foley, Admiral Sir Thos., one of the 
heroes of St. Vincent, the Nile, 
Copenhagen, b„ 1758, d. 3rd Jan., 
1833. 

Folkes, Martin, antiquary, d. 1754, 
aged 64. 

Fontaine, John de la, French poet, 

b. 1621, d. 1695. 
Fontaine-notre-Dame, village of, 

nearly destroyed by fire, 25th 

April, 1816. 
Fontana, Prospero, a Bolognese his- 
torical painter, b. 1512, d. 1597. 
Fontana, Lavinia, a female painter of 

Bologna, b. 1552, d. 1614. 
Fontana, Alberto, a Venetian historic 

painter, d. 1558. 
Fontebasso, a Venetian painter and 

engraver, b. 1709. 
Fontenay, Jean Baptist Blain de, a 

Norman painter of fruits, flowers, 

&c.,b. 1654, d. 1715. 



Fontenelle d. 9 Jan., 1767, aged 100. 

Font-hill, near Salisbury, burnt down, 
valued at 30,000 J., 12 Feb., 1765. 

Fonts instituted, 167. 

Food, animal, permitted for men's 
use, 2357 B.C. 

Fools, festival of, at Paris, held 1 st 
Jan., and continued for 240 years, 
in which all sorts of absurdities and 
indecencies were committed, 1198. 

Foote, Samuel, the English Aristo- 
phanes, d. 21st Oct., 1777, aged 51. 

Foppa, Vincenzio, a Milanese historic 
painter, d. 1492. 

Forabosco, a Venetian portrait painter, 
b. 1600, d. 1660. 

Forbes, John, the Bishop of Aberdeen, 
d. 1648. 

Forbisher Straits discovered, 1578. 

Ford, John, dramatic writer, b. 1586, 
d. about 1639. 

Ford Abbey, Devonshire, built 1133. 

Fordvce, David, professor of philoso- 
phy, d. 1751, aged 40. 

Fordyce, Dr. George, d. 25th May, 
1802, aged 66. 

Forest, a French landscape painter, 
b. 1636, d. 1712. 

Forest, New, Hampshire, first affo- 
rested, 1081. 

Foreigners forbidden to follow trade 
by retail, 1487. 

Foreigners indulged with one-half 
foreigners on juries, 1420. 

Forfeited estates, resumption of, act 
passed, 1669. 

Forfeited estates in Scotland, of the 
annual value of 29,694/. 6s. 8c/., 
and in England of 47,626Z. 18s. 5d., 
seized by government, 1716 ; those 
in Scotland restored by parliament 
Aug., 1784. 

Forgery first punished with death in 
England, 1634. 

Forging letters of attorney, for trans- 
fer of stock, made felony, 1722; 
punishment of death for, abolished 
16th Aug., 1832. 

Fornication made capital for the se- 
cond offence, 1650. 

Forrest, John, burnt in Smithfield, 
for denying the king's supremacy, 
22nd May, 1538, aged 42. 

Forster, John Reinhold, navigator, d. 
9th Jan., 1799, aged 70. 



168 FOR 



FRA 



Fort St. George, in India, first settled 
by the English East India Com- 
pany, 1620. 

Fortescue, Sir John, d. 1465. 

Forthorn, James, aged 127, d. at 
Grenada, in the West Indies, 10th 
Feb., 1773. 

Fortification, the present mode intro- 
duced about 1500 ; Albert Durer 
first wrote on the science, 1527; 
many improvements made by Vau- 
ban towards 1700. 

Fosse, Charles de la, an eminent his- 
torical painter, b. at Paris 1640, 
d. 1716. 

Foster, Dr. James, the anabaptist, b. 

1697, d. 1752. 
Foster, Samuel, the mathematician, 

d. 1652. 

Foster, Capt. Henry, one of the com- 
panions of Capt. Parry, drowned in 
the river Chagres, in Darien, 6th 
Feb., 1831. 

Fothergill, Dr., b. 1712, d. 26th 
Dec, 1780. 

Fotheringay Castle, Northampton- 
shire, built 1408. 

Fouchier, of Bergen-op-Zoom, painter 
of rustic festivities, b. 1609, d.l 674. 

Foucquet, Marshal Belleisle, b. 1684, 
d. 1764. 

Foundling hospital first erected in 
Paris, 1677. 

Foundling hospital in London was 
founded in 1736 ; incorporated, 
1739 ; began to receive children, 
1756 ; let part of their estate in 
1797, which yields 2000/. a year 
addition to their income ; building 
began, 1742; opened 1756. 

Fountain in the PiazzaNorlua, Rome, 
built 1682. 

Fountain de Trevi, Rome, built 1751. 

Fountaine, Sir Andrew, English an- 
tiquary, d. 1759. 

Fountains Abbev, Yorkshire, built 
1132. 

Fouquieres, Jacques, Chevalier, a 
Dutch landscape painter, b. 1580, 
d. 1659. 

Fourcroy, Anthony Francis, chemist, 
b. 15th June, 1750, d. 16th Dec, 
1809. 

Fournier, P. S., the Parisian letter- 
' founder, b. 1712, d. 1756. 



Fowler, John, an English printer, d. 
1575. 

Fowler, Edward, Bishop of Glouces- 
ter, theologian, b. 1632, d. 1714. 

Fox, Charles, an English painter and 
poet, b. 1749, d. 1809. 

Fox, Charles James, an eminent Bri- 
tish statesman, b. 1748, d. atChis- 
wick, 13th Sept., 1806; publicly 
interred in Westminster Abbey, 
10th Oct., 1806. 

Fox, George, founder of the Quakers, 
b. 1624, d. 1690. 

Fox, John, martyrologist, b. 1517, 
d. 1587. 

Fox Island, in the North Pacific 
Ocean, discovered 1760. 

Frames, stocking or lace, destroying 
of, made a capital offence, 1812, 
the law to continue in force till 1st 
March, 1814. 

Frampton,in Dorset, nearly destroyed 
by fire, 12th April, 1796. 

Frampton, house at, belonging to the - 
Rev. Mr. Guide, burnt down, and 
one of his children and a female 
servant destroyed in the flames, 
10th Oct., 1810. 

France, the country of the ancient 
Gauls, a colony of the Belgae from 
Germany, were permitted to settle 
in it 200 B. C. It was conquered 
by the Romans 25 B.C. The 
Goths, Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, 
and afterwards the Burgundi, di- 
vided it amongst them from A.D. 
400 to 476, when the Franks, 
another set of German emigrants, 
who had settled between the Rhine 
and the Maine, completed the 
foundation of the latter kingdom 
under Clovis. Conquered, except 
Paris, by Edward III. of England, 
between 1341 and 1359. An 
entire conquest by Henry V., who 
was made regent during the life of 
Charles VI., acknowledged heir to 
the crown of France, and homage 
paid to him accordingly, 1420. 
The English crown lost all its 
possessions in France in the reign 
of Henry VI. between 1434 and 
1450. This is the only state in 
Europe that could boast a perpetual 
succession from the conquerors of 



FRANCE. 



169 



the western empire. Its first king 
was Pharaniond, who began to 
reign in 418 ; Clovis was the first 
Christian king, 481. It was peo- 
pled by the natives of Germany, 
who crossed the Rhine to invade 
the Gauls. The assemblies, called 
the states general, first met in 
1302, and continued to 1614. 
Scots guards were ever about the 
king, from the reign of St. Louis 
to that of Henry II. It continued 
through 41 reigns of kings from 
Charlemagne. King of, taken pri- 
soner by the English, 1356, by 
Edward the Black Prince. The 
Taillon tax established, 1549. The 
French began to date from the 
birth of Christ, 1618; before they 
reckoned from the creation. Queen 
mother of, visited England, 1638. 
Law's banking scheme, something 
like the South Sea bubble in Eng- 
land, took place, 1716 ; destroyed, 
1720. Francis I. taken prisoner 
by the imperialists, and carried into 
Spain, Aug., 1525; Francis II. 
killed at a tilting-match, 1559. 
Acknowledged the independence of 
America, 6th Feb., 1778. The 
national revolution commenced, 
14th July, 1789 ; commemorated, 
14th July, 1790. The title of 
citizen only allowed in France, 
1792. Declared itself a republic, 

1792. Abolished the vulgar era, 
and established a new division, 

1793. The king, queen, and royal 
family, attempted to escape out of 
the kingdom, but were detained by 
force, 21st June, 1791, and were 
brought back prisoners to Paris. 
The king sanctioned the National 
Constitution, on 15th Sept., 1791. 
Attended on the National Assem- 
bly, and renounced the sovereignty, 
10th Aug., 1792, when he was 
compelled to claim their protection, 
and they sent him to the Temple, 
where he was confined as a prisoner, 
distinct from the queen, &c. 
He was brought to trial, 19th Jan., 
and condemned on 20th Jan., 
1793; put to death 21st Jan. 
His queen was beheaded 16th Oct., 



1793 ; Louis XVII. their only son, 
died in prison, 9th June, 1795 ; 
and the princess Maria Theresa 
Charlotte, their daughter, was de- 
livered up in exchange for deputies, 
26th Dec, 1795. France was 
formed into an empire, 5th May, 
1804, and Buonaparte crowned em- 
peror the 2d December following. 
Holland and the Hanseatic towns 
annexed to it, 9th July, 1810. 
The Italian territories on the left 
bank of the Cuza united to it, 5th 
Aug., 1810. The throne abdi- 
cated by Buonaparte, 5th April, 
1814. Louis XVIII. raised to it, 
3rd May, 1814. Peace between 
France and the Allied Powers, 
proclaimed at Paris, 31st May, 
1814. Napoleon restored and re- 
expelled, 1815. 
France, Kings of, from Hugh Capet — 



Hugh Capet . . . 987 
Robert . . .996 
Henrv L . .1031 
Philip I. . . . 1059 
Louis VI. . .1106 

Louis VII. the Young . 1137 
Philip II. the August 1180 
Louis VIII. . . 1223 
Louis IX. . . 1226 

Philip III. the Hardy . 1271 
Philip IV. the Fair . 1285 
Louis X. . . . 1314 
John . . . 1316 

Philip V. . . . 1316 
Charles IV. the Fair . 1322 
Edward of Eng. crowned 
Philip VI. the Courtier 1328 
John . . . 1350 

Charles V. the Wise . 1364 



Chas.VI. the Well-beloved 1380 
CharlesVII. the Victorious 1422 
Henry Vl.of Eng. proclaim. 
Louis XI. . . . 1461 
Charles VIII. . . 1483 
Louis XII. . . . 1498 
Francis I. , .1515 

Francis II. . . . 1559 
Charles IX. . .1560 
Henry III. . . . 1574 
Henrv IV. . . 1589 

Louis XIII. . . . 1610 
Louis XIV. . . 1643 
Louis XV. . . . 1715 



170 



FR A 



FRE 



Louis XVI. king of France, 1774 ; 
deposed 10th August, 1792; be- 
headed 21st Jan., 1793, and the 
country declared a republic. 
Louis XVII. died 9th June, 1795, 
in prison. Napoleon Buonaparte 
crowned emperor 2nd Dec, 1804. 
Louis XVIII., to whom the king- 
dom was restored, 1814. Napo- 
leon restored and expelled, 1815. 
Charles X., 1824 ; expelled 7th 
Aug., 1830. 

Louis Philip, 9th Aug., 1830. 

Francesca, Pietro Borghese, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1398, d. 1484. 

Franceschi, a Dutch landscape painter, 
b. 1540, d. 1596. 

Franceschini, Cavaliere Marc Anto- 
nio, a Bolognese painter of history, 
b. 1648, d. 1729. 

Franceschini, Giacomo, a Bolognese 
painter, b. 1672, d. 1745. 

Franceschini, called Volterrano, an 
historic painter, b. 1621, d. 1689. 

Franchi, Lorenzo, a Bolognese painter, 
b. 1582, d. 1630. 

Franchi, Antonio, of Lucca, a painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1634, 
d. 1709. 

Francia, Francesco, a Bolognese 
painter of history, &c, b. 1450, 
d. 1518. 

Francis, St., died 1227, aged 46. 

Francis, Sir Philip, b. 1740, d. 1818. 

Franck, Jerome, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1540, d. 1611. 

Franck, the Old, a painter of history, 
b.at Antwerp 1544orl546,d.l616. 

Franck, Francis, the Young, an emi- 
nent painter, b. at Antwerp 1580, 
d. 1642. 

Franck, Sebastian, of Antwerp, a 
painter of landscape and history, b. 
1573. 

Franck, John Baptist, a painter of 
interiors, b. at Antwerp 1600. 

Franck, Maximilian, d. 1651 ; Ga- 
briel d. 1648, both painters at 
Antwerp. 

Francklin, Thos.,b. 1721, d. 1784. 

Franco, Battista, a Venetian painter 
and engraver, b. 1498, d. 1561. 

Francois, Lucas, the Old, of Mech- 
lin, a painter of history and por- 
. traits, b. 1574, d. 1643. 



Francois, Peter, a painter of landscape 
and portraits, b. at Mechlin 1606, 
d. 1654. 

Francois, John Charles, an engraver, 
b. 1717, d. 1769. 

Francois, Simon, of Tours, a portrait 
painter, b. 1606, d. 1671. 

Frank, Mr., d. 10th Feb., 1792. 

Frankfort declared an independent 
government by the allied sove- 
reigns of Russia, Prussia, and Aus- 
tria, 1813. 

Franking of letters by members of 
parliament claimed as a privilege, 
1660-61; begun 1734; abridged, 
1764 and 1775; annual amount 
of franked letters, 17,000/.; the 
privilege further abridged, 1784 
and 1795. 

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, b. at Boston 
1706, d. at Philadelphia, 17th 
April, 1790. 

Franquaert, Jacques, of Brussels, a 
painter and architect, b. 1596, d. 
1666. 

Fratellini, L. M., a Florentine pain- 
ter in miniature and with cravons, 
b. 1690, d. 1729. 

Fratellini, Giovanna, a Florentine 
ladv, and painter in miniature, b. 
1666, d. 1731. 

Frauds by bankrupts punished by act 
passed 1782. 

Frecond, Dr. John, b. 1675, d. 1729. 

Freebairn, Robert, an English land- 
scape painter, and pupil of Wilson, 
b. 1765, d. 1808. 

Freeholders permitted to alienate 
their lands, 1492, 1512. 

Freeholders not under 40/. per annum 
qualified to vote for members of 
parliament, 1429. 

Freemasons' Hall, Queen-street, Lin- 
coln's Inn Fields, London, built, 
1775 ; opened 23d May, 1776. 

Freemasons forbidden in England, 
1424; tolerated by act of parlia- 
ment, 1699. 

Freminet, Le Chevalier Martin, a 
French painter of historv, b. 1567, 
d. 1619. 

French language and customs first 
introduced into England, 1060. 

French protestants expelled their na- 
tive country, 1685. 



FRE 



FRO 171 



French tongue expelled from the 
English law courts, 1362. . 

French protestants' hospital, London, 
incorporated, 1718. 

Freres, Dirk, a Dutch painter of his- 
tory, b. 1643, d. 1693. 

Fresne, Charles du, French writer, 
b. 1610, d. 1688. 

Fresnoy, Charles Alphonse du, a cele- 
brated French poet and painter, b. 
1611, d. 1665. 

Fresnoy, Robert, an English divine, 
d. 1754, aged 84. 

Freundweiler, a Swiss painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1755, d. 1795. 

Friars and nuns, 10,000, turned out 
of the monasteries in England, 1536. 

Fribourg, in Switzerland, founded 
1179. 

Friesland, East, and Harlingen, an- 
nexed to the kingdom of Hanover, 
1815. 

Frithelstoke priory, Devon, built, 
■ 1222. 

Frits, Peter, of Delft, a painter of 
apparitions and extravagant sub- 
jects, b. 1635, d. 1682. 

Frobenius, John, an eminent Ger- 
man painter, d. 1627. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin, Admiral, d. 
1594. 

Froissart, John, chronicler, b. about 
1333, d. 1402. 

Frolic steam vessel lost and eighty 
persons drowned on the Ness Sands, 
Glamorganshire, 11th April, 1831. 

Frost, an English landscape painter, 
b. 1744, d. 1821. 

Frost, in Britain, lasted five months, 
220 ; the Thames frozen nine 
weeks, 250 ; most of the rivers in 
Britain frozen six weeks, 291 ; a 
severe frost in Scotland fourteen 
"weeks, 359; the Pontus sea was 
entirely frozen over for the space 
of twenty days, and the sea be- 
tween Constantinople and Scutari, 
401 ; so severe a frost all over Bri- 
tain, that the rivers were frozen up 
for above two months, 508 ; one 
so great that the Danube was quite 
frozen over, 558 ; the Thames fro- 
zen for six weeks, when booths 
were built on it, 695 ; one that 
continued from 1st Oct. to 26 th 



Feb., 760 ; one in England, which 
lasted nine weeks, 827 ; carriages 
were used on the Adriatic Sea, 
859 ; the Mediterranean Sea was 
frozen over, and passable in carts, 
860 ; most of the rivers in Eng- 
land frozen for two months, 908 ; 
the Thames frozen thirteen weeks, 
925; one that lasted 120 days, 
which began 22nd Dec, 987 ; the 
Thames frozen five weeks, 998 ; a 
frost on Midsummer-day so vehe- 
ment, that the corn and fruits were 
destroyed, 1035 ; the Thames 
frozen fourteen weeks, 1063 ; a 
frost in England from November 
to April, 1076 ; several bridges in 
England, being then of timber, 
broken down by a frost, 1114; 
a frost from 14th Jan. to 22nd 
Marcb, 1205 ; one of fifteen weeks 
1207; the Mediterranean was fro- 
zen over, and the merchants passed 
with their merchandise in carts, 
1234 ; the Cattegat, or sea between 
Norway and Denmark, was frozen, 
and that from Oxslo, in Norway, 
they travelled on the ice of Jut- 
land, 1294 ; the sea between Nor- 
way and the promontory of Scager- 
rat frozen over, and from Sweden 
to Gothland, 1296 ; the Baltic was 
covered with ice fourteen weeks, 
between the Danish and Swedish 
islands, 1306 ; the Baltic was pass- 
able for foot passengers and horse- 
men for six weeks, 1323 ; the sea 
was frozen over, and passable from 
Stralsund to Denmark, 1349 ; the 
Baltic was quite frozen over from 
Pomeraniato Denmark, 1402; the 
whole sea between Gothland and. 
Geland was frozen, and from Ros- 
tock to Gezoer, 1408 ; the ice bore 
riding on from Lubec to Prussia, 
and the Baltic was covered with ice 
from Mecklenburgh to Denmark, 
1423, 1426, and 1459 ; the sea 
between Constantinople and Isko- 
dar was passable on ice, 1420 ; one 
in England from 24th Nov. to 10th 
Feb., 1434, when the Thames was 
frozen below bridge to Gravesend ; 
another, thirteen weeks, 1683; a 
great frost for three months, with 
i2 



172 FRO 



FY T 



heavy snows, from Dec. to March, 
1709 ; again in 1716, when a fair 
was held on the Thames ; another 
began 24th Dec, 1739, and con- 
tinued eight weeks ; again, in 1 742; 
in Russia, very severe, 1747 ; and 
in England, 1754; in Germany, 
1760; in 17 63, which lasted ninety- 
four days ; in 1779, which lasted 
eighty-four days ; in 1784, which 
lasted eighty-nine days; in 1785, 
which lasted 115 days; in 1788, 
which lasted from Nov. to Jan .1789, 
when the Thames was crossed op- 
posite the Custom-house, the 
Tower, Execution-dock, Putney, 
Brentford, &c. ; it was general 
through Europe, particularly in 
Holland at the same time ; the 
most severe on 25th Dec, 1796, 
that had been felt in the memory 
of man ; severe one in Jan., 1814, 
when booths were erected on vari- 
ous parts of the Thames, and the 
antiquarian society of Newcastle 
recorded that the rapid river Tyne 
was frozen to the depth of twenty 
inches ; severe frost at Quebec, 7th 
Aug., 1815. 

Frost and snow, with hail, in differ- 
ent parts of England at Midsum- 
mer, 1791 ; and in Italy and Spain, 
Dec. following. 

Frowde, Philip, d. 13th Dec, 1738. 

Fruits of foreign countries first 
brought into Italy, 70 B.C. 

Fruits and flowers, sundry sorts before 
unknown, were brought into Eng- 
land in the reigns of Henry VII. 
and VIII., from about 1500 to 
1 578. Among others of less note, 
the musk and damask roses, of 
great use in medicine, and tulips. 
Several sorts of plum-trees and cur- 
rant-plants ; also saffron, woad, and 
other drugs, for dyeing, attempted to 
be cultivated, but without success. 



Frutet, a Flemish historical painter, 
fl. 1548. 

Fruytiers, of Antwerp, a painter, in 

distemper, of portraits and history, 

b. 1620, d. 1677. 
Frye, Thomas, an Irishman, painter 

of portraits, inventor of porcelain 

in England, b. 1710, d. 1762. 
Fryth, John, burnt in Smithfield, 4th 

July, 1533. 
Fuessli, Matthias, a Swiss painter, b. 

1598, d. 1665. 
Fuessli or Fuseli, John Gaspard, a 

Swiss poet and painter, b. 1706, d. 

1781. 

Fuessli, John Rodolph, a Swiss pain- 
ter in miniature, b. 1709, d. 1786. 

Fulco, Giov., a painter in oil and 
fresco, b. at Messina 161 5, d. 1680. 

Fulham bridge built 1727. 

Fuller, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. 1608, 
d. 1661. 

Fuller, Isaac, an English historical 

painter, d. 1672. 
Fulling of cloth invented by the 

Romans. 

Fumiani, Giov. Anton., a Venetian 

painter of history, b. 1643, d. 1710. 
Fumicelli, Lod., of Trevigi, a pupil 

of Titian, flourished 1536. 
Fungani, of Sienna, an historical 

painter, flourished 1512. 
Furetiere, Anthony, b. 1620, d. 1688. 
Furini, Fran., a Florentine painter of 

history and portraits, b. 1604, d. 

1646. 

Furness Abbey, now in ruins, Lanca- 
shire, built 1127. 

Furnival's Inn Society began 1563. 

Furst, Walter, Swiss patriot, flour- 
ished 1309. 

Fuseli. See Fuessli. 

Fuseli, Henry, an historical painter, 
b. in Switzerland, 1738, d. in Eng- 
land, 1825. 

Fyt, John, of Antwerp, painter of 
animals, b. 1625, d. 1671. 



G A A 



G A M 



173 



fjT^AL, Barent, of Haerlem, a 
landscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1671. 

Gabbiani, Antonio Domenico, a Flo- 
rentine painter of history and por- 
traits, b. 1652, killed by a fall, 
1726. 

Gabel, in Bohemia, a large town, to- 
tallv destroyed bv fire, 11th May, 
1788. 

Gabriello, a Sicilian portrait painter, 

b. 1616, d. 1706. 
Gabron, W., of Antwerp, a painter of 

gold and silver vases, porcelain, 

fruits, flowers, &c, b. 1625,d.l679. | 
Gaddi, Gaddo, a Florentine painter 

and worker in Mosaic, b. 1239, d. 

1312. 

Gaddi, Taddeo, a Florentine historic 
painter, a builder of the famous 
bridge, b. 1300, d. 1352. 

Gaddi, Agnolo, a Florentine painter, 
b. 1324, d. 1387. 

Gaelen, A. V., a Dutch painter of 
field sports, b. 1670, d. 1728. 

Gaetano, Scipio, Pulzone, a distin- 
guished Italian painter of history, 
but excelled in portrait, b. 1550. 
d. 1588. 

Gagliardi, an Italian historical painter, 

b. 1609, d. 1660. 
Gainsborough, Thomas, a celebrated 

English painter of landscape and 

portrait, b. 1727, d. 1788. 
Gainsborough. See Dupont. 
Galantini, Hip., a Genoese painter of 

history, b. 1627, d. 1706. 
Galassi, Bolognese painter of history, 

b. 1380, fl. 1404. 
Galba, the Roman Emperor, d. 69, 

aged 73. 

Gale, Rev. Dr. John, b. 1680, d. 
1721. 

Gale, Rev. Dr. T., b. 1636, d. 1702. 
Gale, Roger, English antiquary, b. 

1672, d. 1744. 
Galen, b. at Pergamus about 131, 

d. 201. 

Galeotti, Seb., a Florentine painter, 

b. 1676, d. 1746. 
Galestruzzi, G. B., a Florentine 

painter and engraver, b. 1618, d. 

1678. 



Galetti, Filippo Maria, an Italian 
j painter of portrait and historv, b. 
1664, d. 1742. 
Galileo, astronomer,* born in Italy, 

1564, d. 1642. 
Gallapagos Isles discovered 1700 ; 
explored by Captain James Gol- 
nett, 1793. 
Gallegos, a Spanish painter, pupil of 

Albert Durer, b. 1500, d. 1550. 
Galleys, first used with three men to 
each oar, B.C. 786. They came 
originally from Corinth. 
Galli, Fran., a Bolognese painter and 

architect, b. 1659, d. 1739. 
Gallinari, a Bologmese painter, pupil 

of Guido, d. 1669. 
Galloche, a French painter of history, 

b. 1670, d. 1761. 
Galyan, Juan, a Spanish historic 

painter, b. 1598, d. 1658. 
Galvani, Lewis, b. 1737, d. 1798. 
Galwav College, Ireland, founded by 

Edward VI, 1553. 
Gama, Yasco de, d. 1525. 
Gambara, Lattanzio, a painter of his- 
tory, b. at Brescia, 1541, d. by a 
fall, 1574. 
Gambarini, Giuseppe, a Bolognese 
painter of history, b. 1680, d. 1764. 
Gamberucci, Cosimo, an historic pain- 
ter, b. at Florence, 1610. 
Gambier, Admiral, Lord, a gallant 
British naval officer, b. 1757, d. 
19 th April, 1833. 
Gamblingay, Cambridgeshire, 23 
houses at, destroyed by fire, 9th 
July, 1812. 
Gambold, John, an eminent Moravian 

bishop, d. 1771. 
Game acts passed, 1469, 1670, 1753, 

1773, 1784, 1785, 1808, 1831. 
Game certificates first necessary, 
1785. 

Game laws altered, and sale of legal- 
ised, 1831. 
Game laws. — The number of com- 
mitments under the game laws in 
England and "Wales, between Nov. 
1, 1832, and Noy. 1, 1833, was, 
according to the parliamentary re- 
turn, 3,140. 



174 GAM 



GAR 



Gaming houses licensed in London, 
1620. 

Gaming prohibited by act passed,! 739. 

Gamut in Music, invented by Guy 
L'Aretin, 1025. 

Gandini, -Giorgio, of Parma, a painter 
and pupil of Corregio, d. 1538. 

Gandini, Antonio, of Brescia, a pain- 
ter of history, d. 1613. 

Gandolfi, Gaetano, an Italian painter 
of history, b. 1734, d. 1802. 

Gandon, John, an eminent Irish 
architect, b. 1742, d. 1824. 

Gandy, James, a British portrait 
painter, b. 1619, d. 1689. 

Gaol fees abolished bylaw, 1815. 

Garamond, Claude, a French letter 
founder and engraver, d. 1561. 

Garbieri, Lorenzo, a Bolognese pain- 
ter of history, b. 1580, d. 1654. 

Garbo, Raff, del, a Florentine painter, 
b. 1476, d. 1534. 

Garcilasso de la Vega, b.l 503, d. 1 536. 

Gardening introduced into England 
from the Netherlands, from whence 
vegetables were imported till 1509 ; 
musk melons and apricots culti- 
vated in England ; the pale goose- 
berry, with salads, garden roots, 
cabbages, &c, brought from Flan- 
ders, and hops from Artois, 1520 ; 
the damask rose brought here by 
Dr. Linacre, physician to Henry 
VIII. ; pippins brought to England 
by Leonard Mascal, of Plumstead, 
in Sussex, 1525; currants, or Co- 
rinthian grapes, first planted in 
England, 1555; brought from the 
isle of Zante, belonging to Venice ; 
the musk rose, and several sorts of 
plums, from Italy, by Lord Crom- 
well ; apricots brought here by 
King Henry Eighth's gardener ; 
tamarisk plant from Germany, by 
archbishop Grindal ; at and about 
Norwich, the Flemings first planted 
flowers unknown in England, as 
gilliflowers, carnations, the Pro- 
vence rose, &c, 1567 ; woad origi- 
nally from Toulouse, in France; 
tulip roots first brought into Eng- 
land from Vienna, 1578 ; also 
beans, peas, and salads, now in 
common use, 1660. To which we 
will subjoin the following list, with 



the countries from whence they 
originally came. 

Rye and wheat from Tartary and 
Siberia ; where they are yet 
indigenous. 

Barley and oats unknown, but 
certainly not indigenous in this 
country, because we are obliged 
to cultivate them. 



Rice, from . . 


Ethiopia. 


Buck-wheat . . 


Asia. 


Borage . . . 


Syria. 


Cresses 


Crete. 


Cauliflower . 


Cyprus. 


Asparagus 


Asia. 


Chervil . . 


Italy. 


Fennel . . . 


Canary Islands. 


Anise and parsley 


Egypt. 


Garlick . . . 


The East. 


Shallots . . . 


Siberia. 


Horseradish . . 


China. 


Kidney-beans 


East Indies. 


Gourds . . . 


Astracan. 


Lentils . . . 


France. 


Potatoes . . . 


Brazil. 


Tobacco . . . 


America. 
Holland. 


Cabbage, lettuce ^ 
&c. . . S 


Nor are we less 


indebted to other 



and distant countries for our 
finest flowers. 



Jessamine, from 


. East Indies. 


Elder-tree . . 


. Persia. 


Tulip . . . 


. Cappadocia. 


Daffodil . . 


. Italy. 


Lily . . . 


. Syria. 


Tube-rose 


. Java and Ceylon. 


Carnation and pink Italy, &c. 


Ranunculus 


. Alps. 


Apples 


. Syria. 


Apricots . 


. Epirus. 


Artichokes 


. Holland. 


Celery . . . 


. Flanders. 


Cherries . . 


. Pontus. 


Currants . . 


. Zante. 


Damask & musk 


- Damascus. 


roses, plums 




Hops . . 


. Artois in France. 


Gooseberries . 


. Flanders. 


Gilliflowers, ' 




carnations, the 1 


Toulouse, in 


Provence rose, 1 


France. 


&c. 




Oranges & lemons. Spain. 


Beans and peas. 


Spam. 



GAR 



GAU 175 



Garden, Peter, of Auchtemess, in 
Scotland, d. Jan. 1775, aged 131. 

Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, d. 
22nd Oct. 1555. 

Gardiner, Col. James, b. 1688, killed 
at Preston Pans, 1745. 

Gardner, Daniel, an English portrait 
painter, d. 1805. 

Gargiuoli, Dom., a Neapolitan land- 
scape painter, b. 1612, d. 1679. 

Garnet, Thomas, a Jesuit, h. 1555, 
hanged 1608. 

Garofalino, Gia., a Bolognese painter, 
b. 1666, d. 1724. 

Garofalo, Ben. (Tisio), an Italian his- 
toric painter, b. 1481, d. 1559. 

Garrard, or Gerards, Mark, of Bruges, 
a painter and engraver, b. 1561, 
d. 1635. 

Garrick, David, the English Roscius, 
b. at Hereford, 1716, d. 20th Jan. 
1 779, aged 62 years and ten months ; 
first appeared on the London stage 
in 1741. 

Garter, order began, 23d April, 1349 ; 
alteration in, 1557 and 1788. It 
is remarkable, that this is the only- 
order "which has been granted to 
foreign princes. Of this illustrious 
order there have been — 

Eight emperors of Germany, 

One emperor of Russia, 

Five kings of France, 

Three kings of Spain, 

One king of Arragon, 

Seven kings of Portugal, 

One king of Poland, 

Two kings of Sweden, 

Six kings of Denmark, 

Two kings of Naples, 

One king of Sicily and Jerusalem, 

One king of Bohemia, 

Two kings of Scotland, 

Five princes of Orange, 
and 34 foreign electors, dukes, 
margraves, and counts. Garter 
King of Arms, first appointed in 
England, 1420. 
Garth, Sir Samuel, d. Jan. 1719. 
Garzi, Lod., an Italian historic painter, 

b. 1640, d. 1721. 
Garzoni, Giovanna, an Italian lady 
who painted flowers and minia- 
tures, d. 1673. 
Gas, use of, introduced into London 



for lighting shops and streets, 
1814. Pall Mall was lighted with 
gas in 1807. 

Gas company, works of, in Dorset 
Street, destroyed by fire, 24th 
May, 1815. 

Gascoigne, George, inventor of tele- 
scope sights, d. 1645. 

Gascoigne, Sir William, judge who 
committed Henry, Prince of Wales, 
for insulting him on the bench, b. 
1350, d. 1413. 

Gaspars, John Bap., of Antwerp, a 
portrait painter, d. 1691. 

Gaspar Hauser, mysterious death of, 
14th Dec, 1833. * 

Gassendi, Peter, astronomer, b. 1592, 
d. 1655. 

Gast, Michael de, of Antwerp, a land- 
scape painter, b. 1510, d. 1564. 

Gast, John, of Dublin, the historian, 
b. 1715, d. 1788. 

Gataker, Thomas, English critic and 
divine, b. 1574, d. 1654. 

Gateside monastery,Durham, founded 
, 653. 

Gatti, Ber., an Italian historic painter, 
d. 1575. 

Gatti, Tommaso, of Pavia, a painter 
of history, b. 1642. 

Gatti, Giralomo, a Bolognese historic 
painter, b. 1662, d. 1726. 

Gatti, Oliviero, of Parma, a painter 
and engraver, b. 1598. 

Gaubius, Dr., of Leyden, d. 26th 
Nov., 1780, aged 76. 

Gaucher, C. S., a painter, b. 1740, d. 
1803. 

Gaud. See Goudt. 

Gauden, Dr. Joseph, bishop, the sup- 
posed author of the Eikon Basilike, 
b. 1605, d. 1662. 

Gauging of wine, &c, established by 
law, 27 Edward III., 1350. 

Gaulli, Giov. Bat. (Baccici), a Geno- 
ese portrait painter,b.l639,d.l709. 

Gaunor, Fychan, d. 16th Sept., 1686. 
at Aber-Cowarch, near Dinas- 
Mowddy, Merionethshire, North 
Wales, aged 140. 

Gauze, lawn, and thread manufac- 
tures, began at Paisley, in Scotland, 
1759 ; which in 1784 yielded 
575,185/. and employed 27,664 
hands. In gauze alone, 350,900/. 



176 GAV 



GEO 



Gavasio, Giov., of Bergamo, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1512. 

Gaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward 
II., beheaded 19th June, 1312. 

Gay, John, an English poet and 
dramatist, b. 1688, d. 11th Dec, 
1732. 

Gaza, Theodore, b. 1398, d. 1478. 

Gazettes, of Venetian origin, and so 
called from the price being gazetta, 
a small piece of money. Tbe first 
published in England was at Ox- 
ford, 7th Nov., 1665. The Lon- 
don Gazette was first published 
5th Feb., 1655-6. One was in- 
geniously forged for a stock-jobbing 
purpose, Nov., 1787. The first 
published at Paris was in 1723 ; at 
Leipsic in 1715. 

Gazolli, Benozzo, a Florentine pain- 
ter, b. 1400, d. 1478. 

Gebelin, A. C. de, b. 1727, d. 1784. 

Gebro, A. del, of Milan, an historic 
painter, b. 1492, d. 1551. 

Ged, William, an inventor of stereo- 
type, d. 1749. 

Geddes, James, a critical writer, d. 
1749, aged 38. 

Geddes, Dr. Alexander, b. 1737, d. 
26th Feb., 1802. 

Gee, John, dramatic author, d. 1769. 

Geel, John Van, a Dutch painter, fl. 
1660. 

Gelder, Arnold de, of Dort, a painter 
of history, and pupil of Rembrandt, 
b. 1645, d. 1727. 

Geldersman, of Mechlin, an historic 
painter, b. 1539. 

Geldorp of Brabant, a portrait pain- 
ter, b. 1553, d. 1618. 

Gelei. See Lorraine. 

Gellert, Christian, b. 1715, d. 1769. 

Gellibrand, Henry, mathematician, b. 
1597, d. 1636. 

Gellig, of Utrecht, a painter of still 
life, b. 1636. 

Gellius, Aulus, b. A. D. 130. 

Gemignano, Vin. di San, an Italian 
painter of history,b. 1490, d. 1530. 

Gemignano, Giacinto, an Italian pain- 
ter of history, b. 1611, d. 1681. 

Gemignano, Luigi, an Italian painter, 
b. 1644, d. 1697. 

Geminiani, the musician, b. at Lucca, 
1680, d. 1762. 



Gendarmes, order began, 360. 
General Events. See Events, Gene- 
ral. 

Generosity, order of knighthood,, in 

Brandenburgh, began 1685. 
Geneva republic founded, 1512. 
Geneva shops suppressed, 1743 ; 

7000 abolished, 1750. 
Geneva destroyed by fire, 1321 ; again 

much damaged in 1333 ; and again 

in 1430. 

Genga, Girolamo, an Italian painter 

of architecture, b. 1476, d. 1558. 
Genghis, Khan, the Mongolian war- 
rior, d. 1227. 
Genlis, Countess de, a celebrated 

French politician and Savante, b. 

1747, d. 31st Dec, 1830. 
Gennari, Bar., of Cento, an historic 

painter, b. 1589, d. 1658. 
Gennari, Benedetto, of Cento, an 

historic painter, b. 1633, d. 1715. 
Gennari,Cesare, a Bolognese historical 

painter, b. 1641, d. 1688. 
Gennet, order of knighthood, began 

in France, 726 ; in Spain, 786. 
Genoa, Bank of, failed 1750. 
Genoels, A., of Antwerp, a painter 

and mathematician, b. 1640. 
Genoese republic, founded 1096 ; 

Genoa annexed to the French 

empire, 1 805 ; transferred to the 

king of Sardinia, 1814. 
Gentile, L. P., of Brussels, a portrait 

painter, b. 1606, d. 1670. 
Gentileschi, O.L.,of Pisa, an historic 

painter, b. 1563, d. 1647. 
Gentileschi, Artemisia, a Roman lady, 

painterof portraits, b. 1590,d.l642. 
Gentilis, Albericus, b. in Italy 1551, 

d. 1611. 

Gentlemen, the first use of the dis- 
tinction, 1430. 

Gentleman, Frank, dramatic author, 
d. 1786, aged 58. 

GeofFry, of Monmouth, British his- 
torian, made bishop of St. Asaph 
in 1152. 

Geological Society, London, insti- 
tuted 1813. 

Geological Society, Dublin, instituted 
1832. 

George, Prince, man of war, burnt off 
Lisbon, when 435 of her crew 
perished, 13th Feb., 1758. 



GEO 



GER 177 



George, the Royal, of one hundred 
guns, overset at Portsmouth, by 
• which misfortune Admiral Kem- 
penfelt, with the crew were lost ; 
there were near 100 women, and 
200 Jews on board. An express 
arrived at the Admiralty with the 
news, 30th Aug., 1782. 

George's, St., town, in Grenada, de- 
stroyed by a fire, 1st Nov. 1775. 

George's, St., hospital, Hyde Park- 
corner, instituted 19th Oct., 1733. 

George's, St., Church, Bloomsbury, 
London, built 1730. 

George, St., Fort, E. Indies, bt. 1620. 

George, St. d'Alfama, order of knight- 
hood, began 1201. 

George, St., order began in Carinthia, 
1279 ; in Spain, 1318; in England, 
1349 ; in Austria, 1470 ; at Rome, 
1496; in Genoa, time unknown ; 
in Venice, 1200. 

George III., of England, had the 
glass of his chair broken by a mad 
woman, as he was going to the 
opera-house, 25th June, 1777 ; 
was thrown from his horse in 
Windsor-park, 8th Oct., 1785 ; 
attempted to be assassinated by 
Margaret Nicholson, a mad woman, 
2nd Aug., 1786 ; had a stone 
thrown at his state coach when 
going to the House of Peers, by 
John Frith, a maniac, 21st Jan., 
1790 ; visited Cheltenham in 

1788, and became deranged in his 
mind from Oct. 1788 to March 

1789, when he visited St. Paul's 
in procession, to return public 
thanks to the Almighty for his 
recovery. Assaulted by a mob in 
his way to and from the House of 
Lords, 29th Oct., 1795, when his 
state-coach was nearly destroyed ; 
had a stone thrown at his coach, 
the glasses broken, and the queen 
received a blow in the face, 1st 
Feb., 1796 ; made a grand proces- 
sion to St. Paul's to return thanks 
for the victories obtained by his 
fleets, 19th Dec, 1797 ; shot at 
in the play-house by a maniac of 
the name of Hatfield, 15th May, 
1800. Died, at Windsor Castle, 
29th Jan., 1820, aged 81. 



George IV., of England, b. 12th Aug., 
1762; married, 8th April, 1795; 
proclaimed king, 30th Jan., 1820: 
d. 26th June, 1830, at Windsor. 

Georges, chief of the Chouans, exe- 
cuted at Paris for a conspiracy 
against Buonaparte, 26th June, 
1804. 

Georget, John, a French painter on 

porcelain, d. 1823. 
Georgia colony, erected by General 

Oglethorpe, 1739 ; incorporated 

1752. 

Gera, near Leipsic, in Germany, 
totally destroyed by a fire, 18th 
Sept., 1780. 

Gerande, John, botanist, b. 1545. d. 
1607. 

Gerardi (Dal Borgo St. Sepolcro), a 
Florentine painter, b. 1500, d. 1 556. 

Gerards. See Garrard. 

Gerber, Sir Balthasar, a portrait 
painter of Antwerp, b. 1591, d. 
1667. 

Gerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester 
II., introduced the Arabic figures 
into Europe, 1000. 

Gericault, J. L. T. A., a French his- 
torical painter, b. 1792, d. 1824. 

Germains, St., Priory, Cornwall, built 
937. 

Germanicus, Caesar, d. A. D. 29. 

Germany was divided anciently into 
several independent states, which 
made no figure in history till 25 
B.C., when they withstood the 
attempts of the Romans to subdue 
them, who conquered some parts, 
but by the repeated efforts of the 
Germans were entirely expelled 
about A.D. 290. In 432, the 
Huns, driven from China, con- 
quered the greatest part of this 
extensive country, but it was not 
totally subdued till Charlemagne 
became master of the whole, A.D. 
802. He was the first emperor, 
and added the second head to the 
eagle for his arms, to denote that 
the empires of Rome and Germany 
were in him united. It was called 
Allemania, from Alleman, i. e. in 
German, " every man," denoting 
that all nations were welcome there. 
Dukes being at this time made 
i3 



173 



GERMANY. 



governors of those provinces, they 
claimed a right to sovereignty ; 
hence came most of the sovereign 
princes of Germany. Louis L, 
Charlemagne's son, was the first 
king that made this empire inde- 
pendent, 814. It continued united 
to the crown of France till 841. 
Charles III. was the first that added 
the year of our Lord to the year of 
his reign, 879. Conrade I. was 
the first elected emperor, 912; he 
is deemed the first emperor of 
Germany freely chosen, hut we 
have no authentic account of the 
electors of the empire till 1273, 
when Rodolph of Hapsburgh was 
chosen emperor by the seven elec- 
tors, after an interregnum of twen- 
ty-two years. The electors, accord- 
ing to some, reduced to seven in 
999. To bring in their sons suc- 
cessors, the emperors, in their life- 
time, politically got them elected 
king of the Romans, which was a 
part of the sovereignty; the first 
emperor so elected, 1054. The 
elective power originated by the 
emperors getting their last will., 
wherein they nominated their suc- 
cessors, confirmed before their 
deaths by the princes and great 
men. The emperor Philip mur- 
dered, 1208. Seven electors first 
appointed to choose an emperor, 
1258. Louis V. made the empire 
independent of the holy see, 8th 
Aug., 1338. Golden bulls relat- 
ing to the election of the emperors 
established by Charles IV. of Ger- 
many, 1356. To get his son 
elected king of the Romans, Charles 
IV. gave each elector 100,000 du- 
cats, and was forced to mortgage 
several cities to raise the money, 
1376 ; the descendants of the mort- 
gagees continue still in the posses- 
sion of them. Charles V. born 
1500 ; visited England, 1522 ; re- 
signed his crown to his brother, 
1556, and turned monk, 1558. A 
reformation took place in the em- 
pire, 1648. The peace of Carlo- 
witz, when the bounds of the Ger- 
man and Eastern empires were set- 



tled, 1689. Rodolph was the first 
emperor of the house of Austria. 
Emperors of Germany, from Charle- 
magne : — 

Charlemagne, began - 800 
Louis I. - - - 814 
Lothario I. - - 840 

Louis II. - - - 855 
Charles the Bald - 875 

Louis III. - . 875 

Charles the Fat - - 879 
Arnold - - - 887 
Guy and Lambert - 891 
Louis the Infant - - 899 
Conrad I. - - - 911 
Henry the Fowler - 918 
Otho "the Great - - 936 
Otho II. - - 973 

Otho III. - - 983 

Henry II. - - - 1002 
Conrad II. - - - 1024 
Henry III. - - 1039 

Henry IV. - - 1056 

Henry V. - - - 1106 
Lothario II. - - 1125 
Conrad III. - - 1138 

Frederick I. - - 1152 
Henry VI. - - 1190 

Philip and Otho IV. - 1198 
Otho V. 1208 
Frederick II. - - 1212 
Henry VII. - - 1245 
William - - - 1246 
Conrad IV. • - 1250 

Rodolphus of Hapsburgh 1273 
Adolphus of Nassau - 1292 
Albert I. of Austria - 1298 
Henry VIII. - - 1309 
Louis V. - - - 1314 
John and Philip the Long 1317 
Charles IV. - - 1346 
Wenceslaus - - 1378 

Frederick and Robert Pa- 
latine - - - 1400 
J oseph of Moravia, Sigis- 

niund of Luxemburgh 1411 
Albert of Austria - 1437 

Frederick HI. - - 1440 
Maximilian I. - - 1493 
Charles V. - - - 1519 
Ferdinand I. - - 1558 
Maximilian II. of Hun- 
gary - 1564 
Rodolphus II. - - 1576 
Matthias - - - 1612 



GER 



GID 179 



Ferdinand II. 


loiy 


TV* J] ' J TTT 

reramand. 111. 


1 ft 37 


Leopold L 


xUOO 


Joseph I. - 


1705 


Lnaries \ 1. 


1711 


Charles ^ II. of Bavaria 




Francis I. of Lorraine 


1745 


Joseph II. 


1765 


Leopold II. 


1790 


Francis 


1792 


who took the title of Eni- 





peror of Austria, 11th 
Aug. - - - 1804 

and resigned the title of 
Emperor of Germany 1806 
Germvn, Simon, of Dort, a fruit and 

landscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1719. 
Geron, St., order of knighthood in 

Germany, begun 1154. 
Gerrard, of Haerlem, an historical 

painter, b. 1460, d. 1488. 
Gerrards. G. P. Van, called Zyl, of 

Amsterdam, a portrait painter, b. 

1607, d. 1667. 
Gervase. of Canterbury, the historian, 

wrote in 1202. 
Gervis Abbey, Yorkshire, founded 

1145. 

Gesner, Conrad, physician and na- 
turalist, d. 1565, aged 49. 

Gesher. Solomon. German writer, b. 
1730, d. 1788. 

Gessi. Fran., a Bolognese historical 
painter, pupil of Guido, b. 1588, 
d. 1649. 

Gessner, Solomon, of Zurich, a poet, 
painter, engraver, and bookseller, 
b. 1730, dri788. 

Gheest, Wybrand de, of Friesland, a 
painter, b. 1591, d. 1643. 

Gherardi, or Doceno, an Italian his- 
toric painter, b. 1500, d. 1552. 

Gherardi, Filippo, of Lucca, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1643, d. 1704. 

Gherardini, a Florentine painter of 
history, b. 1655. d. 1723. 

Ghergong, the capital of Assam, al- 
most engulphed by an earthquake, 
when several thousands perished, 
1803. 

Gheyn, of Antwerp, a flower painter 

and engraver, d. 1630. 
Ghezzi, Cavalier Pier Leone, of 

Rome, an historic painter, b.1674, 

d. 1755. 



Ghiberti, a Florentine historical pain- 
ter, b. 1454, d. 1528. 

Ghirlandaio, Rodolfo, a Florentine 
painter, b. 1485, d. 1560. 

Ghirlandaio, Doni., a Florentine his- 
toric painter, b. 1449, d. 1493. 

Ghisi, Giov. Brit., of Mantuano, a 
painter and engraver, b. 1500. 

Ghislandi, Dom., of Bergamo, an his- 
torical painter, b. 1655, d. 1743; 

GhisolS, Giov., a Milanese architec- 
tural painter, b. 1623, d. 1683. 

Ghiti, Pompeo, an Italian painter, b. 
1631, d. 1703. 

Ghizzi. a Bolognese painter of archi- 
tecture and perspective, b. 1570, d. 
1618. 

Giacinto, a Neapolitan historic painter, 
d. 1684. 

Gianipelli, a Florentine artist, b. 1578, 
d. 1640. 

! Giaquinto, a Neapolitan painter, d. 
1765. 

Gibbon, Edward, historian, d. I6th 
Jan.. 1794, aged 56. 
j Gibbs, James, a Scotch architect, b. 

1674, d. 1754. 
I Gibbs. Sir Ticarv, an eminent English 
judge, b. 1752, d. 1820. 

Gibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm, 
3rd Feb., 1766 ; had the royal 
battery destroyed by fire, though 
more than 1400 feet above the 
level of the sea, Nov., 1800. 
Plague at, in 1804 and 1805. 
Malignant fever at, August and 
September, 1814. 

Gibson, R., the Dwarf, an English 
portrait painter, b. 1615. d. 1690. 

Gibson, William, an English portrait 
painter, b. 1644, d. 1702. 

Gideon, the fourth judge of Israel, 
routes the Midianites, with only 
300 men. and slays their two kings, 
Zebah and Zalmunna, 1245 B. C. 
He is offered the kingdom of Is- 
rael, which he refuses. — The land 
had rest in the 40th year after the 
rest given by Deborah, and 200 
years after that of Joshua. Upon 
Gideon's death, Abimelech, his 
natural son, murders his seventy 
brothers upon one stone, and makes 
himself king of Israel for three 
years, 1236 B. C. 



180 GIF 



GL A 



Gifford, Andrew, dissenting divine, d. I 

1784, aged 84. 
Gifford, John, author of the life of 

Pitt, horn 1758, died 6th March, 

1818. 

Gifford, William, translator of Juve- 
nal, h. April, 1756, d. Dec. 1826. 

Gilardi, a Milanese painter, d. 1679. 

Gilarte, a Spanish historic painter, h. 
1647, d. 1700. 

Gilbert, William, English chemist, 
d. 1603, aged 63. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphry, h. 1539, ship- 
wrecked 1594. 

Gilbert, Jeffery, b. 1674, d. 1726. 

Gilding, with leaf gold on bole 
Armoniac, art of, invented by 
Margaritone, 1273 ; on wood in 
1680. 

Giles, St., church, London, rebuilt 
1731. 

Giles, Henry, an English painter on 

glass, flourished 1687. 
Gilioli, a Bolognese historical painter, 

b. 1584, d. 1665. 
Gill, Dr. John, a learned commen- 
tator, b. 1697, d. 1771. 
Gillardini, a Milanese historical pain- 
ter, d. 1675. 
Gillingwood, Yorkshire, burnt down 

11th Dec, 1750. 
Gillot, Claude, a French painter of 

grotesque pieces, b. 1673, d.1722. 
Gilpin, Rev. TV., an English writer 

on the picturesque, b. 1724, d. 5th 

April, 1804. 
Gilpin, Sawrey, an English painter of 

animals, b. 1733, d. 1807. 
Gilpin, Bernard, an English divine, 

b. 1517, d. 1583. 
Gin-shops in London. See Geneva 

shops. 
Gin act passed, 1737. 
Ginassi, Caterina, a noble lady at 

Rome, who excelled in painting, 

b. 1590, d. 1660. 
Gioia, Flavio, a Neapolitan, inventor 

of the European compass, b. 1300. 
Gionima, Antonio, an Italian historic 

painter, b. 1697, d. 1732. 
Giordano, called Luca Fa Presto, a 

Neapolitan painter of history, b. 

1629, d. 1704. 
Giorgetti, an Italian painter, d. 1670. 
Giorgione, called Barbarelli del Cas- 



tel Franco, an eminent Venetian 
painter, b. 1478, d. 1511. 
Giotti, an eminent Italian painter, 
sculptor, and architect, b. 1276, d. 
1336. 

Giottini. See Stefano. 

Giovanr.ini, G. M., an Italian painter 
and engraver, b. at Bologna, 1651. 

Giovannini, Carlo, a Bolognese his- 
toric painter, fl. 1710. 

Gipsies, or Egyptians, quitted Egypt 
when attacked by the Tm-ks, 
1515, and wandered over various 
parts of Europe. An act passed 
against their itinerancy in England, 
1530; expelled France, 1560, 
and other European kingdoms 
shortly after; expelled England 
by act passed, 1563. 

Giraldu9 Cambrensis, British histo- 
rian, died 1220. 

Girardon, F., a French sculptor and 
architect, b. 1628, d. 1715. 

Girodet-Troison, an eminent French 
painter, b. 1767, d. 1824. 

Girtin, Thomas, of London, a land- 
scape painter, b. 1773, d. 1802. 

GisboroughPriory,Yorkshire,founded 
1129. 

Giusti, Antonio, a Florentine painter 
of landscape and history, b. 1624, 
d. 1705. 

Gladiators, combats of abolished, 325. 

Gladiators, order of, began in Livo- 
nia, 1204. 

Glanville, Joseph, an English writer, 
b. 1636, d. 1680. 

Glasgow, dreadful fire at, by which 
200 families were reduced to desti- 
tution, 3rd June, 1749 ; theatre 
burned down, 12th Jan., 1830 ; 
destructive fire at, loss estimated 
at 150,000/., 14th Jan., 1832. 

Glass, the art of making it known to 
the Romans, at least before 79 ; 
known to the Chinese, about 200 ; 
introduced into England by Bene- 
dict, a monk, 674; glass windows 
began to be used in private houses 
in England, 1180 ; glass first made 
in England into bottles and vessels, 
1557 ; the first plate glass for 
looking-glasses and coach windows, 
made at Lambeth, 1673 ; in Lan- 
cashire, 1773. 



Gf L A 



GOD 181 



Glass tax established, 1745. 

Glasses, musical, are of German 
origin, but revived by Dr. Frank- 
lin. 1760 : brought to a high state 
of accuracy and harmony by the 
Cartwriahts in England, 1799. 

Glastonburv Abbev, Somerset, built 
640, rebuilt 954. 

Glauber. John, of Utrecht, a landscape 
painter, b. 1646, d. 17'26. 

Glauber, John Rodolphus, a German, 
tbe combiner of Glauber salts, b. 
1646, d. 1660. 

Glauber, John Gottlieb, of Utrecht, 
a landscape painter, b. 1656, d. 
1703. 

Glauber, Diana, a portrait painter, 
b. at Utrecht. 1650, d. 1720. 

Gleaton Castle, Lancash., built 1340. 

Glenbervie, Lord, author of law re- 
ports and other works, b. 1743, d. 
1823. 

Glendower. Owen, d. 1415. 

Glenie, James, b. 1750, d. 1817. 

Globe of the earth, first voyage round 
it, was by Capt. Fra. Drake, 1580 : 
the first by Magellan, 1591 ; the 
third bv Sir Thomas Cavendish, 
1588: by Lord Anson, 1740-4: 
by Captain Cook, 1768; and by 
Perouse, 1793-4. A late publi- 
cation makes the number of in- 
habitants on this globe to be 
8 9 6 . , . O f :h e s e2 2 6.0 . 
are Christians: 10,000,000 are 
Jews; 210,000.000 Mahometans: 
450,000,000 millions of Pagans. 
Of those professing the Christian 
religion there are 50.000.000 of 
Protestants, 30,000,000 of the 
Greek and Armenian churches, 
and 90,000,000 of Catholics. 
If we reckon with the ancients, 
that a generation lasts 30 years, 
in that space 896,000,000 human 
beings will be born and die ; con- 
sequently, 81,760 must be drop- 
ping into eternity every day; 
3497 every hour, or about 36 
every minute. 

Globe of fire passed over the Island 
of Funen, Denmark, in open day, 
Sep. 1807. A similar phenome- 
non observed at the same time at 
Jutland. 



Gloria Patri, the doxology of, first 

used, 382. 
Gloucester built by Arviragus, 47. in 

honour of Claudius Caesar, whose 

daughter he married. Monastery 

of, founded 710. 
Gloucester damaged by violent rains, 

2nd Sept. 1750. 
Gloucester, Abbey of, burnt 1102: 

again 1122. 
Gloucester, duke of, uncle to Rich. 

II.. smothered between two feather 

beds. 28th Sept. 1397. 
j Gloucester, Humphry, duke of, 4th 

son of Henry IV., murdered and 

buried at St. Alban's, 1447. 
Gloucester, Richard, duke of, brother 

to Edward IV. : rnurdered Edward, 

prince of Wales, and Richard, 

Duke of York, his two nephews, 

1483. 

Glove tax repealed, 2nd Aug.. 1795. 

Glover, Richard, an English poet, b. 
1712, d. 1785. 

Gluck, Christopher, b. 171 6, d. 1 787. 

Glynne, Mr. Serjeant, d. Sept., 1779. 

Gmelin, J. F.. editor of Linnaeus, b. 
1748, d. 1805. 

Gobbo. See Bonzi. 

Gobbo, Andrea del, a Milanese his- 
torical painter, b. 1470, d. 1527. 

Gobbo, II. Antonio Caracci, the his- 
torical painter, was so called, b. at 
Venice. 1583, d. at Rome 1618. 

Gobelin, Giles, the French dyer, 
flourished 1632. 

Godalming bridge, in Surrev. begun 
July. 1782. 

Goddard, Jonathan, first promoter of 
the Royal Society, b.161 7,d.l674. 

Godewyck. Margaretta, a lady of 
Dort, celebrated for painting and 
needlework, b. 1627, d. 1677. 

Godfathers and godmothers first ap- 
pointed 130. 

Godfrey, of Boulogne, d. 1110. 

Godfrev, Sir Edmoubury, murdered 
17th Oct., 1678. 

Godstow Nunnery, Oxfordshire, con- 
secrated 1138. 

Godwin, Earl of Kent, invaded Eng- 
land, 1052; choked in protesting 
his innocence of the murder of the 
king's brother at table with the 
kins, 1053. 



182 GOD 



GOU 



Godwin, or Goodwin sands, inundated 
1100. 

Godwin, bishop of Hereford, the an- 
tiquary, b. 1561, d. 1633. 

Goebouw, of Antwerp, an eminent 
historic painter, b. 1625. 

Goedaert, John, a Dutch painter of 
fruits and flowers, b. 1618, d.1668. 

Goes, Hugo-Vander, of Bruges, a 
landscape and history painter, d. 
1480. 

Goethe, J. W. Von, prince of German 
literature, b. 28th Aug., 1749, d. 
22nd March, 1832. 

Gold first coined at Venice, 1276. 

Gold first coined in England, 1344; 
and raised from 40s. to 48s. per 
ounce, in 1546. 

Gold mines were discovered by the 
Spaniards in America, 1492; from 
which time to 1731 they imported 
from thence into Europe above 
6000 millions of pieces of eight, in 
register gold and silvei', exclusive 
of what were unregistered. 

Gold discovered in Malacca, 27th 
Oct.., 1731 ; in New Andalusia, 
1785; in Ireland, in the mountain 
called Croghaun, in Wicklow, in 
Sept., 1795 ; in Ceylon, 1800. 

Golden bull of the empire com- 
menced, 1356. 

Gold coin, the king gave his assent to 
a bill " for preventing the counter- 
feiting or diminishing,'" 1st July, 
1773; reduced to the standard, 
Aug., 1776. 

Golden Fleece, order of knighthood, 
begun in Flanders, 1492. 

Golden Shield and Thistle, order be- 
gan, 1370. 

Goldoni, Charles, b. 1707, d. 1793. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, b. in Ireland, 
1728, d. 14th April, 1774. 

Goltzius, Hubert, of Venloo, an an- 
tiquai*ian, painter, and engraver, b. 
1520, d. 1583. 

Goltzius, Henry, of Mulbrecht 
eminent painter and engraver, b. 
1558, d. 1617. 

Gomez, V. S., a Spanish painter of 
landscape and history, b. 1645. 

Gongora, Lewis de, b. 1562, d. 1627. 

Gonnelli, John, the sculptor, died 
blind, 1673. 



Gonvil and Caius Colleges, Cam- 
bridge, founded 1348. 

Gonzalez, Bar., a Spanish painter of 
history and portrait, b. 1564, d. 
1627. 

Gonzalez, Juan Gia., a Spanish por- 
trait painter, b. 1630, d. 1696. 

Gonzalez, de Vega, a Spanish histori- 
cal painter, b. 1622, d. 1697. 

Gonzalez, Pedro Ruiz, a Spanish his- 
toric painter, b. 1633, d. 1709. 

Goodier, Captain, hanged at Bristol 
for the murder of his brother, Sir 
John Goodier, 20th Jan., 1740-1. 

Goodman' s-fields Theatre, opened 
1729. 

Gool, John Van, a Dutch landscape 

painter, b. 1685, d. 1757. 
Goose, at Posbrook Cottage, Titch- 

field, d. at the age of 64 years, 

4th Jan., 1815. 
Gordon, Alexander, antiquarian, d. 

1750. 

Gordon, lord George, d. in Newgate, 

1st Nov., 1793. 
Gordon, Thomas, d. 1750. 
Goree Isle, on the coast of Guinea, 

first planted by the Dutch, 1617 ; 

nearly destroyed by the explosion 

of the powder magazine, 15th Oct., 

1662. 

Gortzius, a Flemish painter of his- 
tory and portraits, born 1553, died 
1611. 

Goslar mines, Lower Saxony, caught 
fire, which penetrated to the depth 
of 750 feet, April, 1800. 

Gottenburgh had a fire which de- 
stroyed 120 houses, 4th Feb., 
1794; again, 22nd Dec, 1802, 
which destroyed the cathedral, 
palace, post-office, and several pub- 
lic buildings, together with a fourth 
part of the city, to the value of 
about 2,000,000 dollars. Again, 
1813, which consumed a great part 
of the town. 

Gotti, V., a Bolognese historic pain- 
ter, d. 1636. 

Gottsched, J. C, b. 1700, d. 1766. 

Gouda, Corn. Van, a Dutch painter, 
b. 1510, d. 1550. 

Goudt, or Gaud, II Count Van, of 
Utrecht, a nobleman who excelled 
in painting and engraving, b. 1585. 



GO U 



GRE 



183 



Gouffier, Count Choiseul, b. 1752, j 
d. 1817. 

Gough, Richard, laborious antiquary. 

b. 1735, d. 1809. 
Goujet, a French voluminous writer, 

b. 1697. 

Goujon, Jean, sculptor and architect, ! 
d. 1572. 

Goupy, Joseph, a French landscape 
painter, d. 1763. 

Goutier, John and Louis, painters on | 
glass, flourished in the 17th cen- 
tury. 

Government, annual expense in 1652, i 

62,000/.: in 1653, 1,300,000/. ; 

in 1658. 2,200,500/.; 1660,1 

1,200,000/.; 1694, 6,000,000/.;! 

in 1776, 7,000,000/. ; 1808, 

75,670,641/. 85. 2d. 
Gower, J., first English poet, d.1402. I 
Gower, R. EL, author of a treatise on | 

seamanship, d. 1833. 
Goyen, John Van, of Leyden j an ; 

eminent landscape painter, b. 1596, • 

d. 1656. 

Gozzoli, Ben., a Florentine painter 
of history, b. 1400, d. 1478. 

Graaff, John, of Vienna, a painter of ' 
rustic festivities, b. 1680, d. 1734. 

Graat, Barent, of Amsterdam, a pain- j 
ter of history] portraits, and land- j 
scape, b. 1628, d. 1709. 

Graaw, Henrv, a Dutch historic pain- i 
ter, b. 1627, d. 1682. 

Grabe, John Ernest, Russian writer, 
b. 1666, d. 1711. 

Grace Dieu Nunnery, Leicester, I 
founded, 1151. 

Grace, Mrs., an English portrait 
painter, d. 1786. 

Grace at meat. The table was con- i 
sidered by the ancient Greeks as 
the altar of friendship, and held 
sacred ; and they would not par- j 
take of any meat till they had 
offered part of it, as the first fruits, 
to their gods. The ancient Jews 
offered up prayers always before 
meat, and from their example the 
primitive Christians did the same. 

Graham, James, English poet,d.l81 1. 

Grain. No. of qrs. of all kinds im- 
ported into Great Britain in 1831, 
5,972,338/. 
Grainger, Dr. J., b. 1723, d. 1767. 



Grammarians, the first regular ones, 

flourished B. C. 276. 
Grammatica, Antiveduto, an Italian 

historic painter, b. 1571, d. 1626. 
Grammont, Count de, d. 1707. 
Granacci, Fran., a Florentine historic 

painter, b. 1477> d. 1544. 
Granada Island, settled bv France, 

1652. 

Grand Cairo bt. by the Saracens, 969. 

Grandi, an Italian historic painter, b. 
1491, d. 1531. 

Grandier, burnt in France, for witch- 
craft. 1634. 

Granger, Rev. Mr., died suddenly as 
he was administering: the sacra- 
ment, 14th April, 1776. 

Grapes brought to England, and 
planted at Blackball in Suffolk, 
1552 ; cultivated in Flanders, 
1276. 

Grati, Giov. Bat., a Bolognese his- 
torical painter, b. 1681, d. 1758. 

Gratian flourished 1151. 

Grattan, Henry, celebrated Irish ora- 
tor and statesman, b. 1750, d. and 
interred in Westminster Abbev, 
1820. 

Gravelines founded 1160 ; 3000 peo- 
ple killed at, by the explosion of 
a magazine, 1654. 

Graves, R., dean of Ardagh, d. 1829. 

Graves, Rev. Richard, author of the 
"Spiritual Quixote," 1 d. 23rd Nov. 
1804, aged 90. 

Gravesend erected to protect the river 
Thames, 1513 ; fire at, broke out 
in the Horn stable, when five half- 
barrels of gunpowder blew up and 
occasioned much injury, 4th Nov., 
1798; new pier at, injured by a 
mob, 22nd Jan., 1833 ; opened to 
the public, 30th July, 1834. 

Gravesande, W. J., b. 1*688, d.174'2. 

Graziani, Ercole, a Bolognese histori- 
cal painter, b. 1688, d. 1765. 

Grazzini, Giov. Paolo, a painter of 
history and portraits, b. at Ferrara 
1570, d. 1632. 

Greatrakes, that healed bv stroking, 
b. in Ireland 1629, d. 1681. 

Great seal of England first used 1050. 

Great seal of England stolen from the 
lord chancellor and destroyed, 24th 
March, 1784. 



184 GRE 



G R I 



Greaves, John, English mathemati- 
cian, b. 1602, d. 1652. 

Grecian empire founded by Alexander 
331 B.C. 

Greco, an historic painter, b. in Greece 
1547, d. 1627. 

Greek first introduced into England 
1493. 

Greene, Dr. Maurice, English musi- 
cian, d. 1755. 

Green, Matthew, poet, d. 1757. 

Green, Saxon, invented, 1744. 

Green dye for cotton invented by Dr. 
R. Williams, 1777. 

Greenfield monastery built, 1131. 

Greenhill, John, an English portrait 
painter, b. 1649, killed by a fall 
.1676. 

Greenland first discovered, 1585 ; 
settled 1721-51. 

Greenock society for the encourage- 
ment of arts and sciences founded 
1812. 

Greenwich, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Greenwich Hospital, the chapel of, 
and one quadrangle of tbe whole 
building, destroyed by fire 2nd Jan., 
1779 ; began to receive 6d. per 
month from every sailor in 1695, 
and Is. from June, 1797., 

Greenwich Hospital instituted 1694 ; 
first began to receive disabled sea- 
men, 1737 ; had the Derwentwater 
estate given it, 1735; injured by a 
fire, Jan. 1779 ; chapel rebuilt and 
opened for service 20 Sept., 1789. 

Greenwood, of Boston, America, a 
painter and engraver, b. 1729, d. 
1792. 

Gregory, Nazianzen, b. 324, d. 389. 

Gregory, Nyssen, d. 396. 

Gregory, Rev. John, b. 1607, d. 1646. 

Gregorv, James, the mathematician, 
- d. 1675, aged 38. 

Gregory, Dr. John, b. 1724, d. 1773. 

Gregorian calendar first used in the 
Catholic states of Europe, 1582 : 
in most of the others, 1710 ; in 
England and in Sweden, 1752. 

Grenada, a dreadful fire there, 1775, 
when the town of St. George was 
totally destroyed ; 1 6th May, 1 7 92, 
the carenage was destroyed by fire 
to a very considerable amount. 



Grenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, 
occasioned by the blowing up of 
powder-mills, when near 3000 per- 
sons lost their lives, and all the 
adjacent buildings were nearly de- 
stroyed, 3rd Sept., 1794. 

Gresham, Sir Thos., b. 1519, d. 1580. 

Gresham College founded 1681 ; 
pulled down, 1771, and the excise 
office built on the site, 1774. 

Gresse, J. A., of London, a painter 
and engraver, b. 1741, d. 1794. 

Gretham Hospital, Durham, bt. 1220. 

Greuze, a French painter of moral and 
affecting subjects, b. 1726, d. 1805. 

Greville, Fulke, Lord Broke, b. 1554, 
killed by his servant, 30th Sept., 
1628, aged 74. 

Grew, Dr. Jf., b. 1628, d. 1711. 

Grey, Zach., English divine and his- 
torian, b. 1687, d. 1766. 

Grey, Lady Jane, her husband, Lord 
Guildford, and her father, beheaded 
12th April, 1554. 

Greyhound packet-boat, from Cork 
to Bristol, lost on the Culner Sands, 
when all on board perished, 29th 
Dec, 1815. 

Griesbach b. 1745, d. 1812. 

Griffier, John, the Old, a Dutch land- 
scape painter, b. 1645, d. 1718. 

Griffier, R., the Young, of London, a 
landscape painter, b. 1688,d.l720. 

Griffith, Mrs., author of " Letters to 
Young Married Women," b. 1731, 
d. 5th Jan., 1793. 

Grignion, R., an engraver, d. 1787. 

Grignion, Char., an engraver, d. 1810. 

Grignon, Charles, of London, a painter 
of historical and pastoral subjects, 
b. 1754, d. 1804. 

Grimaldi, a celebrated Bolognese land- 
scape painter, b. 1606, d, 1680. 

Grimaldi, Francesco, a Neapolitan 
painter, b. 1550, d. 1609. 

Grimani, Hubert, of Delft, a portrait 

painter, b. 1599, d. 1629. 
Grimm., Sam. Hen., a Swiss architec- 
tural draftsman, d. 1794. 
Grimmer, a Dutch landscape painter, 

b. 1510, d. 1546. 
Grimoux, a French historic and por- 
trait painter, b. 1688, d. 1740. 
Grimston, Sir Harbottle, law writer, 
b. about 1594, d. 1683. 



GRI 



G U I 185 



Grisoni, a Florentine painter of history 
and portraits, b. 1701, d. 1769. 

Grist mills invented in Ireland, 1214. 

Grobber, a Dutch painter of history 
and portraits, b. 1579, d, 1636. 

Grocer's Alley, in the Poultry, Lon- 
don, a fire broke out at, which de- 
stroyed several houses, reached the 
Compter, "whereupon 50 debtors 
were set free, 40 of whom returned 
again, and nine felons escaped, 27th 
Aug., 1749. 

Grocyn, William, d. 1523, aged 88. 

Grog, the sea term for rum and water, 
arose from Admiral Vernon, who 
first introduced it on board a ship. 
He was called Old Grog, from wear- 
ing a grogram coat in bad weather. 

Groningen built B.C. 433. 

Gronovius, James, b. at Dementer 
1645, d. 1716. 

Gropalio, P. M., a Genoese painter of 
history, b. 1610, d. 1672. 

Gros, Peter le, a French sculptor, b. 
1666, d. 1719. 

Gros, Jean le, a French portrait 
painter, b. 1671, d. 1745. 

Grose, Francis, an English antiquarv, 
b. 1731, d. in Ireland 1791. 

Grosseteste, Rob., b. 1175, d. 1253. 

Grosvenor Square, the centre house 
in, raffled for, tickets one guinea 
each, valued at 10,000^., 10th 
June, 1739. 

Grotius, Hugo, b. at Delft, 1583, d. 
1645. 

Ground, a spot of, at Caplow-wood, 
parish of Fawnhope, Hereford, four 
acres in extent, removed and filled 
up the adjoining road to 12 feet in 
height. A yew tree also was re- 
moved 40 yards without being 
changed from its upright position, 
4th April, 1795. 

Grove, Joseph, historical and critical 
writer, d. 1764. 

Gruter, James, the philologer, b. 
1560, d. 1627. 

Guadaloupe discovered by Columbus, 
1493 ; planted by the Frenchl635. 

Guarana, a Venetian historic painter 
and engraver, b. 1716. 

Guardian frigate miraculously pre- 
served from shipwreck on an island 
of ice, Dec, 1789; arrived at the 



Cape of Good Hope, 24th Feb., 
1790. 

Guardi, Fran., a Venetian painter of 
architecture, &c, b. 1712, d. 1793. 

Guards for the king's person first ap- 
pointed, 30th Oct., 1435; had an 
increase of pay, 1797. 

Guarini, b. 1370, d. 1460. 

Guaspre, Dughart, an artist, b. 1613, 
d. 1675. 

Guelphs, the order of knighthood, 
instituted for the kingdom of Han- 
over, 1816. 

Guercino, of Cento, a celebrated his- 
toric painter, b. 1590, d. 1666. 

Guericke, Otto de, invented the air- 
pump, 1654, b. 1602, d. 1686. 

Guevara, Juan, a Spanish painter of 
history and portraits, b. 1631, d. 
1698. 

Guicciardini, an Italian historian, b. 
1482, d. 1540, aged 58. 

Guidi, Alessandro, b. 1650, d. 1712. 

Guido Reni, a memorable painter of 
history and portraits, b. at Bologna 
1574, d. 1642. 

Guidobono, of Savona, a painter of 
animals, fruit, &c, b.1654, d.1709. 

Guidotti, an Italian painter and sculp- 
tor, b. 1569, d. 1629. 

Guildhall, London, built 1416; coun- 
cil chamber, 1425; the front and 
porch, 1431 ; burnt 1666 ; rebuilt 
1669; beautified 1762; front re- 
built, 1789. 

Guildhall, London, entertainment 
given at, to the Duke of Welling- 
ton, 9th July, 1814 ; a banquet at, 
to the allied sovereigns of Russia, 
Prussia, and many illustriousguests, 
18th June, 1814. 

Guillim, John, heraldic writer, d. 
1621, aged 56. 

Guilford tower fell down, 24th April 
1740 ; castle built before 1036. 

Guineas were first coined, 1673, from 
gold brought from the coast of 
Guinea; worth 30s. 1696; reduced 
by parliament from 22s. to 21s., 
1717 ; called in, 1776. 

Guinea, the first slave-trade on this 
coast by the English was opened 
by John Hawkins, assisted by a 
subscription of sundry English gen- 
tlemen. He sailed from England 



186 GUI 



HAC 



with three ships, purchased negroes, 
sold them at Hispaniola, and re- 
turned home richly laden with 
hides, sugar, and ginger, 1563. 

Guiixo, a Spanish painter of history, 
b. 1630, d. 1700. 

Guise, Duke of, murdered, 1558. 

Guisoni, an Italian painter of history, 
d. 1590. 

Gun, son of a, most probably from 
Gong, an old word for the temple 
of Cloacina; of course it implies 
bastard, or born in a necessaiy. 

Gunpowder invented by Schwartz, a 
German, 1330 ; first made in Eng- 
land,14l8; first used inSpain, 1344. 

Gunpowder Plot discov., 5 Nov.1605. 

Gunpowder-mills, one at Feversham 
blew up, by which five men and 
two horses were killed, 16th Jan., 

1810. One at Dartford blew up, 
by which two persons lost their 
lives, 24th Sept., 1810. One at 
Waltham Abbey, by which seven 
men lost their lives, 27th Nov., 

1811. One at Hounslow, by which 
two men were severely hurt, 4th 
July, 1812. Two at Hounslow, by 
which three men were killed, 21st 
Aug., 1813. One at Battle, by 
which three men were blown to 
atoms, Sept., 1814. 

Guns, great, invented, 1 330 ; used 
by the Moors at the siege of Alge- 
siras in Spain, 1344 ; used at the 
battle of Cressyin 1346, when Ed- 
ward had four pieces of cannon, 
which gained him the battle ; they 
were used at the siege of Calais in 



1347 ; in Denmark, 1354 ; at sea, 
by Venice against Genoa, 1377 * 
first used in Spain, 1406 ; first 
made in England of iron, 1547 ; 
of brass, 1635; invented to shoot 
whales, 1731 ; first used in Eng- 
land at the siege of Berwick, 1405; 
bombs and mortars invented, 1634 ; 
first used by the Catholic mission- 
aries in China, 1636. 

Gunter, Rev. Edm., the mathemati- 
cian, b. 1581, d. 1626. 

Gurney, William, the short-hand 
writer, d. 1770. 

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 
killed in battle, 6th Nov., 1632. 

Gustavus III., King of Sweden, shot 
at a masquerade by Count Anker- 
stroem, 29th March, 1792. 

Gustavus Vasa d. 1560, aged 70. 

Gutch, Rev. John, an English anti- 
quary, b. 1745, d. 1831. 

Guthrie, Mr. W., b. 1708, d. 1770. 

Guttenberg, John, one of the candid- 
dates for the invention of printing 
at Mentz in Germany, d. 1467. 

Guy, Tho., bookseller, d. 27th Dec, 
1724, aged 79, and left 200,000/. 
for maintaining his hospital. 

Guy's Hospital, Southwark, bt. 1721. 

Guyard, Adelaide Labille, a French 
painter of portraits in miniature, 
b. 1749, d. 1803. 

Guyon, Marv, French quietist, b. 
1648, d. 1717. 

Guyton de Morveau, L. B., b. 1737, 
d. 1815. 

Guyzen, Peter, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1636. 



H. 



HaANSBERGEN, of Utrecht, a 
landscape painter, b.1642, d. 1705. 

Habakkuk, the prophet, fl. B.C. 731. 

Habeas corpus act passed, 1641, and 
27th May, 1679; suspended in 
1715, for six months; 1716, for 
six months; 1722, for twelve 
months; 1744, for six months; 
1779, for six months; 1794, 1795, 
1798, 1799, and 1800, for nine 
months; in 1801, for six weeks; 
again in 1808, in consequence of 



the rebellion ; suspended in conse- 
quence of the report of the green- 
bag committee, 3rd March, 1817, 
the suspension to continue to 1st 
July ; was renewed a few days pre- 
vious to the expiration of that pe- 
riod. ' 

Habeas corpus, writs of, made issuable 
in vacation, and returnable imme- 
diately, 1814. 

Hackaert, John, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1636, d. 1699. 



H AC 



HAM 



187 



Hackert, James Philip, a Prussian 
painter of landscapes, b. 1734, d. 
1794. 

Hackert, John, a German painter of 
animals, flourished 1773. 

Hacket, William, the fanatic, hanged 
28th July, 1592. 

Hackney, Alice, the remains of, who 
had been 175 years buried, were 
accidentally dug up in the church 
of St. Mary Hill, London, when 
the skin was found whole, and the 
arm -joints pliable, 1494. 

Hackney coaches first used in Lon- 
don, twenty in number, 1625. 
Their increase prohibited by Charles 
I., 1635: established by act of 
parliament, 24th June, 1694; re- 
gulated 1784, 1786, 1800, 1802, 
1808, 1814. 1815. 

Hackney Coach office, Surrey-street, 
Strand, London, burnt down, 1770; 
removed to Somerset-place, 1782. 

H C;-le. Essex, built 1 3 6 . 

Hadnam, Oxfordshire, 60 houses at, 
burnt down, 5th April, 1760. 

Haerlem, Dirk Tan, a Dutch painter 
of history, b. 1410, d. 1470. 

Hagen, John Tan, a Dutch landscape 
painter, flourished 1662. 

Haggai, the prophet, fl. B. C. 520. 

Hagmon Priory, Salop, built 1100. 

Haid, John Jacob, a German portrait 
painter, b. 1703. 

Hail-storm, a dreadful one in the 
Haymarket, and two or three ad- 
joining streets, without the least 
appearance of hail in the rest of 
London ; a fire-ball fell in Oxen- 
don-street, which tore up the pave- 
ment, 9 th June, 1803. 

Haines, J., the comedian, flourished 
1700, d. 1701. 

Hainzelmann, a German portrait 
painter and engraver, b. 1641 . 

Hair powder in general use, 1590; 
tax laid on, 1795. 

Hakewell, John, an English landscape 
painter, d. 1791. 

Hakluyt, Richard, historian and geo- 
grapher, b. 1553, d. 1616. 

Hal. Nicholas Van, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1668, d. 1738. 

Halde, J. B. Du, historian, b. 1674, 
d. 1743. 



Hale, Sir Matthew, b. 1609, d. 25th 
Dec, 1676. 

Hales, Judge, committed to the 
Marshalsea, 1553; he was after- 
wards removed to the Compter 
and the Fleet, where he attempted, 
suicide. On being set at liberty 
some time after, he drowned him- 
self. 

Hales, Rev. Stephen, b. 1677, d. 4th 

June, 1761. 
Hales, Rev., chronologist, d. 1826. 
! Hales Abbey, Gloucestershire, built 
1246. 

Hales-Owen Abbev, Shropshire, built 
1215. 

( Halifax, England, erected into a 

borough, 1832. 
I Hall, an English engraver, d. 1797. 
I Hall, Sidnev, an English engraver, d. 

1832. 

I Hall, John, English surgeon, b. 1529. 
Hall, John, an English poet, b. 1627, 
d. 1656. 

Hall, Joseph, an English prelate, 

bishop of Norwich, b. 1574, d.1656. 
Hall, Rev. Robert, an eminent and 

learned English divine, b. 1763, 

d. 21st Feb., 1831. 
Hallelujah and Amen first introduced 

by Haggai, the prophet, B.C. 584. 
Halle, Claude Gui, a French historic 

painter, b. 1651, d. 1736. 
Haller, Dr., of Beme, b. 16th Oct., 

1708, d. 12th Dec, 1777. 
Hallev, Dr. Edmund, astronomer, b. 

1656, d. 1742. 
Hailing House, Kent, built 1183. 
Halloran, Rev. Hynes, an eminent 

Irish scholar, poet, and divine, 

chaplain in the Britannia at the 

battle of Trafalgar, transported for 
j seven years, for forging a frank, 

value lOcL d. in N. S. Wales, 8th 

March, 1831. 
Halo, a remarkable one encircling the 

moon, 16th Aug., 1807. 
Hals, Franck, of Mechlin, a portrait 

painter, b. 1584, d. 1666. 
Hals, Dirk, of Mechlin, a painter of 

animals, and general subjects, b. 

1589, d. 1656. 
Haman, hanged by order of Ahasue- 

rus, B. C. 509. " 
Hamburgh founded, 804; walled, 



188 



HAM 



HAN 



811; disfranchised, and incorpo- 
rated with France, Jan., 1810 ; 
restored to independence by the 
allied sovereigns, 1814. 

Ham el, John Bapt. du, a French 
writer, b. 1624, d. 1706. 

Hamel, da Monceau, naturalist, b. 
1700, d. 1782. 

Hamilton, duke of, and others, exe- 
cuted, 1649. 

Hamilton, duke of, and lord Mohun, 
killed in a duel in Hyde-park, loth 
Nov., 1712. 

Hamilton, count Anthonv, b. 1646, 
d. 1720. 

Hamilton, William, of Bangour, b. 

1704, d. 1754. 
Hamilton, William Gerard, b. 1729, 

d. 1796. 

Hamilton, Sir William, K. B., am- 
bassador to the court of Naples, b. 
1730, d. 6th April, 1803. 

Hamilton, Mrs. Elizabeth, writer of 
several works on moral and religious 
instruction, b. 1758, d. 23rd Julv, 
1816. 

Hamilton, Gavin, a Scottish historic 
painter, d. 1797. 

Hamilton, William, of Chelsea, an 
historic painter, b. 1750, d. 1801. 

Hammersmith Ghost, affair of, 1 804. 

Hammersmith Suspension Bridge, 
commenced in 1 825 ; completed in 
1828. The chains stretching from 
the shore piers support a road-way 
of 688 feet 8 inches in length, ex- 
ceeding that of Menai Bridge by 
135 feet. 

Hammet, Sir Benj., fined 1000/. 
by the Court of Common Council, 
for refusing to serve the office of 
Lord Mayor of London, 13th Oct., 
1797. 

Hammond, Rev. Dr. Henrv, b. 1605, 
d. 1660. 

Hampden, John, called the Patriot, b. 
1594, wounded on the 18th. and 
d. 24th June, 1643. 

Hampton, manufactory and dwelling- 
house of Mr.Browning at, destroyed 
by fire, when Mr. and Mrs. Brown- 
ing perished in the flames, 9th 
June, 1814. 

Hampton Court Palace, built June 
18, 1525, by Wolsey, who gave it 



to King Henry YI1I. ; bridge be- 
gun, 1750. 
Hampton, the translator of Polybius, 
d. 1778. 

Hand-fisting, an ancient custom at 
Langholme, as a substitute for 
marriage, by j oining of hands, which 
lasted for a year ; when, if the par- 
ties were agreeable, it was renewed. 
The children were kept by the in- 
constant. 

Handel, grand commemoration of, at 
Westminster Abbey, 1784; there 
were 600 performers, and the re- 
ceipts amounted to 12,746/. 

Handel, George Frederick, d. 12th 
April, 1759, aged 74. 

Handkerchiefs first manufactured at 
Paisley in Scotland, 1743, when 
15,886/. worth were made ; in 1784 
the manufacture yielded 164,385/. 

Hannan, a Scotch landscape painter, 
d. 1775. 

Hanneman, A, a Dutch painter of 
history, portraits, and allegory, b. 
1611,'d. 1680. 

Hannibal d. 183 B.C. 

Hanno flourished 453 B.C. 

Hanover, hitherto but a village, 
walled, 1556 ; obtained the privi- 
leges of a city, 1578 ; made the 
ninth electorate, 1692 ; annexed to 
Westphalia by Buonaparte, 18th 
March, 1810 ; regained to Eng- 
land, 6th Nov., 1813 ; principality 
of Hildesheim annexed to it, 1813; 
erected into a kingdom, 1814; as- 
sembly of the states of the new 
kingdom opened by the Duke of 
Cambridge, loth ' Dec, 1814; 
East Friesland and Harlingen added 
to it, 1815 ; Duke of Cambridge 
appointed lieutenant-governor of, 
Nov., 1816. 

Hanoverian troops first arrived in 
England, 1756. 

Hanoverian succession established by 
law, 1701. 

Hanway, Jonas, a charitable charac- 
ter, the introducer of the umbrella 
into England, b. 12th Aug., 1712, 
d. 5th Sept., 1786. 

Hanworth-park House, the seat of 
the Duke of St. Albans, burnt 
down, 16th March, 1797. 



HAR 



HAT 189 



Harconrt, earl of, drowned in a well 

in Oxfordshire, Sept., 1777. 
Hardime, Peter, a Dutch painter of 

fruit and flowers, b. 1678, d. 1748. 
Hardime, Simon, a Flemish painter 

of fruit and flowers, h. 1672, d. 

1737. 

Harding, John, chronologer, d. 1461. 

Hardinge, Nich., English poet, b. 
1700, d. 1758. 

Hardinge, George, b. 1744, d. 1816. 

Hardouin, Father, b. 1647, d. 1729. 

Harlech Castle, Merionethshire, built 
by the ancient Britons ; rebuilt, 
876 ; re-edified by Edward I. 

Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, b. 
1661 ; stabbed at the council board, 
8th March, 1710, d. 1724. 

Harling, D., a Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1636, d. 1706. 

Harlots or prostitutes obliged to wear 
striped hoods of party colours, and 
their garments with the wrong side 
outwards, 27 Edward III., 1347. 

Harlow, G. H., an eminent English 
painter of history and portraits, b. 
1787, d. 1819. 

Harmonica, or musical glasses, im- 
proved by Dr. Franklin, 1760; 
introduced into France, 1765. 

Harmony town, in Pennsylvania, 
founded by a number of German 
families, styling themselves the 
Harmony Society, who emigrated 
in Dec, 1804. 

Harmony, New, in Indiana, purchased 
by Robert Owen in 1825 for the 
establishment of a " social system," 
broken up in 1 826. 

Harpe, Fred., d. at Fish-hill, Cum- 
berland, in Feb., 1792, aged 120. 

Harpe, J. F. la, b. 1739, d. 1803. 

Harpooner transport, from Quebec, 
with invalids and other troops, 
foundered on the coast of New- 
foundland, and more than half the 
persons on board perished, 10th 
Nov., 1816. 

Harrington, Sir John, English poet, 
b. 1561, d. 1612. 

Hariington, James, b. 1611, d. 1677. 

Harrington, Dr. Henry, b. 1729, d. 
1816. 

Harriot, Thomas, algebraist, b. 1560, 
d. 1621. 



Harris, Josiah, writer on coins, d. 
1764. 

Harris, James, the celebrated writer, 
b. 1709, d. 21st Dec, 1780. 

Harris, earl of Malmesbury, b. 1746, 
d. 1820. 

Harrison, Mr. John, inventor of the 
time-keeper for discovering the 
longitude, d. 24th March, 1776, 
aged 84. 

Harrowgate, mineral spring at, dis- 
covered, 1571. 

Hart, Sir Anthony, Lord Chancellor 
of Ireland, b. 1767, d. 1831, 

Hartcamp. See Smits. 

Harte, Rev. W., b. about 1697, d. 
1774. 

Hartlebury Castle, Worcestershire, 
built, 1268. 

Hartley, David, English physician and 
philosopher, d. 1757, aged 53. 

Hartley, David, son of the preceding, 
first mover in the house of com- 
mons for the abolition of the slave 
trade, d. 19th Dec, 1813. 

Hartzoecker, of Utrecht, painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b.1696, d. 1740. 

Harvey, Dr. William, discoverer of 
the circulation of the blood, b. 
1569, d. 1658. 

Harwood Nunnery, Bedfordshire, bt. 
1150. 

Haslewood, Joseph, a distinguished 
literary character, b. 1769, d. 1833. 

Hastings, Lord, put to death in the 
Tower, 13th June, 1483. 

Hastings, Warren, governor-general of 
India, tried by the peers of Great 
Britain for high crimes and misde- 
meanors ; his trial lasted seven 
years and three months, and ended 
in his acquittal, 25th April, 1795 ; 
b. 1733, d. 1818. 

Hastings, battle of, 15th Oct. 1066 ; 
town of, destroyed by fire, 1377 ; 
castle built, 1070. 

Hats invented at Paris, 1404; first 
made in London, 1510. 

Hat-tax levied, 1st Oct., 1784; 
stamps for ditto, 1796; repealed, 
1811. 

Hatton, Sir Christopher, made Lord 
Chancellor, in 1587, being the first 
that was neither priest nor lawyer 
who held the office, d. 1591. 



190 HAU 



HEE 



Haugmond Abbey, Shropshire, built, 
1110. 

Hauser, Gaspar, Haarlem, murdered 

14th Dec, 1833. 
Havannah, hurricane at, -when seventy 

vessels were wrecked, 23rd Sept., 

1810. 

Havard College, New England, built, 
1650 ; burnt down and rebuilt. 
1764. 

Havard, "William, English actor and 

dramatic writer, d. 1778. 
Haverfordwest Castle bit, about 1700. 
Havre de Grace, in France, built and 

fortified, 1545. 
Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, built, 

1260; demolished, 1643. 
Hawes, Stephen, the poet, fl. 1506. 
Hawke, Lord, admiral, b. 1713, d. 

1781. 

Hawkers and pedlars licensed, 24th 

June, 1697; restrained, 1785; 

new act for, 1810. 
Hawkesworth, Dr. John, d. 17th 

Nov., 1773, aged 53. 
Havdrins, Sir John, English admiral, 

b. about 1520, d. 1595. 
Hawkins, Sir Richard, the navigator, 

d. 1622. 

Haworth, A. H., a voluminous Eng- 
lish botanical and entomological 
writer, d. 24th Aug., 1833. 

Haxey, in Asholme, Lincolnshire, 56 
houses at, valued at 10,000/., burnt 
4th March, 1743-4. 

Hav, William, poet and miscellaneous 
writer, b. 1700, d. 1755. 

Havdn, Joseph, b. 31st March, 1732, 
d. 31st May, 1809. 

Have, Sieur de la, d. 2nd Feb., 1774, 
aged 120. 

Hayes, Catherine, hanged for the 
murder of her husband, 20th Apr., 
1726. 

Haves, Charles, English mathemati- 
cian, b. 1678, d. 1760. 

Hayley, William, b. 1745, d. 1820. 

Hayls,' John, an English portrait 
painter, d. 1679. 

Hayman, Franc, an English historic 
painter, b. 1708, d. 1776. 

Havward, Sir John, the historian, d. 
June, 1627. 

Haywood, Mr. Justice, stabbed in 
Westminster Hall by a papist, 1640. 



Hazlitt, William, an able British cri- 
tic and miscellaneous writer, d. 
18th Sept., 1830, 

Head, Guy, an English portrait 
painter, d. 1800. 

Head, Ricbard, cast away at sea, 1678. 

Healths, the custom of drinking them 
in fashion so early as 1134 B.C. 
Some sav thev arose from Rowena, 
the daughter of Hengist, drinking 
prince Vortigern's health in a gold 
cup, at an entertainment, about 
460, in conformity to the Scripture 
compliment, — " O king, live for 
ever ! " 

Heame, Thomas, an English land- 
scape painter, b. 1744, d. 1817. 

Hearne, Thomas, learned writer, b. 
1678, d. 1735. 

Hearth money, a tax on every hearth 
or chimney-place, levied on every 
house in England, 2nd Anne, 13 
Charles II. 1662; abolished by 
William and Mary, 1689. 

Heath, James, English chronological 
historian, b. 1629, d. 1664. 

Heath, engraver, d. 1834. 

Heathfield, Lord, hero of Gibraltar, 
d. 6th July, 1790, aged 72. 

Heberden, Dr. William, d. 17th 
May, 1801, aged 91. 

Hebrew points first introduced in 
reading, 475. 

Heck, John Van, a Dutch painter of 
fruit and flowers, b. 1625, d. 1669. 

Heck, Nicholas Van, a Dutch his- 
torical painter, b. 1580, d. 1638. 

Heck, M. H. Vander, fl. 1620. 

Heckell, G. Van, a Dutch painter, 
flourished 1670. 

Hector, son of Priam, bravest of the 
princes of Troy, slain 1184 B. C. 

Hedwig, John, b. 1730, d. 1799. 

Heede, Vigor, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1659, d. 1708. 

Heede, William, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1660, d. 1728. 

Heem, J. David de, a Dutch painter 
of fruits and flowers, b. 1600, d. 
1674. 

Heem, Cornelius, a Dutch painter of 
fruits, &c, b. 1623. 

Heere, Lucas de, of Ghent, a land- 
scape, history, and portrait painter, 
b. 1534, d. 1584. 



HEE 



HEN 191 



Heeren, Arnold Hermaan Lewis, 
historian, b. 25th Oct., 1760. 

Hefele, landscape painter, fl. in the 
reigns of William III. and queen 
Anne. 

Hegira, or flight of Mahomet from 
Mecca to Medina, 16th July, A.D. 
662. 

Heiddegger, J. J., the famous hu- 
morist, d. 1742, aged 90. 

Heidelburg, great tun built in the 
cellar of the castle at, 1343. 

Heights of mountains. See Moun- 
tains, heights of. 

Heil, Daniel Van, a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1604, d. 1662. 

Heil, J. B. Van, a Dutch painter of 
sacred subjects, b. 1609. 

Heil, Leon. Van, of Brussels, painter, 
architect, and engraver, b. 1603. 

Heinecken, Christian, tbe learned 
prodigy of Lubeck, who was master 
of several languages at four years 
old, when he died, 1725. 

Heinsius, Daniel, b. 1580, d. 1655. 

Heinsius, Nicholas, b. 1620, d. 1681. 

Heins, an English portrait painter, 
b. 1740, d. 1770/ 

Heiss, Chris. Elias, a German portrait 
painter and engraver, b. 1670. 

Heister, Laur. anatomist, b. 1683, 
d. 1758. 

Helen, rape of, by Paris, 1198 B. C. 
Helena, St., isle of, discovered 1502 ; 

possessed by England, 1600; 

settled by the English, 1651. 
Heliodorus, fl. in the fourth century. 
Helioscope, a telescope which reflects 

the image of the sun on a plane 

surface, invented 1625. 
Hell-fire clubs suppressed by order of 

council, 29th April, 1729. 
Helmbreker, Theo., a Dutch painter 

of history and landscape, b. 1624, 

d. 1694. 

Helmus, John Frederic, a Dutch 

poet, b. at Amsterdam, 1767, d. 

26th Feb. 1813. 
Helmont, Mat. Von, a Dutch painter, 

b. 1653, d. 1719. 
Helmont, Segres James Van, a 

Flemish historic painter, b. 1683, 

d. 1726. 

Helmont J. Bap. Van, philosopher 
and chemist, b. 1577, d. 1644. 



Heist, Bar. Vander, a Dutch portrait 
painter, b. 1613, d. 1670. 

Helvetius, the learned author, b. 
1715, d. 1771. 

Helvicus, d. 1617, aged 36. 

Hemmelinck, a Dutch painter of 
history, b. 1450. 

Hemmessen, a Flemish historic 
painter, flourished 1550. 

Hemp and flax directed to be sown 
for making fishing nets, 1533. 

Hemp and flax first planted in Eng- 
land, 1533. There are 180,0001bs. 
of rough hemp used in the cordage 
and sails of a first rate man of 
war. In 1783, the nation paid 
1,535/. to encourage its cultiva- 
tion. In 1784, 2,165/. were 
paid, and in 1785, there was 
2,396/. paid. Hemp manufactured 
from common bean straw, disco- 
vered by tbe Rev. J. Hall, 1807. 

Hemskerck, Martin, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1498, d. 1574. 

Hemskerck, E., the Old, a Dutch 
painter of festivities, &c, b. 1610, 
d. 1680. 

Hemskerck, Egbert, the Young, a 
Dutch painter of witches, devils, 
spectres, and rustic festivities, b. 
1645, d. 1704. 

Henault, French historian, b. 1685, 
d. 1774. 

Henderson, hanged for murdering 

Mrs. Dalrymple, 25th March, 1746. 
Henderson, John, eminent English 

actor, d. 1785, aged 38. 
Henley, John, b. 1692, commenced 

orator, 10th July, 1726, d. 14th 

Oct. 1756. 
Hennis, Peter, M.D., killed in a duel 

by Sir John Jephcott, at Exeter, 

18th May, 1833. 
Henriet, Israel, a French landscape 

painter and engraver, b. 1607, d. 

1661. 

Henry II. held the stirrup of Pope 
Alexander to mount his horse, 
1161, and the same for Becket. 

Henry, Dr. Robert, historian, d. 24th 
Nov., 1790, aged 72. 

Henry III. of France, murdered by a 
monk, 1st Aug., 1589. 

Henry IV. of France, killed by Ra- 
vaillic, 14th May, 1610. 



192 



HEN 



HEY 



Henry, Matt., English dissenting 

writer, b. 1662, d. 1714. 
Henry Vllth's chapel, "Westminster 

Abbey, began to be built, 11th 

Jan., 1502, finished 1504. 
Hephestion, the Macedonian general, 

d. B.C. 325. 
Heptarchy, the Saxon, commenced 

in England, 455 ; ended, 824. 
Herald's College, instituted 1340 ; 

house built, 1670. 
Heraldry had its rise, 1100. 
Heraldic lines for colours in coats of 

arms, invented 1639. 
Herbelot, Bath de, French writer, 

b. 1625, d. 1695. 
Herbert, Lord Edward, b. 1 581, d. 

1648. 

Herbert, Rev. George, the poet, b. 
1593, d. 1632. 

Herculaneum, the ancient city of, 
discovered, 1730, whicR had been 
buried in the lava of an eruption 
of Mount Vesuvius, 1st Nov., 
A. D. 72 ; suffered by an earth- 
quake, 5th Feb., 63 ; 150 vols, of 
MSS. found there in a chest, Dec, 
1754. 

Herder, a Dutch painter of history, 
b. 1550, d. 1609. 

Hereford Cathedral, built 1107; 
nearly destroyed by the falling of 
the tower, 10th Sept., 1786. 

Heretics, thirty, who came from Ger- 
many to England, to propagate 
their opinions, were branded in 
the forehead, publicly whipped, 
and left naked in the streets, in 
mid winter, when none daring to 
relieve them, they died of cold 
and hunger, 1160; law against 
them repealed, 1534. 

Heriot, John, an English writer of 
some eminence, b. 1760, d. 
1833. 

Heritable jurisdictions in Scotland 

abolished in the year 1747; valued 

at 164,232/. 16*. 
Hero, of 74 guns, lost off the Texel 

with the whole of her crew, 24th 

Dec, 1811. 
Herod reigned in Judea, 55 B.C. ; put 

his wife Mariamne to death, and his 

mother-in-law Alexaudria,28 B.C. ; 

his two sons put to death by order 



of the Jewish council, six years 

B. C. ; d. 25th Nov., A. D. 4. 
Herodotus, b. 484, d. 413 B. C. 
Herodian, historian, d. about 240. 
Herregouts, Henry, of Mechlin, an 

historical painter, b. 1666, d. 1724. 
Herregouts, John Bap., a Dutch 

historical painter, b. 1700. 
Herrera, Hernando de, el Divino, a 

celebrated Spanish poet, flourished 

in the 16th century. 
Herrera, Francesco de, the Elder, a 

Spanish historical painter, b. 1576, 

d. 1656. 

Herrera, Fran., a Spanish painter of 
history and flowers, b. 1622, d. 
1685. 

Herrera, Don Seb. de, a Spanish 

painter of portrait and history, b. 

1610, d. 1671. 
Herring fishery, first practised by the 

Hollanders, 1164. 
Herring pickling and curing first 

practised, 1397. 
Herring statute passed, 1357; fishery 

permanently established, 2nd Sept., 

1750. 

Herring, Thomas, Abp. of Canter- 
bury, b. 1691, d. 1757. 

Herschell, Sir W., astronomer, d. 
1822, aged 87. 

Hertford College, Oxford, founded 
1740. 

Hertzberg, Count, b. 1725, d. 1795. 
Hervey, James, English divine and 

poet, b. 1714, d. 1758. 
Hervey, J., Lord, b. 1696, d. 1743. 
Hervey, Beauchamp Bagnal, put to 

death for treason, 1798. 
Hesiod, flourished B. C. 944. 
Hetherington, Rev. W., d. 2nd Dec. , 

1778, who left 20,000/. as a fund 

for the relief of 50 blind persons, 

each with 10Z. annually. 
Heusch, W. de, a Dutch painter of 

landscapes, hunting scenes, rustic 

amusements, &c.,b. 1638, d. 1702. 
Heusch, Jacob de, a Dutch landscape 

painter, b. 1657, d. 1701. 
Heusch, Ab. de, a Dutch painter of 

plants, insects, &c, b. 1650, d. 

1712. 

Heuvick, Gaspard, a Flemish historic 

painter, b. 1550, d. 1611. 
Hever Castle, Kent, built 1340. 



HEW 



HOE 193 



Hewson, William, eminent anatomist, 

b. 1739, d. 1774. 
Hey, Dr. John, author of Theological 

Lectures, d. 17th March, 1815. 
Heyden, John Vander, Dutch archi- 
tectural painter, b. 1637, d. 1712. 
Heylin, Peter, English writer, b. 

1600, d. 1662. 
Heyne, Christian Gottlob, died at 

Gottingen, in the 83rd year of his 

age, July, 1812. 
Heywood, John, dramatic poet, d. 

1565. 

Heywoodj Thomas, flourished 1596. 

Hicks' Hall, Smithfield, London, bit. 
1612; pulled down, 1782. 

Hicks' Hall, Clerkenwell, founda- 
tion laid, 20th May, 1779; finished, 
1782. 

Hicks, William, left 300/. per ann. 

to the marine society, d. 1763. 
Hickes, Rev. Dr. George, b. 1642, 

d. 1715. 

Hidalgo, J. G., a Spanish writer and 

painter, b. 1656. 
Higgins, Godfrey, author of Celtic 

Druids, b. 1771, d. 1833. 
Higgons, Bevil, dramatic poet and 

historian, b. 1670, d. 1735. 
High Constable of England, the title 

discontinued, except on particular 

occasions, 1521. 
Higham-Ferrars College, Northamp- 
tonshire, built 1422. . 
Highgate Archway, first stone of, 

laid, 31st Oct., 1812; completed, 

1813 ; opened, 20th Aug., 1813. 
Highland society for agriculture, 

instituted, Feb. 1785. 
Highland dress, forbidden by law in 

Scotland, Aug. 1746 ; restored, 

1782. 

Highmore, Joseph, an English painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1692, 
d. 1780. 

High-treason, act respecting, passed, 
1690; amended, 1795. 

Highwaymen, an act respecting, 
passed, 1693. 

Highways, the first act passed in 
England to repair them, 1525. 

Hildesheim founded 818. 

Hill, Rev. Rowland, an eminent Eng- 
lish divine, b. 1745, d. 11th April, 
1833. 



Hill, Aaron, b. 1685, d. 8th Feb., 
1750. 

Hill, Sir John, the botanist, b. about 
1715, d. 22nd Nov., 1775. 

Hilliard, Nicholas, an English portrait 
painter, b. 1547. 

Hinchinbrook Priory, Huntingdon- 
shire, built, 1074. 

Hindon, in Wilts, 150 houses at, de- 
stroyed by a fire, 2nd July, 1754. 

Hindostan, East Indiaman, lost in a 
storm, 1803. 

Hipparchus flourished between 160 
and 125 B.C. 

Hippocrates d. 361 B.C., aged 98. 

Hiram, of Tyre, d. B.C. 900. 

Hire, Lau. de la, a French landscape 
painter, b. 1606, d. 1656. 

Hire, Phil, de la, a Parisian painter, 
b. 1677, d. 1719. 

Hitchin, Herts, twenty houses at, 
destroyed by a fire, 11th Sept., 
1762. 

Hoadley, Bishop of Winchester, b. 

1676, d. 1761. 
Hoadley, Benjamin, eminent English 

author, b. 1706, d. 1757. 
Hoare, W., an English painter of 

history and portraits, b. 1707, d. 

1792. 

Hohbima, of Haerlem, an eminent 
landscape painter, b. 1629, d. 1699. 

Hobbes, Thomas, English writer, b. 
1588, d. 1679. 

Hobson's choice, " This or none," 
is derived from one Hobson, who 
let out horses at Cambridge, and 
obliged such as wanted one to take 
that next the stable door, being the 
one which had had most rest. 

Hoccleve b. about 1370, d. 1454. 

Hocus Pocus, derived from hoc est 
corpus^ the form of consecrating 
the sacramental bread in the Rom- 
ish church. 

Hodges, W., a London painter and 
companion of Captain Cook, b. 
1744, d. 1797. 

Hodgson, John, English antiquary 
and scholar, d. 1760. 

Hoeck, John Van, a Dutch history and 
portrait painter, b. 1600, d. 1650. 

Hoeck, Rob. Van, a Dutch painter 
of battle pieces, &c, b. 1609, d. 
1668. 



194 HOE 



HOL 



Hoefnagel, a Dutch painter of ani- 
mals, &c, and an engraver, b. 
1546, d. 1600. 

Hoet, Ger., of Bommel, an admired 
painter, b. 1648, d. 1733. 

Hoey, Jobn de, a Dutch historical 
painter, b. 1545, d. 1615. 

Hoffer, Andrew^ a brave Tyrolese, 
shot for his resistance to the French 
20th Feb., 1810. 

Hofman, Sam., a Swiss painter of 
portraits and historv, b. 1589, d. 
1648. 

Hogarth, William, a celebrated Eng- 
lish painter and engraver, b. in 
London 1697, d. 1764. 

Holbein, Hans, of Basil, an eminent 
painter of history and portraits, b. 
1498, d. of plague, 1554. 

Holborn first paved, 1417. 

Holborn Bars first set up in the city 
of London, 1346. 

Holcroft, Thomas, b. 22nd Dec, 
1744, d. 23rd March, 1809, having 
without education arrived at consi- 
derable eminence as a dramatic 
■writer and novelist. 

Holdsworth, Edward, English poet 
and critic, b. 1688, d. 1747. 

Hole, Rev. Richard, epic poet, d. 
28th May, 1803. 

Holland, originally part of the terri- 
tory of the Belgse, conquered by 
the Romans, 47 B.C. A sove- 
reignty founded by Thierry, first 
count of Holland, A.D. 868 ; con- 
tinued till 1417, when it passed by 
surrender to the Duke of Bur- 
gundy, A.D. 1534. Being op- 
pressed by the Bishop of Utrecht, 
the people ceded the country to 
Spain. The Spanish tyranny being 
insupportable, they revolted and 
formed the' republic, now called 
the United Provinces, by the union 
of Utrecht, 1579. The office of 
stadtholder, or captain-general of 
the United Provinces, made here- 
ditary in the Prince of Orange's 
family, not excepting females, 1747. 
Admitted the independence of 
America, 3rd Oct., 1782. A re- 
volt formed, but prevented by the 
Prussians, 1787. Invaded by the 
French, in 1793, who took posses- 



sion of it, Jan., 1795, and expelled 
the stadtholder. Erected into a 
kingdom by the command of Buo- 
naparte, and the title of king given 
to his brother Louis, 5th June, 
1806. The throne abdicated by 
Louis, 1st July, 1810. United to 
France by a decree of Buonaparte, 
9th July, 1810. Restored to the 
house of Holland, and Belgium 
annexed to it, Nov., 1813. The 
latter separated from it, 1830. 
Holland Priorv, Lancashire, founded, 
1309. 

Holland, C, English actor, d. 1769. 

Holland, Sir N., English painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1730, d. 1811. 

Hollanders made money of pasteboard, 
1574. 

Hollar, Wenceslaus, of Prague, an 
engraver, b. 1607, d. 1677. 

Hollinshed, the historian, d. 1580. 

Hoi] is, Mr. Thomas, of Corsecombe, 
Dorset, b. 1720, d. 22 Dec, 1773. 

Holloway, near London, the Half 
Moon and Falcon public-house rent 
from top to bottom, the chimney 
stacks thrown down, and other 
serious damage inflicted by a stroke 
of lightning, 1st Aug., 1749. 

Holm Chapel, in Cheshire, entirely 
destroyed by a fire, 10 July, 1753. 

Holm-Cultrum Abhey, Cumberland, 
built by David, King of the Scots, 
1150. 

Holmes, Dr. Robert, Dean of Win- 
chester, editor of the Pentateuch, 
b. 1749, d. 12th Nov., 1805. 

Holstein, Cornelius, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1653, d. 1691. 

Holstein delivered to Russia by the 
Danes, 16th Nov., 1775. 

Holt, Lord Chief Justice, d. 6th 
March, 1710, aged 67. ' 

Holt mineral springs first discovered, 
1728. 

Holy Ghost, order of knighthood, 
begun in France, 1468 ; restored, 
1st Jan., 1559; abolished, 1791; 
at Rome, 1798. 

Holy water used in churches, 120. 

Holy Cross Abbey, Tipperary, Ire- 
land, built, 1169. 

Holy war or Croisade, first under- 
taken, 1096. 



HO L 



HOP 



195 



Holyhead, Anglesey, church 
Holy League or alliance, a c 
between the Emperors 
and Austria and Kins of Pi 



It, 1291. j of historv and portraits, b. 1604, 
avention d. 1683. ' 

f Russia Honthorst. Ger.. a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1592, d. 1660. 



snilated Ho 



binding themselves to b 
by Christian principles in their 
political transactions : it was sign 
at Paris, 26th Sept., 1816. 
Kins of the Netherlands acce 
the alliance, 21st Jnne, 181 



i, Robin, and Little John, noted 
highwaymen, 1190. 
Hood. Visct. Adm.. b, 1724, d. 1816, 
The i Hood-s Isle, one of the Gallapagos in 
dto the Pacific Ocean, explored, June, 
1 1793. 



Holy Trinity, order of knighthood, be- ' Hcoft, Nicholas, a Dutch painter of 



gun, 1211. 
Holyday. Barten, English poet and 



portrait and historv. b. 1664, d. 
1748. 



philosophic writer, b. 1593, <L 1661. Hooge, Peter de, a Dutch painter of 
Holyoake, Francis, lexicographer, b. i interiors, conversations, dec, b. 

about 1567, d, 1653. ! 1643. d, 1708. 

Holyrood House. Edinburgh, built, j Hoogestraeten, Dirk, a Dutch painter 
1128 : repaired, 1753. of history and landscape, b. 1596, 

Home. John, a Scotchman, author of d. 1640. 

the tragedy of Douglas, b. 1726, ! Hooerestraeten, Sam. Van, a Dutch 



H 



d. 4th Aug., 1608. 

Home, Sir Everard. an eminent Eng- 
lish sursreon, b. 6th May, 1756, d 
30th Sept., 1832. 

Home. Henry. Lord Kaimes, meta 
pbvsical writer, b. 1696, d. 1782. 1 

H 7 :-: I 1041, rounded H 

about 997 B.C. 

Homilies drawn up by Archbishop Hook 
Cranmer. 

Hondekoeter. Giles, a Dutch laud- H^ 



painter of general subjects, b. 1627. 
d. 1678. 

Hoogestraeten. John ^ an. a Dutch 
historical painter, b. 1648. d. 1688. 



joshenbursr. of Cologne, an historic 
painter, b. 1500, d. 1544. 
jocstadt. of Brussels, an historic 
painter, b. 1625, d. 1675. 

?. Robert, inventor of the pen- 
urn watches, b. 1635. d. 1702. 
?. Nat., English historic author, 



scape painter, b. 1583. 
Hondekoeter. Gysbrecht, a Dutch H 

painter of domestic animals, b 

1613, d. 1653. 
Hondekoeter. Alelehior, a Dutch pain 

ter of domestic animals, b. 1636 

d. 1695. 

Hondius. of Rotterdam, a painter of 



er. Rev. R., b. 1553. d. 160)0. 
Hoole.O.. English divine, d. 1666. 
Hoole, John. b. 1727. A. 1804, 
Hoo-Loo, a Chinese operated upon 
for an enormous abdominal tumour, 
at Guv's Hospital, but died imme- 
diately after. 10th April, 1831. 



kr.d>c:.-.es. cnimcls. &c. b. 16S8. Hocner. Bisb 



d. 1695. 

Hone, Nathaniel, of Dublin, a painter H( 
in oil in miniature and enamel, d. H< 
1784. 

Hone tried for publishing three pa- 
rodies, acquitted. 18th Dec, 1817. 

Honiton, in Devonshire, nearly de- 
stroyed bv a fire, 19th Julv, 1747 : 
140'houses burnt, 1765: 37 houses 
destroyed, May. 1790; 47 houses; 
burnt in Aug., 1797, valued at 
10,0007. 

Honiton bridge carried away by a 

flood, 10th Nov., 1807. 
Honthorst, William, a Dutch painter 



1495, bin 
Hem^ 
ns, Bi 



>f Gloucester, b. 
Feb.. 1554. 
»:h Feb.. 1811. 
' Londonderry, b. 



Hop 
Hoj 

Hot 



b. V 



English portrait 
. 1810. 

y grown in each 
of 22 years, from 1785 to 1803, 
22,538,000 lbs. weight. 
>ps, the parliament first petitioned 
against it as a wicked weed, 1428 ; 
first used in malt liquors in Eng- 
land, 1525. The duty for those 
produced in Kent and Susses in 
1792 yielded 170,000/. : in 1793 
k2 



196 H R 



HOU 



it was 162,112?. 19s. 5d. ; in 1794 
it was 190,196/. 7s. Ad. ; in 1795 
it was 82,323?. 19*1 id. ; in 1798 
it yielded 46,322/. 15s. 2d. ; in 
1799 it yielded 77,279/. 5s. id. 
Numberof acresin England planted 
with, in 1831, 47,129 ; produce in 
lbs. weight, 1831, 36,496,681. 

Horace b. 65, d. 8 years B.C. 

Horatio brig blew up at St. Helena, 
when all hands perished except 
the captain, who was ashore, Sept., 
1825. 

Horberg, Peter, a Swedish painter, 
d. 1814. 

Horfelin, Antonio, a Spanish historic 
painter, b. 1587, d. 1660. 

Home, Bishop, b. 1730, d. 1792. 

Horne-end, the roof of a barn at, 
which bad been converted into a 
meeting-house, fell in while a me- 
thodist was preaching, bj\ which 
many persons were hurt and four 
killed, 12th July, 1810. 

Horrebouts, Ger., a Flemish painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1498, 
d. 1558. 

Horrebow, Peter, Danish mathema- 
tician and astronomer, d. 1764. 

Horrox, Jer., the astronomer, b. about 
1619, d. 1641. 

Horsa slain by Vortimer, 455. 

Horse-guards instituted, 1553 ; house 
built, 1758. 

Horse-shoe found in the heart of an 
elm tree at Conisburgh, with a nail 
in it in good preservation, 1810. 

Horse-shoes introduced into general 
use in England in the 9th century ; 
first made of iron, 481. 

Horses exported from England, from 
1750 to 1772, were 29,131. 

Horseley, Dr. Samuel, Bishop of St. 
Asaph, b. 1783, d. 1806. 

Horse-tax levied, 1784 ; increased, 
1796 and 1S05. 

Horst, Nic. Van, a Dutch painter of 
history and portraits, b. 1598, d. 
1646. 

Hosier, English admiral, d. 1722. 

Hoskins, John, an English painter of 
portraits, d. 1664. 

Hospitals in England have a revenue 
of about 250,000/.; Greenwich 
alone has 70,000/. per annum. 



Hospitallers, order of knighthood, 
began, 1097. 

Hotham, Sir John, and his son be- 
headed, 1st Jan. 1645. 

Hotman, Facus, the civilian, b. 1524, 
d. 1590. 

Hotspur, Henry Percy, killed 22nd 
July, 1403. 

Hottentots, 600 of the, vaccinated by 
the missionaries in Africa, 1808. 

Houasse, Rene Antoine, a French 
historic painter, b. 1645, d. 1730. 

Houbraken, Arnold, of Dort, an emi- 
nent painter and engraver, b. 1660, 
d. 1719. 

Houbraken, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch 
engraver, b. 1698, d. 1780. 

Hough, Bishop, b. 1651, d. 1743. 

Houghton gallery of paintings sold to 
the Empress of Russia, 1779. 

Houghton, Edward, of Dublin, one of 
the founders and munificent bene- 
factors of the Royal Hibernian 
Academy, d. 1833. 

Hounslow Heath powder-mill blew 
up, when two persons were killed, 
25th July, 1826. 

Hour-glasses were invented in Alex- 
andria, 150, and introduced into 
Rome, B.C. 158. 

Houseman, Cor., a Dutch landscape 
painter, b. 1648, d. 1727. 

Houseman, James, of Antwerp, a por- 
trait painter, b. 1656, d. 1696. 

House of Commons, Dublin, first 
stone of laid in 1729; opened 
1792; burnt down, 27th Feb., 
1739 : rebuilt immediately, and 
converted into a national bank, 
1804. 

House of Commons, Westminster, 
built, 1348, burned down 16th 
Oct., 1834. 

Houses, 1681 were erected in St. 
George's fields between the years 
1781 and 1792. 

Houses, 60 blown up, including a 
tavern full of company, opposite 
Barking church, Tower-street, by 
the accidental explosion of some 
barrels of gunpowder, at a ship 
chandler's, 4th Jan., 1649; a child 
in a cradle was found unhurt on 
the leads of the church. One fell 
down in White Hart-yard, Drury- 



HOU 



HUR 197 



lane, by which two persons were 
killed, and several others dread- 
fully maimed, 14th Dec., 1809. 
Two fell down in Ironmonger-lane, 
Old-street, burying eleven persons 
in the ruins, four of whom, a mo- 
ther and three children, were taken 
out dead, 8th April, 1811. A floor 
of the house of Mr.Wynde, of Leo- 
minster, fell down, by which three 
young children were killed, and two 
female servants dreadfully hurt, 
15th March, 1814. Two old houses 
in Lombard-street, Southwark, fell 
down, by which four persons were 
killed, 4th May, 1814. 

House- tax commenced, 1778 ; in- 
creased, 1808; abolished, 1834. 

Houston, an English engraver inmez- 
zotinto, d. 1775. 

Houston, Rev. George, murdered in 
his potatoe field, county Kildare, 
Ireland, Oct., 1832. 

Hoveden, Roger de, the historian, 
wrote, 1192. 

Howard, SirR., b. 1626, d. 1698. 

Howard, Mr., the philanthropist, b. 
1726, d.20th Jan., 1790. 

Howe, Sir W., general in the Ame- 
rican war, d. 1814. 

Howe, Admiral Earl, b. I725,d. 1799. 

Howell, James, English writer, b. 
1594, d. 1666. 

Howitt, Sam., an English painter of 
animals, and an engraver, d. 1822. 

Howl, the Irish, at funerals, origin- 
ated from the Roman outcry at the 
decease of their friends, they hop- 
ing thus to awaken the soul, which 
they supposed might lie inactive. 
The prceficce of the ancients. 

Hoyle, Mr. Ed., d. 1796, aged 97. 

Huber, Michael, professor at Leipsic, 
d. Oct., 1804. 

Hubert, John Rod., a Swiss historic 
painter, b. 1668, d. 1748. 

Hubert, St., in Juliers, order of 
knighthood, began in Germany, 
1473. 

Hudson, T. English portrait painter, 
Reynolds' master, b. 1701, d. 1779. 

Hudson, Henry, famous English na- 
vigator, d. 1611. 

Hudson's Bay discovered by Captain 
Hudson, 1607. 



Huet, Peter Daniel, French writer, 

b. 1630, d. 1721. 
Hugford, a Florentine historic painter, 

d. 1778. 

Hugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 fol- 
lowers, coming to the assistance of 
King John, perished in a storm, 
1215. 

Hughes, John, b. 1677, d. 1719. 

Hugtenburgh, James Van, a Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1639. 

Hugtenburgh, John Van, a Dutch 
historic painter and engraver, b. 
1646, d. 1733. 

Hull founded, 1296.; incorporated by 
the name of Kingston, 1299. 

Hulst, P. Van, a Dutch painter of 
fruits, flowers, b. 1652, d. 1708. 

Humane society, instituted 1774. 

Hume, D., philosopher and historian, 
b. 1-711, d. 25th Aug. 1776. 

Humphery, Rev. L., b. 1527, d.1590. 

Humphrey, dining with duke, is said 
of those who walked in St. Paul's 
church during dinner time. Hum- 
phery, Duke of Gloucester, a man 
of great hospitality, and supposed 
to have been buried in St. Paul's. 

Humphry, Ozias, an English painter 
in miniature, b. 1742, d. 1810. 

Hundred days, when Napoleon a se- 
cond time ascended the throne of 
France, began 20th March, 1815, 
ended 28th June, 1815. 

Hungerford Market, Old, London, 
opened 1699 ; New, 2nd July, 1833. 

Hunter, Dr. William, the anatomist, 
b. 1718, d. 25th Aug., 1776. 

Hunter, John, the anatomist, d. 16th 
Oct., 1793, aged 60. 

Hunter, Dr. H, d. 27th Oct., 1802. 

Hunter, Mrs. Ann, poet, d. 1821, 
aged 79. 

Huntingdon Castle built, 921. 

Huntingdon, Rev. Wm., d. 1st July, 
1813. 

Huntingdon, Henry of, fl. 1200. 
Hupazoli, a Sardinian, lived in three 

centuries, b. 1578, d. 1702. 
Hurd, Dr. R., Bishop of Worcester, 

b. 1780, d. 1808. 
Hurdis, Rev. J., poet,b. 1763, d. 1 80 1. 
Hurly-burly is said to owe its origin 

to Hurleigh and Burleigh, two 

neighbouring families that filled 



198 HUR 



IMO 



the country around them with con- 
test and violence. 

Hurst Castle, Hampshire, ht., 1539. 

Hurstmonceaux Castle, Sussex, huilt 
before 1066. 

Husbandry encouraged by act of par- 
liament, 1489. 

Huskisson, William, M.P. for Liver- 
pool, crushed to death by one of 
the train carriages at the opening 
of the Manchester and Liverpool 
rail-road, 15th Sept., 1830. 

Huss, John, the martyr, b. about 
1376, burnt 7th July, 1416. 

Hussey, Giles, an eccentric English 
painter of portrait and history, b. 
1710, d. 1788. 

Hustings, the court of, in the city of 
London, is the supreme court of 
judicature, as the court of common 
council is of legislature, in that 
city. The court of hustings was 
granted to the city, to be hold en 
and kept weekly, by Edward the 
Confessor, 1052. 

Hutcheson, Dr. F., b. 1694, d.1747. 

Hutchins, John, English divine and 
antiquary, b. 1 698, d. 1773. 

Hutchinson, John, philosophical wri- 
ter, b. 1674, d. 1737. 

Hutton, Dr. James, b. 1726, d. 1797. 



Hutton, W., ofBirmingham,b. 1723, 
d. 1815. 

Hutton, Dr. Charles, mathematician, 

d. 1823, aged 86. 
Huxham, Dr., d. 1768. 
Huygens, Dutch astronomer, b. 1629, 

d. 1695. 

Huysum, Justus Van, the Old, a 
Dutch painter of landscapes and 
flowers, b. 1659, d. 1716. 

Huysum, Justus Van, the Young, a 
Dutch painter of battle pieces, b. 
1684, d. 1706. 

Huysum, John Van, the celebrated 
Dutch painter of flowers, b« 1682, 
d. 1749. 

Hyde Abbev, near Winchester, foun- 
ded, 1130. 

Hyde, Dr. Thomas, the first librarian 
of the Bodleian Library, b. 1686, 
d. 18th Feb., 1702. 

Hydraulic chemistry invented first in 
1746. 

Hydraulic fire-engines invented , 1682. 
Hydraulic press invented by Bramah. 
Hydrostatics taught by Archimedes, 

200 B.C. 
Hylton Castle, Durham, built, 930. 
Hypatia d. about 415. 
Hyrinus, Bishop of Rome, the first 

pope, martyred, 158. 



IaMBIC verse, invented by An- 
tiolochus, who flourished B. C. 686. 

Ibbetson, Julius Caesar, an English 
painter of history and landscape, 
d. 1817. 

Iceland discovered by a Danish pirate, 
860. 

Ice well, two men suffocated by the 
foul air in one, 1804. 

Ich Dien, the Bohemian motto, first 
adopted by the Prince of Wales 
after the battle of Cressy, 1346. 

Idiots, act for benefit of. passed 1731 . 

Idolatry, first abolished in Kent, 641. 

Iffland, Augustus William, German 
actor and dramatic writer, d. at 
Berlin, 22nd Sept., 1814. 

Ignatius, made a bishop by St. Peter 
and St. Paul, d. 107. 



Ignatius Loyola, founder of the 
Jesuits, b. 1491, d. 1556; canon- 
ised by Paul V. 1609. 

Ilium built B.C. 1359. 

Hive, Jacob, an English printer, d. 
1763. 

Illumination, general, in London, on 
the restoration of King George III. 
to health, 10th March, 1789. 

Image worship introduced, 715; 
suppressed in England, 1546; in 
Hungary and Germany, 1785. 

Imbert, Jos. Gab., a French historic 
painter, b. 1666, d. 1749. 

Imbert, Bart., a French poet, b. 
1747, d. 1740. 

Imbert, J. G.,b. 1666, d. 1749. 

Imola, In. Fran, da, an Italian his- 
toric painter, d. of plague, 1550. 



IMP 



INH 



199 



Impalement in heraldrv introduced, 
1206. 

Imparato, Fran., a Neapolitan historic 
painter, flourished 1570. 

Imparato, Girolamo, a Neapolitan 
historic painter, flourished 1630. 

Impeachment, the first of a Chan- 
cellor, and the first by the Com- 
mons, 1386. 

Imports of England. See Revenue. 

Imports into the ports of Great 
Britain in the year 1831, in No. 
of qrs. 

Wheat - - 2,868,881 
Oats - - - 2,278,295 
Barley - - - 567,331 
Beans - - - 38,428 
Peas - - - 64,222 
Eve - - - 92,334 
Indian corn - 45,265 



Total - - - 5,972,338 

Proportion from Ireland, 2,430,529. 

Imports, value of, into the United 

Kinsrdoni in 1820. 

From Europe - - £8,680,584 

Africa, America, & i ^ qiQ , 9n 
[ /, 319,430 
\\ est Indies. S 

East Indies, China, &c. 16,470,731 

In 1830. 

From Europe - - £16,092,617 

Africa, America, & \ ]3 036 712 

V est Indies. $ 

East Indies, China, &c. 17,170,307 

Impostors, two were crucified for 
assuming the character of Christ : 
and two women for pretending to 
be the Virgin Mary and Mary 
Magdalen, 1221. 

Impressed seaman's bill, 1740. 

Impropriations ; before the destruc- 
tion of the monasteries, by Henry 
VIII. 1539, many livings were in 
their possession : the great tithes 
they kept themselves, allowing the 
small tithes to the vicar, or sub- 
stitute that served the church. On 
the suppression of the monasteries, 
Henry VIII. disposed of these 
great tithings among his favou- 
rites. 

fnachus, first king of Argos, 1 859 
B.C. 

Incest and adultery, made capital for 
the first offence, 14th May, 1650. 



Inchhald, Mrs., novelist and drama- 
tist, b. 1786, d. 1821. 

Inclosures in England restrained, 
1521. 

Income tax laid on, 1799 ; repealed, 
1802; renewed, 1803: increased, 
1806; renewed for a year, 15th 
April, 1815; repealed, 18 th Mar. 
1816. 

Independents, such as hold the inde- 
pendency of the church, or that 
each congregation may govern 
themselves in religious matters. — 
Presbyterians and Anabaptists are 
now agreed with them ; the Ana- 
baptists always were Their first 
meeting-house founded in England, 
was that of Mr. Henry Jacobs,1616. 

India. Bernardino, a Veronese artist, 
b. 1535, d. 1590. 

India House, Leaden-hall Street, 
London, built 1726. 

Indiana, admitted into the union of 
the states, North America, Dec, 
1816. 

Indicro, first produced in Carolina, 
1747. 

Indulgences, first disposed of for 
money, 1190. 

Influence of the crown abridged by 
parliament, 1782. 

Insenhouz, Dr., natural philosopher, 
b. 1730, d. 1799. 

Inghen, W. Van, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1651, d. 1709. 

Ingoli, Matteo, of Ravenna, an his- 
torical painter, b. 1587, d. of 
plague, 1631. 

Incrulphus, the historian, b. about 
1030, d. 1109. 

Inhabitants of the principal cities of 
Europe, at the distance of a cen- 
tury, from the most approved au- 
thors, are — 

In 1688. In 1788. 
London - 696,000 1,100,000 
Paris - 438,000 800,000 
Madrid - 400,000 160,000 
Marseilles 200,000 180,000 
Lyons - 250,000 150,000 
Naples - 200,000 354,000 
Rome - 200,000 157,000 
Amsterdam 187,000 185,000 
Venice - 134,000 100,000 
Bourdeaux 100,000 200,000 



200 



INN 



INU 



Dublin - 69,000 170,000 
Rouen - 66,000 100,000 
Bristol - 48,000 50,000 
Cork - 40,000 90,000 
Liverpool - 20,000 60,000 
Innocent XI., pope, d. 2nd Aug., 
1689. 

Inoculation first tried on criminals in 
1721 ; vaccine introduced, 1799. 

Inquisitions, court of, began 1204 ; 
abolisbed in Naples, 1782 ; in 
Tuscany, 1785 ; in Spain, 1811 ; 
in Rome, 1809 ; restored in Spain, 
1814. 

Inscriptions first collected for publi- 
cation, 1505. 

Insolvent act passed, the first, 1649 ; 
the most important, 1743, 1761, 
1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, 
1778, 1781, 1784, 1797, 1801, 
1804, 1809, 1810, 1813, 1814. 

Insurance on bouses, duty first laid 
on, 1782, being Is. 6d. on every 
100/. insured : 6d. additional in 
1797. 

Insurance on sbips and merchandize, 
Suetonius conjectures that Clau- 
dius was the first contriver of, 43. 

Insurance on shipping began in Eng- 
land, 1560. 

Insurance offices first set up in Lon- 
don as follow : — 
Hand-in-hand - - 1696 
Sun - 1710 

Union - - - 1714 
Westminster - - 1717 
London - - - 1716 
Royal Exchange - 1716 

Phoenix - - - 1782 
British - - - 1800 
Globe - - - 1803 
Imperial - - - 1803 
Albion - - - 1805 
County - - - 1807 
Eagle - - - 1807 
Hope - - - 1807 

Since 1807, there have been es- 
tablished several offices in London, 
among which may be named, the 
Norwich Union, the Guardian, and 
the Rock. Insurance Companies, 
with large capitals, have also been 
formed in various parts of England, 
and with much success. A Com- 
pany, on a gigantic scale, has re- 



cently been projected by several of 
the most eminent monied men of 
the metropolis. Its capital is to 
be no less than five millions, and 
its sphere of action is designed to 
extend over the whole of the Con- 
tinent. 

Insurance policies were first used in 
Florence, 1523; first society was 
established at Hanover, 1530, that 
at Paris, 1740. 

Insurrections. See Conspiracies. 

Interest first mentioned as legal, 1 1 99, 
at 10 per cent. 

Interest of money was 2c?. per week 
for 20^. in 1260 ; 45 per cent. 
1307 ; interest of money at 10 per 
cent., first law in England estab- 
lishing, 1546. The pious subjects 
of Edward VI. repealed this law as 
unlawful and most impious : but it 
was restored in queen Elizabeth's 
time. In those days the monarch& 
could not borrow without the col- 
lateral security to the metropolis. 
Reduced from 10 to 8 per cent., 
1624, when "interest*' was first 
used for the word " usury.' 5 ' Re- 
duced by the rump parliament to 
6 per cent, and confirmed at the 
Restoration ; to 5 per cent., 1714 ; 
from 4 to 3 per cent., 1750. In- 
terest of the national debt reduced, 
1749, 1823. 

Interest of money in Scotland reduced 
from 10 to 8 per cent, in 1633. 

Interest. See National Debt. 

Inundations. — The Thames destroyed 
a considerable number of the in- 
habitants of its banks nine years- 
after Christ ; the Severn over- 
flowed, and destroyed vast quanti- 
ties of cattle, in 80 ; the Medway 
overflowed its banks, and drowned 
the country, 87 ; the Humber 
overflowed, and laid the adjacent 
country, for 50 miles, under water, 
95 ; the Severn overflowed, and 
drowned 5000 head of cattle, and 
people in their beds, 115; the 
Humber overflowed, 125 ; the 
Trent overflowed above 20 miles- 
on each side of its banks, and 
drowned many people, 214; the 
Tweed had a sudden inundation, 



INUNDATIONS. 



1201 



•and destroyed a considerable num- 
ber of tbe inhabitants on its banks, 
218 ; an inundation of the sea in 
Lincolnshire, which laid under 
water many thousand acres, which 
have not been recovered to this 
time, 245, The Ouse, in Bedford- 
shire, overflowed, and drowned 
numbers of people and cattle, 250 ; 
an inundation of the Humber, 
269 ; another in the Isle of Thanet, 
317 ; another, which destroyed all 
the inhabitants in Feme Island; 
seven miles S. TV. from Holy 
Island, 323 ; an irruption of the 
sea in Lancashire, 330 ; an inun- 
dation of the Tweed, 336 ; the 
Severn overflowed, 350 ; above 
5000 people lost in Cheshire by 
an irruption, 353 ; an inundation 
of the Dee, 387 ; another of the 
Dee, which drowned 40 families, 
415; an irruption of the sea in 
Hampshire, 419 ; another irrup- 
tion in North and South Wales, 
441 ; an inundation of the Severn, 
487 ; an inundation of the Hum- 
ber, 529 ; an inundation of the 
sea in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, 
575 ; an inundation of the sea in 
Cheshire and Lancashire, 649 ; an 
inundation on the Medway, 669 ; 
an inundation at Edinburgh, which 
did great damage, 730 ; an inun- 
dation at Glasgow, which drowned 
above 400 families, 738; an inun- 
dation of the Tweed, which did im- 
mense damage, 836; an inundation 
of the Medway, 861 ; one in the 
Humber, 864 ; an inundation of 
the Dee, 885 ; an inundation at 
Southampton, which destroyed 
many people, 935 ; an inundation 
of the Thames, 973 ; an inunda- 
tion of the Severn, which drowned 
abundance of cattle, 1046 ; the sea 
overflowed 4000 acres of earl Cod- 
win's land, in Kent, since called 
Godwin sands, 1 100 ; a great part 
of Flanders overflowed by the sea, 
1 108 ; an inundation of the Thames 
for above six miles at Lambeth, 
Sec. 1243 ; a considerable one in 
Friesland, 1 220 ; another, since 
named the Dollart sea, 1277; at 



TVinchelsea, above 300 houses 
were overthrown by the sea, 1280 ; 
120 laymen, and several priests, 
besides women, were drowned by 
an inundation at Newcastle-upon- 
Tyne, 1339 ; at the Texel, which 
first raised the commerce of Am- 
sterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in 
at Dort, and drowned 72 villages, 
and 100,000 people, and formed 
the Zuyder Zee, 1421 ; another, 
in 1521, in Holland; at Harts- 
head, in Yorkshire, 11th Sept., 
1673; at Dagenham, in Essex, 
17th Dec, 1707, and continued 
till 1721 ; in Holland and Zealand, 
when 1300 inhabitants were 
drowned, 1717, and Holstein, in 
the same year; in Yorkshire, cal- 
led Rippon flood, 18th May, 1722 ; 
at Chili, which overflowed the city 
of Conception, 1730 ; in Feb., 
1735, at Dagenham, and upon the 
coast of Essex, which carried away 
the sea walls, and drowned several 
thousand sheep and black cattle ; 
in Holland, 1754 ; north of Eng- 
land, 1755 ; in Spain, and did 
3,000,000 livres damage at Bilboa, 
April, 1762 ; in France, May fol- 
lowing, and did great damage ; at 
Coven try,70 persons were drowned, 
and much damage done, as well as 
Cambridgeshire, Glouces ter shire, 
&c. Nov. 1770; in the north of 
England, when Newcastle-bridge, 
&c. was carried away, 1771 ; at 
Venice, at Naples, where it carried 
away a whole village, and drowned 
200 of the inhabitants, 10th Nov., 
1773; in Calcutta, in the East 
Indies, 1773; at Battersea and 
Chelsea, 9th March, 1774; in 
Kent, 1776; in Languedoc, 26th 
April, 1776 ; north of England, 
when Hexham-bridge, Ridley-hall 
bridge, &c. were thrown down, 
March, 1782; in different parts of 
Germany, when some thousands 
had their houses and property de- 
stroyed, 1785 ; in different parts 
of England in September and 
October, 1785; at Brighthelm- 
stone, when the blockhouse was 
washed down, 9th Oct., 1786 ; in 

K 3 



202 



INUNDATIONS. 



Spain, Navarre, Sept., 1787, where 
2000 lost their lives, and all the 
huildings of several villages were 
carried away hy the currents from 
the mountains ; a terrible inunda- 
tion hy the Liffey, in Ireland, 
which did very considerable damage 
in Dublin and its environs, 12th 
Nov., 1787; at Kirkwald, in Scot- 
land, hy breaking the dam-dykes, 
4th Oct., 1788, which nearly de- 
stroyed the town ; in Scotland and 
the north of England, July, 1789 ; 
of the river Don, near Doncaster, 
and the Derwent and Trent, 20th 
Nov., 1791 ; of great extent at 
Placentia, in Italy, Nov., 1791 ; 
at Bromsgrove, in Worcester- 
shire, 12th April, 1792 ; in Lan- 
cashire, August, 1792 ; almost 
throughout England, by the melt- 
ing of the snow, and the greatest 
part of the bridges were either 
destroyed or damaged, Feb., 1795; 
in China,in 1800; at St. Domingo, 
which destroyed 1400 persons, 
Oct., 1800 ; on the coast of Hol- 
land and Germany, Nov., 1801 ; 
in Dublin, and parts adjacent, 2nd 
and 3rd Dec, 1802 ; in various 
parts of England, 1808 ; at Boston, 
by the tide breaking down the sea- 
hanks, 10th Nov., 1810; by the 
bursting of the Driggle reservoir, 
nine miles west of Huddersfield, 
by which a cottage was swept 
away, aud four children, with their 
father and mother, perished in the 
flood, 29th Nov., 1810 ; at Pest, 
near Presburg, by the overflow of 
the Danube, by which 24 villages, 
with their inhabitants, were swept 
away, April, 1811 ; in the vicinity 
of Salop, by the bursting of a 
cloud during a storm, by which 
many persons and much stock 
perished, 27th May, 1811 ; by the 
overflowing of the Elbe, the village 
of Wurgen, in the duchy of Lune- 
burg, was swept away, Oct. 1811 : 
hy the rising of the water in the 
Thames, which overflowed the 
houses in Palace-yard, and filled 
Westminster-hall, 21st Oct. 1812; 
dreadful inundations in Hungary, 



Austria, Silesia, and Poland, in 
the summer of 1813 ; by the 
overflow of the Danube, a Turkish 
corps of 2000 men, on a small 
island, near Widdin, were surprised 
and met with instant death, and 
the island itself sunk and dis- 
appeared, 14th Sept., 1813 ; by 
the overflowing of the Drave, near 
Orsatch, six villages and the sub- 
urbs of a town were swept away, 
and a congregation of 240 persons 
buried beneath the ruins of a 
church, Aug. 1813; in Silesia, 
six thousand inhabitants were de- 
stroyed, and the ruin of the French 
army, under Macdonald, accele- 
rated by the floods ; and in Poland, 
4000 lives are supposed to have 
been lost ; by the overflow of the 
Mississippi, the country on the 
west side was inundated to the 
distance of 65 miles, in June and 
July, 1813, hy which 22,000 
head of neat cattle were destroyed ; 
by the overflow of the Nerbudda 
river, in the province of Bengal, 
which swept away 15 villages, with 
the houses, inhabitants, and cattle, 
12th Feb., 1814 ; at Strabane, in 
Ireland, by the melting of the 
snow on the surrounding moun- 
tains, the most destructive flood 
that had been witnessed for 20 
years, 12th Jan. 1816; the great- 
est floods ever remembered in 
Northumberland and Durham, 
Feb. 1816; 53 villages in the 
great Werder, 49 in the districts 
of Siegenhoff, and seventeen El- 
bing villages, were under water in 
March, 1816; at Thiel, Arnheim, 
Zutphen, and numerous other 
places on the continent, the harvest 
was nearly destroyed by inunda- 
tions from continued rain, in June 
and July, 1816. Such heavy rains 
fell in London and its vicinity, 
that many parts of the outskirts of 
town were laid under water, and 
great damage was done, 8th May, 
1818. The river Drance in the 
Valais, having its course obstructed 
by the fall of an avalanche, a large 
lake was formed. The barrier by 



ION 



IRE 



203 



which, the water was retained being 
at length undermined, it gave way, 
and the tremendous torrent rushed 
down the Yal di Bagne with such 
rapidity as to sweep every thing 
before it, and reduce the whole of 
the vale, for several miles, to a 
state of utter ruin, 16th May, 
1818. Floods in the neighbour- 
hood of Boston and Spiisby, by 
which much mischief was done, 
May, 1818. Heavy inundations 
in the Fen counties, which deluged 
5000acres of land between Boston 
and Market Deeping only, and 
destroyed many of the wheat crops, 
June, 1819. An inundation at 
Chester, in consequence of a thun- 
der storm, Aug. 1820. An inun- 
dation, in consequence of a heavy 
fall of rain, at Holywell, in Flint- 
shire, which did immense damage. 
On the water reaching the heated 
steam furnaces of the copper-works, 
the furnaces burst, with an explo- 
sion like a heavy clap of thunder, 
and some part of the works took 
fire. A loss of several thousand 
pounds was sustained by the copper 
and cotton works alone, Oct. 1 821 . 
An inundation in the Lincolnshire 
fens, Jan. 1822. Heavy floods in 
the Thames, from Christmas Day, 

1821, to the 7th Jan. 1822, in 
which, at times, the water rose 
four inches higher than in the 
great flood of 1774. The immense 
quantity of rain which fell in 
Monmouthshire, undermined three 
acres of wood on a slope near 
Rinefield, and caused it to slide 
down to the river, Feb. 1822. 
Moravia much injured by floods, 

1 822 . Cattle and agricultural pro- 
perty, to a considerable amount, 
destroyed by an inundation of the 
Dodder, near Dublin, 1834. 

Inverkeithy, church at, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, 24th Oct., 1825. 

Invincible, of 74 guns, with nearly all 
her crew, lost 20th March, 1801., 

Invocation of the Virgin and Saints 
began to be practised, 593. 

Ionian Islands ceded to Britain, as a 
free and independent state, by the 



Allied Sovereigns in Congress, 5th 
Nov. 1815. 

Ipres tower, at Rye, built 1 1 60. 

Ipswich College, built 1524. 

Irace, Severo, a Neapolitan historic 
painter, b. 1500. 

Ireland; the original inhabitants of 
this country are supposed to have 
been of the Celtic stock ; it was 
divided formerly among a number 
of petty sovereigns. — Strougbow, 
earl of Pembroke, at the request 
of Dermot, king of Leinster, in- 
vaded Ireland, and landed near 
Waterford, 23d Aug., 1170. King 
Henry II. set sail from Milford 
Haven with a large army on board 
440 transports, for the conquest of 
Ireland. He landed near AVater- 
ford, 26th Oct., 1171, and com- 
pleted the conquest of the whole 
island, 1172. In 1314, the Scots 
fomented a rebellion, and Edward 
Bruce, their sovereign, having 
expelled the English, was pro- 
claimed king of Ireland, 1315. 
The Scots were driven out by the 
English , 1318. Ail the Irish were 
ordered home, 1423. The kings 
of England were called lords of 
Ireland till 1542,\rhen Henry the 
Eighth took the title of king. 
Erected into a kingdom by a bull 
from Pope Paul IV. 1555. In- 
vaded by the Spaniards, 1582; 
again by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601. 
Admitted to a free trade by the 
British parliament, 1779; and re- 
leased from subserviency to the 
English privy council, 1782. Ha- 
rassed by the Peep-of-day-boys, 
1789. Invaded by the French, 
1797. Broke out in open rebel- 
lion in May, 1798, which was 
suppressed in August following. 
Again the French made an unsuc- 
cessful landing at Killala Bay, and 
were all taken prisoners, 1798. 
Union with England took place on 
the 1st of Jan. 1801. 

Ireland. See Lords Lieutenant of 

Ireland. 
Ireland, John, d. 1808. 
Ireland, Samuel, d. 1818. 
Irenseus, d. 202, aged 82. 



204 IRE 



IVE 



Ireton, Gen. H., b. 1610, d. 1651. 

Iriarte, Ignazio de, a Spanish land- 
scape painter, b. 1620, d. 1685. 

Iris, a lunar appeared near Wakefield 
in Yorkshire, from half-past nine 
till half-past ten at night, 17th 
Jan., 1606. 

Irish hospitals ; Smith's school incor- 
porated, 1669. Bluecoat hospital 
incorporated, 1670. Royal, near 
Kilmainham, ditto, 1683. Dublin 
workhouse established, 1728. Cha- 
ritable infirmary opened, 1728. 
Stephen's hospital incorp. 1730. 
St.Patiick's founded,1745, incorp. 
1746; lying-in ho spi tal estab . , 1 7 4 5 , 
incorp. 1757; Mercers' incorp. 
1750. St. Nicholas' opened, 1753. 
Lockinstit. 1755. Charitable loan, 
ditto,1757. Venereal opened, 1758. 
Dublin hospital, ditto, 1762. 

Iron discovered by the burning of 
Mount Ida, 1406 B.C. 

Iron first cast in England, at Black- 
stead, Sussex, 1544. 

Iron first discovered in America, in 
Virginia, 1715. 

Iron bullets first used in England, 
1550. 

Iron -wire, English — before 1568, all 
made and drawn by main strength 
alone, in the forest of Dean, and 
elsewhere, until the Germans in- 
troduced the drawing it by a mill. 
The greatest part of iron- wire and 
ready-made wool-cards hitherto 
imported. 

Iron mill for slitting bars, the first 
in England was set up at Dart- 
mouth, 1590. New method of 
making bar-iron from pig-iron, by 
Mr. Cort of Gosport, in 1785, and 
superior to Swedish iron. 

Irwin, Eyles, poet, b. 1748, d. 1817. 

Isaac, Abraham's son, d. 1717, B.C., 
aged 180. 

Isaacs, Peter, a Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1569, d. 1618. 

Isseus, Greek orator, b. about 418 
B. C. 

Isaiah began to prophecy, B. C. 786 ; 
put to death, B. C. 696. 

Isle of Man, the sovereignty of, sur- 
rendered to Great Britain by the 



Duke of Athol for 70,000/. and 
3000/. annually reserved to his de- 
scendants from the revenues of the 
island, 1805 ; all the duke's interest 
was purchased bv parliament for 
416,000/., in 1825. 

Islington church, Middlesex, rebuilt 
28th Aug., 1751. 

Isocrates, Athenian orator, b. B. C. 
436, d. 338. 

Israelites,the,1451 B.C.,under Joshua 
pass the river Jordan, and enter 
Canaan, on Friday, 30th April. 
Jericho is taken by Joshua, and 
after that the city of Ai. He 
makes a treaty with Gibeon, and 
defeats the five kings of the Amo- 
rites, while the sun and moon 
stand still. The Israelites began 
to till the lands they had con- 
quered, so that the period of the 
sabbatical year commences from 
this autumn. 

Israelites, the, 141 3 B.C., having sunk 
into idolatry after the death of 
Joshua, are now in servitude under 
Chushan, king of Mesopotamia, 
and continue so for eight years. 

Israelites, the, 1343 B.C., relapsing 
into idolatry, are again in servitude 
under Eglon, king of Moab, for 18 
years. 

Israelites, the, 1305 B.C., returning 
to their former wickedness upon 
Ehud's death, are delivered by 
God into the hands of Jabin, king 
of Canaan. This third servitude 
continued 20 years. 

Isthmian Games, instituted by Sysi- 
phus, king of Corinth, 15 years 
after the rape of Ganymede, B.C. 
1326. 

Italian method of book-keeping pub- 
lished in England, 1556. 

Italy, kingdom of began, 476; ended, 
964; began again, 1805, when 
Napoleon Buonaparte was crowned 
king, 26th May. 

Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, ex- 
pelled, but returned, when he was 
tried, condemned, and shot, 19th 
Oct. 1824. 

Ives, John, English antiquary and 
writer, b. 1750,'d. 1776. 



J AC 



JEW 



205 



J. 

J ACKSON, John, an eminent . 
British portrait painter, h. 31st 
May, 1778, d. 1st June, 1831. 

Jackson, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. 1579, 
d. 1640. 

Jackson, W., musical composer, b. 

1730, d. 1803. 
Jacob stole the blessing from Esau, 

1776, went into Egypt, 1723, and 

died 1689 B. C, aged 147. See 

Old Testament, Events of. 
Jacob, Edward, English antiquary and 

naturalist, d. 1788. 
Jacob, Giles, English law writer, b. 

1686, d. 1744. 
Jacobs, Simon, a Dutch portrait 

painter, b. 1520, killed 1572. 
Jacobs. See Leyden. 
Jacobsz, Julian, a Dutch historic 

painter, b. 1610, d. of plague, 

1664. 

Jacquemont, M. Victor, a celebrated 
French naturalist, d. 7th Dec, 
1833. 

Jago, R., poet, b. 1745, d. 1781. 
Jamaica, discovered by Columbus, 

1494 ; settled by the Spaniards, 

1509. 

Jamaica, insurrection of blacks at, 
Dec. 1831. 

Jamaica, earthquakes at, 7th June, 
1692 ; hurricane, 20th Aug. 1722, 
1st Sept. 1734, and Oct. 1774; 
another, which did 300,000/. da- 
mage, 10th Aug., 1751 ; in 1781, 
30th July, 1784, and 1790 ; had 
a violent storm of hailstones which 
measured three inches and a half 
in circumference, 25th Ap. 1793. 
A most tremendous hurricane at, 
by which the whole island was 
deluged, many vessels wrecked, 
many houses washed away, and 
many seaman and white people 
drowned, with some hundreds of 
negroes, 18th Oct. 1815. 

James, St., put to death 41 ; made 
patron to Spain, 796. 

James, St., the festival of, instituted 
1089. 

James, St., the less, bishop of Jeru- 
salem, martyred 62. 



James, Dr. Robert, inventor of the 
fever-powder, b. 1703, d. 28th 
Feb. 1776. 
James I. of Scotland, murdered by 

his subjects, 1437. 
James III. of Scotland, killed by his 

nobility, 1488. 
James IV. of Scotland, killed 9th 

Sept. 1513. 
James, St., built 1530; converted 
into a palace, and the park laid out, 
1536 ; one of the wings destroyed 
by fire, 1809 ; repaired, 1823. 
James, St. Epistle, written 59. 
James, St., order of knighthood began 
in Spain, 1030 ; in Portugal, 1310 ; 
in Holland, 1290. 
James, "William, an English land- 
scape painter, flourished 1768. 
James, George, an English portrait 
painter, d. in a French prison, 1794 
Jamesone, George, the Vandyke of 

Scotland, b: 1586, d. 1644.' 
Jansenius, Cornel., b. 1585, d. 1698. 
Janssen, Sir Stephen Theodore, d. 

7th April, 1777. 
Janssen, Cornelius, a Dutch portrait 

painter, b. 1590, d. 1665. 
Janssens, Abraham, a Dutch historic 

painter, b. 1569, d. 1631. 
Janssens, Victor Honorius, of Brus- 
sels, an historic painter, b. 1664, 
d. 1739. 

Janssens, Peter, a Dutch painter on 

glass, b. 1612, d. 1672. 
January 30th, ordered to be observed 

as a fast, 1660. 
Japan discovered, 1542; visited by 

the English, 1612. 
Jardyn, Kail du, a celebrated Dutch 
landscape painter, b. 1640, d. 1678. 
Jason, flourished B. C. 937. 
Jaucourt, Louis de, French writer, 

b. 1704, d. 1780. 
Jean, Gerard de St., an old Dutch 

painter, b. 1366, d. 1394. 
Jean, Philippe, of Jersey, a portrait 

painter, b. 1755, d. 1802. 
Jeaunin, P., a French statesman, b. 
1540, d. 1622. 
! Jebb, Bishop of Limerick, divinity 
I writer, d. 1834. 



206 J E A 



JEW 



Jebb, Samuel, English physician, d. 
1772. 

Jebb, John, English physician, b. 

1736, d. 1786. 
Jebb, Sir Richard, physician, b. 1729, 

d. 1787. 

Jeffries, James, an English historical 
painter and engraver, b. 1756, d. 
1784. 

Jeffries, John, English physician, b. 
1736, d. 1786. 

Jeffries, Sir Richard, physician, b. 
1729, d. 1787. 

Jeffreys, Lord Chief Justice, sent to 
the Tower 12th Dec. 1688, where 
he died of bruises inflicted on him 
by the populace, 18th Ap. 1689. 

Jeffreys, George, English dramatic 
poet, d. 1755. 

Jefferies, Miss, and Swan, hanged for 
the murder of her uncle at Chelms- 
ford, 11th March, 1751-2. 

Jeffery, Robert, put on the desolate 
island of Samburo, 13th Dec, 
1807, by Capt. W. Lake, who was 
tried for cruelty by a court martial, 
and dismissed his majesty's service, 
Feb. 1810. 

Jekyll, Sir Joseph, b. 1663, d. 1738. 

Jenkins, Thomas, an English artist, 
d. 1798. 

Jenkins, Henry, of Yorkshire, d. 
1670, aged 169. 

Jenkins, Sir Leoline, English civilian, 
b. 1623, d. 1685. 

Jenkinson, Charles, Earl of Liver- 
pool, baron Hawkesbury, b. 1727, 
d. 1808. 

Jenner, Dr. Edw., d. 1823, aged 76. 
Jenyns, Soame, poet, &c, b. 1704, 
d. 1787. 

Jephson, Robert, dramatic writer, b. 
1736, d. 1803. 

epthah, made his rash vow 1187 
B.C.; d. 1182 B.C. See Old 
Testament, events of. 

Jeremiah wrote his lamentations, 
610 ; B.C. began to prophecy, 629 
B.C., foretold the Jewish captivity, 
B.C. 607, and d. B.C. 577. See 
Old Testament, Events of. 

Jericho, the walls of, fell down, B.C. 
1454. 

Jerningham, Edward, poet, b. 1727, 
d. 1806. 



Jerome, St., b. 331, d. 422. 
Jerome, of Prague, burnt 30th May, 
1416. 

Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alder- 
ney, Avere appendages of the duchy 
of Normandy, and united to the 
crown of England by the first 
prince of the Norman line. 

Jerusalem built 1800 B.C. ; destroyed 
by Titus, 70 A. D. ; rebuilt by 
Adrian, 130 ; again destroyed, 136; 
taken by the Saracens, 637 ; taken 
by the Crusaders, 14th July, 1099, 
when 70,000 infidels are said to 
have been massacred ; taken from 
the Christians by Saladin, 1190. 

Jerusalem Temple, built 1004 B.C. 
See Old Testament, Events of. 

Jervas, Charles, of Ireland, a portrait 
painter, d. 1740. 

Jesuits' church at Rome, built 1573. 

Jesuits' bark, introduced into France, 
1650; in general use, 1680. 

Jesus Christ, order of knighthood 
began in France, 1206 ; in Rome, 
1320. 

Jesus, son of Sirach, lived B.C. 247. 

Jesus Christ was born, Monday, 25th 
Dec, A. M. 4004, year of Rome, 
752 ; his baptism by John, and 
his first ministry, 30 ; celebrated 
the last passover, and instituted 
the sacrament in its room, on 
Thursday, April 2 ; was crucified, 
3d April ; arose, 5th April ; and 
ascended, Thursday, 14th May, 
following, in the 33rd year of his 
age. 

Jesus College, Cambridge, founded 
1496. 

Jesus College, Oxford, founded 1571. 

Jewels, first worn in England by the 
famous Agnes Sorrel, 1434. 

Jewels, the royal of England, pawned 
by Charles I. to Holland, and re- 
deemed by the sale of iron ord- 
nance, 1629 ; those of France 
were seized by the national con- 
vention, 1794. 

Jewel, John, bishop, b. 1522,d. 1571. 

Jews, the first arrival of the, in Eng- 
land, 1079. Thinking to invoke 
the Divine clemency at the solem- 
nization of the Passover, they 
sacrificed a young lad of twelve 



JEW 



JOH 



207 



rears old, the son of a rich trades- 
man at Paris, by first whipping his 
flesh from his bones, and then 
crucifying him : the criminals were 
executed, and all the Jews ba- 
nished France, 1180. Seven were 
condemned to pay the king 20,000 
marks, or suffer perpetual impri- 
sonment, for circumcising a Chris- 
tian child at Norwich, and at- 
tempting to crucify him, 1235 ; 
200 and upwards were apprehended 
for crucifying a child at Lincoln, 
18 of whom were hanged, and the 
rest heavily fined, 1255 ; in Lon- 
don, the population rose upon 
them, for the usury of one man, 
and murdered 700. in 1262 ; every 
Jew, who lent money on usurj . was 
commanded to wear a plate upon 
his breast, signifying that be was 
an usurer, or to quit the realm, 
1274 ; 280 were banged and quar- 
tered for clipping and coining, 127 9 : 
the same year tbe Jews crucified a ! 



Joan of Arc, condemned for witch- 
craft, and burnt at Orleans, 30tb 
May, 1431, aged 24 years. 

Joan, Pope, d. A.D. 857. 

Joanna of Naples, strangled her bus- 
band, 5th Oct., 1345. 

Job, d. 1533 B.C., aged 189. 

Jode, Peter de, of Antwerp, an en- 
graver, b. 1 634. 

Jode, Peter de, the younger, a Dutch 
engraver, b. 1606. 

Jodelle, Stephen, French writer, b. 
1532, d. 1579. 

Jodrell, R. P., an eminent writer 
and classical commentator, b.1764, 
d. 26th Jan. 1831. 

Joel prophecied, B.C. 800. 

Johannes ab Eyck, or John of Bruges. 
See Eyck. 

Jobn, king of France, taken prisoner 
by Edward the black prince, and 
brought to England, but ransomed 
for 500.000// 1357 : d. at tbe 
Savoy, in tbe Strand, London, on 
a visit, 1364. 



cbild at Northampton, for which 50 | Jobn, of Gaunt. 4th son of Edward 



were drawn at the tails of horses, 
and hanged; all the synagogues were 
ordered to be destroyed, 1282: 
all tbe Jews in England were ap- 
prehended in one day, their goods 
and chattels confiscated to tbe 
king, and tbey, to the number of 
15,000, banished the realm, having 
only sustenance money allowed, 
1286 ; tbey were restored by Oliver 
Cromwell : an act passed, that no 
Jew should enjoy a freehold, 1296 ; 
driven out of France, 1394 ; driven 
out of Spain, to the number of 
150,000, 1492; they retired to 
Africa, Portugal, and France. It 
was against them that the inquisi- 
tion was there first established. 
There was not a Jew in this island 
from 1610 to 1624; four exe- 
cuted for the murder of Mrs. 
Holikins and servant, 9th Dec. 
1771; naturalisation act passed, 
1753, repealed next year ; 66 were 
killed by a floor giving way at the 
celebration of a wedding at Man- 
tua, among whom were tbe bride 
and tbe bridegroom's mother, 3rd 
June, 1776. 



III., was born 1339 ; created duke 
of Lancaster, 1362: appointed re- 
gent to Richard II. 1377 ; sup- 
ported WickclLffe against his op- 
posers, 1378; had his palace at 
tbe Savoy destroyed by Wat 
Tyler's mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scot- 
land to tbe gates of Edinburgh, 
1384; assumed tbe title of king 
of Castile and Leon, having mar- 
ried the daughter of Peter tbe 
Cruel, 1385; d. Feb. 1399. 

John, St., the Baptist, d. 32. 

John, St., the Evangelist, d. 27th 
Dec. 99, aged 91. 

John, St. and St. Thomas, of Aeon, 
order began, 1258. 

John, St., of Jerusalem, order began, 
1099; removed to Rhodes, 1300; 
to Malta, 1522 ; suppressed in 
England, 1540. 

Jobn, St., the baptist, festival insti- 
tuted, 488. 

John, St , the apostle, wrote bis 
epistles, 92. 

John's, St., College, Cambridge, 
founded 1508. 

John's, St., College, Oxford, founded 
1557. 



208 



JOH 



JOS 



John, St., the Evangelist, "wrote his 
revelations, 96 ; his gospel, 97 ; 
his festival instituted, 313. 

John's, St., Church, Millbank, West- 
minster, consecrated 24th June, 
1728; burnt 26th Sept., 1742; 
repaired, 1743. 

John, St., Monastery, near Smith- 
field, London, built, 1098; burnt 
down by Wat Tyler's mob, 1381. 

John and Jane, transport brig, run 
down by the Franchise, when out 
of 254 persons, 223 were drowned, 
24th Feb. 1811. 

John Street, Spital-fields, several 
houses in, destroyed, and 14 per- 
sons lost their lives, by an explo- 
sion of gunpowder, at the house of 
a manufacturer of fire-works, 14th 
July, 1815. 

John's town, St., Antigua, destroyed 
by a storm, 17th and 31st Aug., 
1772; by afire, 1769. 

John of Gaunt's house, near Lincoln, 
built 1397. 

Johnes, Thomas, translator of Frois- 
sart and Monstrelet, d. 24th Apr. 
1816. 

Johnson, Dr. Samuel, the lexicogra- 
pher, b. 18th Sept., 1709, d. 13th 
Dec. 1784, aged 75. 

Johnson, Rev. Samuel, b. 1649, sen- 
tenced to stand in the pillory three 
times, fined 300 marks, degraded 
and whipped from Newgate to 
Tyburn, for writing against popery 
and arbitrary power, 1st Dec, 
1686, d. 1703. 

Johnson, Rev. John, b. 1662 ? d. 
1725. 

Johnson the informer, who accumu- 
lated a considerable fortune by 
laying informations against coach 
and cab owners, victuallers, &c, 
d. at Pentonville, 1833, aged 67. 

Johnson, Charles, dramatic writer, d. 
1748. 

Johnson, Thomas, classical editor, d. 
about 1740. 

Johnston, Arthur, Dr., poet and phy- 
sician, b. 1587, d. 1641. 

Johnston, Charles, novel writer, d. 
about 1800. 

Johnston, Francis, an eminent Irish 
architect, built at his own expense, 



and was the first president of 
the Royal Hibernian Academy, d. 
1826. 

Johnstone, Cochrane, convicted of a 
conspiracy to raise the public funds, 
was expelled the House of Com- 
mons, 5th July, 1814. 

Joinville, John de, French statesman 
and historian, d. about 1813, 
aged 90. 

Joli, Antonio, an Italian painter of 

perspective and architecture, b. 

1700, d. 1777. 
Jones, Inigo, the celebrated architect, 

b. 1572, d. 1651. 
Jones, Sir W., oriental scholar, b. 

1746, d. in Bengal, 27th Ap. 1794. 
Jones, Henry, dramatic writer, d. in 

1770. 

Jones, Rev. William, of Nayland, a 
writer on divinity and nat. history, 
d. 6th Jan. 1800. 

Jones, John Gale, president of a 
debating society, called, " The 
British Forum," committed to New- 
gate by the House of Commons 
for a breach of its privileges, 21st 
Feb. 1810. 

Jones, Capt. Geo. M., author of 
Travels in Russia, d. 1831, at 
Malta. 

Jong, Ludolph de, a Dutch painter of 
portraits, b. 1616, d. 1697. 

Jonson, Ben, dramatic poet, b. 1574, 
d. 1637. 

Jordaens, Jacques, of Antwerp, a 
celebrated historic painter, b. 1594, 
d. 1678. 

Jordaens, John, a Dutch historic 

painter, b. 1616, d. 1669. 
Jordan, Mrs., English actress, d. at 

St. Cloud, 5th July, 1816. 
Jordans, John, a Dutch painter of 

history and landscapes, b. 1539, 

d. 1599. 

Joris, Augustine, a Dutch historic 

painter, b. 1525, drowned, 1552. 
Jortin, Dr. John, English divine and 

writer, b. 1698, d. 1770. 
Joseph sold to the Egyptians, 1728 ; 

tempted by Potiphar's wife, 1718; 

made governor of Egypt, 1715; d. 

in Egypt, 1635 B.C., aged 110. 
Josephine, Ex-Empress of France, d. 

at Paris, 30th May, 1814. 



JOS 



J U X 209 



Josephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, 
b. 37, d. 93 A. D. 

Joshua, book of, written B.C. 1415. 
1445. Joshua makes a division of 
the land of Canaan among the 
tribes of Israel, and rests from his 
conquests upon the sabbatical year, 
which begins from the autumnal 
equinox. 1426. Joshua dies in 
his retirement at Timnath-serah, 
aged 110. See Old Testament, 
Events of. 

Josiah. See Old Testament, Events of. 

Joue, Jacques, a French painter of 
architecture, &c. b. 1687, d. 1761. 

Journals of the House of Peers, the 
first taken, 1550. 

Jouvenet, Jean, of Rouen, an historic 
painter, b. 1644, d. 1717. 

Jovius, Paulus, historian, b. 1483, d. 
1552. 

Juan, Don George, Spanish mathema- 
tician, d. 1773. 

Juanes, Juan Battista, the Spanish 
Raffaelle, b. 1523, d. 1579. 

Jubilee, in celebration of Geo. III.'s 
entrance into the 50th year of his 
reign, 25th Oct., 1809. 

Jubilee among the Christians at the 
end of every century, instituted by 
Pope Boniface VIII. 1300 ; this 
was celebrated afterwards every 50 
years by order of Clement VI. — 
Urban VI. reduced it to every 33d 
year, and Paul II. to every 25th 
year, at which period it is now 
fixed. 

Judah. See Old Testament, Events of. 

Jude, St., wrote his epistle, 71; in- 
stituted 1030. 

Judges appointed, and the kingdom 
divided into six circuits, three to 
each, 1 17G ; seized and condemned , 
and the lord chief justice executed 
for favouring despotism, 1388 ; one 
committed the Prince of Wales for 
assaulting him on the bench, 1412 ; 
Bennet fined 20,000/. for bribery, 
1616; threatened with impeach- 
ments, and put in bail, and Berke- 
ley taken off the Bench, and com- 
mitted by the commons, 1641 : 
three impeached, 24th Nov. 1G80 ; 
their salaries augmented, and 



themselves appointed for life, in- 
stead of during pleasure, 1761 ; 
enlarged, 1772 ; of the puisne 
judges, in 1779 ; some sent to the 
East Indies, 1774. 

Julian, the apostate, a Roman em- 
peror, d. 363, aged 31. 

Julian, St., of Alcantara, order of 
knighthood in Spain, began 1176. 

Julien, Pierre, a French sculptor, 
author of " The Dying Gladiator," 
b. 1731, d. 1804. 

Julius Cassar, b. 10th July, 100; 
landed at Deal, 26th Aug. 55 ; 
assassinated, 15th March, B.C. 44. 

Junius, Francis, linguist, b. 1589, d. 
1677. 

Jupiter's satellites discovered by 
Jansen, 1590. 

Juries first instituted in England, 
979 ; in Middlesex, regulated 
1731 ; trial by, in civil causes, in 
Scotland, passed into a law, March, 
1815. 

Juries were common to the northern 
nations ; Reginer, a Dane, ordered 
12 to be impannelled, 820 ; first 
established in England by Ethel- 
red, 979 ; the plaintiff and defend- 
ant, in those times, used to feed 
them, whence the common-law of 
denying sustenance to a jury after 
hearing evidence. 

Jurieu, Peter, French divine, b. 1637, 
d. 1677. 

Jurin, Dr. James, physician and 
mathematician, b. 1684, d. 1750. 

Jussieu, Ant., physician and botanist, 
b. 1686, d. 1758. 

Justices of the Peace first appointed, 
1079. 

Justices, Itinerant, appointed, 1176. 

Justiciary Court of Scotland, estab- 
lished 1672. 

Justin lived about A. D. 250. 

Justin, Martyr, beheaded A. D. 165. 

J ustinian, his Code of Civil Laws pub- 
lished, A. D. 520, four years after 
his famous Digest. 

Justinian began to reign A. D. 527, 
d. 565. 

Juvenal, b. A. D. 45, d. 127. 
Juxon, William, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, b. 1582, d. 1663. 



210 KAB 



KET 



Kaempfer ,Englebert. physician 
and traveller, b. 1651, d. 1716. 

Kager, Matthew, of Munich, an his- 
torical painter, b. 1566, d. 1634. 

Kalf, William, a Dutch painter of 
still life,b. 1630, d. 1693. 

Kalm, P., naturalist, b.1715, d.1779. 

Kalraat, Abraham Van, a Dutch 
painter of fruits and flowers, b. 
1643, d. 1699. 

Kalraat, Berent Van, a Dutch land- 
scape painter, b. 1650, d. 1721. 

Kampen, Jacob Van, a Dutch painter 
and architect, b. 1658. 

Kamtschatka discovered by the Rus- 
sians, 1739. 

Kant, Immanuel, metaphysician, b. 
1724, d. 1814. 

Kappelle, John Van, a Dutch painter, 
pupil of Vandervelde, fl. 1710. 

Kappen, Franc. Vander, a Dutch his- 
torical painter, flourished 1660. 

Katheriue Hall, Cambridge, founded, 
1472. 

Katherine's, St., dock, London, 

opened, 25th Oct., 1828. 
Kauffman, Maria Angelica, of Coire 

in Switzerland, she painted poetical 

subjects, b. 1742, d. 1807. 
Kay, or Key, William, of Breda, a 

portrait painter, b. 1520, d. 1568. 
Kean, Edmund, a celebrated English 

actor, b. 4th Nov., 1787, d. 15th 

May, 1833, buried at Richmond. 
Keate, George, poet,b. 1729, d. 1797. 
Keble, Joseph, English law author, 

b. 1532, d. 1710. 
Keeble, W., an English portrait 

painter, fl. 1754. 
Keill, John, the astronomer, b. 1671, 

d. 1721. 

Keill, James, physician, b. 1673, d. 
1718. 

Keisar, W. de, a Dutch historic pain- 
ter, b. 1647, d. 1693. 

Keith, Field Marshal, b. 1696, killed 
at Hochkerchen, 1758. 

Keith, Adm. Lord, b. 1747, d. 1823. 

Kelly, H.,a dramatic writer, and edi- 
tor of " The Babbler," b. 1739, d. 
3rd Feb., 1777. 

Kelly, Miss, shot at while acting at 



K 

t Drury-lane, by George Barnett, 
17th Feb., 1816 ; he was tried and 
acquitted, as insane, 8th Ap., 1816. 
Kelsall Green, general cemetery at, 
■ consecrated by the Bishop of Lon- 
don, 24th Jan., 1833. 
Kemble, J. P., tragedian, b. 1757, 
d. 1823. 

Kempis, Thomas a, b. 1380, d. 1440. 
Ken, Thos., bishop, b. 1637, d. 1710. 
Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, bt. 
1120; priory built, 1106. 
' Kennedy, Rev. John, mathematician, 
d. about 1770. 
Kennet, Rev. Basil, b. 1674, d. 1714. 
Kennet, White, bishop, b. 1660, d. 
1728. 

Kennicott, Dr. Benj., b. 1718, d. 18th 

Aug., 1783. 
Kenrick, Dr. William, dramatic wri- 
ter, &c, d. 9th June, 1777. 
Kent, the maid of, executed at Ty- • 

burn, 20th April, 1534. 
Kent, W., English painter of portraits, 
history,and architecture, inventor of 
modern gardening, b.1685, d.1748. 
Kent, kingdom of, began, 455 ; ended 
823. 

Kent, East Indiaman, burned in the 
bay of Biscay, and 85 lives lost, 
13th March, 1825. 
Kent, Duke of, brother of George 
IV., b. 1767, d. 23rd Jan., 1820. 
Kentbury, Berks, nine houses at, 
destroyed by fire, 10th Ap., 1742. 
Kenyon, Lord, learned judge, b.1733, 
d. 1802. 

Kepler, John, astronomer, b.at Wiel, 

1571, d. 1630. 
Kerckhove, Joseph Vanden, a Dutch 
historic painter, b. 1669, d. 1724. 
Kessel, John Van, of Antwerp, a 
painter of fruits and flowers, b. 
1626, d. 1708. 
Kessel, Ferdinand Van, a Dutch his- 
toric painter, b. 1660, d. 1696. 
Kessel, N. Van, a Dutch painter of 
rustic festivities, b. 1684, d. 1741. 
Ketel, Cornelius, Dutch painter of his- 
tory and portraits, b. 1548,d.l602. 
Kettering, Northamptonshire, des- 
troyed by a fire, 1767. 



KET 



KIP 



211 



Kettle, Tilly, an English portrait 

painter, b. 1740, d. 1798. 
Keulen, Janssen, or Janson Van, a 

Londoner, portrait painter, d. 1665. 
Kew bridge built of wood, 1759 ; of 

stone began 1783 ; opened 23rd 

Sept., 1789. 
Keysler, J. G, German antiquary, b. 

1689, d. 1743. 
Kick, Cornelius, a Dutch painter of 

still life, b. 1635, d. 1675. 
Kidder, Bishop of Bath, and his lady, 

killed in bed by the falling of a 

stack of chimneys, 1703. 
Kierings, James, a Dutch landscape 

painter, b. 1590, d. 1646. 
Kilkenny, statute of, passed, 1364. 
Killigrew, Anne, an English lady, a 

painter of history, portraits, and 

still life, b. 1660, d. of small pox 

1685. 

Killigrew, Sir W., b. 1605, d, 1693. 
Killigrew, Thos., b. 161 l,d. 1682. 
Killwarden, Lord, murdered by the 

rebels in Dublin, 23rd July, 1803. 
Kilmarnock, Lord, and Balmerino, 

beheaded, 18th Aug., 1746. 
Kimchi, David, learned Jewish rabbi, 

d. 1240. 

King of England, the title of, first 
used, 829 ; of Ireland added, 1542 ; 
of Great Britain, 1603. 

King of France, the title of, assumed 
by the King of England, and his 
arms quartered with those of Eng- 
land, with the motto " Dieu et mon 
droit," first used, 21st Feb., 1340 ; 
relinquished, 1st Jan., 1801. 

King of the French began 1791 ; abo- 
lished, 1792; restored 9th Aug., 
1830. 

King, Edward, the subject of " Lyci- 

das," drowned 1637. 
King, Edward, antiquary, b. 1735, d. 

1807. 

King, Gregory, heraldic writer, b. 

1648, d. 1712. 
King, Henry, bishop, theologian, b. 

1591, d. 1669. 
King, Peter, lord chancellor, b. 1669, 

d. 1733. 

King, Peter, Lord, biographer of 
Locke, b. 31st Aug., 1775, d. 4th 
June, 1833. 

King, R., divine, b. 1749, d. 1810. 



King, John Glen, English topogra- 
pher, d. 1787, aged 55. 

King, William, Archbishop of Dub- 
lin, b. 1650, d. 1729. 

King, Dr. William, ' miscellaneous 
writer, b. 1663, d. 1712. 

King, Dr. William, Latin writer, b. 
1684, d. 1763. 

King, Capt., the companion of Capt. 
Cook, d. Nov., 1784. 

King, Thomas, an English portrait 
painter, d. 1769. 

King's evil, first touched for the cure 
of, Edward the Confessor, 1058 ; 
discontinued by George I. 

King's Bench prison, in St. George's 
fields, Southwark, built, 1751; 
enlarged, 1776 ; burnt by rioters, 
7th June, 1780; rebuilt, 1781; 
100 apartments burnt, 13th July, 
1799. 

King's College, Cambridge, founded, 
1541. 

King's College, Aberdeen, founded, 
1500. 

King's College, in Nova Scotia, foun- 
ded, 1798; charter granted, 12th 
May, 1802. 

King's College, London,in the Strand, 
built bv subscription, opened 1st 
Oct., 1831. 

King's speech, the first delivered by 
Henry I., 1107. 

Kings. See the names of the differ- 
ent nations, England, France, &c. 

Kingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod at 
Babylon, 2233 B.C. 

Kings, four, — Edward III. of Eng- 
land, John of France, Peter of Cy- 
prus, and David of the Scots, — 
entertained by the Lord Mayor of 
London, Sir H. Picard, at one table, 
1364. 

Kingston, Duchess of, tried for biga- 
my, convicted, and degraded, 22nd 
April, 1776 ; allowed to be Coun- 
tess of Bristol, 18th May, 1779. 

Kingston, Jamaica, suffered damage 
to the amount of 500,000/. by a 
fire, 3rd Feb., 1782. 

Kingston-upon-Thames bridge, the 
first stone of, laid by Lord Liver- 
pool, 7th Nov., 1825. 

Kippis, -Dr. Andrew, d. 3rd Oct., 
1795, aged 71. 



212 



KIR 



KOB 



Kirby, John Joshua (father of Mrs. 

Trimmer), an English writer and 

landscape painter, b. 1716, d. 1774. 
Kirby and Wade, sea captains, shot at 

Plymouth, 1703. 
Kirch, Godfrey, astronomer, b. 1640, 

d. 1710. 

Kirch, Mary, astronomer, b. 1670, d. 
1720. 

Kirch, Christian Frederic, astronomer, 

b. 1694, d. 1740. 
Kircher, Athanasius,b. 1601, d. 1680. 
Kirkham Priory, Yorkshire, bt. 1122. 
Kirkstal Abbey, Yorkshire, bt. 1153. 
Kirkstead Abbey, Lincolnshire, built 

1139. 

Kir-wan, Richard, mineralogist, d. 
Aug., 1812. 

Kirwan, W. B., Irish divine, b. about 
1754, d. 1805. 

Kissing the Pope's foot, practised 709. 

Kissing the Pope's foot took its rise 
from the custom of kneeling to 
sovereigns, introduced by Diocle- 
sian. Thence also the custom of a 
vassal kneeling to his lord, in 
homage. Kissing the hands of 
great men was a Grecian custom. 

Kitchenman, John, an English pain- 
ter of portraits in oil, and miniatures, 
d. 1782. 

Kitt's, St., greatly damaged by fire, 
1768, 1776; greatly damaged by 
a storm, and the town of Basse- 
terre by fire, the loss immense, 
5th Sept., 1776. 

Klaproth, M. H., chemist, d. at Ber- 
lin, 1817. 

Klass, Fred. Chris., of Dresden, a 
landscape painter and engraver, b. 
1752. 

Kleber, General, b. 1750, assassinated 
1800. 

Kleist, C, poet, b. 1715, killed at 

the Kimnersdorf, 1759. 
Klenghel, John Chris., of Saxony, a 

painter and engraver, b. 1731, d. 

1792. 

Klocker, David, of Hamburgh, a pain- 
ter of field sports, b. 1629, d.1698. 

Klomp, Albert, a Dutch landscape 
painter, flourished 1680. 

Klopstock, Fred. Gotlieb, the Ger- 
man poet, b. 1724, d. 14th March, 
1803. 



Knapton, George, an English portrait 
painter, b. 1698, d. 1788. 

Knaresborough Castle, Yorkshire, 
built 1100. 

Knave was anciently a regular ad- 
dition, as esquire is now, to a 
gentleman, &c. With us, a knavish 
action is a feudal term, implying 
fit only for the meanest servants. 

Knee ordered to be bent at the name 
of Jesus, 1275. 

Kneller, Sir Godfrey, a celebrated 
portrait painter, b. at Lubeck about 
1648, d. in London, 1723. 

Knight, Mr., cashier of the South Sea 
Company, absconded withl00,000/. 
1720; compounded with govern- 
ment for 10,000^, and returned to 
England in 1743. 

Knight, R. P., Esq., d.1824, aged 76. 

Knights and citizens obliged to reside 
at the places they represented, 
1413. 

Knighthood first introduced in Eng- 
land, 897. In 1430 orders were 
issued for every person with 401. per 
ann. to take the order of knighthood. 

Knighthood, by the king, forbidden 
by the parliament, 1640. 

Knighthood, all orders of, abolished 
in France by the National Assem- 
bly, 30th July, 1791. 

Knitting stockings invented in Spain, 
1550. 

Knives first made in England, 1563. 

Knives, eighteen clasped ones, such 
as are used by sailors, found in the 
stomach and intestines of William 
Cummins, who died in Guv's Hos- 
pital, 1809. 

Knolles, Richard, English historian, 
d. 1610. 

Knollis, Sir F., statesman, d. 1596. 
Knot, order of knighthood, began in 

Naples, 1351. 
Knox, John, the reformer, b. 1505, 

d. 1572. 

Knox, Dr. Vicesimus, miscellaneous 
writer, b. 1752, d. 1821. 

Knupfer, Nicholas, of Leipsic, a pain- 
ter of battle pieces,b.l603,d.l660. 

Knutzen, Matthias, the professed Ger- 
man atheist, living in 1674. 

Kobell, Ferd., of Manheim, a land- 
scape painter, b. 1740. 



IOE 



LAB 213 



Koeberger, YVenceslaus, an eminent 
Dutch painter, engraver, and archi- 
tect, b. 1554, d. 1634. 

Koene, Isaac, a Dutch landscape 
painter, h. 1650, d. 1713. 

Koenia:, J. Gerard, botanist, b. 17*28, 
d. 1785. 

Koenia:, Samuel, mathematician, d. 
1727. 

Koenratt, a Dutch painter of flowers, 
fruits, &c. b. 1678, d. 1747. 

Koerten, or Block, Joanna, a Dutch 
lady, who excelled in drawing, 
painting, embroidery, and cutting 
in paper, b. 1650, d. 1715. 

Koets, Roelof, Dutch portrait painter, 
b. 1655, d. 1725. 

Kolben, Peter, traveller, b. 1674, d. 
1726. 

Konig, Fred., inventor of steam-press 
printing, d. 18th. Jan., 1833. 

Koninck, Solomon, Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1609. 

Koningh, Philip de, a Dutch painter 
of history and portraits, b. 1619, 
d. 1689.* 

Koningsberg, in Prussia, nearly de- 
stroyed by lightning in 1764, and 
by fire, 1769; again nearly de- 
stroyed by fire, 14th June, 1811. 

Koogen, Leon. Vander, a Dutch 
painter of conversations and drink- 
ings, b. 1610, d. 1681. 

Kosciusko, the illustrious Polish ge- 
neral, d. 1817. 

Kotzebue, the dramatist, assassinated 
at Manheim, by Sandt, a Wurtz- 
burg student, 2nd April, 1819. 

Kouli Khan, usurped the Persian 



throne, 11th March, 1732; assas- 
sinated 8th June, 1747, by his 
nephew. 

Kouwenburgh, Chris. Yan, a Dutch 

painter of history and landscape, b. 

1604, d. 1667. 
Krahe, Lambert, of Dusseldorp, a 

painter, b. 1730, d. 1790. 
Krans, George Melchior, of Frankfort, 

a landscape painter and engraver, 

b. 1727. 

Krause, Fran., of Augsburg, an his- 
toric painter, b. 1706, d. 1754. 

Kryns, Everard, a Dutch painter of 
history and portraits, b. 1568, d. 
1627. 

Kuick, John Van, a Dutch historic 
painter, b. 1530, burned alive, 
1572. 

Kunckel, John, eminent chemist, b. 

1630, d. 1703. 
Kunst, Cornelius, a Dutch historic 

painter, b. 1493, d. 1544. 
Kupetzki, John, a Bohemian portrait 

painter, b. 1667, d. 1740. 
Kuster, Ludolph, critic, b. 1670, d. 

1716. 

Kutusoff, Russian general, d. 21st 

June, 1813. 
Kuyp (Old) Jacob Gerritze, of Dort, 

a landscape painter, founder of the 

Academy of St. Luke, b. 1578, d. 

1649. 

Kuyp, or Cuyp, Albert, of Dort, an 
universal painter, b. 1606, d. 1667. 

Kuyp, Ben., of Dort, an historical 
painter, b. 1608. 

Kyrie Eleison first introduced into the 
Litany, 590. 



L 

JlfABAT, J. B., author, b.1663, d. 
1758. 

Laberius, Roman writer, d. B. C. 46. 

Labour, price of, A. D. 1352, 25 
Edw. III. wages paid to hay-makers 
was but Id. a-day; a mower of 
meadows 5d. per day, or 5d. an 
acre ; reapers of corn, in the first 
week of August, 2d., in the second 
3d. per day, and so till the end of 
August, without meat, drink, or 



other allowance, finding their own 
tools; for threshing a quarter of 
wheat or rye, 2$d. ; a quarter of 
barley, beans, peas, and oats, l^d.; 
a master carpenter, 3d. a-day, other 
carpenters 2c?. per day ; a master 
mason 4d. per day, other masons 
3c?. per day, and their servants 
\±d. per day ; tilers 3d", and their 
knaves lid. ; thatchers 3c?. per 
day, their knaves l$d. ; plasterers, 



214 



LAB 



L A L 



and other workers of mud walls, 
and their knaves, in the like man- 
ner, without meat or drink, and 
this from Easter to Michaelmas ; 
and from that time less, according 
to the direction of the justices. — 
By the 34th of Edward III. 1361, 
chief masters of carpenters and 
masons Ad. a-day, and the others 
3c?. or 2d. as they are Avorth. — 
13th Richard II. 1389, the wages 
of a bailiff of husbandry 13s. Ad. 
a-year, and bis clothing once a-year 
at most ; the master hind 10s., the 
carter 10s., shepherd 10s., ox- 
herd 6s. 8d., cow-herd 6s. 8d., 
swine-herd 6s., a woman labourer 
6s., a day ditto 6s., a driver of 
plough 7s. From this time up to 
the time of 23 Henry VI., the 
price of labour was fixed by the 

justices by proclamation 1445, 

23 Henry VI. the wages of a bailiff 
of husbandry was 23s. 4c?. per 
annum, and clothing of the price 
of 5s. with meat and drink ; chief 
hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s., 
clothing 4s. ; common servant of 
husbandry 15s., clothing AOd. ; 
woman servant 10s., clothing 4s. ; 
infant under 14 years 6s., clothing 
3s. ; freemason or master carpen- 
ter Ad. per day, without meat and 
drink, o±d. ; master tiler or slater, 
mason or mean carpenter, and 
other artificers concerned in build- 
ing, 3c?. per day, without meat and 
drink, 4|d. ; every other labourer 
2d. per day, without meat and 
drink 3id. per day ; after Michael- 
mas to abate in proportion. In the 
time of harvest, a mower Ad. a-day, 
without meat and drink 6d. ; reaper 
or carter 3c?. a-day, without meat 
and drink 5d. ; woman labourer 
and other labourers 2d. a-day, 
without meat and drink Aid. per 

day By the 11th Henry VII. 

1496, there was a like rate of 
wages, only with a little advance ; 
as, for instance, a freemason, mas- 
ter carpenter, rough mason, brick- 
layer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, 
carver, joiner, was allowed from 
Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. 



a-day, without meat and drink, 
or with meat and drink 4d. ; from 
Michaelmas to Easter to abate Id. 
A master having under him six 
men. was allowed \d. a-day extra. 
By the 6th of Henry VIII. 1515, 
the wages of shipwrights were fixed 
as follows : a master ship carpenter, 
taking the charge of the work, 
having men under him, 5c?. a day 
in the summer season, with meat 
and drink ; other ship carpenter, 
called an hewer, Ad. ; an able 
clincher 3c?. ; holder 2c?. ; master 
calker 4c?. ; mean calker 3c?. ; day 
labourer by the tide 4c?. 
Labour of husbandmen at different 
periods from 1568 to the year 
1788, in England :_ 

1568 - 4c?. per diem. 
1620 - 4a 
1632 - 6 
1647 - 10 
1662 - 6 
1688 - 8 
1698 - 8 i 
1716 - 9 
1740 - 10 
1760 - 1 
1788 - 1 4 
Lacalza, order of knighthood, began 

in Venice 1400. 
Lace, Flanders, more valuable than 
gold. One ounce of fine Flanders 
thread has been sold in London 
for Al. ; such an ounce made into 
lace may be here sold for 40/., 
which is ten times the price of 
standard gold, weight for weight. 
Lacock Nunner}^ Wilts, built, 1133. 
Lactantius flourished, 323. 
Lacteals, the, discovered by chance 
in opening a dog, by Asellius, 23rd 
July, 1662; in birds, fish, &c, 
by Mr. Hewson, a surgeon of 
London, 1770. 
Ladrone Isles discovered, 1521. 
Ladvocat, J. B., divine and historian, 

b. 1709, d. 1765. 
Lafayette, Marquis de, d. 20th May, 

1834, aged 76. 
Lagrange, J. L., mathematician, b. 

1786, d. 1813. 
Laing, Malcolm, historian, b. 1762, 
d. 1819. 



LAI 



LAN 215 



Lairesse, Gerard, Dutch painter and 
engraver, b. 1640, d. 1711. 

Lalande, J. J. F., astronomer, b. 
1732, d. 1807. 

Lally, Count, beheaded in 1766. 

Lamarque, a brave French officer, dis- 
tinguished in the campaigns of 
Napoleon, b. 1772, d. 31st May, 
1 832 ; upwards of 4000 persons 
were killed in Paris in the riots 
that took place at his funeral. 

Lamb, Dr., murdered in London, 
24th June, 1628. 

Lambert, George, painter, d. 1765. 

Lambert, Daniel, d. 21st Juue, 1829, 
weighing 52 stone 11 lbs., 14 lbs. 
to the stone. 

Lambert, J. Henry, mathematician, 
b. 1728, d. 1777. 

Lambeth Chapel founded, 1169; pa- 
lace built, 1184. 

Lambeth, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Lamy, Bernard, French divine, b. 
1640, d. 29th Jan., 1715. 

Lanark Castle, Scotland, founded, 
1314. 

Lancaster, Joseph, promulgator of the 

system of mutual instruction, b. 

1771, d. 1834. 
Lancaster "Castle built by Agricola, 

the Roman general, 124. 
Lancaster, duchy court of, established 

1376. 

Lancaster created a county palatine 
by Edward III. in favour of John 
of Gaunt. 

Lancrink, Pros. Hen., a German ar- 
tist, b. 1628, d, 1692. 

Lander, Richard, the African traveller, 
d. of the wounds he received from 
a party of Moors, 6th Feb., 1834. 

Land, a piece of, in Finland, 4000 
square ells in extent, sunk 15 fa- 
thoms, but most of the inhabitants 
escaped, Feb., 1793. A tract of, 
amounting to 120 English acres, 



and of the depth of 60 feet, slid 
with a tremendous crash into the 
river Nid, near Drontheim,in Nor- 
way, 7th March, 1816. 

Land-carriage of fish supported by 
parliament, 1764. 

Land-tax, the first in England, 990 ; 
amounted annually to 82,000?. in 
1018 ; every hide of land taxed 3s. 
in 1109 ; again established in 1695, 
from which period to the year 1800 
it yielded above 227,000,000/. 

Land-tax, — The proposed augmenta- 
tion and equalisation of this tax 
rendering it a subject of much in- 
terest to the public, it may not be 
unacceptable to many of our readers 
to be informed, that the cause of 
the disproportion of its operation 
proceeds from its having been ori- 
ginally a kind of voluntary contri- 
bution, levied for the service of 
the state, in the reign of King Wil- 
liam. The sum agreed to be raised 
by it (viz. 2,000,000/.) was divided 
into 513 parts, being the number 
of the members for England and 
Wales ; and it was left to the op- 
tion of the several counties to pay 
as many of those parts as they 
thought proper, or could afford. 
The consequence was that some of 
them, celebrated for their loyalty, 
took upon them the payment of 
immense sums, while others, al- 
though equally capable of bearing 
the burden, contributed very spar- 
ingly indeed. For instance, Mid- 
dlesex agreed to pay eighty parts, 
Essex and York twenty -four each, 
and Norfolk and Kent twenty-two 
each, whereas Westmoreland and 
Cumberland would subscribe only 
one each, Rutland two, and Dur- 
ham three. In this manner it has 
ever since been voted from year to 
year down to the present time. 



216 



The following tahle shows the quantity of land in the several counties, the 
number of members returned by each, and the parts paid by them, 
together with the amount of the produce. 



Counties. 


Acres. 


Mem. 


Parts. 


Produce. 


Y"orksliire - ~ 


3,770,000 


41 


24 


£92,631 


4 


8 


Tipvati en i rp — 

-L/C N UJUollJJ. c — ■» 


1 oon 000 


26 


o: 

AO 


81,052 


6 





T iin o c\ 1 ti - 


1 440 000 

J- } i i V/« \J \J\J 


12 


1 Q 

1 if 


73.333 


A 


Q 
O 


c\vt nirninprl wn n — 
yji tit uiii uci lduu — 


1,870 000 


10 


A 
t 


15,438 


10 


n 
O 


Hants - 


1,312^000 


16 


8 


30,877 


1 


4 


Kent - 


1 °48 000 


19 


22 


84,911 


18 


8 




1 ^40 000 


g 


9/t 


92,631 


4 


n 
U 


TjlTlPQ^nlTA — — 
AJullLiiMIil C — 


1,150,000 


24 


14 


54,034 


17 


o 




"Norfolk - 


1 1 48 000 


12 




84,911 


18 


/i 
-t 


Sussex — -■ — 


1,140,000 


19 


16 


61,754 




Q 




OumlierlancL ■* — — 


1,040,000 


9 


1 


o,ooy 




& 



Suffolk ------ 


995,000 


13 


20 


77,192 


13 


4 


Cornwall - 


96o',000 


27 


8 


30,877 


i 


4 


Salop - 


890 000 


13 


7 


m a 
/ /,U1U 


Q 
O 


c 
o 


Wilts 


876000 


18 


13 


50,175 


4 


8 


Gloucester - - 


800,000 


11 


12 


40,oi0 




c 
u 


TlfVPCP-1' 

J_/ Ul oU t — — — — 


772 000 


13 


Q 


34,736 


14 





Cheshire - - - 


720,000 


10 


7 


27,017 


8 


8 


Derby - 


fiflO 000 




u 


23,157 


16 





War\\ ick — - — . — 


670 000 


10 


1 


38,586 


6 


8 


^lerefbrdsliire — — 


RRO 000 


7 


o 


19,298 


3 




Nottins^liamsliire — - 


fi39 000 


1 


7 


27,017 


8 


8 


Durham - - — 


fii n ooo 


10 


9 
O 


11,578 


18 





Surrey 


£>Q9 000 


1] 


18 


69,473 


8 





Oam bridge - ~ - 


o/ u,uuu 


7 


u 


23,157 


16 





Leicester 




u 


9 


34,736 


14 





JN ortnampton - - 


f;f;n nnn 


Q 


1 6 


46,315 


12 





"W orcester ~ - - 


^n nnn 


12 


Q 


34,736 


14 





O-srfnrrl 


nnn 


Q 


10 


38.596 


6 


8 


1 1 " 


^97 nnn 


3 


10 


38,596 


6 


8 


\\ estmoreianu - — 


^i n nnn 


9 
O 


1 


3,859 


12 


8 


Herts - 


451,000 


7 


11 


42,455 


19 


4 


Bucks - 


441,000 


11 


12 


46,315 


12 


(i 


Bedford 


247,000 


4 


7 


27.017 


8 


8 


Middlesex - 


241,000 


14 


80 


398,770 


13 


4 


Huntingdon - - - 


OiA AAA 


4 


4 


15.438 


10 


8 


Stafford 


180,000 


17 


7 


27,017 


8 


8 


Somerset - - - 


175,000 


15 


19 


73,333 





8 


Monmouth 


160,000 


4 


3 


11,578 


18 





Rutland 


110,000 


2 


2 


7,719 


4 


4 


South Wales - 
North Wales 


3,210,000 > 
2,160,000 5 


29 


11 


42,455 


19 


(i 


Total - 




500 


513 


2,000,000 









LAND. 



Before the union with Scotland, 
England sent 514 representa- 
tives to parliament, and by the 
act of union, 45 Scotch were 
added to them ; which, if they 
had gone by the land-tax, ought 
not to have been so many; but 
it seemed the intention of the 
then legislature, that but 45 
Scotch should sit in the house, 
for at that time time few or no 
Scotchmen had estates in Eng- 
land, nor had any of them, till 
some years afterwards, qualifi- 
cations to be chosen for any 
English borough. The whole 
kingdom of Scotland pays but 
47,954/. Is. 2d. towards the 
land-tax. How unequally this 
tax falls will appear by the fol- 
lowing statements. 

The land-tax being nominally is. 
in the pound, London, West- 
minster, and Middlesex, do not 
pay 3s. 

No county in England pays more 
than 2*. except Surrey, Sussex, 
Hertford, Bucks, Berks, Oxford, 
and Warwickshire. They pay 
somewhat above 2s. 

Kent, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hamp- 
shire, and the inland counties, 
pay 20c?. to 22d. 

The great counties of York, Devon, 
and Somerset, pay is. 6d. 

Cornwall pays less. Wales, Lan- 
cashire, and the northern coun- 
ties, pay under Is. 

Scotland pays about the forty-first 
part of the land-tax, though the 
value of their lands is about 
one-sixth of that of England. 

Several parishes in London and 
Westminster, pay full or more 
than 4s. in the pound, while 
others scarce pay a third part, 
and some less than half that 
sum. 

Marybone parish, consisting of 
2500 acres, of which one-third 
is occupied by buildings, pays 
the enormous sum of one penny 
farthing; when they make it a 
halfpenny there is an overplus. 

Serjeants-Inn, Chancery-lane, con- 



217 

taining about 15 apartments, 
formerly for the 'judges and 
Serjeants, worth about 50/. per 
annum, one with another ; the 
whole is about 900/. per ann. 
A tax of 4s. in the pound would 
be 180/ They pay no more 
than 31/., which is about 9d. 
The three Temples pay about 
lOd. 

Pembrokeshire pays 6c?. Cardi- 
ganshire, Ad. Part of Radnor- 
shire pays 2s. ; other parts 4d. 
in the pound. 

LAND-TAX OF ALL THE PARISHES 
WITHIN TWELVE MILES OF THE 
METROPOLIS. 

Middlesex. 





s. d. 


Acton - 


- 2 3 


Barnet-Friern 


- 3 6 


Bethnal-Green 


- 1 4 


Brentford 


-2 4* 


Bromley (by Bow) - 


- 1 9 


Chelsea 


- 1 6 


Chiswick 


- 1 6 


Ealing 


- 1 2 


Edgeware 


- 2 3 


Edmonton 


- 2 


Enfield 


- 2 11 


Finchley 


- 3 


Islington 


- 1 6 


Kensington 


- 1 


Kingsbury - 


- 2 6 


Limehouse 


- 3 4 


Marybone - One Farthing. 


Newington (Stoke) 


- 1 10 


Northall 


- 2 6 


Norwood 


- 2 4 


Paddington 


- 10 


Fulham 


- 1 7 


St. George's in the East 


- 1 10 


Greenford - 


- 2 6 


Hackney 


- 1 3 


Hadley 
Hampstead 


- 2 4 

- 10 


Hanwell 


- 2 6 


Harrow on the Hill 


- 3 


Hayes 


- 2 7 


Hendon 


- 1 11 


Heston 


- 2 8 


Hornsey 


- 2 4 


Isleworth 


- 1 4 


Pancras 


- 3 



L 



218 LAN 



LAN 







s. 


d. 


Shadwell 




3 





Stanmore Magna 




2 





Stanmore Parva 




2 


9 


Stratford, Bow - 




1 


6 


Teddington 







8| 


Tottenham 




1 


10 


Wilsdon and West Twyford 2 





HERTFORDSHIRE. 








Chipping-Barnet 


_ 


3 


2 


East-Barnet 


_ 


2 


3 


Elstree 




1 


9 


Totteridge 


_ 


2 


9 


ESSEX. 

Barking 




2 


6 


Cbigwell 


_ 


2 





Chingford 


_ 


2 


6 


East Ham 




2 


3 


Ilford 


_ 


1 


2 


Leyton 


_ 


2 





Romford 




2 


6 


Walthamstow 


_ 


2 





Wanstead 




3 


6 


West Ham - 




2 





Woodford 




1 





KENT. 








Beckenham — 




2 


2 


Bromley - - 







9 


Charlton 




2 


8 


Chislehurst 


_ 


1 


2 


Deptford 


_ 


2 





Eltham 


_ 


1 


9 


Greenwich 




1 


2 


Hayes 




1 


3 


Lee 




2 





Lewi sham 




1 


6 


Plumstead 




1 


9 


East Wickham 


_ 


2 





West ditto 


_ 





9 


Woolwich - 


_ 


1 


2 


SURREY. 








Addington 




2 





Barnes 




2 





Battersea 




1 


9 


Beddington 




1 


6 


Camherwell 




1 


9 


Dulwich 




4 





Carshalton * 






7 


Cheam - 




2 





Clapham 




1 


9 


Croydon 




2 





Merton 




2 


5 


Mitcham 




1 


6 


Mordon 




2 


1 



s. d. 

Mortlake - - 2 6 

Newington Butts - 1 2 

Peckham - -20 

Petersham - -4 

Putney - - -13 
Kew - -, 9 

Kingston - - 2 7 

Lambeth, viz. 

Bishop's Liberty - 1 4 
Prince's Liberty - 1 1 

Vauxhall - - 2 2 

Marsh and Wall Lib. - 1 6 
Lambeth Dean - 2 

Stockwell - - 1 6 

Maiden - - 3 10 

Roehampton - -2 3 

Richmond - - 1 

Rotherhithe - - 3 

Streatham - - 2 3 

Sutton - - 2 

Tooting - - 1 

Wandsworth - -2 

Wimbledon - -40 

Lancaster, James, navigator, d. 1633. 
Lancelot, Claude, French writer, b. 

1619, d. 1695. 
Landau, arsenal at, blown up 20th 

Dec. 1794. 
Lancret, Nicholas, painter, b. 1690, 
d. 1743. 

Landen, John, mathematician, b. 

1719, d. 1790. 
Lander, Richard, African traveller, 

killed 1834. 
Lanercost Priory, Cumberland, built 

1169. 

Lanfranc, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 

1005, d. 1089. 
Lanfranco, Giov., an Italian painter, 

b. 1581, d. 1647. 
Langbaiue, Gerard, English writer, 

d. 1692. 

Langhorne, Dr. John, the writer, b. 

1735, d. Sept. 1779. 
Languard Fort, Essex, built 1618. 
Langlande, Robert, old English poet, 

d. 1369. 
Langton, Abp., d. 1228. 
Langueau, Remi, painter, d, 1694. 
Languet, Hubert, statesman, b. 1513, 

d. 1581. 

Laniere, painter, d. 1646, aged 78. 
Lansdown, George, Viscount, b. 1667, 
d. 1735. 



LAN 



LEA 219 



Lanterns invented by King Alfred, 
890. 

Lanture, a Flemish painter, flou- 
rished 1580. 

Lanzi, Luigi, antiquary, b. 1732, d. 
1810. 

Lapi, Arnolfo, a Florentine architect, 
d. 1300, aged 60. 

Lapis calaminaris, discovered in Eng- 
land, 1561.- 

Laplanders, several arrived in Lon- 
don with game, -which were in fine 
preservation, after travelling 1000 
miles, 8th Feb. 1816. 

Laquer varnisb, first used instead of 
gilding, 1633. 

Larcber, P. H., French translator of 
Herodotus, b. 1726, d. 1812. 

Lardner, Dr. N., divine, b. 1684, d. 
1768. 

Largilliere, Nicholas, painter, b. 1656, 
d. 1746. 

Laroon, Marcel., painter, b. at the 

Hague, 1653, d. 1705. 
La Scama, order of knighthood, began 

in Spain, 1420. 
Latimer, bishop of Worcester, burnt 

at Oxford,' Oct. 1555. 
Latin and Greek churches united, 

1004. 

Latin language forbidden in courts of 

law in England, 1731. 
Latin tongue ceased to be spoken 

commonly in Italy, 581. 
Latini, Brunetto, tutor of Dante, d. 

1294. 

Latour, Hubert de, the statuary, d. 
1650. 

Latton Priory, built before 1270. 
Laud, Abp., beheaded 10th Jan. 

1645, aged 71. 
Lauder, W., the slanderer of Milton, 

d. 1771. 

Lauderdale, duke of, d. 24th Aug., 
1682. 

Laudolm, Field Marshal, b. 1716, 
d. 1790. 

Lauenberg, Duchy of, ceded to Den- 
mark by Russia, in exchange for 
Pomerania and Rugen, 4th June, 
1815. 

Launceston Castle, Cornwall, built 

by the Romans. 
Laurel, British frigate, lost in Qui- 



heron Bay, and the crew made 

prisoners, 31st Jan. 1812. 
Laura ti, Pietro, painter in fresco, b. 

1282, d. 1340. 
Laurestina frigate, lost in a hurricane 

off the Bahamas, but crew saved, 

1813. 

Lauri, Filippo, an Italian painter, b. 
1623, d. 1694. 

Laval ette, condemned at Paris for 
high treason, escaped from prison, 
disguised in his wife's clothes, 21st 
Dec. 1815. Maj. Gen. Sir Rob. 
Wilson, Mich. Bruce, Esq., and 
Capt. Hely Hutchinson, were sen- 
tenced to three months' imprison- 
ment for aiding his escape from 
France. 

Lavater, the physiognomist, b. 1741, 

d. at Zurich, Jan. 1801. 
Lavoisier, A. L., chemist, b. 1743, 

beheaded, 1794. 
Law, John, the bubble projector of 

France, b. 1671, d. 1729. 
Law, Edmund, Bishop of Carlisle, 

theological writer, b. 1703, d. 

1787. 

Law, Edward, Lord Ellenborough, b. 

1749, d. 1818. 
Law, Rev. William, divine, b. 1686, 

d. 1761. 

Law of Moses, delivered 4th May, 
B.C. 1491. 

Lawes, Henry, musician, d. 1662. 

Laws of the land, . first translated 
into Saxon, 590 ; published, 610. 

Laws of EdAvard the Confessor, com- 
posed 1 065. 

Lawns and thread gauze were, in 
1784, manufactured at Paisley, to 
the value of 164,385/. 16s. G{d. 

Lawrence, Dr. T., physician, b. 1711, 
d. 1773. 

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, English 

painter of history and portraits, b. 

1769, d. 7th Jan. 1830. 
Layer, counsellor, hanged for treason, 

17th March, 1722. 
Lazari, an Italian artist, b. 1444, d. 

1514. 

Lazarus, St., order of knighthood, 

began 366. 
Leaden pipes for conveying water, 

invented 1236. 

i 2 



220 LEA 



LES 



Lcaden-hall, London, built 1446. 
Leadhills, Scotland, shock of an 

earthquake felt at, 14th Feb. 1749. 
Leake, Sir John, English admiral, b. 

1656, d. 1720. 
Leake, Richard, eminent seaman, b. 

1629, d. 1686. 
Leake, Stephen Martin, heraldic 

writer, b. 1702, d. 1773. 
Leblon, Michael, painter, of Frank- 
fort, d. 1650. 
Lecchi, T. A., mathematician, b. 

1702, d. 1776. 
Le Dran, H. F., French surgeon, b. 

1685, d. 1770. 
Ledyard, John, traveller, d. 1788. 
Lee, Archbishop, of York, d. 1544, 

aged 62. 

Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist, d. 1692, 
aged 33. 

Lee, Rev. Mr., who invented the 
stocking frame, resided at Cam- 
bridge, 1589. 

Lee-Boo, an Indian prince, who died 
of the small-pox, and was interred 
in Rotherhithe church-yard, d. 
27th Dec, 1784. 

Leeds, England, erected into a bo- 
rough, 1832. 

Leeds Castle, Kent, built 857, re- 
built, 1071. 

Legacies taxed, 1780 ; tax increased, 
1796, 1805, 1808. 

Legion of honour, instituted by Buo- 
naparte, 15th July, 1804 ; con- 
firmed by Louis XVIII. in 1814. 

Legnano, S. M., artist, b. 1660, d. 
1715. 

Leibnitz b. at Leipsic 1646, d. 1716. 
Leiburn Castle, Kent, built 1 1 90. 
Leicester, Dudley, Earl of, b. 1532, 

d. 1588. 
Leicester Abbey built, 1143. 
Leigh, Edward, b. 1603, d. 1671. 
Leigh, John, English dramatic writer, 

d. 1726. 

Leighton, Alexander, divine, b. 1568, 
d. 1644. 

Leighton, Rob., Archbishop of Glas- 
gow, b. 1613, d. 1684. 

Leith bridge, near Edinburgh, had 
the first stone laid, 23rd Sept., 
1788; west docks at, constructed, 
1801. 



Leland, John, the antiquary, d. 1552, 
aged 45. 

Leland, Dr., d. Jan., 1766, aged 73. 

Leland, Dr. Thomas, divine and his- 
torian, b. 1722, d. 1785. 

Leland, William, of Ireland, d. Jan., 
1732, aged 139. 

Lely, Sir Peter, eminent portrait pain- 
ter, b. 1617, d. 1680. 

Lemens, Balthazar, a Dutch painter, 
d. in London 1704. 

Lemery, Nicholas, chemist, b. 1645. 
d. 1715. 

Lemput or Remee, Remigius, painter, 

d. in London 1680. 
L'Enclos, Ninon de, d. 1706, aged 80. 
Lenfant, James, historian, b. 1661, 

d. 1728. 

Lennox, Mrs., author of the " Female 

Quixote," b. 1720, d. 1804. 
Lenox, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, 

murdered, 1571. 
Lens, Bernard, painter, d. 1740. 
Lent, the fast of, instituted, 142 ; in 

Kent, 640. 
Leo I., Emperor, ordered 200,000 

books to be burnt, 416. 
Leo IX., the first pope that kept up 

a standing army, 1054. 
Leo X. , the restorer of literature, and 

who conferred the title of Defender 

of the Faith on Henry VIII. of 

England, d. 1521. 
Leofric, first Bishop of Exeter, d. 

1073. 

Leopold of Saxe Cobourg elected King 
of Belgium, 4th June, 1831 ; 
crowned at Brussels 21st July, 
1831; married at Compeigne to 
Louise, daughter of the King of the 
French, 9th Aug., 1832. 

Le-Roach island, near Falkland Is- 
lands, discovered, 1657. 

Le Sueur, Eustace, Parisian painter, 
b. 1617, d. 1655. 

Lesley, Bishop of Ross, b. 1527, d. 
1596. 

Leslie, Sir John, an eminent British 

mathematician, b. 1767, d. 3rd 

Nov., 1833. 
Leslie, C, theological writer, d. 13th 

April, 1722. 
Lessing, G. E., poet and dramatist, b. 

1727, d. 1781. 



LES 



L I F 221 



Lestock, Admiral, tried and acquitted, 

June, 1746. 
L'Estrange, Sir Roger, b. 1616, d. 

11th Dec., 1704. 
Lete, G, the historian, b. 1630, d. 

1701. 

Letters invented by Memnon, the 
Egyptian, 1822 B.C. 

Letters of marque granted by the Ame- 
rican government against Great 
Britain, 22nd March, 1776. 

Lettsom, John Coakley, M.D., b. 
1744, d. 1st Nov., 1815. 

Leuwenhoek, Ant., Nat. philosopher, 
b. 1632, d. 1723. 

Lever, Sir Ashton, collector of the 
Museum, d. 30th Jan., 1788. 

Levesque, P. C, historian, b. 1736, 
d. 1812. 

Levy, Lyon, a Jewish dealer in dia- 
monds, threw himself from the top 
of the monument in London, 18th 
Jan., 1810. 

Lewes Priory and Castle, Sussex, 
built, 1078. 

Lewis, William Thomas, comedian, 
d. 2nd Jan., 1811. 

Lewis, Rev. Mr., the historian and 
antiquary, d. 16th Jan., 1746, 
aged 73. 

Lewis, M. G., poet, dramatist, and 
novelist, b. 1773, d. 1818. 

Leyden, Dr., poet and miscellaneous 
miter, b. 1775, d. 1811. 

Leyden, the most magnificent part of, 
blown up by the accidental explo- 
sion of a vessel lying in the Rapen- 
burg canal laden with gunpowder, 
Jan., 1807. 

Liberty of the press allowed in Den- 
mark, 1770. 

Library, the first private one the pro- 
perty of Aristotle, 534 B.C. The 
first public library of which we have 
any certain account in history was 
founded at Athens by Hipparchus, 
526 B.C. The second of any note 
was founded at Alexandria by 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 284; it 
was burnt when Julius Caesar set 
fire to Alexandria, 47 B.C. The 
first library at Rome was estab- 
lished, 167. At Constantinople, 
founded by Constantine the Great, 



about A.D. 335; destroyed, 477. 
A second library, formed from the 
remains of the first, at Alexandria, 
by Ptolemy's successors, was to- 
tally destroyed by the Saracens, 
640. The Vatican at Rome by 
Pope Nicholas V., 1446; rebuilt, 
and the library considerably im- 
proved by Sixtus V., 1588. The 
Imperial, of Vienna, by Maximilian 
I., about 1500. The Royal, of Paris, 
by Francis I., about 1520. The 
Escurial at Madrid, by Philip II., 
1557. Of Florence, by Cosmo de 
Medicis, 1560. The Bodleian, at Ox- 
ford, founded 40 Eliz., 1598. The 
Cottonian, formerly kept at Cotton- 
house, Westminster, founded by 
Sir Robert Cotton about 1600; ap- 
propriated to the public use and 
benefit, 13 William III., 1701; 
partly destroyed by fire, 1731 ; re- 
moved to the British Museum, 
1753. The Radcliffeian, at Oxford, 
founded by the will of Dr. Rad- 
cliffe, who left 40,000?. to the 
University for that purpose, 1714. 
At Cambridge, 1720, to which 
George I. gave 500 01. to purchase 
Dr. Moore's collection. 

Licences for public-houses first grant- 
ed, 1551 ; for brewers and excise- 
able articles enforced, 1784. 

Lichfield Cathedral built, 656 ; re- 
built, 1148. 

Licinio, Gio. (Pordenone), an Italian 
artist, b. 1484, d. 1540. 

Lie, the great affront of giving the, 
arose from the words " Thou liest," 
in the oath taken by the defendant 
in judicial combats before engaging, 
when charged with any crime by 
the plaintiff ; and Francis I. of 
France, to make current his giving 
the lie to the emperor, first stamped 
it with infamy by saying in a so- 
lemn assembly that " he was no 
honest man that would bear the 
lie." 

Liege palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. 
1734. 

Life-boat, the Hoylake, upset in the 
Mersey, when ten of twelve of the 
crew perished, 29th Dec, 1810. 



222 LIF 



LIN 



Life-boats invented by Mr. Great- 
head, who was rewarded by a pre- 
mium from parliament, May, 1 802 . 

Life-preserver, a new safety jacket, 
invented by a mechanic at Bath, 
1823. 

Life-guards and horse- guards dis- 
banded by government, 26 th May, 
1788. 

Light of the Zodiac discovered, 1659 
Lightfoot, Rev. Dr. John, b. 1602, 
d. 1675. 

Lightfoot, John, botanist, b. 1735, d. 
1788. 

Lights first used in churches in the 
day time, 409. 

Lightning, a flash of, penetrated the 
theatre at Venice during the repre- 
sentation ; 600 people were in the 
house, several of whom were killed. 
t It put out the candles, melted a 
lady's gold watch-case, the jewels 
in the ears of others which were 
compositions, and split several dia- 
monds, Aug. 1796. 

Lightning and thunder so dreadful as 
to throw down several churches, 
Feb. 1222 ; it thundered 15 days 
together, with rain and floods that 
destroyed the fruits of the earth, 
1233 ; destroyed many men, beasts, 
houses, &c, 1360. 

Ligne, Prince de, d. 13th Dec, 1814. 

Ligorio, a Neapolitan painter, b. 1493, 
d. 1573. 

Lilburne, John, b. 1618 ; whipped, 
19th Feb., 1 638 ; d. Aug. 1657. 

Lilio, Aloys,, inventor of the Gre- 
gorian calendar, 1570. 

Lilleshall Priory, Salop, bui.t, 1104. 

Lillo, G., b. 1693, d. 3rd Sept.,1739. 

Lilly, John, flourished 1595. 

Lilly, William, the astrologer, b. 
1602, d. 1681. 

Lily of Navarre, order of knighthood, 
beganl 048 ; of Arragon began 1403. 

Lilye, William, the grammarian, d. 
1523, aged 55. 

Lima and Callao, in Peru, swallowed 
up by an earthquake, 29th Oct., 
1746. 

Limborch, P., divine, b. 1633, d.1712. 
Limitation of the crown, act passed 
for, 1701. 



Limitation respecting estates, act 

passed, 1769. 
Lincoln College, Oxford, founded, 
1427. 

Lincoln Castle built by the Romans ; 
cathedral built, 1060 ; palace built, 
1149. 

Lincoln's-inn, London, built, 1229 ; 
converted from tbe Bishop of Chi- 
chester's palace to an inn of court, 
1310 ; theatre built, 1695 ; chapel 
finished, 1626 ; new buildings 
erected, 1782. 
Lincoln's-inn Square enclosed with 

rails, 1737. 
Lincluden Abbey, Scotland, founded, 
1165. 

Lindisfarne Abbey, Northumberland, 

founded, 651 ; rebuilt, 1014. 
Lindsav, Sir David, poet, b. 1490, d. 
1567. 

Lindsay, Rev. Theophilus, b. 1723, 
d. 1808. 

Lineacre, T., English physician and 
philosopher, b. about 1460, d. 1524. 
Linen taxed, 1785. 
Linen first made in England, 1253. 
Now began the luxurious to wear 
linen, but the generality woollen 
shirts. Table linen very scarce in 
England, 1386. 
Linens stamped for sale in Scotland, 
from 1772 to 1784: 

YARDS, VALUE. 

. £ s. d. 

1773 10,748,1101 462,751 1H 

1774 11,422,115 492,055 13 81 

1775 12,134,683f 561,527 10 21 

1776 13,571,9481 638,873 9 6 

1777 14,793.8381 710,633 18 7l 

1778 13,264,410| 592,023 5 41 

1779 12,867,238 551,148 3 31 

1780 13,410,934a 622.187 16 41 

1781 15,177,800^ 738,482 13 111 

1782 15,348,744± 776.098 7 51 

1783 17,074,7771 868,883 10 6 

1784 19,138,593 932,617 1 U 
Linen weavers, a company of, from 

the Netherlands, established in 
London, 1386. 
Linen-staining first known in Eng- 
land, 1579. 
Linglebach, John, painter, b. 1625, 
d. 1687. 



LIN 



LOB 223 



Linguet, S. N. H., French writer, b. I 
1723, d. 1794. 

Linnaean society founded, 1788; in- 
corporated, 1802. 

Linnaeus, Dr., the botanist, d. at Up- 
sal in Sweden 10th Jan., 1778, 
aged 71. 

Linnaeus, Mr. C, b. 1.741, d. 1st 

Nov., 1783. 
Lintz, tbe capital of Upper Austria, 

70 houses at, together with the 

palace, burned, 13th Aug., 1800. 
Lippi, Filippo, a Florentine artist, d. 

1488, aged 67. 
Lippi, Filippo, Jun.,b. 1460,d. 1505. 
Lippi, Laurentius, painter, b. 1606, 

d. 1664. 

Lipsius, Justus, critic, b. 1547, d. 

mm. 

Lisbon destroyed by an earthquake, 
1531; totally overturned, 1st Nov. 
1755; the custom-house burnt, 
31st May, 1766 ; the royal palace 
burnt down, Nov., 1794. 

Lisle, Lady, beheaded at Winchester, 
2nd Sept., 1685. 

Lisle, William de, eminent geogra- 
pher, b. 1675, d. 1726. 

Lisle, J. N, geographer and astrono- 
mer, b. 1688, d. 1768. 

Lister, Dr. M., natural philosopher, 
b. about 1688, d. 1768. 

Litanies first used in churches, 443. 

Litany first used in England in Eng- 
lish, 1543. 

Literary fund for the relief of dis- 
tressed authors established, 1790. 

Literary and scientific institution 
founded at Bath under the patron- 
age of the late Duke of York, 
1823. 

Literary property. See Copyright. 

Lithofrage, or breaking the calculus 
in the bladder, first performed in 
England by Mr. Costeloe, 1833. 

Lithographic printing, art of, first 
brought into England, 1801. 

Little Theatre, in the Haymarket, 
London, 15 persons were trodden 
to death at the, by endeavouring 
to get admission to see tbe perform- 
ance, and several others greatly 
bruised, some of whom died, 3rd 
Feb., 1794. 



Littlebury, Isaac, b. 1657, d. 1710. 
Littleton, Rev. Adam, b. 1627, d. 
1694. 

Littleton, Thomas, lawyer, d. 1481. 

Littleton, Edward, lord keeper, b. 
1587, d. 1645. 

Liturgy first read in Scotland, 1638. 

Liveries originated in our British an- 
cestors clothing their vassals in 
uniform to distinguish families, as 
they painted arms and symbols on 
their clothes and armour for the 
same purpose. 

Liverpool incorporated, 1299. 

Liverpool sustained 40,000/. damage 
by fire, 20th Feb., 1762 ; and by a 
storm, 29th June, 1789 ; had its 
Exchange, &c, burnt, 18th Jan., 
1795 ; suffered immense damage, 
19th Jan., 1802; and on 14th 
Sept. following, the warehouses and 
goods, valued at one million, were 
destroyed at France's wharf. 

Liverpool, tbe keystone of the tower 
of St. Nicholas church in that town 
gave way, by which 50 persons 
were killed, 12th Feb., 1810. 

Liverpool society of arts instituted 
1800. 

Liverseege, Henry, an English pain- 
ter, b. 1803, d. 1832. 
Living Skeleton, Calvin Edson, d. in 

New York of the tape-worm, 1833. 
Livius Titus, b. 58 B.C. d. 17. 
Llanstephan Castle, Caermarthen- 

shire, built 1138. 
Llantony Abbey, Monmouthshire, 

built 1110. 
Llewellin, last prince of the Welsh, 

defeated, 1284. 
Llewellin, Martin, d. 1682, aged 65. 
Lloyd, Nich., eminent divine and 

writer, b. 1634, d. 1680. 
Lloyd, David, biographer, b. 1625, 

d. 1691. 

Lloyd, Robert, the poet, b. 1733, d. 
1764. 

Lloyd, W., bishop, b. 1627, d. 1717. 
Llwyd, Edward, English antiquary, 
d. 1709. 

Loadstone, polar attraction of, known 

in France before 1180. 
Lobb, Theophilus, English physician 

and author, b. 1678, d. 1763. 



224 L C 



LON 



Lock Hospital, Knightsbridge, insti- 
tuted, 1746. 
Lockhart, John Hugh, the Hugh Lit- 
tle-John of Sir Walter Scott, d. 
Dec, 1831, aged 11 years. 
Locke, John, miscellaneous writer, b. 

1632, d. 1704. 
Lochmaddy, vessel at anchor in the 
harbour of, was struck with light- 
ning and immediately sank with 

. all the crew, 30th Aug., 1816. 

Locusts, swarm of, appeared in St. 
James's Park and Pall Mall, 4th 
Aug., 1748 ; in Germany, 1749 ; 
in Poland, 1750. 

Locusts, Palestine infested with 
swarms of, that darkened the air, 
and after devouring the fruits of 
the earth died ; their stench caused 
a pes'tilence, 406. A similar event 
happened in France, 873. A large 
swarm passed over Warsaw, 17th 
June, 181 6. Swarms appeared at 
Aschersleben, 24th June, 1816. 

Lodge, Thomas, d. 1625. 

Logan, John, poet, b. 1748, d. 1788. 

Logarithms invented by Sir John 
Napier of Scotland, 1614. 

Log-line in navigation used, 1570. 

Logwood, first cut by the English at 
Honduras and Campeachy, 1662. 

Loir, Nic, painter, b. 1624, d. 1670. 

Lollard propagated his opinions, 1315, 
burnt 1351. 

Lollards proscribed by the English 
Parliament, 1406. 

Lomazo, artist, b. 1538. 

Lombard, L., painter,b.l500,d.l560. 

Lombardian Kings began 73, ended 

771. 

Lombardy annexed to the Austrian 
dominions, 1814. 

Lombard, Peter, d. 1164. 

Lombe, Sir Thomas, introduced the 
silk mill, d. 1739. 

LomonozofF, a Russian poet and his- 
torian, b. 1711, d. 1765. 

London fortified bylhe Romans, 50 ; 
walled, and a palace built, 294 ; 
made a bishopric, 653 ; repaired 
by Alfred, 885 ; greatly damaged 
by a fire, 982, 1027, and 1130; 
not paved, 1090 ; houses of timber 
thatched with straw, but to prevent 



fire, ordered to be built with stone 
and covered with slates, 1192, but 
the order not observed ; a charter 
by King John to the Londoners to 
choose a mayor out of their own 
body annually (this office formerly 
was for life), to elect and remove 
their sheriffs at pleasure, and their 
common councilmen annually, in 
1208; a common hunt first ap- 
pointed, 1226 ; aldermen first ap- 
pointed, 1242 ; the houses still 
thatched with straw, Cheapside lay 
out of the city, 1246 ; all built of 
wood, 1 300 ; their privileges taken 
away, but restored on submission, 
1366 ; the first lord mayor sworn 
at Westminster that went by water, 
1433 ; the lord mayor's show in- 
stituted, 1453 ; a sheriff fined 50/. 
for kneeling too near the lord 
mayor when at prayers in St. Paul's 
cathedral, 1486; the Thames wa- 
ter first conveyed into the city, 
1582; the city chiefly built of 
wood, and in every respect very 
irregular, 1600; the New River 
brought to London, 1613; the 
lord mayor and sheriffs arrested at 
the suit of two pretended sheriffs, 
24th April, 1652; the greatest 
part of the city destroyed by fire, 
1666; Pilkington and Shute, the 
city sheriffs, sent prisoners to the 
Tower for continuing a poll after 
the lord mayor had adjourned it, 
1682 ; the charter of the city de- 
clared forfeited to the crown, 12th 
June, 1 682; privileges taken away, 
but restored, 1688; built a man- 
sion-house, 1737; furnished and 
inhabited the same, 1752 , repaired 
London -bridge, 1758, when go- 
vernment granted them 15,000/. 
and permitted them to pull down 
the gates, 1760; began Blackfriars 
bridge, 31st Oct., 1670 ; the com- 
mon council ordered to wear blue 
mazarine gowns, 14th Sept., 1761 ; 
lost their cause against the dissen- 
ters serving sheriffs, 5th July, 1 762 ; 
the city remonstrated on the king's 
paying no attention to their peti- 
tion for a redress of grievances, and 



LON 



LON 225 



was censured, March, 1770 ; Brass 
Crosby, Esq., lord mayor, and Al- 
derman Oliver, sent to the Tower 
by the House of Commons, for 
committing their messenger, March, 
1771 ; trade greatly injured by 
bankruptcies, 1772; regulation of 
admitting the livery at Guildhall 
by Mr. Stone's scheme, 1774; the 
common -co uncilmen discontinued 
the wearing of their mazarine gowns 
in court, 1775; the city abandoned 
to the mercy of an ungoverned 
mob, 4th June, 1780 ; rebuilt the 
compters near Newgate, 1789 ; 
from the year 1768 to the year 
1776 the corporation of London 
expended the following sums for 
public uses, which show the opu- 
lence of the city : in new paving, 
repairing old pavements, lighting, 
cleansing, and. purchasing old 
houses to widen streets, 200,000/. ; 
200,000/. for the new bridge at 
Blackfriars ; several large sums for 
new roads, embanking the river, 
and other contingencies ; 200,000/. 
for" repairing the Royal Exchange ; 
the gaol of Newgate cost 100,000/. 
London is now supposed to contain 
160,000 houses, 7000 streets, to 
cover 3000 acres, and to be in cir- 
cumference 25 to 30 miles, and its 
population 1,400,000. 

London bridge built about 1016 ; 
burnt, 1136; built new with tim- 
ber, 1165; rebuilt with stone, 1212; 
houses took fire at both ends, the 
people thinking to suppress it were 
hemmed in, and leaping over into 
boats and barges several sunk, and 
300 persons were drowned, 1212 ; 
its water- works invented and begun, 
1582 ; a great fire on it, 11th Feb. 
1632 ; another, 8th Sept., 1725 ; 
houses taken down, 1756 ; tempo- 
rary bridge burnt, 11th Ap. 1758 ; 
water- works burnt, 1774 ; toll 
ceased, 27th Mar. 1782. 

London bridge (new), first stone laid 
by the lord mayor, accompanied by 
the Duke of York, aldermen and 
common council of London, 5th 
July, 1825 ; First coffer dam for 
the new bridge, commenced April, 



1824 ; opened in the presence of 
King William IV., 1st Aug., 1831. 
London Companies. See Compa- 
nies. 

London University, a public school 
supported by subscription, opened 
1st Oct., 1828. 

London East Indiaman run down by 
the Russel man of war, when she 
sunk, and 1100 persons perished, 
28th Dec, 1778. 

London, Lord Mayors of, from Nov. 

1767 Rt. Hon. Thomas Harley. 

1768 Samuel Turner. 

1 7CQ / William Beckford. 
UOy IBarTrecothick.. 

1770 Brass Crosby. 

1771 William Nash. 

1772 James Townsend. 

1773 Frederick Bull. 

1774 John Wilkes. 

1775 John Sawbridge. 

1776 Sir Thomas Halifax. 

1777 Sir James Esdaile. 

1778 Samuel Plumbe. 

1779 Brackley Kennet. 

1780 Sir Watkin Lewis, Knt. 

1781 Sir William Plomer, Knt. 

1782 Nath. Newnham. 

1783 Robert Peckham. 

1784 Richard Clark. 

1785 Thomas Wright. 

1786 Thomas Sainsbury. 

1787 John Burnell. 

1788 William Gill. 

1789 William Pickett. 

1790 John Boy dell. 

1791 John Hopkins. 

1792 Sir James Sanderson, Knt. 

1793 Paul le Mesurier. 

1794 Thomas Skinner. 

1795 William Curtis. 

1796 Brook Watson. 

1797 John William Anderson. 

1798 Sir R. Carr Glynn, Knt. 

1 799 Harvey Christopher Coombe 

1800 Sir William Staines, Knt. 

1801 Sir John Earner, Knt. 

1802 Charles Price. 

1803 John Perring. 

1804 Peter Perchard. 

1 805 James Shaw. 

1806 Sir William Leighton. 

1807 John Ansley. 

l3 



226 



LO N 



LON 



1808 Charles Flower. 

1809 Thomas Smith. 

1810 Joshua Jonathan Smith. 

1811 Claudius S. Hunter. 

1812 George Scholey. 

1813 William Domville. 

1814 Samuel Birch. 

1815 Matthew Wood. 

1816 Matthew Wood. 

1817 Christopher Smith. 

1818 John Atkins. 

1819 George Bridges. 

1820 John J. Thorp. 

1821 Christopher Magnay. 

1822 William Heygate. 

1823 Robert Waithman. 

1824 John Garratt. 

1825 William Venables. 

1826 Anthony Brown. 

1827 Matthias Prime Lucas. 

1828 William Thompson. 

1829 John Crowder. 

1830 John Key. 

1831 Sir John Key, Bart. 

1832 Sir Peter Laurie, Knt. 

1833 Charles Farebrother. 

1834 Henry Winchester. 
London AVater- works ei'ected on the 

bridge, 1582; burnt, 1774. 

London Dispensary, instituted 1770. 

London Hospital, Mile-end, instituted 
1740 ; foundation laid, 10th June, 
1752; incorporated, 1758; medical 
theatre opened, 27th Oct., 1785. 

London Institution, first stone of the 
new building for, laid in the am- 
phitheatre, Moorfields, 4th Nov., 
1815. 

London Lying-in Hospital, in Brown- 
low-street, instituted 30th March, 
1750. 

London Stone, in Cannon-street, first 
placed there by the Romans, 15 
B. C. 

London-wall, built 306. 

London Workhouse, Bishopsgate-st., 

instituted 1611. 
London abandoned to the mercy of 

a mob, 4th June, 1780. 
London, streets of, new paved, and 

signs removed, 1764. 
London, length of streets lighted with 

gas, 25 miles in 1823. 
Londonderry, Marquis of, b. 1763, 

destroyed himself, 1822. 



Long, Dr. Roger, of Cambridge, d. 
1771, aged 91. 

Longbeard, William Fitz Osbert, a 
notorious ruffian, hanged at Ty- 
burn, 1197. 

Longepierre, H. B. de, critic, b. 1659, 
d. 1721. 

Longevity, remarkable instances of, 
in the British empire, from 1807 
to 1823:— 

1807. 

John Mirehouse, Ireland - 102 
Thomas Haggerty, Do. - 107 
Michael M'Namara, Limerick 110 
John Ramsa}'-, Collercoats, 

near North Shields - 115 

A poor woman of Belfast - 123 
1808. 

Mr. John Lance, Truro - 102 
Mr. Peed, Norwich - - 102 
Mrs. M. Graham, Newcastle 104 
Mr. M. Porter, Liverpool 104 
Mrs. Duke, Cork - - 105 
Mrs. Alice Leach, Tewkesbury 107 
Valentine Walsh, Glencullen, 

Ireland - - - 109 

Mrs. Ann Pickup, Blackburn, 

Lancashire - - - 111 
Martha Hannah, Cullybacky, 

Ireland - 126 

1809. 

Mrs. Perry, Harrow, Warwick- 
shire - - - - 102 

Thomas Clee, gardener, Mitch- 
am, Surrey - - - 104 

Mr. T. Watson, Windgate 
Grange, Northumberland - 106 

Mrs. M. Leatherbarrow, Hulm, 
Lancashire - - - 106 

Mr. Wilson, Lydbury North, 
Salop - - - - 107 

Mary Airton, Horsforth, York- 
shire - - - - 105 

Mary Owthorp, Hessle, York- 
shire - - - - 106 
1810. 

Mary Walker, widow, New- 
castle - 102 
Ann Robins, Newnham - 108 
Eliz. Burnet, widow, Edgeworth, 

Ireland - - - 116 

Hannah Wood, Derby - 105 

Mary Leitch, Ireland - 102 

Mrs. S. Perks, Upper Sapey, 
Staffordshire - - 105 



LONGEVITY. 



227 



1810. 

Mrs. Joan Perkins, near Ten- 
bury - 105 
W. Harkness,CorrHill, county 

ofCavan - - - 102 
Mary Strattan, Copeland Island, 

Donaghewar - 105 
Mrs. Cath. Rutherford, Cork 102 
Sarah Malcolmson, Drumgor- 

lin, Rathfryland - - 121 
James Gibson, Dartford work- 
house - - - - 105 
Robert Osborne, Tisbury, Wilts 103 
Lieut.-Col. William Steil, Bel- 
haven - - - - 104 
Dor. Richards, Haverfordwest 109 
Mr. Andrew Bowmaker, New- 
castle - 103 
Mr. John Campbell, Grimsby 103 
Mary Davis, Sevenhampton 103 
John Rees, Llanelly - - 109 
Mary Wolf, Jarrow - - 103 
Elizabeth Prittie, spinster, Tat- 

tenhall, Staffordshire - 106 
Mrs. Eliz. Hunter, Yarmouth 102 
Anne Taylor, Spetchley, near 

Worcester - - - 114 
Thomasin Robinson, Newcastle 111 
G. Wilkinson, Ticknall, Der- 
byshire - - - - 104 
Mrs. Taylor, Linton, Cam- 
bridgeshire - - - 102 
Mrs. Kent, Carvedras, near 

Truro, Cornwall - - 103 
Edward Rafferty, Trim, Ireland 105 
1811. 

John Robinson, Kirkby Mal- 

lory, Leicestershire - 106 

Mrs. Court, Beaudesert, near 

Henley - - - 103 

Mr. Blakey, at Blyth - - 104 
Mr. Maley, Cappagh vicar, near 

Castlebar - . .110 
George Crowshaw, Mead, Lan- 
cashire - - - - 105 
John Cowie, Crimond - - 108 
Oliver Gears, Whitehaven - 104 
Metbusalem Williams, Lland- 

fad 'en, Carmarthenshire - 104 
Mrs. A ne Jarrard, Lynn - 111 
Mary Di^omb, Exeter - 102 
Mr. John Bayley, Roy don - 109 
Mr. Jeffery, poor-house, Cox- 
heath - 106 
John North, South Holme, 
Yorkshire - - - 111 



1811. 

Charles D. Medlicot, Kildare, 

Ireland - - - 106 

Mrs. Margaret Melbum, Ken- 
ton, Scotland - - 104 
John Leary, Limerick - 112 
Mr. John Dunn, Fintry, Stir- 
lingshire - - - 103 
Lucius Bolton, Esq. Tamlaght, 

nearTralee - - - 103 
Mrs. Ridge, Rottingdean, Essex 102 
Dorothy Page, in same house 106 
Sarah Smith, Worcester - 103 
J. Anderson, Barlow, near 

Ryson - - 108 

John Alfred Parnell, Corfe 

Castle farm-house - 104 

Mary Martin, Hubberstone, 

Milford - - 109 

Mr. William Ellis, Bristol -103 
John Callendar, Dumfries - 102 
Abraham Topham, York - 102 
Mary Williams Kilkennin, 

Cardiganshire - - 104 

Mr. Erasmus Wilking, Penlon, 

Pembrokeshire - ' - 102 
Mrs. Anne Hancock, Mile-end 
in Furness - - 104 

1812. 

Anne Morris, Bath - 104 

Henry Chandler, Steeple, Clay- 
don, Bucks - - 102 
Mr. E. Jeffs, Greet, Glouces- 
tershire - - 105 
Mrs. Wood, Witchurch, Salop 1 02 
Mrs. Martha Morris, Leeds - 104 
Mrs. Sheppard, Winchester - 102 
Mr. John Brown, Wymond- 

ham, Norfolk - - - 104 
William Chatfield, Cowfield, 

Sussex - - - 105 

James Hinchcliffe, Milshaw, 

Yorkshire - - - 102 
Morgan Corslett, Crosswen, 

Glamorganshire - - 109 
James Brown, Birse, Aberdeen 103 
Christian Catanach, Aberdeen 104 
Margaret Bowlanger,Clermont, 

Ireland - - - - 102 
Mrs. Dorothea Borough, Lime. 

rick - 109 
Mrs. Powel, Hereford - 102 

Sam. Mog, a soldier under Gen. 
Wolfe at Quebec - - 102 

. Crosier, a poor woman at 

Oxford - - - - 106 



228 



LONGEVITY. 



1812. 

Eliz. Beech, Market Drayton- 104 
WilliamHardy,Caldwell, York- 
shire - . - - 102 
David Gaddis, Cargina, Scot- 
land - - - - 102 
Janet Reid, Irvine - - 103 
T. O'Brien, county of Limerick 110 
Cornelius Madigan, county of 

Clare - - - - 117 
Mrs. Belinda Crawford, county 

of Galway - - - 115 
Mrs. Mary Harris, Falmouth 113 
Eliz. Williams, Tavistock, Dev. 1 1 1 
Ann Harris, Badock, Cornwall 113 
Eliz. Bourne, Worcester - 106 
Catherine Samuel, Caermarth. 102 
Mrs. Mary Clarke, Bristol - 104 
Sarah Yeoman s, Nottingham 102 
Mr. Charles Clarke, Over Peo- 

ver, Cheshire - - 103 

Petronella King, Taunton - 102 
A. Royals, Yarmouth - 103 

Isabella Sharp, Gateshead - 114 
Mr. Henry Martin, Stithiaus 104 
Marion Moray, Portmoak, Fife- 
shire - - - 102 
Mrs. Scott, Broadninch, Devon. 104 
1813. 

Thomas Warden, Epping - 111 
Amos Prince, Milbrook, near 

Plymouth - - 103 

Moses Pring, Millbrook - 107 
Mrs. Mary Waters, Bedminster 1 04 
Mr. White, Milborne Port - 106 
Mrs. Strong, Castle Sowerby, 

Westmoreland - - 103 

Mary Roberts, Bramwith, York- 
shire - - - 105 
Mrs. Rowntree, Whitby - 104 
Mrs. Cromwell, Ponder's end 104 
M. Bertrand D. de Lille, a 

French emigrant - 107 

Mrs. Ursula Evans, Wellington, 

Herefordshire - - 108 

Sarah Robson, Great Whitting- 

ham, Northumberland - 104 
Betty Crook, Warminster - 105 
William Grantey, a Chelsea 

out-pensioner, Newcastle - 102 
Daniel M'Kinnon, Falkirk - 103 
Mrs. Ferris, Exeter - 102 

Archibald Grieve, Stapleton, 

Cumberland - - 102 

Sarah Hodgson, spinster, Beck- 

ermoth, Cumberland - 102 



I 1813. 

Alice Buckley, Taddington, 

Derbyshire - - 106 

Mr. John Ling, Woodbastwick, 

Norfolk - - -105 

Eliz. Wilcock, Carborton, Not- 
tinghamshire - - 102 
John Stiff, Norton, Suffolk - 104 
Mrs. Yates, Chaddesley Corlet, 

Worcestershire - - 103 

Elizabeth Hartley, Clifton, near 

York - - - 102 

Jane Jones, Mold, Flintshire 103 
Elizabeth Bell, Whitehaven - 106 
Eliz. Freer, Wigston poor- 
house, Leicestershire - 116 
Charles Haveran, near Newry, 

Ireland - - 115 

Mary Meighan, Donoughmore 129 
Widow Herring, Norwich - 106 
Hugh Maclaine, Barnard Castle 104 
Mrs. Sandland, Wem - 105 

Sarah Elmslie, Aberdeen - 103 
Mrs. Richards, Llandovery - 102 
Mrs. Parker, washerwoman, 

Islington - - 102 

Eliz. Mayo, Ashelworth, Glou- 
cestershire - - 103 
Hugh M'Intyre, Glasgow - 102 
Christian Cliff, Killreedy, near 
Limerick - - 109 

1814. 

Thomas Wilkins, M.D., Gal- 
way, Ireland - - 102 

J. Jennings, Royal Navy - 109 

Mary Innes, Glasnakilly, Isle 
of Sky - - 127 

John Garrow, Northumberland 110 

Rev. J. Bedwell, rector of 
Oldstock, Wilts - 103 

Anne Henderson, Banffshire 103 

William Ruthven, Avondale, 
Scotland - - 116 

James Beaty, Moynalty, county 
ofMeath - - 112 

Thomas Gaughan, county of 
Mayo - - - 112 

Gillies M'Kechnie, Gourocke, 
Scotland - - 104 

Jonathan Weeldon, Tibshelft, 
Derbyshire - - 102 

1815. 

James Magee, Saintfield - 104 

George Charlton, Birtley - 108 

Mrs. Johnson - - 104 



LONGEVITY. 



229 



1815. 

Sarah Codenham, Drayton, 

Norfolk - - 105 

.William Wilson, Edinburgh - 105 

Ann Appleby, Sunderland - 103 

Janet Macfarlane, Paisley - 103 
Elizabeth Abbot, Maragall, 

Ireland - - - 102 
Ennis Margaret Newton, Liver- 
pool - - - 106 
Edward Connor, Taylorstown, 

Ireland - - 122 

Jane Thompson, Dumfries - 102 

1816. 

George Walker, Glasgow - 105 

Stephen Irvine, Penrith - 101 
Robert Littlegood, Norbury, 

* Cheshire - - 108 

William Wait, Mark's Hill - 105 

Mary Mounce, Exeter - 103 
William Broughton, Neston, 

Cheshire - - 106 

Mrs. Ferryman, Old Windsor 103 
Patrick Fitzgerald, Donough- 

more, Ireland - - 107 
Mary Maiden, Wilton, near 

Limerick - - 116 

Mrs. Noon, Leicester - 105 

Mary Punch, Caherilly, Ireland 106 

James Riddle, Comber, Ireland 102 

Mrs. Martha Evans, Plymouth 104 

Jane Jersey, near Newcastle 104 
Nicholas Garvey, Tully, Ire- 



land - - - 107 

1817. 

Mrs. Christiana Howell, Edg- 

ware Road - - 107 

Mrs. Walker, Lincoln - 106 

John Rawson, Birmingham - 102 
Mrs. Jane Green, Thorne, 

Oxfordshire - - 103 

Mrs. Mary Young, Rushey- 

ford, Northumberland - 101 
Mrs. Catherine Presest, Man- 
chester - - 108 
Mrs. S. Baldwin, Hull - 104 
Ann Moulter, Newcastle - 103 
Thomas Morrison, Sunderland 103 
Mary Stephenson, Wolviston 104 
Mrs. M. Lowery, Bromhill - 106 
Isabella Burnsides, Darlington 104 
William Portus, Leghorn - 101 
Betty Aldridge, Shepton Mallet 108 
Mr. J. Armstrong, Matfen - 101 



1818. 

Mrs. Park, Liverpool - 103 

Mary Porteous, Libberton, 

Scotland - - 101 

Lachlan Macquarie, Isle of 

Mull - - ^ 103 

Ann Garrow, Elgin . 105 

John Reid, Dalines, Scotland 104 
John Woods, Dungannon - 122 
John Williams, Walkampton 101 
Richard Kew, Siston - 101 

Edward M'Given, Lisburn - 114 
David Ferguson, Boughton - 124 
James Hay, Aberdeen - 103 

Lachlan Macbain, Edinburgh 102 
Ann Small wood, Handsworth 116 
William Marshall, Sanquhar 102 
Thomas Bolwell, Portsea - 113 
Jobn Montgomery, Crookstone 105 
1819. 

Elizabeth Scott, Seafield - 104 
Mrs. M. White, Newry - 107 
Adam Mcintosh, Blairston - 102 
John Dorman, Strabane - 110 
Margaret Renaud, Toulouse - 117 
Richard Goff, Standon, Herts 113 
James Turner, Newton-upon- 

Ayr - - 101 

Duncan Macrae, Inverness - 106 
Janet Galloch, Dunkeld - 101 
Mrs. Susannah M'Kee, Newton 

Ards - - 101 

John Milner, Leeds - 102 

Donald M'lntyre, Inverfolla, 

N. Britain - - - 101 

1820. 

Theodore Sullivan, Killarney, 115 
Mr. Henry Hamilton, Drum- 
boy, Ireland - - 104 
John Demaine, Fewston 110 
Mrs. Starr Barrett, Charleston, 

N. America - - - 120 

Mr. Evan Price Lanfyllin, N. W. 105 
Janet M'Knaught, Dumfries 104 
Christopher Cobb, Ringwood 102 
Elspet M'Lean, Perth - 102 

Benjamin Garnet, Darlington 105 
Mrs. C. M'Carthy, Tracton, 

Ireland - 103 
John Rogers, Maismore, Glou- 
cestershire - 107 
Alexander M'Farquhar, Gar- 
gusto wn, N. Britain - 103 
Ann Henley, London - 105 

Eliz. Duncan, Ochiltree, N. B. 101 



230 L N 



LOR 



1821. 

James M'Neil, Irvine - 102 

Elizabeth Haster, Camberwell 105 
Ann M'Rae, Kintail, N. B. - 112 
Ann Bryan, Waterford - 111 
William Munro, Rose Hall - 104 
Mrs. Irwin, Carlisle - - 1 00 

John Tawse, Aberdeenshire - 106 
Mrs. Maclaren, Kenmore, N.B. 106 
Mrs. Buchner, Limerick - 112 
Robert Lynch, a negro slave in 

Jamaica - - - 150 

John Maddock, Holloway Head 121 
James Alison, Leith - 102 

Mary Brittal, Twickenham - 105 
1822. 

Edward Simon, Liverpool - 104 
Thomas Gilbert, Hertford - 102 
Edward Barry, Watergrasshill, 

Ireland - - - 113 

Mrs. Dugget, North Wornbo- 

rough - - - - 101 
John Kirkham, Great Burst ead 103 
Mrs. Agnes Clarke, Shire- 

hampton - - - 102 

1823. 

William Browne, Exeter - 103 
George Brooke, Chelsea - 101 
Lewis Williams, Brecon - 101 
Mary Shannon, London - 101 
Edward Byrne, Clare, Ireland 101 
Elizabeth Carr, Hexham - 104 
Alicia Sargent - - 104 

Robert Bowman, Irthington - 118 
H. Morley, Hollington - 101 

Mrs. Orrusby, Ardee, Ireland 110 
General Buckley, Cobham Hall, 
Surrey - - 105 

1826. 

Mrs. Gunnis, Sleaford -107 

Anne Holmes, Market Weigh- 
ton 117 

Mrs. Jane Braithwaite, Much 
Urswich, near Ulverston - 107 

Miss H. Fullerton, Montego 
Bay - - 102 

Mrs. S. Richardson, Man- 
chester - - 101 

Mr. T. Fletcher, Philadelphia, 
near Houghton-le-Spring - 111 

Alexander Urquhart, Brora - 111 

William Smith, an inmate of 
the Cavendish alms-houses, 
Derby - - 101 

Elizabeth Martin, Alston - 103 



100 



146 
110 



1827. 

Mrs. Margaret Rule, Battle- 
Bridge - 
1833. 

Joseph Ram, a black, at Ja- 
maica - - - 
Mrs. Hart, Gorey, Ireland 

Longevity, extraordinary. — Died, on 
the 13th Nov., 1833, Mr. Wil- 
liam Mortimer, Straffan, in the 
county of Kildare, at the advanced 
age of 125 years. He fought at 
the battle of BunkerVhill, in 
America, where he was taken 
prisoner, and conveyed from thence 
to Spithead, where he remained in 
confinement on board a prison 
ship, until peace was concluded 
between Great Britain and Ame- 
rica; he retained all his faculties 
to the last. 

Longinus, the orator, put to death, 273. 

Longitude, a reward promised by par- 
liament for the best means of ascer- 
taining, 1714; very accurately de- 
termined by Harrison's time-piece, 
1764, for which he received the 
promised reward. Le Roi, in Paris, 
invented a watch that kept better 
time, 1776. 

Longomontanus, astronomer, b.1652. 

Longuerue,L. D. de, a French writer, 
b. 1652, d. 1733. 

Longus, Greek sophist, flourished in 
the 5th century. 

Looking-glasses made only at Venice, 
1300. 

Lopes, Sir M. M., fined 10,000/. and 
imprisoned in Exeter gaol for brib- 
ing the electors of Grampound, b. 
1755, d. 1831. 

Lorca, a city of Murcia in Spain, de- 
stroyed by the bursting of a reser- 
voir that inundated more than 20 
leagues, and carried away 1000 
persons, besides cattle, &c, 30th 
April, 1802. 

Lord — the nickname of " my lord," 
given to deformed men, is from the 
Greek word lordus, crooked. Dur- 
ing the feudal times the lower class, 
by way of humour, called a man 
that was half an idiot or deformed, 
" my lord," by way of ridiculing 
their superiors. 



LOR 



LOT 231 



Lord Auckland's group of islands, in 

the South Sea, discovered hy Capt. 

Bristow, 1809. 
Lord Chancellors of England. See 

Chancellors. 
Lord Danes, a title used in London, 

1000. 

Lord High Constable, the office here- 
ditary till 1521. 
Lord High Steward, the first appointed 
for a coronation was Thomas, se- 
cond son of Henry IV. ; the first 
for the trial of a peer was Edward, 
earl of Devon, on the arraignment 
of John, earl of Huntingdon, in 
the same reign. 
Lord lieutenants of counties in Eng- 
land appointed 24th July, 1549 ; 
in Ireland, 1831. 
Lords lieutenant of Ireland since the 
accession of George III. : — 
Dunk, earl of Halifax, Oct. 1761. 
Hugh, earl of Northumberland, 22nd 

Sept., 1763. 
Lord Viscount Weymouth, 5th June, 
1765. 

Francis, earl of Hertford, 11th Oct. 
1765. 

Augustus, earl of Bristol, 6th Oct. 
1766. 

George, viscount Townshend, 19th 

Aug. 1767. 
Simon, earl Harcourt, Oct. 1772. 
John, earl of Buckinghamshire, 30th 

Nov. 1776. 
Frederick, earl of Carlisle, 13th 

Oct. 1780. 
William Henry, duke of Portland, 

10th April, 1782. 
George Nugent Grenville, earl Tem- 
ple, 31st July, 1782. 
Robert, earl of Northington, 20th 

April, 1783. 
Charles, duke of Rutland, 14th Feb. 

1784. 

George, marquis of Buckingham, 

16th Dec. 1787. 
John, earl of Westmoreland, Dec. 

1789. 

Earl Fitzwilliam, 10th Dec. 1794. 
Earl Camden, 11th March, 1795. 
Marquis Cornwallis, 20 June, 1798. 
Earl of Hard wicke, 23rd Feb., 1801. 
Duke of Bedford, 12th Feb. 1806. 
Duke of Richmond, April, 1807. 



Viscount Whitworth, June, 1813. 
Earl Talbot, Sept. 1817. 
Marquis Wellesley, Dec. 1821. 
Henry William, Marquis of An- 
glesey, 1826. 
Hush, duke of Northumberland, 
1827. 

Henry William, marquis of Angle- 
sey, Dec. 1830. 
Richard, marquis of Wellesley, 

again, 1833. 
Thomas, earl of Haddington, 1835. 
Lord mayors of London first appointed 

annually, 1208. 
Lord mayor's shows instituted, 1453, 
the feast added the first time, 1501. 
Lord steward of the household, so 
called since 1540; before he was 
stvled grand master of the house- 
hold. 

Loretto, order of knighthood, began 

at Rome, 1587. 
Lorenzetti, Amb., of Sienna, fl.1330. 

d. aged 83. He was the first that 

painted storms. 
L'Orient French man of war, 120 

guns, blown up in Aboukir, 1st 

Aug., 1798. 
L'Orient magazines, &c, destroyed by 

fire to a great extent, April, 1793. 
Lorrain, Robert le, sculptor, b. 1666, 

d. 1743. 

Loth, Cav. Carlo, painter, of Munich. 

b. 1611, d. 1693. 
Loten, John, painter, of Holland, d. 

1681. 

Lottery, Adelphi, act passed in 1773. 

Lotteries, the first mentioned by his- 
torians for sums of money, 1630 ; 
established, 1693. 

Lottery, the first, in England, con- 
sisting of 40,000 ten-shilling lots, 
was drawn at the west door of St. 
Paul's cathedral, 23rd Jan., 1569 ; 
that for the British Museum was 
in 1753; for Cox's jewellery, 
1774; for the Leverian Museum, 
1784; for the poet's gallery of 
pictures, 1798; for the Pigot dia- 
mond, 1801; for Alderman Boy- 
dell's collection of pictures and 
prints, 1805. 

Lotteries for repairing the fortifica- 
tions on the coast of England in 
1569, and drawn at the west end 



232 LOU 



LUD 



of St. Paul's cathedral, was for 
pieces of plate. The first in France 
was in 1657. 
Louis, St., order of knighthood, be- 
gan 10th May, 1698; abolished, 
1791. 

Louis XI. in scorn wore a greasy hat 
and a coarse cloth. These items 
of his expenses appear in the cham- 
ber of accounts : — Two sols for a 
new pair of sleeves to an old doub- 
let, and half a denier for a box of 
grease for his boots, 1483. 

Louis XV. of France narrowly es- 
caped being burnt, 1st July, 1747 ; 
stabbed by Damien, 5th Jan., 
1757; d. 10th May, 1774, aged 
64, reigned 59 years. 

Louis XVI. deposed 10th Aug., 
1792 ; beheaded 21st June, 1793, 
and his queen beheaded 16th Oct. 
following. 

Louis XVIII. retired to Petersburgh, 
and allowed a pension by the em- 
peror of Russia, 3rd April, 1798 ; 
landed at Yarmouth under title of 
Count de Lille, 6th Oct. 1807; 
recalled to his throne, made a pub- 
lic entry into London, 21st April, 
1814; sailed from Dover 23rd 
April, reached Compeigne 29th 
April, Paris 3rd May, 1814; fled 
from Napoleon 21st March, 1815 ; 
resumed government, July, 1815. 
d. 16th Sept., 1824. 

Louth Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, 
built 1139. 

Louvre at Paris built 1552 ; the 
front completed, 1688; first exhi- 
bition of painting and sculpture 
opened there, 22nd Aug., 1740; 
stripped of the treasures of art of 
which Napoleon had despoiled other 
nations, 1815. 

Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, 
discovered by the French, 1633, 
settled 1718. 

Loutherbourg, Philip James de, pain- 
ter, b. 1740, d. 10th March, 1812. 

Lovat, lord, beheaded on Tower-hill, 
1746. 

Love, Rev. Christ., beheaded 22nd 
Aug., 1658, aged 33. 

Love, James, English actor and dra- 
matic writer, d. 1774. 



Love, Mr. John, of Weymouth, d. 
Oct., 1793, aged 41, and weighed 
364 lbs., or 26 stone of 14 lbs. 
each. 

Lovelace, Richard, soldier and poet, 
b. 1618, d. 1658. 

Lovibond, Edward, poet, d. 1 737. 

Lowth, Dr. Robert, bishop of Lon- 
don, learned writer, b. 1710, d. 
1787. 

Loyola, Ignatius, founder of the 
Jesuits, b. 1491, d. 1556. 

Lubec, in Prussia, founded 1140; two 
synagogues and a great number of 
houses at, were totally destroyed, 
all the windows in the town were 
broken, and above 60 persons 
killed or dangerously wounded, by 
the axletrees of 10 carriages taking 
fire, that were conveying gun- 
powder to the army, occasioning 
a dreadful explosion, 23rd June, 
1 792. 

Lubin, city of, burnt to ashes, 1209 ; 

again, 1276. 
Luc, William Antony de, b. 1727, d. 

1812. 

Lucan, b. at Corduba, in Spain, 11th 
Nov., 37 ; condemned and bled to 
death in a bath, 30th April, 65. 

Lucas, Rev. Dr. Richard, b. 1648, d. 
blind 1715. 

Lucas, Dr. of Dublin, d. 5th Nov., 
1771. 

Lucas Van Leyden, painter, d. 1533, 

aged 40. His print of a bagpiper 

sold in Holland for 16/. 
Lucca, republic of, founded 1450. 
Lucia, St., 900 persons destroyed at, 

by an earthquake, 12th Oct., 1788. 
Lucian, Greek writer, b. in the reign 

of Trajan, d. 214. 
Lucilius, Roman poet, d. about 108 

B. C. 

Lucius, the first Christian king of 
Britain, reigned 77 years, founded 
the first church in London at St. 
Peter's, Cornhill, which was made 
the see of an archbishop, till 
removed to Canterbury, 179. 

Lucretius born at Rome, 95, put an 
end to his life in a raging fit, 52 

b. a, 

Ludgate, London, sold and pulled 
down, 1 760. 



LUD 



M A C 233 



Ludlow Castle, Salop, built 1097. 
Ludlow. Edward, republican general 

and writer, b. 1620, d. 1693. 
Ludwig, C. T., botanist, b. 1769, d. 

1773. 

Luggersball Castle, Wilts, built 1199. 

Luke, St., wrote bis gospel, 55; d. 
about 70, aged 80 years ; festival 
of, instituted 1090. 

Luke's, St.. bospital, Moorfields, 
began 31st July, 1751: built in 
tbe City-road, 1785. 

Lullaby, or L'Elaby, from a sup- 
posed fairy called Elaby Gatbon, ! 
wbom nurses invited to watcb the 
sleeping babes, that they might 
not be changed for others ; hence 
changeling, or infant changed. 

Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, built 
1610; Charles X. king of France, 
took up his residence at, 24th 
Aug., 1830; and left on the 16th 
Oct. following. 

Luth, Benedetto, painter of Florence, 
b. 1566, d. 1624. 

Luther, Martin, b. 1483 ; began the 
Reformation, 1518: died 1546. 

Luttrell, Col., shot by an assassin in 
his chair, Dublin, 22nd Oct., 1717. 

Luxury restricted by an English law, 
wherein the prelates and nobility 
were confined to two courses every 
meal, and two kinds of food in 
every course, except on great fes- 
tivals ; it also prohibited all who 
did not enjoy a free estate of 100/. I 
per anu. from wearing furs, skins, 
or silk ; and the use of foreign 
cloth was confined to the royal 
family alone, to all others it was 
prohibited, 1337. An edict was 



issued by Charles YL of France, 
which says, " Let no one presume 
to treat with more than a souu and 
two dishes," 1340. 

Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, b. 
926, established his code of laws in 
Lacedemonia 884, and d. in Crete. 
872 B. C. 

Lydgate, John, poet, b. about 1375, 
d. about 1461. 

Lydia, kingdom of, began B.C. 797. 

Lvdiat, English divine and philoso- 
'pher. b. 1572. d. 1646. 

Lve. Edward, lexico2Tapher, b. 1704. 
d. 1747. 

Lying-in Hospital, Old-street, began 

to be built 1770. 
Lyme Castle, Kent, built before 791. 
Lyon, Capt., R.X., celebrated travel- 
'ler and navigator, b. 1796, d.1833. 
Lyons, France, founded B. C. 43 ; 

opposed the National Convention, 

by whom it was besieged, 1793; 

alarming insurrection at, 21st Nov., 

1831. 

Lyons, Israel, Jim., the mathema- 
tician of Cambridge, d. 1st May, 
1775, aged 32. 

Lyons Inn society, established 1420. 

Lvsias, Greek actor, b. about 459 
B. C. d. aged 81. 

Lyshnachus,~d. B.C. 281, aged 80. 

Lysons, Daniel, physician, d. 1800. 

Lysons, Samuel, antiquary and to- 
pographer, b. 1763, d. 1819. 

Lytelton, Thomas, d. 1481, aged 79. 

Lyttleton, bishop of Oxford, the 
antiquary, d. 1768. 

Lyttleton, Lord, b. 1709: married 
1742; created a peer, 1757: d. 
22nd Aug., 1773. 



M. 



M 



.AAS, D., a Dutch painter, b. 
1656, d. 1715. 
Mabillon, J., diplomatic writer and 

biographer, b. 1632, d. 1707. 
Mablev. Abbe de, political writer, b. 

1709, d. 1785. 
Mabuse, John, painter, b. 1499, d. 
1562. 

Macartney, Earl, b. 1737, d. 1806, 
Mac Ardell, Jas., engraver, d. 1765. 



Macaulav, Mrs. Graham, the his- 
torian, b. 1733, d. 23rd June, 1791. 

Mac Carthy, Sir C, killed in an 
action with the Ashantees, 21st 
Jan. 1824. 

Macdonald, Lieut. -Col., grandson of 
Flora Macdonald, an eminent sci- 
entific writer, b. 1760, d. 1832. 

Maccdon. kingdom of, began B. C. 
814. 



234 MAC 



MAI 



Macfmdlay, William, Esq,, of Tip- 
perary, died June, 1772, aged 
143. 

Macguire, Lord, banged at Tyburn, 
20th Feb., 1645. 

Machiavel, b. 1469, d. 1530. 

Macbine invented for beating books, 
by which as many may be beaten 
in one day as would occupy two 
men a week in the ordinary way, 
1823. 

. Machine for mowing grass, invented 
in Pennsylvania, by which one man 
and one horse can mow eight acres 
per day, 1823. 

Mackenzie, Henry, author of " The 
Man of Feeling," b. 1748, d. at 
Edinburgh, 14th Jan., 1831. 

Mackenzie, Sir George, b. 1636, d. 
1691. 

Macklin, Charles, the comedian, d. 

11th July, 1797, aged 97. 
Mackintosh, Sir James, distinguished 

British senator and miscellaneous 

writer, b. 1765, d. 1832. 
. Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, d. 24th 

Nov., 1804, aged 82. 
Maclaurin, Colin, the mathematician, 

b. 1698, d. 1746. 
Macmahon, Lord, hanged for high 

treason, 1st Nov., 1644. 
Macneill, Hector, Scotch poet, author 

of " Will and Jean," b. 1 746, d. 

1818. 

Macpherson, Jas., poet and historian, 

b. 1738, d. 1796. 
Macquer, J., chemist, b. 1718, d. 

1784. 

Macrobius, Ambrosius Aurel. Theod., 
d. about 415. 

Madagascar discovered by the Portu- 
guese, 1506. 

Madan, author of " Thelyphthora," 
b 1726, d. 1790. 

Madeira, Island of, discovered 1344 
and 1418. 

Madox, Isaac, English controversial 
writer, b. 1697, d. 1759. 

Madras, fire at, consumed lOOOhouses, 
14th Feb., 1803 ; hurricane at, by 
which the ships at anchor were 
driven into the town, and seventy 
sail of small craft sunk, with their 
crews, May, 1811. 

Madrid, was an obscure village until 



1515 ; had 80 houses destroyed by 
afire, 15th Jan., 1790. 
Magdalen College, Oxford, founded 
1479. 

Magdalen College,Cambridge. founded 
1519. 

Magdalen Hospital instituted, in Pres- 
cot street, GoodinanVfields, 1758; 
in St. George's-fields, built 1772. 

Magellan, Straits of, discovered 1520. 

Magellan, Ferdinand, navigator, d. 
1521. 

Magee, Rev. W., Archbishop of Dub- 
lin, author of a work on Atone- 
ment, b. 1765, d. 1831. 

Magic Lanterns, first invented by 
Roger Bacon, 1252. 

Magliabechi, the librarian, d. 1714, 
aged 81. 

Magna Charta, a body of laws, the 
barrier of English liberty, granted 
by King John, 12th June, 1215. 

Mas;nard, Mich., a painter, b. 1604, 
d. 1668. 

Magnanimous, a French man of war, 
taken by the Nottingham and Port- 
land of Adm. Hawke's squadron, 
24th Feb., 1748. 

Magnet, artificial, invented in Eng- 
land, 1751. 

Magnifying Glasses, invented bv Roger 
Bacon, 1260. 

Mahomet began to promulge his 
opinions, 604 ; b. at Mecca, 5th 
May, 570 ; his sect commenced, 
622; d. 18th June, 631. 

Maidstone injured by afire 3rd Oct,, 
1756. 

Mail coaches first established to Bris- 
tol, 1784 ; to other parts of Eng- 
land, and an act to regulate and 
encourage them, and exempt them 
from tolls, 1785; introduced into 
Ireland by Mr. Anderson in 1790. 

Maillett, B. de, author of Telliamed, 
b. 1659, d. 1738. 

Maimbourg, Louis, historian, b. 1610, 
d. 1686. 

Maiming and wounding made capital 

crimes, 1670. 
Maintenon, Madame de, d. 1719, 

aged 84. 

Mairan, J. J. D'Ortous de, natural 

philosopher, b. 1678, d. 1771. 
Make, -J. le, Dutch navigator, d. 1617. 



MAI 



MAN 235 



Maitland, Sir R.,poet, b. 1 496, d. 1 586. 
Maitland, Lord, poet and statesman, 

b. about 1537, d. 1595. 
Maitland, William, the historian, b. 

about 1693, d. 1757. 
Maittaire, Michael, learned writer, b. 

1668, d. 1747. 
Maio, a Dutch painter, b. 1500, d. 

1559. 

Maison-dieu, Hospital, Dover, built 
1229. 

Majesty, the title of, first addressed 
to Henry VIII. of England. 

Malacca gold mines discovered, 1731. 

Malachi flourished 397 B.C. 

Malcomb, Sarah, executed in Fleet- 
street, 7th March, 1738. 

Malcolm, J. P., artist and author, d. 
1815. 

Malcolm, Sir John, a soldier and 
diplomatist, b. in Scotland 1769, 
d. 31st May, 1833. 

Malebranche, N., b. at Paris 1638, 
d. 1715. 

Malesherbes, C. W., counsel for 
Louis XVI., b. 1721, guillotined 
1794. 

Malherbe, Francis, French writer, b. 

1555,d. 1628. 
Mallet, David, poet and dramatic 

author, b. about 1700, d. 1765. 
Mallet, P. H., historian, b. 1730, d. 

1807. 

Malmesbury, William of, d. 1 143. 
Malmesbury Abbey built 642 ; castle 

built 11.34. 
Malmesbury, a museum formed at, 

by Sir R. C. Hoare, for antiquities, 

1823. 

Malone, Edmund, b. 4th Oct. 1741, 
d. 25th May, 1812. 

Malpighi, philosopher, b. in Italy, 
1628, d. 1694. 

Malplaquet, in France, victory of, 
gained by the duke of Marlborough 
and prince Eugene over the French, 
11th Sept., 1709. 

Malt liquor used in Egypt 450 B.C. 
Excise on it in England, 1697; 
the duty is 14s. 6d. The duty on 
malt spirits for 1783-4-5 and 1786 
amounted to 1,451,998/. Is. Id. 
The duty on malt for 1784 and 
1785 was 514,668/. In 1788 
the duties on beer yielded about 



1,166,652/. In 1807 the duty on 
malt amounted to 750,000/. 

Malt tax established, 1667; increased 
1760 ; new modelled, 1766. 

Malta, knights of, alias Knights Hos- 
pitallers, alias Knights of St. John 
of Jerusalem, the foundation of 
that order laid by opening a house 
for the reception of pilgrims at 
Jerusalem, 1048 ; became a regu- 
lar monastic order, 1099, and a 
military order, 1118; took Rhodes, 
and were called Knights of Rhodes, 
1310 ; being expelled from thence 
by the Turks, the emperor Charles 
V. gave them the island of Malta, 
1523, and they were called knights 
of Malta ; expelled England, 1540 ; 
did great exploits against the Infi- 
dels, 1595 ; conspiracy at Malta 
to destroy the whole order, for 
which 125 Turkish slaves suffered 
death, 26th June, 1749. 

Malta, observatory, instruments, and 
manuscript observations at, de- 
stroyed by fire, 6th April, 1789. 

Malta given to the Knights of Rhodes 
by the Emperor Charles V. 1522; 
surrendered to the French, 12th 
June, 1798 ; the emperor of Russia 
declared himself grand master, 
June ,1799; ceded to England, 18 1 4. 

Malte Brun, Conrad, geographer, b. 
1775, d. 1826. 

Malus, S., mathematician, b. 1775, 
d. 1812. 

Man, isle of, formerly subject to Nor- 
way ; then to John and Henry III. 
of England, and afterwards to Scot- 
land ; governed by its lords from 
1043; conquered by Henry IV. 
and by him given to the earl of 
Northumberland, with the title of 
king, 1341, at whose attainder it 
was granted to Sir John de Stanley, 
1406; in his family it continued 
till 1594, when it was seized by 
the queen ; granted to William, 
earl of Derby, 1608 ; fell by inhe- 
ritance to the duke of Athol, 1735 ; 
Christianity first established there 
by St. Patrick and St. Andrew 
about 440 ; episcopal see estab- 
lished, 447 ; conquered from the 
Scots by Montacute, earl of Sarum, 



236 MAN 



MAP 



1314, to whom Edward III. gave 
the title of earl of Man ; first Tyn- 
wald meeting about 1418; the 
proprietors first called lords of Man, 
1521 ; the bishopric annexed to 
the province of York, 1541 ; isle 
of, annexed to the crown of Eng- 
land, having been purchased of the 
duke of Athol for 70,000/., 1 765 ; 
and in 1825, all the right3, privi- 
leges, and patronage in the island 
were purchased for the sum of 
41 6,000/.untier an act ofparliament. ' 

Manasseh chosen high priest, 253 B.C. 

Manchester ealicomanufactory, valued 
at above 100,000/. destroyed by 
fire, 15th March, 1792. 

Manchester, warehouses at, of Messrs. 
Green and Co., burnt down, and 
property destroyed to the amount 
of 50,000/., 30th March, 1813. 

Manchester navigation opened, ]7th 
June, 1760. 

Manchester, reform meeting at, when 
Mr. Hunt presided, 16th Aug., 
1819; admitted to the elective 
franchise by the reform bill, 1832. 

Manchester rail-road opened, 15th 
Sept., 1830, when the duke of 
Wellington was present, and when 
Mr. Huskisson, M.P. for Liver- 
pool, was killed. 

Manchester, dreadful fire at, 12th 
Oct., 1829. 

Mander, C. V., b. 1559, d. 1607. 

Mandeville, Bernard, of Holland, d. 
1733, aged 65. 

Mandeville, Sir John, the traveller, 
d. 1372. 

Manes, founder of a sect, put to 

death, A.D. 278. 
Manfredi, Eustacio, astronomer, b. 

1674, d. 1739. 
Manilla, in the East Indies, had its 

vast magazines destroyed by fire, 

Oct. 1799. 
Manilla, British frigate, wrecked on 

the Dutch coast with the loss of 

six men, 30th Jan., 1812. 
Manlius, M., thrown down from the 

Tarpeian rock, 484 B.C. 
Manning, Cromwell's spy, executed 

abroad, 1655. 
Mannorbeer Castle, Pembrokeshire, 

built 1088. 



Mansard, F., b. 1598, d. 1666. 
Mansfield, earl of, d. 15th March, 

1793, aged 89. 
Mansion house, city of London, built 

1739, inhabited 1752, and cost 

42,638/. 18s. 8d. 
Mantegna, Andr.,an Italian, b. 1431, 

d. 1505. 

Manuden, Essex, fire at, which de- 
stroyed a malt-house and Manuden 
hall, the residence of Mr. Patmore, 
25th April, 1816. 

Manufactures of England at the close 
of last century, computed at eighty- 
two millions ; of Great Britain and 
Ireland, at eighty-nine millions. 

Manufactures in England, quantity of 
produced in 1810, and number of 
person's employed in each branch : 
Woollen, 17,250,000/.; number 
employed, 440,340. Leather, 
10,500,000/.; number employed, 
241,818. Cotton, 11,000,000/.; 
number employed, 347,271. Silk, 
2,700,000/.; number employed, 
65,000. Linen, 3,000,000/. ; 
number employed, 95,000. Hemp, 
1,600,000/. ; number employed, 
35,000. Paper, 900,000/. ; num- 
ber employed, 30,000. Glass, 
1,500,000/. ; number employed, 
36,000. Earthenware and porce- 
lain, 2,000,000/.; number em- 
ployed, 45,000. Iron, tin, and 
lead, 10,000,000/. ; number em- 
ployed, 200,000. Copper and 
brass, 3,600,000/. ; number em- 
ployed, 60,000. Steel, plating, 
hardware, and toy trade,4,000,000/. 
number employed, 70,000. Other 
manufactures, 5,300,000/. ; num- 
ber employed, 80,000. 

Manutius, Aldus, printer, b. about 
1447, d. 1515. 

Manutius, Paul, printer, b. 1512, d. 
1572. 

Manutius, Aldus, printer and author, 

b. 1547, d. 1592. 
Map of England, the first, 1520, by 

George Lilly ; the first of Russia, 

1560. 

Maps and globes invented by Anazi- 
mander, 600 B.C.; that of the 
moon's surface invented at Dant- 
zic, 1647. 



MAP 



MAR 237 



Maps and sea-charts first brought to 
England by Bartholomew Colum- 
bus, to illustrate his brother's the- 
ory respecting a western continent, 
1489. 

Maracci, Louis, oriental scholar, b. 

1612, d. 1700. 
Marana. author of " The Turkish 

Spy," b. 1642, d. 1693. 
Marat assassinated by Charlotte Cor- 

day, 13th July, 1793. 
Maratti, Carlo, an Italian painter, b. 

1625, d. 1713. 
Marble, quarries of green, resembling 

Verde Antico, and white, found in 

the west of Ireland, 1823. 
Marcellus's theatre at Rome built 

A.D. 80. 
March's, Lord, wheel-carriage wager 

came off at Newmarket, 29th Aug. 

1750. 

Marchetti, Alex., mathematician and 
translator of Lucretius, b. 1633, 
d. 1714. 

Marcross, Glamorganshire, cliff at, 
fell and spread 300,000 tons of 
limestone on the beach, Aug. 1833. 

Margaret, countess of Richmond and 
Derbv, mother of king Henry VII. 
d.29th June, 1509. 

Margaret, countess of Salisbury, 
daughter of the duke of Clarence, 
brother of Edward IV., beheaded 
27th May, 1541, aged 70. 

Margaret of Londonderry wrecked at 
Cullean Bay, and the master and 
23 passengers drowned, 10th Jan., 
1815. 

Margate hoy wrecked on the Reculver 
sands, and 23 fives lost, 7th Feb., 
1802. 

Margate steam packet burnt to the 

water's edge off Whitstable, crew 

saved, 2nd July, 1817. 
Margoritone of Arezzo, inventor of 

the art of gilding with leaf gold on 

bole Armoniac, d. 1275. 
Maria, from Newcastle to Yarmouth, 

was wrecked on Hippisburg-rock, 

and all on board perished, 31st 

Aug. 1816. 
Maria del fiore, cathedral at Florence, 

built 450. 
Maria Louisa, consort of Napoleon, 

obtained the states of Parma, Pla- 



centia, and Guastalla, by the treaty 

of Fontainbleau, 5th April, 1814. 
Maria Theresa, a royal order of, for 

ladies in Spain, instituted 1792. 
Marian, knights of. See Teutonic 

Order. 

Mariana, Juan, historian of Spain, d. 
1624, aged 87. 

Marienburgh, in Prussia, founded by 
the Teutonic knights, 1231. 

Marigalante isle discovered, 1493. 

Marine hospital at Brest burnt with 
50 galley slaves, and a great num- 
ber of sick, 1st Dec, 1776. 

Marine Society house, Bishopsgate- 
street, London, began 30th April, 
1773. 

Mariner's compass. See Compass. 
Marini, J. B., Italian poet, b. 1569, 
d. 1625. 

Maria Nuzzi, a Neapolitan, d. 1673. 
Mariotte, E., philosopher, b. at Dijon 
d. 1684. 

Marischal College, Aberdeen, founded 
1593. 

Marise, William, a nobleman's son, 
drawn, hanged, and quartered for 
piracy, 1241. 

Marivaux, P. C, novelist and dra- 
matist, b. 1688, d. 1763. 

Mark, St., wrote his gospel, 44 ; d> 
68 ; his festival celebrated, 1090. 

Mark's, St., palace, at Venice, built 
450. 

Mark's, St., church, at Venice, built 
826. 

Mark, St., order of, began at Venice 

830; revived, 1562. 
Markland, Jeremiah, b. Aug. 1693, 

d. 7th July, 1776. 
Marlborough statutes passed, 1269. 
Marlborough, John, duke of, d. 16th 

June, 1722, aged 72. 
Marlborough, Sarah, duchess of, d. 

18th Oct., 1744. 
Marloe, Christopher, b. about 1562, 

killed by his rival, 1593. 
Marmion, Shakerlev, dramatic writer, 

b. about 1602, d. 1639. 
Marmontel, J. F., celebrated French 

writer, b. 1723, d. 1792. 
Marot, Francis, d. 173 9, aged 52. 
Marot, Clement, French poet, b. 

1495, d. 1544. 
Marriages in Lent forbidden, 354 ; 



238 



MAR 



MAS 



forbidden the priests, 1015; first 
celebrated in churches, 1226. 

Marriages taxed, 1695, 1784. 

Marriages of the royal family res- 
trained by act of parliament, 1772. 

Marriages in England, in 1760, were 
50,000; in 1800, were 73,000, 
exclusive of Jews and Quakers. 

Marriage act passed, June, 1 753 ; 
commenced operation, 25th March, 
1754; amended, 1781; new act 
passed, 1822; repealed, 1823. 

Marsh Castle, Guernsey, built by the 
Danes. 

Marshals of France, instituted, 1436; 

abolished, 1791. 
Marshall, Thomas, English divine 

and writer, d. 1685. 
Mar sham, Sir John, b. 1602, d. 

1685. 

Marsigli, Count L. F., b. 1658, d. 
1730. 

Marston, John, dramatic author, d. 
about 1614. 

Marshalsea prison, Thomas Culver, 
a confined debtor, died there of 
-want, 7th Jan., 1811. 

Marshalsea prison, in Southwark, 
fell in, but no lives lost, 16th 
May, 1802. 

Marsh-farm, Herts, a fire broke out 
at Marsh-cottage, adjoining the 
farm, by which an extensive range 
of buildings was burnt down, and 
60 head of cattle destroyed or 
ruined, 12th Dec, 1816. 

Martial law proclaimed in Ireland, 
26th July, 1803. 

Martin, St., festival, instituted 812. 

Martinico nearly destroyed by a hur- 
ricane, 12th Sept., 1756. 

Martin's, St., church, Canterbury, 
built 182. 

Martin's in the Fields, Westminster, 
built 1726. 

Martial, b. at Bilboa, 34, d. 109. 

Martin, St., d. about 402. 

Martin, Thomas, English antiquarv, 
b. 1697, d. 1771. 

Martin, Benjamin, English mathe- 
matician, b. 1704, d. 1782. 

Martiniere, Bruzen de la, geographer, 
b. 1684, d. 1749. 

Martyn, John, the botanist, b. 1699, 
d. 1768. 



Martyr, Peter, b. 1500, d. at Zurich, 

1 2th Nov., 1562. 
Martyrs, the order of knighthood in 

Palestine began, 1319. 
Marvel, Andrew, the patriot, b. 1620, 

d. 1678. 

Mary de Medicis, Queen-mother of 

France, visited England, 1638. 
Maryland, province of, planted by 

Lord Baltimore, at an expense of 

40,000/., 1633. 
Mary-le-bone, London, erected into 

a borough, 1 832. 
Mary-le-bone church, built 1817. 
Mary, St., the Glorious, order of 

knighthood began in Italy, ] 233 ; 

at Rome, 1618. 
Mary, St., de Merced, order of 

knighthood began in Spain, 1218. 
Mary's, St., Abbey, York, built 1088. 
Mary's, St., Priory, Thetford, built 

li04; old house built, 1075. 
Mary, the mother of Christ, d. A.D. 

45, aged 60. 
Mary, Queen of Scots, fled to Eng- 
land, 16th May, 1568 ; beheaded, 

8th Feb., 1589, aged 44. 
Maskelyne, Dr. Nevil, astronomer 

royal, b. 6th Oct., 1732, d. 9th 

Feb. 1811. 
Mason, Rev. William, poet, bora 

1725, d. 1797. 
Massena, Andrew, marshal of France, 

b. 8th May, 1758, d. 4th April, 

1817. 

Massillon, J. B., divine and writer, 

b. 1663, d. 1742. 
Massinger, Philip, dramatic writer, 

d. 1640, aged 55. 
Masquerades, the first in Scotland, 

Friday, 15th Jan., 1773. 
Massacio, b. 1402, d. 1443. 
Masso, surnamed Finiguerra, inventor 

of engraving on copper-plates, flou- 
rished 1450. 
Masolino, an Italian, flourished 1450. 
Massachusetts, 1000 acres of wood, 

back nart of, destroyed by fire, 

24th April, 1816. 
Mass first celebrated in Latin, 394 ; 

introduced into England, 680 ; 

elevation required prostration, 1 20 1 . 
Massacres — of all the Carthaginians 

in Sicily, 397 B.C.—2000 Tyrians 

crucified, and 8000 put to the 



M A S S A 

sword, for not surrendering Tne 
to Alexander, 331 B.C— The 
Jews of Antioch fall upon the 
other inhabitants, and massacre 
100.000, for refusing to surrender 
their arms to Demetrius Xicanor, 
tyrant of Syria, 154. — A dreadful 
slaughter of the Teutones and 
Ambrones, near Aix, by Melius, 
the Roman general, 200,000 bein? 
left dead on the spot, 102. — The 
Romans, throughout Asia, women 
and children not excepted, cruelly 
massacred in one day, by order of 
Mitbridates, king of Pontus, 89. — 
A great number of Roman senators 
massacred by Cinna, Marius, and 
Sertorius, and several of the patri- 
cians dispatch themselves to avoid 
their horrid butcheries, 8 6 . — Again, 
under Sylla and Catiline, his mi- 
nister of vengeance, 82 and 79. — 
At Prseneste, Octavianus Caesar 
ordered 300 Roman senators, and 
other persons of distinction, to be 
sacrificed to the manes of Julius 
Caesar, 41. — At the destruction of ! 
Jerusalem, 1,000,000 Jews were 
put to the sword, A.D. 70. — The 
Jews, headed by one Andrea?, put 
to death 100,000 Greeks and Ro- 
mans, in and near Cyrene ; they 
ate the entrails, and covered them- 
selves with the skins of the un- 
happy victims, 115. — Cassius, a 
Roman general, under tbe emperor 
M. Aurelius, put to death 37,000 
of the inhabitants of Seleucia, 197. 
At Alexandria, of many thousand 
citizens, by order of Antoninus, 
213. — The emperor Probus put to 
death 700,000 of the inhabitants 
upon his reduction of Gaul. 277. 
Of 80 Christian fathers, by order 
of the emperor Gratian, at Nico- 
media : they were put into a ship, 
which was set on fire and driven 
out to sea, 370. — Of Thessalonica, 
when upwards of 700 persons, in- 
vited into the circus, were put to 
the sword by order of Theodosius, 

390 Belisarius put to death 

above 30,000 citizens of Constan- 
tinople for a revolt, on account of 
two rapacious ministers set over 



C R E S. 239 

them by Justinian, 552 Of the 

Latins, by Andronicus, 1 184, at 
Constantinople. — The Sicilians 
massacre the French throughout 
the whole island, without distinc- 
tion of sex or age, on Easter-day, 
the first bell for vespers being the 
signal ; this horrid affair is known 
in history by the name of the 
Sicilian Vespers, 1282. — A general 
massacre of the Jews at Verdun, 
by the peasants, who, from a pre- 
tended prophecy, conceived the 
Holy Land was to be recovered 
from the infidels by them ; 500 
of these Jews took shelter in a 
castle, and defended themselves 
to the last extremity, when, for 
want of weapons, they threw their 
children at the enemy, and then 
killed each other, 1317".— At Paris, 
1418.— Of the Swedish nobility, 
at a feast, bv order of Christian II. 
1520.— Of "70,000 Hugonots, or 
French Protestants, throughout 
the kingdom of France, attended 
with circumstances of the most 
horrid treachery and cruelty; it 
began at Paris in the night of the 
festival of St. Bartholomew, 25th 
Aug.. 1572. by secret orders from 
Charles IX. king of France, at 
the instigation of the queen-dowa- 
ger, Catherine de Medicis, his 
mother ; it is styled in history, the 
Massacre of St. Bartholomew. — 
Of the Christians, in Croatia, by 
the Turks, when 65,000 were 
slain, 1592. — Of a great number 
of Protestants at Thorn, who were 
put to death under a pretended 
legal sentence of the chancellor of 
Poland, for being concerned in a 
tumult occasioned by a Popish 

procession, 1724 At Batavia, 

where 12,000 Chinese were killed 
by the Dutch, Oct. 1740. — In 
England, 300 English nobles, by 
Hengist, A.D. 475. — Of the monks 
of Bangor, 1200: by Ethelred, 
king of Northumberland, 580. — 
Of the Danes, in the southern 
counties of England, in the night of 
13th Nov. 1002, at London, it was 
the most bloody, the churches begin 



240 



MAS 



M A Z 



no sanctuary; amongst the rest, 
Gunilda, sister of Swein, king of 
Denmark, left in hostage for the 
performance of a treaty but newly 
concluded. — Of the Normans, at 

Durham, 1069 Of the Jews 

(some few pressing into West- 
minster-hall at Richard I.'s coro- 
nation, were put to death by the 
people, and a false alarm being 
given, that the king had ordered a 
general massacre of them, the 
people in many parts of England, 
from an aversion to them, slew all 
i they met ; in York, 500, who had 
taken shelter in the castle, killed 
themselves rather than fall into 
the hands of the people) 1189. 
Of the English, by the Dutch, -at 
Amboyna, 1624 Of the Protes- 
tants in Ireland, when 40,000 

were killed, 1641 Of the Mac- 

donalds, at Glencoe, in Scotland, 
for not surrendering in time ac- 
cording to King William's procla- 
mation, though without the king's 
knowledge, 1692.— -Of 50,000 of 
the inhabitants of Constantinople, 
by the Arabs, 1758. — Several 
dreadful massacres in France during 
the Revolution, from 1789 to 
1794.— Of 600 negroes, by the 
French, at St. Mark's, 1802.— At 
Algiers, 10th March, 1806.— In- 
surrection and dreadful massacre at 
Madrid, 2nd May, 1808 Dread- 
ful massacre of the Mamelukes in 
the citadel of Cairo, 1st March, 
1811. 

Master of the ceremonies first ap- 
pointed, 1603. 

Matham, of Haarlem , b. 1 57 1 , d. 1 63 1 . 

Mathurin, of Florence, d. 1526. 

Matsys, Quintin,of Antwerp, b. 1460, 
d. 1529. 

Maturino, a Florentine, b. 1492, d. 
1527. 

Matthias, St., festival of, instituted 
3090. 

Matthew, St., wrote his gospel, 44 ; 
d. A. D. 65 ; festival established 
812. 

Matthew, of Westminster, English 

historian, d. 1379. 
Matthews and Lestock, admirals, 



suffered the French and Spanish 
squadron to escape, Feb., 1746. 

Matthias was high priest 6 years be- 
fore Christ. 

Matthias, St., festival of, observed 
first 1090. 

Maty, Dr. Matthew, b. 1718, d. 2nd 
Aug., 1776. 

Maty, Henry, critical writer, b. 1745, 
d. 1787. 

Maunday Thursday, ceremony com- 
menced in 1362. 

Maupertius, P. L., mathematician, b. 
1698, d. 1759. 

Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, 
d. 1625. 

Maurice, Rev. T., poet and historian, 

d. 1825, aged 70. 
Mauri tius,aliasO 'Flaherty, archbishop 

of Tuam, d. 1513. 
Mauritius, order of knighthood, began 

in Savoy, 1430, restored 1572. 
Maury, Cardinal, b. 1746, d. 1817. 
Maximilian, Joseph, king of Bavaria, 

b. 27th May, 1756, d. 13th Oct., 

1825. 

Maximilian, Emperor, enlisted as a 

subject and captain under Henry 

VIII., 1513. 
Mayfield Place, Sussex, built 988. 
May, Thomas, dramatic poet and 

historian, b. 1594, d. 1652. 
Mayer, Tobias, the astronomer, b. 

1723, d. 1762. 
Mayersbach, the celebrated water 

doctor, d. 1798. 
Mavnard, F., French poet, b. 1582, 

d. 1646. 

Maynard, Sir John, lawyer, b. about 

1602, d. 1690. 
Mayne, Rev. Dr. Jasper, b. 1604, d. 

1672. 

Maynwaring, Arthur, b.1668, d.1712. 
Mayow, John, chemist, b. 1645, d. 
1679. 

Maxtock Castle, Warwickshire, built 
1346 ; burned down, 1st Aug., 
1762 ; Priory built, 1337. 

Maxwell, Sir Murray, a distinguished 
British naval officer, d. Sept., 1831. 

Mazarine, Cardinal, born 1602, died 
1661. 

Mazzuoti, of Parma, b. 1503, d. 1540. 
He invented etching with aqua 
fortis. 



ME A 



MES 241 



Mead, Dr. Richard, b. 1673, d. 1754. 

Meal-tub plot, (as denominated from 
the place where the papers concern- 
ing it were found,) a forged con- 
spiracy against James II., 1679. 

Mechain, M,, a French astronomer, 
b. 16th Aug., 1774, d. 4th Sept., 
1805. 

Mechanics' Institute formed in Lon- 
don and Glasgow, on an extensive 
scale, and with great success, 1823. 

Mechanics' and apprentices' library 
established at Lancaster, 1 823. 

Mechanical arts in Britain in greater 
perfection than in Gaul, 298. 

Mede. Joseph, an English divine, b. 
1586, d. 1638. 

Medical Society at Dublin, instituted 
1785. 

Medici, Cosmo de, called the " father 

of his country," b. 1389, d. 1464. 
Medici, Lorenzo de, called the " father 

of literature," b. 1448, d. 1492. 
Medicinal simples first brought from 

the East into Europe, 1200. 
Medicine, duty commenced, 1783 ; 

increased, 1804. 
Medina, Sir John, b. 1659, d. 1711. 
Medina, John, his grandson, d. at 

Edinburgh, 1796. 
Melbourne Administration suddenly 

dismissed, 14th Nov., 1834. 
Mela, Pomponius, Spanish geographer, 

d. 45. 

Melancthon, Philip, b. 1497, d. 1560, 
aged 63. 

Meleager, Greek poet, b. B.C. 96. 
Melmoth, William , miscellaneous 

writer, b. 1710, d. 1799. 
Melvil, Sir James, Scotch historian, 

b. 1530, d. 1606. 
Melville, Vise, d. 27th May, 1811. 
Melville, Lord, impeached by the 

Commons, 29th April, acquitted 

12th June, 1806. 
Melville, Lord, transport, wrecked 

near Kinsale Harbour, when eleven 

persons were drowned, 31st Jan., 

1816. 

Memmi, Simone, of Sienna, b. 1285, 
d. 1345. 

Mengs, Antonio Raffaelle, b. 1728, 
d. 1779. 

Menage, Giles, French writer, b. at 
Angers, 1613, d. 1692. 



Menander, Greek poet, b. B.C. 342, 

d. B.C. 293. 
Mendelsohn, Moses, b. 1729, d.1785. 
Mendez, Moses, d. 1758. 
Meninski, F., oriental scholar, b. 1623, 

d. 1698. 

Menzini, B., Italian poet, b. 1646, d 
1704. 

Mercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, 

b. 1512, d. 1594. 
Mercator, Nicholas, of Holstein, 

astronomer, b. 1640, d. 1694. 
Mercator's Chart, invented 1556. 
Mercers' Chapel, London, built 1187. 
Mercian kingdom began, 584 ; ended, 

828. 

Merch an t Tail ors, fir st so name d, 1 5 1 . 
Merchant Tailors' School founded, 
1568. 

Mercury passed over the sun's disc, 
visible to the naked eye, from 12 
to 2 o'clock, at London, 25th Nov., 
1769. 

Mercury discovered to be anti- venereal 

by Corpus, an Italian surgeon, 

1512 ; first given to patients under 

inoculation, 1745. 
Mercury, malleable, discovered by 

Orbelin, at Vienna, 1785. 
Merit, a military order of knighthood 

in Prussia, instituted 1730. 
Merlin's Cave, in Richmond-gardens, 

formed 1735. 
Merlin, the prophet, flourished 477. 
Mermaid hoax exploded, 1823. 
Merrick, James, divine and poet, b. 

1720, d. 1769. 
Merriott Village, near Crewkerne, 

nearly destroyed by fire, 16th 

April, 1811. ' 
Mersenne, French writer, b. 1588, 

d. 1648. 

Merthyr-Tydvyl, S. Wales, alarming 
disturbances at, which ended with 
the loss of several lives, 3rd June, 
1831 ; erected into a borough, 
1832. 

Merton College, Oxford, founded, 
1247. 

Merton, Walter de, founder of Mer- 
ton College, Oxford, d. 1277. 

Mervin, Lord Audley, hanged, 13th 
May, 1631. 

Messier, C, astronomer, b. 1730, 
d. 1817. 

M 



242 M E S 



MIL 



Messina affected with the plague, 
1743 ; destroyed by an earthquake, 
in 1783 and 1784. 

Metastasio, the Italian poet, b. 1698, 
d. 1782, aged 84. 

Methodism by the followers of Whit- 
field began 1739. 

Methodists — It appears that in the 
year 1767 the number of itinerant 
preachers was not more than 92, 
and of the people in the societies 
25,911 ; but that in 1795 the 
number of preachers was 357, and 
that of the people of the societies 
83,368. By the reports produced 
at the Methodist conferences held 
at Bristol, it appears that the num- 
bers in the methodist societies 
amount to 172,334, viz. 
In Great Britain - - 83,368 
In Ireland - - - 16,540 
In the West Indies - 11,986 

In the United States of 

America - 58,653 

Methusaleh d. 1656 of the world, 
aged 969. 

Metius, James, of Antwerp, inventor 
of telescopes, d. 1612. 

Meton, inventor of the Metonic Cy- 
cle, 433 B.C. 

Meulen, Vander, b. 1634, d. 1690. 

Meursius, John, critic, b. 1579, d. 
1639. 

Metelli, Agostino, of Bologna, b. 

1609, d. 1660. 

Metzu,Gab., b. 1615, d. about 1658. 

Mexico discovered, 1518 ; settled by 
the Spaniards, 1519 or 1521 ; re- 
volted and established its indepen- 
dence, 1810. 

Meyer, Felix, b. 1653, d. 1713. 

Meyer, Jeremiah, b. 1735, d. 1789. 

Mezerai, the French historian, b. 

1610, d. 1683. 

Mettingham Castle and College, Suf- 
folk, built 1732. 

Mews, Charing Cross, Westminster, 
built 1732. 

Micah, the prophet, fl. 754 B.C. 

Michael's, St., order of knighthood, 
began in France 1469; in Ger- 
many, 1618 ; in Naples, time un- 
known. 

Michael, St. a Vale, castle, Guernsey, 
built 1114 ; church built 1117. 



Michael, St., mount, monastery of, 

Cornwall, built 1030. 
Michael's, St., festival first observed, 

487. 

Michaelham priory built 1230. 
Michaelis, John David, theologian 

and orientalist, b. 1717, d. 1791. 
Mickle, W. J., poet, b. 1734, d. 

1788. 

Microscopes first used in Germany, 
1621 ; the double ones discovered 
by Torricelli, 1624; solar micro- 
scopes invented, 1740. 

Middleham Castle, Yorkshire, built 
1190. 

Middlesex hospital instituted, 1745 ; 

built, 1755 ; enlarged, 1834; house 

of correction finished, 1794. 
Middleton, Stoney, Oxfordshire, 

burned 29th April, 1755. 
Middleton Abbey, Dorsetshire, built 

938. 

Middleton, Sir Hugh, who brought 
the new river water to London, 
d. 1631. 

Middleton, Dr. Conyers, b. 1683, 
d. 1750. 

Miel, John, the Fleming, b. 1559, 
d. 1789. 

Mieris, Francis, b. at Leyden '1635, 
d. 1681. 

Mignard, Peter, b. 1610, d. 1695. 

Mignon, Abraham, a German, b. 
1639, d. 1679. 

Milan, the capital of this celebrated 
dukedom is reputed to have been 
built by the Gauls, about 408 B.C. 
It submitted to the Romans, 222 
B.C. ; was formed into a republic, 
A.D. 121 ; and lastly was governed 
by dukes from 1359 to 1501. 
The French expelled from it by 
Charles V. of Germany about 
1525, who gave it to his son 
Philip II. Taken by the Imperial- 
ists, 1736. Given to Austria, on 
Naples and Sicily being ceded to 
Spain, 1748. Seized by the French, 
1796. Retaken by the Austrians, 
May, 1799. 

Mildmay, Sir Walter, founder of 
Emanuel College, Cambridge, d. 
1589. 

Mile, Francesco, a Dutchman, b. 
1644, d. 1680. 



MIL 



MOG 243 



Milford, near Godalming, out-houses, 
barns, &c, of Mr. Gooch, wilfully 
set on fire and destroyed, 29th 
June, 1806. 

Mile, the length of it first determined, 
1593, to consist of 5280 feet, or 
1760 yards ; so that a square mile 
contains 27,178,400 square feet, 
or 640 square acres. 

Military uniforms first used in France 
by Louis XIV. 

Military academy, "Woolwich, estab- 
lished, 1741. 

Military asylum, foundation laid, 19 
June, 1801. 

Militia, one established in Ireland by 
Icing Cormac O'Con, about 254 ; 
in England, Alfred the Great en- 
rolled a militia, which continued 
till the reign of James I. ; revived 
under Charles II. ; supplementary 
militia embodied, 1797 ; the whole 
number was 104,000 in 1800. 

Militia act passed, 1757, 1764, 1781 ; 
supplemental, 1797 ; for Scotland, 
1797 ; clause introduced to allow 
courts -martial to substitute impri- 
sonment for flogging, 181 L 

Militia of Great Britain limited to 
106,000 in 1798. 

Milk consumed annually in London 
yielded 481,666/. 

Mill, Rev. Dr. John, b. about 1645, 
d. 1707. 

Mill, Henry, learned in hydraulics, 
d. 1770. 

Millar, John, professor and writer, 

b. 1735, d. 1801. 
Miller, Rev. J., b. 1703, d. 1744. 
Miller, Phil., d. 18th Dec, 1771, 

aged 80. 

Milles, Jeremiah, English divine and 
antiquary, b. 1714, d. 1784. 

Milne, Colin, botanist, d. 1815. 

Milner, J., divine, b. 1744, d. 1797. 

Milner, Isaac, divine and mathemati- 
cian, d. 1820. 

Milton, John,b. 1608, d. blind 1674. 

Milton, Great, Oxfordshire, 16 houses 
burned at, 9th July, 1762. 

Minehead, Somersetshire, forty- seven 
houses burned at, value 18,000/., 
4th July, 1791. 

Minerva's temple at Athens built 
450 B.C. 



Mines, royal, established, 1565. 

Ministry in the minority on the land 
tax bill, i! l767, the first instance of 
the kind in a money bill since the 
revolution. 

Minos, the lawgiver, reigned at Crete, 
B.C. 1432. 

Minotaur, of 74 guns, wrecked on 
the Haaks bank, when 480 of the 
crew perished, 22nd Dec, 1810. 

Minster at York much injured by a 
fire intentionally caused by Martin, 
a lunatic, 2nd Feb., 1829; re- 
opened after complete restoration, 
6th May, 1832. 

Mint office in the tower established, 
1065. 

Mint, new, erected, 1813, 

Mirabeau, the French statesman, b. 
1749, d. 1790. 

Mirrors invented in silver by Praxi- 
teles, B.C. 228. 

Mississippi bubble in France burst 
27th June, 1720, when its amount 
was 100,000,000/. sterling. 

Mississippi trade began 28th Nov., 
1716. 

Mist, the printer, imprisoned, June, 
1721. 

Mitchell, Joseph, b. 1684, d. 1738. 

Mitch elstown, at a barn near, in which 
a number of young persons had 
met to celebrate a wedding, a fire 
took place, in which the bride and 
nearly 20 other persons perished, 
12th Feb., 1816. 

Mitford, Jack, an eccentric English 
author, d. in St. Giles's workhouse 

. Dec. 1831. 

Mitian, Jerome, b. at Brescia 1528, 
d. 1590. 

Mittau in Courland, the duke's palace 
at, destroyed by fire, 21st Dec, 
1788. 

Mitylene, isle in the Archipelago, 
with 2000 houses, wasted and de- 
stroyed by an earthquake, 27th 
May, 1755. 

Modena made a duchy of, 1451. 

Modena, Pellegrino da, fl. 1520. 

Modern history, professorships of, 
founded at Oxford and Cambridge 
by George I., 1724. 

Mogul empire. — The first conqueror 
was Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian 
m 2 



244 M H 



MON 



prince, who died 1236. Timer 
Bek became great Mogul by con- 
quest, 1399. The dynasty con- 
tinued in his family till the con- 
quest of Tamerlane in the 15th 
century, whose descendants have 
kept the throne ever since. Khouli 
Khan, the famous sophi of Persia, 
considerably diminished the power 
of the Moguls, carried away im- 
mense treasures from Delhi, and 
since that event many of the na- 
bobs have made themselves inde- 
pendent. 

Mohawks, a set of ruffians who in- 
fested the streets of London at 
night, maiming the men and ex- 
posing the women, 1711 ; 100/. 
were offered for the apprehension 
of any of them. 

Moir, Capt., found guilty of murder- 
ing a fisherman who persevered in 
trespassing on his grounds at Little 
Warham, Essex, 30th July, 1830; 
executed 2nd Aug. following. 

Moisteras overwhelmed by a volcano 
in the isle of Fuego, 30th April, 
1757. 

Mola, Pietro Francesco, b. 1609, d. 
1665. 

Mole at Athens built 120. 
Molesworth, lady, and her three 

children, burned in her house, 1764. 
Molesworth, Rob., viscount, b. 1656, 

d. 1725. 

Moleville, marquis Bertrand de, b. 
1744, d. 1819. 

Moliere, John Baptist, French come- 
dian, b. 1620, d. 1673. 

Moll, Herim, English geographer, d. 
732. 

Molyneux, William, astronomer, b. 

1656, d. 1698. 
Monarchs, the first sole, in England, 

828. 

Monastery, the first founded where 
the sister of St. Anthony retired, 
270 ; monks first associated, 328 ; 
the first founded in France near 
Poictiers by St. Martin, 360 ; the 
first in Britain, 596 ; Constantine 
IV. sent for a great number of 
friars and nuns to Ephesus, ordered 
them to change their black habits 
for white, and to destroy their 



images ; on their refusal, he or- 
dered their eyes to be put out, 
banished them, and sold several 
monasteries, appropriating the pro- 
duce, 770. See Abbeys. 

Monasteries, dissolution of, by act of 
parliament, 1539, value 361,000/. 
per annum; at the present time 
to about 1,750,000/. 

Money first mentioned as a medium 
of commerce in the 23rd chapter 
of Genesis, when Abraham pur- 
chased a field as a sepulchre for 
Sarah, in the year of the world 
2139 ; first made at Argos, 894 
B.C. ; has increased eighteen times 
in value from 1290 to 1789, and 
twelve times its value from 1530 
to 1789. Silver has increased 
30 times its value since the Nor- 
man conquest, viz. a pound in that 
age was three times the quantity 
that is at present, and ten times its 
value in purchasing any commodity. 

Mongault, Nicholas Hubert, French 
. writer, b. 1674, d. 1746. 

Monk, the first, was Paul of Thebais, 
about 250. 

Monk, genera], b. 1608; arbiter of 
England's fate, 1 659 ; made duke 
of Albemarle, 13th July, 1660 ; 
d. 3rd Jan., 1669-70. 

Monmouth, Jeffery of, wrote in 1152. 

Monmouth, duke of, beheaded 1685, 
aged 35. 

Monmouth was made an English 
county by Henry VIII., 1535. 

Monnier, P. C. le, astronomer, b. 
1715, d. 1799. 

Monnoyer, John Bap., b. 1635, d. 
1699. 

Monro, Dr. John, d. 27th Dec, 1791, 
aged 77. 

Monro, Alex., anatomist, b. 1697, 
d. 1767. 

Monro, Dr. Alexander, anatomist and 
physician, b. 1732, d. 1817. 

Monro, Dr. Donald, physician and 
medical writer, d. 1802. 

Montacute priory, Somersetshire, bt. 
1070. 

Montague, Lady Mary Wortley, in- 
troducer of inoculation for the 
small pox into England, b. about 
1690, d. 21st Aug., 1762. 



MON 



M R 245 



Montague, E. W., son of lady Mary, 

b. 1713, d. 1776. 
Montague, Mrs. E.,b. 1720,d. 1800. 
Montalembert, marquis, general, and 

engineer, b. 1714, d. 1802. 
Montecuculi, general, b. 1608, d. 

1680. 

Montego Bay, Jamaica, 400,000/. of 
damage done by fire, 14th June, 
1795. 

Monteja, order of knighthood, began j 
in Spain, 1223. 

Montem. — The triennial custom of 
the Eton scholars parading to Salt- 
hill, and distributing salt, originated 
in the early days of monkish super- 
stition, when the friars used to sell 
their consecrated salt for medical 
purposes. 

Montesquieu, Charles, second baron, 

b. 1689, d. 1755. 
Montezuma, king of Mexico, d. 1520. 
Months first received their names 

from Charlemagne, 790 ; altered 

by the French, 1792. 
Montgolfier, discoverer of aerostation, 

d. 1799. 

Montgomery Castle rebuilt, 1093, 

now in ruins. 
Montorgueil castle, Jersey, built 

1000. 

Montpellier, in France, a booth at, 
wherein a play was being performed, 
fell in and killed 500 persons, 31st 
July, 1786. 

Montper, the Fleming, d. 1650. 

Montreal discovered, 1534 ; settled, 
1629 ; greatly damaged by a fire, 
1765-8; taken by the provincials, 
12th Nov., 1775 ; retaken, 1776 ; 
the episcopalian church, the jesuit's 
college, and the prison burnt, 6th 
June, 1803. 

Montrose packet and Primrose sloop 
of war by mistake had a smart ac- 
tion, broadside to broadside, within 
pistol shot, for two hours, off Lis- 
bon, 30th March, 1814. 

Montrose, marquis of, executed at 
Edinburgh, 1650, aged 37. 

Montserrat, in the West Indies, dis- 
covered by Columbus, 1493 ; 
planted by the English, 1632. 

Montucla, J. S., mathematician, b. 
1725, d. 1799. 



Monument at Ayr to Robert Burns 

completed 4th July, 1823. 
Monument of London began 1671, 

finished 1677; repaired, 1786. 
! Moon, order of knighthood, began in 

Sicily, 1464. 
Moor, Karel de, b. 1656, d. 1738. 
Moore, Dr. J., miscellaneous writer, 

b. 1730, d. 1802. 
Moore, Sir John, b. 1761, killed at 

Corunna 16th Jan., 1809. 
Moore, Sir Jonas, mathematician, b. 

1617, d. 1679. 
Moore, Edward, author of "The 

Gameste.iV' a tragedy, b. 1712, d. 

28th Feb., 1757. 
Moore, Mr., landscape painter, d. at 

Rome, Nov., 1798. 
Moorfields levelled and first planted, 

1614 ; quarters formed, gravelled, 

and planted, 1740 ; division wall 

pulled down, 1754; road made 

across it, 1786 ; converted into 

Finsbury Square, 1789. 
Moorgate, London, sold for 166Z. and 

pulled down, 1761. 
Morant, Philip, English historian, b. 

1700, d. 1770. 
Mordaunt, earl of Peterborough, gen., 

b. 1658, d. 1735. 
More, Sir Thomas, b. 1480, beheaded 

6th July, 1535, aged 55. 
More, Henrv, poet and divine, b. 

1614, d. 1687. 
More, Sir Antonio, b. 1519, d. 1575. 
More, Hannah, celebrated English 

miscellaneous writer, b. 1744, d. 

7th Sept., 1833. 
Moreau, French general, wounded by 

a cannon ball while talking to the 

emperor of Russia before Dresden, 

28th Aug., and d. 4th Sept. 1813. 
Moi*ell, Dr. Thomas, learned divine, 

d. 1784. 

Moreri, Lewis, historian, b. in France 
1643, d. 1680. 

Mores, Edward Rowe, English anti- 
quary, b. 1730, d. 1778. 

Morgagni, J. B., anatomist, b. 1682, 
d. 1771. 

Morgan, lieutenant of marines, shot 
pursuant to sentence on board the 
Chesterfield man of war at Ports- 
mouth, 14th July, 1749. See 
Couchman. 



246 M R 



MOS 



Morgken Raffaelles, a celebrated en- 
graver at Florence, b. 1755, d. 
1833. 

Morland, George, d. 29th Oct., 1804, 
aged 39. 

Morland, Sir Samuel, statesman and 
matkematician, b. 1625, d. 1696. 

Morley, Lord, tried at Westminster 
Hall for murder, 1666. 

Mornay, P. du Plessis, Frenck states- 
man, b. 1549, d. 1623. 

Morning Ckronicle, property of tke, 
sold for 40,000/., 1823. 

Morocco, empire of, anciently Mauri- 
tania, first known, 1008. Pos- 
sessed by tke Romans, 25 B.C., 
and reduced by tkem to a province, 
50. From tkis time it underwent 
various revolutions, till tke estab- 
liskment of tke Almovarides. Tke 
second emperor of tkis family built 
tbe capital, Morocco. About 1116, 
Abdallah, tke leader of a sect of 
Makometans, founded tke dynasty 
of Almakides, which ended m tke 
last sovereign's total defeat in 
Spain, 1312. At tkis period Fez 
and Tremecen, tken provinces of 
tke empire, skook off tkeir depend- 
ence. Morocco was afterwards 
seized by tke king of Fez, but tke 
descendants of Makomet, about 
1550, subdued and united again 
tke three kingdoms, and formed 
what is at present the empire of 
Morocco. 

Morpeth castle, Northumberland, bt. 
about 1230. 

Morpeth in Northumberland burned 
by the inhabitants from hatred to 
King John, 1215. 

Mortality, great one, 1094 ; again, 
among men, cattle, and fowls, 
1111; among men at Oxford, 
1471 ; among youth, 1589 ; at 
York, when 11,000 persons died, 
Aug. 1691. 

Mortars for bombs first made in Eng- 
land, 1543. 

Mortimer, John, b. 1739, d. 5th 
Feb., 1779. 

Mortimer, Roger, earl of March, 
hanged 29th Nov., 1380. 

Mortmain act passed, 1279, and ano- 
ther 20th May, 1786. 



Morton, bishop of Durham, b. 1564, 
d. 1659. 

Morton, Dr. Charles, d. 10th Feb., 
1799. 

Morton-Hampstead, Devon, much 

injured by fire, 24th June, 1757 ; 

15 houses destroyed at, and an 

aged woman burned to death, 13th 

Jan. 1816. 
Moschus and Bion, Greek poets, fl. 

about 200 B.C. 
Moscow founded, 1 156; 2000 houses 

at, destroyed by a fire, July, 1736 ; 

again, 1750-2, when 10,000 houses 

were burned ; totally destroyed by 

the inhabitants, 1812. 
Moselev, Dr.B., physician, b. in Essex, 

d. 1819. 

Moser, George Michael, b. 1705, d. 
1783. 

Moses born, and three months after 
exposed among the flags on the 
banks of tke river, where ke is 
found by Tkermutis, Pkaroak's 
daugkter, wko adopts and educates 
kim in all tke learning of tke 
Egyptians, 1571 . Moses being 40 
years of age, visits tke Israelites, kis 
bretbren ; and observing their op- 
pression, kills an Egyptian wkom 
ke found smiting an Hebrew, and 
tken flies into Midian, wkere ke 
continues 40 years, and marries 
Zipporak, tke daugkter of Jetkro, 
1531. God appears to Moses in a 
burning busk, and sends kim into 
Egypt, where he performs a num- 
ber of miracles, and afflicts Pharaoh 
with ten successive plagues, till the 
Israelites were allowed to depart, 
to the number of 600,000, besides 
children, on Tuesday, the 5th May, 
which completed the 430 years of 
sojourning ; and on Monday, 1 1th 
May, Moses opened miraculously 
a passage for the Israelites through 
the Red Sea into the desert of 
Etham, when Pharaoh with all his 
host following them, were drowned. 
They came out about the 22nd 
June to the desert of Sinai, near 
Mount Horeb, where they con- 
tinued near a year, during which 
time Moses receives from God, and 
delivers to the people, the Ten 



BIOS 



M U 247 



Commandments, and the other j 
laws, and sets up the tabernacle, 
and in it the ark of the covenant, 
1491. The five books of Moses 
"were written in the land of Moab, 
where he died. 1452. aged 110. 

Mosheim. John Lawrence, German 
writer, b. 1695. d. 1755. 

Moss. Rev. Dr. Robert, b. about 
1666, d. 1729. 

Mothe le Vayer, Francis de la. French 
writer, b.'l588, d. 1672. 

Motte, A. H., de la, French poet, 
b. 1672, d. 1731. 

Mouat. Mr., a surgeon at Dumfries, 
in Scotland, d. ^21st Feb. 1776, 
aged 136. 

Moulin, Charles Du, French writer, 
b. 1500, d. 1566. 

Mou:::, Mr. J:.:'.:, of Lr.r.ghoim. 
Dumfries, Scotland, d, in March, 
1776, aged 136. 

Mountains, heights of. — Iff. Bourrit, 
who explored the Alps, gives the | 
following table of the various ele- 
vations of places and mountains 
above the level of the sea : 

ENGLISH YARDS. 

The lake of Geneva, at the 

lower passage of the Rhone 398 
The lake of Neufchatel - 456 
Highest point of the Needle 

ofSaleve - - 1488 

Summit of Carnigou - 3088 

Summit of Dole, the highest 

mountain of Jura - 1800 

Summit of Mole - - 2014 

Valley of Chamouni - 1121 

Ridge' of Breven - - 2949 

Valley of Montanvert - 1865 

Abbey of Sist - - 797 

Granges des Communos - 1769 | 
Highest Grange of Fondes - 1458 
Summit of Grenier - 2782 

Summit of Grenairon - 2958 

Plain de Lechaud - 2295 

Summit of Buet - - 3315 

Mont Blanc - - 5081 

Mount -Etna - - 4000 

Summit of the table at the 

Cape of Good Hope - 1153 
Summit of Snowdon in "Wales 1 224 I 
Peak Rucco in the island of 

Madeira - - 1689 1 

Peak of Teneriflfe - - 4399 



The same, according to Dr. 
Heberden - - 5132 

Summit of Cotopas, accord- 
ing to Ulloa - - 6643 

Summit of Chimborazo (Hum- 
boldt) - - 8147 
Some philosophers have estimated 
the Peak of Teneriffe to be 19.200 
feet in height ; Fenille reduces it 
to 12.248 ; and others assert, that 
the Peak and iEtna are the most 
elevated objects on the earth. 
But this supposition has been 
combated by Sir George Shuck- 
borough, who measured iEtna from 
an observation by M. de Saussure. 
and found it to be 10,954 feet 
above the level of the sea. The 
latter gentleman had obtained the 
height of Vesuvius, and Sir George 
measured Mont Blanc ; from which 
it appears, that the height of Ve- 
suvius, added to that of iEtna, is 
14.854 feet, and that of Mont 
Blanc alone amounts to 15,662 
feet, whence he infers, that Mont 
Blanc far eclipses all other moun- 
tains in Europe, Asia, and Africa : 
those of America, according to 
Condamine, are of vast height, 
and in one instance, Nevado de 
Sorato, the elevation amounts to 
25,000 feet. From observations 
recently made, there is, however, 
reason to believe that several of 
the lofty peaks of the Himalaya 
mountains, on the frontier of Hin- 
dostan, far surpass the Andes, in 
America. The white mountain of 
the Himalayas, is 28,015 feet 
above the sea. 
Mountains, heights of, the principal 
in Europe. Highest of the Pyre- 
nees, Mount Perdu, 11168 feet. 
Of the Alps, and the highest point 
in Europe, Mount Blanc, 15.732 
feet. Mount iEtna, 10,871 feet. 
Balkan, 10,000 feet. Snowdon, 
Wales,' 3,557 feet. Helvellyn, 
Cumberland, 3,313 feet. Ben 
Nevis. Scotland, 4,380 feet. Car- 
ran Tual. Ireland, 3,412 feet. 
Koltetind, Norway. 7,244 feet. 
Mount, St. Michael, on the coast of 
France, bit. 966 ; completed 1070. 



248 MOU 



MUT 



Mountfort, William, b. 1659; mur- 
dered 1692, aged 33. 

Mountain, Mr., mathematician, died 
5th May, 1719. 

Mourning, white, used in Spain for 
the last time, 1495. 

Mowhee, a New Zealander, and con- 
vert to Christianity, d. at London, 
12th Dec, 1816. 

Mozart, John Chrysostom Wolfgang 
Theophilus, musical composer, b. 
27th Jan. 1756, d. 5th' Dec. 1792. 

Mudge, Thomas, watch-maker, b. 
1715, d. 1794. 

Mudge, Major-General, d. 1820. 

Mulberry trees first planted in Eng- 
land, 1609. 

Muller, Johu, mathematician, b. 
1436, d. 1476. 

Mum, first invented at Brunswick, 
1489. 

Mumford, Mr., murdered near Quen- 

don, in Essex, by Pallet, one of 

his labourers, 4th Dec, 1823. 

The murderer was executed at 

Chelmsford. 
Munden, J. Shepherd, celebrated 

comic actor, b. 1759, d. 1832. 
Munich, palace of, destroyed by fire, 

5th Feb. 1749-50; again, with 

200 houses, 28th April, 1762. 
Munoz, J. B., Spanish historian, b. 

1745, d. 1799. 
Munoz, in Bavaria, founded 962 ; 

walled, 1157. 
Munro, Lady, of Foulis, and her 

three servants, drowned in bathing, 

3d Aug. 1803. 
Munroe, James, president of the 

United States of America, b. 1759, 

d. 4th July, 1831. 
Muntzer, Thomas, founder of the 

Anabaptists, put to death 1526. 
Murat, once king of Naples, shot 

13th Oct., 1815. 
Murillo, Bart., a Spaniard, b. 1613, 

d. 1685. 

Muratori,D. M., the Italian, b. 1662. 
Mountfaucon, b. 1672, d. 1750. 
Muretus, Mark Anthony, critic, b. 

1526, d. 1585. 
Murphy, Arthur, d. 1 8th June, 1805, 

aged 77. 

Murray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, 
killed 23d Jan. 1570. 



Museum (late Montague house), 
purchased by parliament, 1753 ; 
inhabited by the military, 1780. 

Museum, the Leverian, built by Mr. 
Parkinson, 1786 ; first occupied 
by the Surrey Institution, 1808. 

Museum, London, Piccadilly, erected 
1811-12. 

Musgrave, Dr. William, physician 
and antiquary, b. 1657, d. 1721. 

Musgrave, Sir Richard, historical 
writer, b. 1758, d. 1818. 

Music on bells, or chimes, invented 
at Alast, 1487. 

Musical festival, Westminster Abbey, 
at which King William IV. and his 
Queen were present, 24th June, 
1834. 

Musical notes invented, 1070; such 
as are at present used, 1330. 

Muskets first used in France, at the 
siege of Arras, 1414; in general 
use, 1521 ; in the Netherlands, 
1567. 

Muslins from India, first worn in 
England, 167*0; 324,352 pieces 
were sold by the East India Com- 
pany in 1789. 

Muslins were first manufactured in 
England in 1781. 

Musschenbroeck, P. de, mathema- 
tician, b. 1692, d. 1761. 

Mutian of Lombardy, d. 1589. 

Mutiny act first passed, 1689. 

Mutiny on board the fleet at Ports- 
mouth for advance of wages, &c. 
18th April, 1797; subsided by a 
promise from the Admiralty Board, 
which being delayed, occasioned a 
re-commencement on board the 
London man of war, when admiral 
Colpoys and his captain were put 
into confinement for ordering the 
marines to fire, whereby three 
lives were lost. The mutiny sub- 
sided 10th May, 1797, when an 
act passed to raise their wages, and 
the king pardoned the mutineers. 
A more considerable one at the 
Nore, which blocked up the trade 
of the Thames : it subsided 10th 
June, 1797, when the principal 
mutineers were put in irons, and 
several were executed. 



249 



Nahum, the prophet, flourished 
758 B.C. 

Nalson, John, divine and historian, 
b. 1638, d. 1686. 

Naiad, transport, lost by striking on 
the rocks off the coast of New- 
foundland, 23d Oct. 1805. 

Nanea, in Livonia, founded 1223. 

Nani, J. B., Venetian historian, b. 
1616, d. 1678. 

Nantes, a powder magazine at, blew 
up, 28th May, 1800, which de- 
stroyed many persons and houses. 
A four-pound cannon was thrown 
to a great distance. 

Nanteuil, Robert, engraver, b. 1630, 
d. 1678. 

Nantz, edict of, passed by Henry IV. 
by which Protestants enjoyed to- 
leration in France, 1598 ; revoked 
by Louis XIV. 1685; by this bad 
policy 50,000 French protestants 
were driven from France and set- 
tled in England. 

Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, 
b. 1550, d. 1617. 

Napier's bones, a method of compu- 
tation by means of marked pieces 
of wood, invented by Sir John 
Napier, 1617. 

Naples founded, 323 B. C. 

Naples, anciently Capua and Camp- 
aiana, kingdom of, began, 1020. — 
Great part of the country was 
inhabited, in ancient times, by the 
Etruscans, who built Nola and 
Capua. This territory has under- 
gone various revolutions, and was 
distinguished from another division 
of Sicily, by the title of the king- 
dom of Puglia, of which Roger, 
count of Sicily, was the first 

monarch, 1127 Given by the 

pope to the Count d'Anjou, in ex- 
clusion of the right heir, Conradin, 
who was taken prisoner and be- 
headed, aged 16, 1266. — Charles, 
king of Naples, being invited by the 
Hungarians to the crown of Hun- 
gary, was, when there, crowned; 
murdered by order of the queen 
regent, in her presence, who for 



N. 

[ this, was soon after taken out of 
her carriage, and drowned in the. 
, river Boseth, 1386. — Alphonsus 
of Arragon, united Sicily to it, and 
i the king has been since called 
the king of the Two Sicilies, 1442. 
— Taken from the French, and 
annexed to Spain, 1504 Con- 
tinued with the Spaniards till 
1706, when it was again taken by 
the Emperor. — Conquered by the 
Spaniards again, 1734, aud settled 
on Don Carlos, the king of Spain's 
l son, 1736; he resigned it to his 
third son, Ferdinand, 1759. — The 
, French seized on Naples, and com- 
pelled the king to retire to Sicily, 
24th Jan. 1799, but was restored 
on 10th July following, when the 
[ king returned. — In 1806, the law- 
1 ful monarch was again driven from 
i Naples, and Joseph Buonaparte 
made king of it by his brother. — 
The crown transferred to Joachim 
, Murat, 1st Aug., 1808. — Restored 

to Ferdinand, 1814. 
• Naples nearly destroyed by an earth- 
i quake, April, 1731 ; again, 26th 
July, 1805, when the town of 
Isernia was reduced to ruins. 
Napoleon I., Emperor of the French, 
b. 1769, d. 1821. 

■ Nares, Dr., musical composer, b. 1715, 
d. 1783. 

Nash, Thomas, satirist and dramatist, 
b. 1564, d. 1601. 

■ Nash-mill, Herts, paper manufactory 
i of Messrs. Dickinson and Co. de- 
stroyed by fire, 26th Oct., 1813 ; 
the damage estimated at 7,000/. to 
8,000/. 

: Nasmy th, Peter, a distinguished Eng- 
s lish artist, b. 1786, d. 1831. 
. National Debt, first contracted in 
Henry VII.'s reign, 1430/. ; the 
present national debt commenced, 
and was near 5,000,000/. in 1697 ; 
s at the death of King William, in 
1702, it was 14,000,000/; at the 
; death of Queen Anne, in 1713, it 
l was 50,000,000/.; reduced in 1717, 
to 46,603,100/. ; in 1727, the in- 
m 3 



250 



NATIONAL DEBT. 



terest of it was increased from 4 to 
5 per cent. Before the war in 1740, 
the debt was 46,382,650/., bearing 
the interest of 1,903,9611. It was 
64,593,797/. 16s. 9\d. in 1747. 
In 1749, after the war, it was 
78,166,906/., bearing interest of 
2,765,608/., having increased by 
nine years 1 war 31,784,256/.; at 
the beginning of the war ] 755, it 
was 75,077,264/. bearing interest 
of 2,654,016/.; was 74,780,886/. 
8s. 2^d. in 1757, when the interest 
was reduced to 3 per cent. ; at the 
end of the war, in 1763, it was 
146,982,844/., bearing interest of 
4,840,822/, having increased, by 
eight years 1 Avar, 71,505,580/. ; and 
was 127,497,619/. in 1772, when 
its interest amounted to 4,526,392/. 
In 1775 it was 135,943,051/., the 



interest 4,440,812/., having, by 
twelve vears' peace, been reduced 
10,639,793/. In 1786, three years 
after the American war, it was 
266,725,097/., whose interest was 
9,536,026/., having been increased 
by that war 130,782,046/. In 
1790 it amounted to 242 millions, 
besides the unfunded debt of 30 
millions, including the navy and 
exchequer bills, &c. Julv, 1796, 
it was 367,308,268/. 6s. 9d. ; and 
in July, 1797, it was 402,665,570/. 
18s. 7 c/., the interest of which was 
16,272,597/. 5s. 7d., having in- 
creased in one year no less than 
62,357,302/. 10s. 10c/. The war 
with France, from 1790 to 1797, 
cost England 130 millions. The 
national debt, April 5, 1798, was 
397,087,674/. 13s. 5M. 



Statement of the National Debt of Great Britain at Midsummer, 1807 





Capital. 




Int. and Management. 


Cons. 5 per cent. Ann. 


,£,40,0 /4, / iZ 1 


o 
o 


- £2,354,740 


14 


9 


5 per cent. Ann. 1797 
and ioUZ 


I 2,406,132 13 
5 


3 


121,389 


7 


10 


Cons. 4 per cent. Ann. 


49,725,084 17 


2 


2,011,379 


13 


7 


Red. 3 per cent. Ann. 


164,705,570 6 


5 


5,015,284 


12 


3 


Cons. 3 per cent. Ann. 


406,116,201 18 


5| 


- 12,366,238 


6 


11 


Def. 3 per cent. Ann. 


1,740,625 









3 per cent. Ann. 1726 


1,000,000 





30,450 








Bank of England 


11,686,800 
3,662,784 8 





356,502 


3 


5 


South Sea Stock 










Old South Sea Ann. - 


11,907,470 2 




- - 735,974 


13 


11 


New South Sea Ann. 


8,494,830 2 


10] 






South Sea Ann. 1751 


1,919,600 





58,667 


15 


6 


Value of Long Ann. - 


21,245,367 16 





1,151,510 


9 


H 


Ditto of Short Ann. - 


211,519 12 


10 


423,039 


5 


9 


Ditto of Life Ann. 


279,074 7 


6 


55,814 


17 


6 


Ann. with survivorship, 
1765 


} 18,000 





540 








Tontine Ann. 1789 - 


239,428 4 


3 


19,952 


7 


0i 


Funded Debt 


£732,033,231 11 


$i 


£24,701,484 


7 


6f 


Navy, victualling, and 












transport debt 


6,000,000 


°1 








Exchequer Bills 


12,000,000 


o 








Do. for Bank Charter 


3,000,000 





> - 630,000 








Ordnance debt, Trea- 




0. 








sury bills, &c. 


3,000,000 








Total funded and un- 












funded debt 


£756,033,231 11 


H 


£25,331,484 


7 


61 


Redeemed by Com- 












missioners 


117,581,858 





3,316,252 14 


9 


Total unredeemed debt £638,451,373 1 1 


5£ 


£22,015,231 12 


91 



NATIONAL DEBT. 



251 



National Debt, progress of. In 1755 
we owed 72 millions. In 1776 
122 millions. In 1786, 239 mil- 
lions. At Midsummer, 1796, 360 
millions. At Midsummer, 1807, 
638,451,373/. Us. 5±d. And in 

1834, 804,860,188/ To pay the 

national debt, as it stood in 1786, 
would require nearly 47,000 lbs. 
weight in 10/. bank notes, having 
512 notes to one pound. This sum 
in cash, if put into carts, each con- 
taining 1 000 lbs. weight, and having 
two horses to draw, allowing forty 
feet to each cart, would load 5000 
carts, and cover 37 miles in length, 
with a remainder of 116 carts in 
the 38th mile. "Were it to be laid 
down in carts in a line, it would 
extend above 4,300 miles in length. 
In 1794 the national debt was 260 
millions sterling, and if a man were 
to count 100 shillings in a minute 
for 12 hours a-day, it would take 
him 1797 years, 283 days, 3 hours, 
and minutes. The whole of 
this sum being 5,900 millions of 
shillings, and the coinage standard 
being 62 shillings in the Troy 
pound, its whole weight will be 
83,709,968 lbs., which will require 
41,936 carts, each to have a ton 
weight, to convey it to any place ; 
or, supposing a man could carry 



one hundred pounds from London 
to York, it would require 838,670 
men to perform it ; and if all these 
men were to walk in a line at only 
one yard distance from each other, 
they would cover 456 miles and a 
half, and 70 yards. The breadth 
of a shilling being one inch, if all 
these shillings were laid in a straight 
line, close to one another's edge, 
the line they would cover would 
be 83,070 miles, more than double 
the circumference of the globe. — 
Quere. Is there in the whole uni- 
verse as much gold in circulation 
as would discharge this debt ? If 
this is not sufficient, is there as 
much gold and silver in circulation 
as would be sufficient for the pur- 
pose ? 

Money advanced by the Bank of 
England for the public service, and 
outstanding on the 7th of Decem- 
ber, 1798 :_ 
On land-tax, 1797, £551,000 
Ditto, 1798 - 1,880,000 
Malt, 1797 - - 220,000 
Ditto, 1798 - 750,000 
Supply of bills,l 798, 3,000,000 
Exchequer bills, with- 
out interest - - 376,739 9 



£6,777,739 9 



252 



NATIONAL DEBT. 



An Account of the Amount of the Interest of the Public Debt unre- 
deemed and due to the National Creditor, both Funded and Unfunded, in 
each year ended 5th of January, 1798, 1799, and 1800; stating also the 
Market Price of Gold for the corresponding dates. 



Years ended. 


Charge for Interest of the 


Issued for Interest 


Unredeemed Funded Debt. 


or Unfunded Debt. 




£. 


£ 


r 


£ 


5th January, 1798, 












14,327,634 




297,722 














Ireland 


505,721 




45,128 






14,831,355 




342,850 








5th January, 1799, 








England 


15,196,423 




356,847 




25th March, 1799, 








Ireland 


714,762 




41,818 






15,911,] 85 




398,665 








5th January, 1800, 








England 


15,241,462 




1,021,626 




25tb March, 1800, 








Ireland 


954,223 




68,902 






16,195,685 




1,090,528 









As in an Account presented to the House of Commons on the 1 5th of 
April, 1824. 





Price of Standard 


Price of Foreign 




Gold, in bars, 


Gold, in coin, 




per ounce. 


per ounce. 




£ s. d. 


£ s. d. 


5th of January, 1798 - 


3 17 101 


4 


1799 - - 


3 17 9 


4 


1800 - - 


No price stated. 



As in an Account of the Market Prices of Gold and Silver, from 1790 to 
1819, in Appendix to the Report on the Expediency of the Resumption of 
Cash Payments in 1819. 



National Debt of America was only 
16 millions in 1791. 

National Confederation, at Paris, com- 
memorated 14th July, 1790, in the 
Field of Mars. 

Nativity of the Virgin Mary, insti- 
tuted 695. 

Nattier, John Mark, b. 1685, d. 1766. 

Naturalization, first law for, in Eng- 
land, 1487—1709. 

Naturalization of Jews, bill passed, 
1753; repealed Dec. following. 



Naumburg, founded 808. 

Nautical inventions and considerable 

improvements, 1302. 
Naval Asylum instituted by the 

Duke of Clarence (William IV.), 

1801. 

Naval salute to the English flag began 
in Alfred's reign, and has continued 
ever since. 

Navarete, J. F. X., b. 1532, d. 1572. 

Navigable Canals, the first in Eng- 
land, 1134. See Canals. 



N A V 



NEW 



253 



Navigation act first passed, 1381 ; 
again, 1541 ; again for the colo- 
nies, 1646 — 1651, which secured 
the trade of our colonies, 1660 — 
1778 , of the Thames shipping 
commenced, 1786. 

Navy Office founded, 4th Dec, 1644. 

Navy, of France, first mentioned in 
history, 738, when they vanquished 
the Frisons at sea. 

Navy of England, at the time of the 
Spanish Armada, was only 28 ves- 
sels, none larger than frigates. 
James I. added ten ships of 1400 
tons, of 64 guns, the largest then 
ever huilt. In the year 1808, the 
list of the Royal Navy of England 
was as follows : 

King's ships in ordinary - 176 

■ in commission - 627 

building at dif- 
ferent places - - 66 

Total - - 869 
In 1830 the number of commis- 
sioned ships was under 200, and 
the number of men employed was 
30,000. 

Naworth Castle, Cumberland, built 
1330. 

Neath Abbey, Glamorganshire, built 
1150 ; castle built, 1090. 

Needham, T. T., philosopher, b. 1713, 
d. 1781. % 

Needham, Marchmont, political wri- 
ter, b. 1620, d. 1678. 

Needles were first made in England 
by a native of India, 1545, the art 
lost at his death ; recovered by 
Christopher Greening in 1560, 
who was settled, with his three 
children, Elizabeth, John, and 
Thomas, by Mr. Darner, ancestor 
of the present earl of Dorchester, 
at Long Crendon, in Bucks, where 
the manufactory has been carried 
on from that time to the present 
day. 

Neefs, P., b. 1570, d. 1651. 

Nehemiah, the prophet, flourished 
450 B. C. 

Neer, Arnold Vander, b. 1 6 1 9 ,d. 1 6 83. 

Negro adventure, the first to Ame- 
rica, by the Spaniards, 1508 ; the 

. first from England, 1562. 



Negroes adjudged to be free in this 
country, 1772; declared free in 
Scotland, 15th Jan. 1778. 

Nelson, Robert, b. 1656, d. 1715. 

Nelson, Horatio, Lord Viscount, duke 
of Bronte, b. 1758 ; fell in the 
memorable and victorious engage- 
ment off Cape Trafalgar, 21st Oct. 
1805 ; entombed in St. Paul's 
Cathedral, London, with circum- 
stances of unusual splendour, and 
at the public expense, 9th Jan., 
1806. 

Nemesianus, Latin poet, lived about 

A. D. 281. 
Nennius, British historian, abbot ifl 

the 7 th century. 
Nepos, Cornelius, d. in the reign of 

Augustus. 
Nero, murdered his mother 55 ; d. 

66, aged 32. 
Nesbit, Dr., English physician, d. 

1761. 

Nesbit, Alexander, heraldic writer, 

b. 1672, d. 1725. 
Nestorius, founder of a sect, d. 439. 
Nether Hall, Essex, built 1280. 
Netherlands, declared themselves a 

free state, 1565 and 1789; became 

a province to France in 1794; 

placed under the sovereignty of 

the house of Orange, 1814. 
Netley Abbey, Hants, built 1239 ; 

castle built, 1540. 
Netscher, Gasp., a Bohemian, b. 

1639, d. 1684. 
Nevis, planted by the English, 1628. 
Newburg, in the Upper Palatinate, 

wholly destroyed by fire, Aug., 

1800. 

New Church, Strand, London, opened 

1st Feb. 1720. 
New Cut, from the river Lea to 

Limehouse, opened 17th Sept., 

1770. 

New Caledonia discovered 1774. 

New England planted by the Puri- 
tans, 1620. 

New Guinea discovered 1699. 

New Holland discovered by the Dutch, 
1627; settled by the English, 
1787. 

New Inn, society of, founded 1485. 
New Jersey, in America, planted by 
the Swedes, 1637. 



254 NEW 



NEW 



New Spain, or Mexico, discovered 
1518. 

New Zealand, discovered 1660; ex- 
plored in 1769. 

New Plymouth, built and settled, 
1620. 

New River (London) Cut, finished 
in three years'' time ; the engineer, 
Hugh Middleton, knighted by 
King James; runs 50 miles, and 
crossed by 200 bridges, 1609; 
brought to London, 1614. Com- 
pany's office in Salisbury Court, 
built 1770. 

New Style introduced in chronology, 
1568; act passed, 1752. 

New York settled by the Dutch, 
1608 ; university of, organised, 26th 
Sept., 1832. 

New York, the government house 
burnt, 29th Dec, 1773 ; great 
part of the city burnt by the pro- 
vincials, 20th Nov., 1776 ; an 
accidental fire destroyed 300 houses, 
7th Aug., 1778; set fire to by 
incendiaries, and had 70 houses 
destroyed, 8th Dec, 1796; suf- 
fered a damage of 100,000 dollars 
by fire, 1800; dreadful fire in 
June, 1811. 

New Forest, in Hampshire, afforested 
1031. 

New Testament translated into the 
Chinese language by the East India 
Company's translator at Canton, 
and printed 1814. 

Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, 
built 1140. 

Newark Priory, Surrey, built 1191. 

Newbrook House, county of Mayo, 
Ireland, seat of Lord Clanmorris, 
destroved bv fire, 2nd December, 
1833.' 

Newbern, North Carolina, 160 houses 
at, destroyed by fire, 21st Sept., 
1791. 

Newcastle, Duke of, obtained a ver- 
dict for 21,000/. against the hun- 
dred of Boxholme, for the wanton 
destruction of his castle of Not- 
tingham, in Oct. 1831, 9th Aug., 
1832. 

Newcastle-under-Line, castle at. built 
1340. 

Newcastle destroyed by an accidental 



fire, 1349 ; sustained damage to 
the amount of 10,000/., 28th Aug., 
1750. 

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, built 1079 ; 
castle of, built 1081 ; incorporated 
bv Kin? John, 1213 ; bridge re- 
built 1779. 

Newcomb, Thomas, divine and poet, 
b. 1675, d. 1766. 

Newcome, William, bishop, b. 1729, 
d. 1800. 

Newfoundland fisheries, commenced 

1517 ; act passed, 1 699. 
Newfoundland, discovered bv Cabot 

1497 ; settled 1614. 
Newfoundland, considerable tract of 

woods burned near St. John's, 

1786. 

Newgate, London, seven smugglers 
confined in, knocked down the 
turnkeys and escaped, but five of 
them were soon retaken, 31st 
March, 1748. 

Newgate built 1776. 

Newgate damaged by a fire in the 
press-yard, 1752 ; burned by the 
rioters, 1780; restored 1781. 

Newgate, London, riot amongst the 
convicts, quelled by threatening to 
withhold their allowance of food, 
26th Aug., 1816. 

Newgate, London, six felons under 
sentence of transportation, escaped 
from, by cutting through the roof 
of their cells, but were re-taken, 
27th Oct., 1816. 

Newhaff, Theodore, king of Corsica, 
d. in London 1757. 

Newman, Thomas, of Brislington, 
near Bristol, d. 1542, aged 152. 

Newmarket, had 1000/. damage bv a 
flood, 10th June, 1755. 

Newport, in Shropshire, a dreadful 
fire at, when upwards of 20 houses 
were consumed, 3rd Sept., 1749 : 
and again in 1791, when 17 dwell- 
ings and 20 barns full of corn, 
with many out offices, were de- 
stroyed. 

Newspapers, the first published in 
England, and a No. of which is in 
the British Museum, is dated 23rd 
July, 1588 ; stamped 1713 ; stamp 
increased, 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 
1798, 1805, 1808; reduced 1833. 



NEW 



NIC 255 



Newspapers were first published at 
Constantinople in 1797. The fol- 
lowing were circulated in France, 
at the expense of government, in 
paying different journalists, 1796. 
To the editor, 150,000 livres ; to 
Real, for the Journal des Patriots 
de 1789, 500,000 y to Louvet, for 
La Sentinelle, 500,000 ; for Bon 
Homme Richard, 500,000; for 
another Journal, 500,000 ; and in 
the country for the following : at 
Rouseville, for l'Orateur Plebeien, 
540,000 livres ; at Imeer la Pla- 
tiere, for the Courier de Paris, 
400,000 ; at Sibuee, for T Ami des 
Loix, 1,000,000 ; in all, 5,400,000 
livres per month, which makes 
65,428,000 livres per annum. 
This, however, is evidently exag- 
gerated. 

A private newspaper, called the 
Weekly Courant, was printed in 
London in 1662. 

A newspaper was printed by Robert 
Barker, at Newcastle, in 1639. 

The Gazette was first published at 
Oxford, 22nd Aug., 1642. 

After the Revolution, the first 
daily paper was called the Orange 
Intelligencer; and from thence 
to 1692, there were twenty-six 
newspapers. 

In 1696 there were nine weekly 
papers, but only one daily paper, 
besides the votes of Parliament, 
published in London. 

In 1709 there were eighteen weekly 
and one daily paper, the Lon- 
don Courant. 

In 1724, there were three daily, 
eight weekly, and ten evening 
papers three times a-week. 
In 1792, in London, were pub- 
lished thirteen daily, twenty 
evening, and nine weekly pa- 
pers; in the country seventy, 
and in Scotland fourteen country 
newspapers. 

In 1795, there were 38 published 
in London, 72 in the country, 
13 in Scotland, and 35 in Ire- 
land, in all 158 papers; 14 in 
London were daily, 10 three 



times a week, 2 twice a-week, 
and 12 weekly. 
In 1809 there were sixty- three 
published in London, 93 in the 
country, 24 in Scotland, and 57 
in Ireland; making a total of 
217 newspapers in the United 
Kingdom. 
Their annual produce to govern- 
ment in 1788, was 129,000/. 
In 1753, the number 

printed was - 7 5 41 1,757 

1760 - - 9,404,790 

1790 - - 14,035,639 

Aug. 1791 to 1792, 

there were - 14,794,193 

which yielded £118,498 
Aug. 1792 to 1793 - 17,073,621 
which yielded 142,280 3 7 
The number conveyed by post be- 
fore the improved plan by Mr. 
Palmer, was 2,000,000 per ann. 
after the plan took place, in 
1794, they amounted to near 
12,000,000 per ann. 
Newspapers, number of, transmitted 
through the general post-office, 
1830, 12,962,000; ditto, to the 
British Colonies, 1830, 185,448. 
Newspapers, stamps for, issued in 
id. 2d. 
1821 24,862,186 
1823 24,673,265 
1825 26,950,693 47,450 
1827 27,368,490 290,100 

1829 28,690,611 333,037 

1830 30,158,741 335,200 
Ney, Marshal, b. 1769, shot at Paris, 

7th Dec, 1815. 
Nicene creed, compiled and appointed, 
325. 

Niceron, J. P., biographer, b. 1685, 
d. 1738. 

Nicholson, William, Abp. of Cashell, 

antiquary, b. 1655, d. 1727. 
Nicholson, William, author of many 

literary and scientific works, b. 

1753, d. 21st May, 1815. 
Nicol, del abate of Modenq, b. 1512, 

d. 1552. 

Nicole, Peter, b. in France 1625, d. 
1695. 

Nicolai, Christop., bookseller and 
author, b. 1733, d. 1814. 



256 



NIC 



NOS 



Nicot, T., introducer of tobacco into 
France, d. 1600. 

Niebuhr. Carster, celebrated traveller, 
b. 1733, d. 1815. 

Niebuhr, the celebrated Roman his- 
torian, b. 1778, d. 2nd Jan., 1830. 

Nieulant, a Dutchman, b. 1584, d. 
1635. 

Nightly watch in London, bill for, 

passed 1812. 
Nile, battle of the, fought 1st Aug. 

1798. 

Nimmo, Alex., an eminent engineer, 
b. in Scotland 1783, d. at Dublin, 
1832. 

Nine of diamonds, called the curse 
of Scotland, from the Duke of 
Cumberland having written his 
sanguinary orders on the back of 
that card, after the battle of Cul- 
loden, 1745. 

Nivelle de la Chaussee, dramatist, b. 
1692, d. 1754. 

Nivernois, duke de, b. 1716, d. 1798. 

Noah, directed to build the ark, 1536 
A. M., 120 before the flood ; d. 
1998 B.C., aged 950. 

Nobility of France renounced their 
pecuniary privileges, 23rd May, 
1789. 

Noblemen , sprivilegesrestrained,1773. 

Noble Passion, order of knighthood, 
in Saxe Weisenfels, began 1704. 

Noble, William, an English artist, 
b. 1780, d. 1831. 

Nocton, seat of Lord Rippon, Lin- 
colnshire, destroyed by fire, 15th 
July, 1834. 

Nollet, Abbe, learned philosopher, b. 
1700, d. 1770. 

Nonius, Spanish physician and ma- 
thematician, inventor of the angles 
of 45 degrees in every meridian, 
b. 1497, d. 1577. 

Nonjurors double taxed, 27th May, 
1723, and obliged to register their 
estates. 

Nootka, on the N. W. of America, 
discovered 1778 ; settled by the 
English, 1787. 

Norbury, Lord, the facetious Irish 
judge, b. 1746, d. 1831. 

Norden, F., the designer, d. 1742. 

Norham Castle, Durham, built 1100. 



Norfolk, Duke of, beheaded on Tower 

Hill, 8th May, 1575. 
Norman, John, the first Lord Mayor 

of London that went by water to 

Westminster to be sworn, 1453. 
Normandy, erected into a dukedom, 

876. 

Norris, Rev. John, b. 1657, d. 1711. 
Norris, Sir John, English admiral, d. 
1749. 

North, Francis, Lord Guilford, b. 
about 1640, d. 1685. 

North^R., attorney-general, d. 1733. 

North, Frederic, lord prime minister, 
b. 1732, d. 1792. 

North America, first discovered by 
Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, 1497, 
settled in 1610. 

Northampton town, burned down 
3rd Sept., 1675. 

Northamptonshire navigation begun, 
7th Aug., 1761. 

Northcote, James, an eminent Eng- 
lish artist, b. 1746, d. 1831. 

North-east passage to Russia dis- 
covered, 1553. 

North-west passage attempted by Cap- 
tain Phillips, afterwards Lord Mul- 
grave, 1773. 

Northumberland Dudley, beheaded 
for attempting to put Lady Jane 
Grey on the English throne, 1553. 

Northumberland, Earl of, beheaded 
at York 1572. 

Northumberland, kingdom of, began 
547 ; ended 828. 

Norton Priory, Cheshire, bit. 1210. 

Norton, Thos., one of the translators 
of the Psalms, d. about 1584. 

Norway attached to Sweden, and 
Charles XIII. of Sweden proclaimed 
king of, 4th Nov., 1814. 

Norwich, the lake at, opened, and the 
salt water admitted, by which all 
the fish were destroyed, 3rd June, 
1831. 

Norwich Cathedral begun 1096. 
Norwich, riot at, and several lives 

lost, 1 2th June, 1828. 
Norwood, Richard, measured a degree 

in England, 1632, which was the 

first accurate measure. 
Nostradamus, Michael, physician and 

astrologer, b. 1503, d. 1566. 



NOT 



OGL 257 



Notary Public, profession of, began 

in tbe first century. 
Notes and bills first stamped, 1782 ; 

advanced 1796, 1808, 1815. 
Notre Dame, cburcb of, at Paris, 

built 1270. 
Notre Dame, Paris, bell in tbe churcb 

of, baptized and named after the 

Duke and Duchess of Angouleme, 

the Prince de Foix and Duchess 

de Damas being proxies, 15th 

Nov., 1816. 
Nottingham built 924. 
Nottingham Castle, the seat of the 

Duke of Newcastle, built 1068; 

destroyed by rioters, 1831. 
Nottingham town entirely destroyed 

by fire, 1140. 
Nova Castello, in Calabria, Italy, and 

several villages near it, destroyed 

by an earthquake, 30th Sept. , 1789. 



Nova Scotia, settled 1622;^ about 
3750 families sailed from England 
for this settlement, 27th April, 
1749 ; divided into two provinces, 
1784. 

Nova Zembla discovered 1553. 
Nowell, Alexander, b. about 1507, 
d. 1601. 

Noy, Yim., lawyer, b. 1577, d. 1634. 
Nugent, Robert Craggs, Earl, poet, 
d. 1788. 

Nugent, Thomas, L.L.D., miscella- 
neous writer, d. 27th May, 1772. 

Nuneaton Nunnery, Warwickshire, 
built 1170. 

Nunnery, the first in England at 
Folkstone, 630. 

Nutley Abbey, Bucks., built 1162. 

Nutmeg trees first planted in Ja- 
maica, 1782. 

Nuzzi, b. 1603, d, 1673. 



O 

AK of Navarre, order of knight- 
hood, began in Spain, 722. 

Oak sawdust first discovered useful 
in tanning, 1765. 

Oakham castle, Rutlandshire, built 
1162. 

Oakhampton castle, Devon, built 
1058. 

Oates, Titus, the infamous, b. about 

1619, d. 1705. 
Oath of abjuration first required, 

1701. 

Obadiah prophesied 587 B.C. 

O'Beirne, Dr., bishop of Meath, b. 
about 1748, d. 1822. 

Occleve, Thomas, poet and successor 
to Chaucer, flourished 1420. 

Occam, William, d. 1347. 

Ochotsk, in Siberia, a dreadful gale 
of wind at, from the south-east, 
came on towards the end of Jan. 
1810, which lasted two days ; the 
Avaters of the Ochotsk rose 12 feet, 
flowed over the tops of the houses, 
and a transport was driven into the 
middle of the town. 

Ockley, Simon, historian and orien- 
talist, b. 1678, d. 1720. 

O'Connell, Dan., a Roman Catholic, 



returned to parliament' for county 
Clare, Ireland, 5th July, 1823. 

O'Connor, Roderic, last Irish mon- 
arch, d. 1198, very old. 

Odell, Thos. , dramatic writer, d. 1749. 

Odiam castle, Hants., built 1190. 

Odorici de Agabbio flourished 1275. 

Odozzi, John, engraver, b. 1663, d. 
1731. 

Offa's dyke made, 774. 

Offan, near Stratford-upon-Avon, sus- 
tained damage of 2000/. by fire, 
14th May, 1754. 

Officers of the board of works, great 
wardrobe, treasurer of the cham- 
ber, and jewel office, with the board 
of green cloth, and cofferer of the 
household, abolished by parliament, 
July, 1781. 

Ogden, Samuel, divine and writer, 
b. 1716, d. 1778. 

Ogilby, John, the geographer, b.16'00, 
d. 1676. 

Ogilvie, Dr. John, poet, b. 1733, d. 
1814. 

Ogle, J., English poet, the modern- 

izer of Chaucer, d. 1746. 
Ogle, Sir Chaloner, brave English 

admiral, d. 1750. 



258 OGL 



OLD 



Oglethorpe, general, b. 1698, d. 1785. 
O'Hara, Kane, Irish dramatic writer, 
d. 1784. 

Oil consumed in London in 1795 
cost 300,000/. 

O'Keefe, John, celebrated dramatic 
author, b. at Dublin 1 747, d. 4th 
Feb. 1833. 

Old Bailey sessions house built 1773 : 
enlarged, 1808. 

Old Bailey sessions proved fatal to 
the lord mayor, one alderman, two 
judges, the greatest part of the 
jury, and numbers of spectators, 
who caught the gaol distemper and 
died, May, 1750 ; again fatal to 
several, 1772. 

Old Bailey, 28 persons killed at, dur- 
ing the execution of Mr. Steel's 
murderers, 23rd Feb., 1807. 

Old Testament, events of, arranged 
in the order of their dates : — 

4003. The birth of Cain, the first who 
was born of a woman. — Abel is 
born soon after. 

3875. Abel is murdered by Cain, be- 
cause his sacrifice was more accept- 
able to God. 

3874. Seth born, whose offspring 
were the children of God, by way 
of distinction from those of Cain, 
who were named the children of 
men. 

3017. Enoch, for his piety, is trans- 
lated to heaven. 

2469. The term of 120 years is 
allowed by God for the repentance 
of the world, before the Deluge : 
this is communicated to Noah, who 
is sent to them as a preacher of 
righteousness. 

2349. On the tenth day of the second 
month, which was on Sunday, 30th 
Nov., God commanded Noah to 
enter into the ark with his family, 
&c, and on Sunday, 7th Dec, it 
began to rain, and rained 40 days ; 
and the Deluge continued 150 days. 

2348. The ark rested on Mount 
Ararat, on Wednesday, 6th May ; 
the tops of the mountains became 
visible on Sunday, 19th July; and 
on Friday, 18th Dec, Noah came 
out of the ark, with all that were 
with him. — He built an altar, and 



sacrificed to God for his deliver- 
ance. 

2247. The Tower of Babel is built 
about this time, by Noah's pos- 
terity, in the Vail of Shinar, upon 
which God miraculously confounds 
their language, and thus disperses 
them into different nations. 

1996. Abram, the patriarch, b. at 
Ur, in Chaldsea ; d. 1821, aged 175. 

1927. Sarah, wife to Abram, born; 
d. 1859, aged 127. 

1925. Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, 
subdues the five kings of Sodom, 
Gomorrha, Adama, Seboim, and 
Zoar. 

1921. The covenant of God made 
with Abram, when he leaves 
Haran to go into Canaan, on the 
15th of Abib, or Wednesday, 
4th May, which begins the 430 
years of sojourning. — Abram and 
Lot go into Egypt for famine, and 
return the next year, when they 
separate, the one for Sodom, and 
the other to Hebron. 

1912. The five kings rebelling against 
Chedorlaomer are defeated by him. 
— He plunders Sodom, and car- 
ries off Lot captive Abram pur- 
sues and defeats Chedorlaomer, and 

rescues Lot On his return he 

receives the benediction of Mel- 
chizedek, king of Salem, the priest 
of the Most High God. 

1910. Ishmael is born to Abram by 
Hagar ; d. 1773, aged 137. 

1897. The covenant is renewed with 
Abram, in memorial of which cir- 
cumcision is instituted, and his 
name changed to Abraham. The 
cities of Sodom, &c. are destroyed 
for their wickedness by fire from 

Heaven Lot, with his wife and 

two daughters, leave Sodom before- 
hand, being warned ; his wife look- 
ing back is turned into a pillar of 
salt. 

1896. Isaac born to Abraham by 
Sarah, 90 years old ; d. in 1716, 
aged 180. 

1871. The faith of Abraham is proved 
in offering to sacrifice his son Isaac, 
who was then 25 years old. 

1836. Esau and Jacob are born to 



OLD TESTAMENT. 



259 



Isaac by Rebecca, after above 19 
years' barrenness. 
1821. Abraham dies, being 1 75 years 
old. 

1759. Jacob, having received his 
father's blessing, goes to Haran to 
his uncle Laban, and marries his 
two daughters. 

1739. Jacob returns into Canaan, 
after a 20 years' servitude under 
Laban. 

1731. Dinah, Jacob's daughter, is 
ravished by Shechem. He and 
all his people are treacherously 
put to death on the third day after 
circumcision, by Simeon and Levi. 

1728. Joseph is sold into Egypt by 
his brethren. 

1715. Joseph interprets Pharaoh's 

dreams, and is promoted The 

seven years of plenty begin. 

1708. The seven years of famine 
begin ; and the year after, Joseph's 
ten brethren come into Egypt for 
corn. 

1706. Joseph discovers himself to 
his brethren, and, at Pharaoh's 
desire, sends for Jacob and his 
family into Egypt. 

1704. All the money in Egypt and 
Canaan is collected by Joseph into 
Pharaoh's treasury ; and the year 
following they sell him their herds 
and flocks. 

1702. The property of all the lands 
in Egypt is sold to Joseph, who 
lets them out with a perpetual tax 
of the fifth part of their produce. 

1689. Jacob on his death-bed, adopts 
Manasseh and Ephraim, the two 
sons of Joseph ; and collecting all 
his children, blesses them, foretels 
many things, particularly the com- 
ing of the Messiah ; he died aged 
147, having resided 17 years in 
Egypt. 

1635. Joseph foretels the egress of 
the Israelites from Egypt, and dies, 
aged 110, having been prefect of 
Egypt for eighty years. — His death 
concludes the Book of Genesis, 
which contains a period of 2369 
years. 

1574. Aaron born ; and the year 
after Pharaoh publishes an edict 



for drowning all male children of 
the Israelites. 

1252. The fourth servitude of the 
Israelites, under the Midianites, 
which continues 7 years. 

1206. The Israelites being given to 
idolatry, are delivered by God into 
the hands of the Philistines and 
Ammonites. This is their fifth 
servitude, and continues 1 8 years. 

1188. Jephtha, the seventh judge of 
Israel, for six years. — He defeats 
the Ammonites, and rashly makes 
a vow, which deprives him of his 
daughter He chastises the inso- 
lence of the Ephraimites, having 
killed 42,000 of them in battle. 

1182. Ibzan, the eighth judge of 
Israel, for seven years. 

1 1 75. Elon, the ninth judge of Israel,, 
for ten years. 

1165. Abdon, the tenth judge of 
Israel, for eight years. 

1157. Eli, the high priest, eleventh 
judge of Israel, for 40 years. 

1156. The sixth servitude of the 
Israelites, under the Philistines, 
which continues 40 years. 

1096. The Philistines are defeated 
by Samuel, at Eben-ezer. 

1095. The Israelites ask a king, 
which is granted, though with God's 
displeasure ; and Saul is anointed 
by Samuel to be their king. 

1093. Saul defeats the Philistines. 
— Before this they did not allow 
him a smith in all his kingdom. — 
Saul is rejected of God for disobe- 
dience with regard to the Amalek- 
ites; and David, when 22 years 
old, is anointed by Samuel to be 
king after Saul. 

1062. David, finding that Saul sought 
his life, retired into the deserts of 
Judah. 

1056. David retires among the Phi- 
listines, who give him Ziklag, 
where he is one year and four 
months. 

1055. Saul consults the witch of 
Endor, and is totally defeated by 
the Philistines next day, upon 
Mount Gilboa. — Three of his sons 
are slain, upon which he kills him- 
self. 



260 



OLD TESTAMENT. 



1048. Jerusalem taken by David 
from the Jebusites, and made the 
, seat of his kingdom. 

1034. David is reproved by Nathan 
for his adultery, &c, and repents. 

1023. Absalom rebels against David, 
and takes Jerusalem ; but is de- 
feated and killed by Joab. 

1012. Solomon begins the building 
of the Temple, 480 years after the 
going out from Egypt. 

1004. The Temple is solemnly dedi- 
cated on Friday, 30th Oct., 1000. 

992. Solomon finishes the building 
of his palace, which, with that of 
the Temple, employed him twenty 
years. 

975. The division of the kingdom of 
.Judah and Israel. Jeroboam sets 
up two golden calves, one at Dan 
and the other at Bethel, to prevent 
his subjects going to worship at 
Jerusalem. 

971. Shishak, king of Egypt, takes 
Jerusalem, and carries off the trea- 
sures of the Temple and of the 
palace. 

941. Zerah, the Ethiopian, with one 
million men, totally defeated by 
kingAsa, in the valley of Zephathah. 

940. Benhadad, king of Syria, attacks 
Baasha, king of Israel, and takes 
several of his cities. 

896. Elijah, the prophet, is taken up 
into heaven. 

878. Athaliah, queen of Judah, is 
put to death by order of the high 
priest Jehoiada, surnamed Johanan. 

839. The army of. Hazael, king of 
Syria, desolates great part of the 
kingdom of Judah. 

807. Ahab is killed by the Syrians 
in the battle of Ramoth Gilead, 
according to the prophecy of Mi- 
caiah ; upon this the Moabites re- 
volt, having been tributary from 
the days of king David. 

787. Amos prophecies against Jero- 
boam, second king of Israel. 

785. Hosea, the prophet, lived; d. 
in 721. 

771. Azariah, king of Judah, presum- 
ing to burn incense, is struck with 
leprosy, which continues till his 
death. 



757. Isaiah, the prophet, begins to 
prophesy, and continues it for above 
60 years. 

731. Habakkuk, the prophet, flour- 
ished about this time. 

721. Samaria taken after three years' 
siege, and the kingdom of Israel 
finished by Shalmaneser, king of 
Assyria. 

717. Tyre is besieged in vain for 
about five years by Shalmaneser, 
king of Assyria. 

710. Sennacherib's army destroyed 
by an angel in one night, to the 
amount of 185,000 men. 

677. Manasseh, king of Judah, is 
taken prisoner,and carried in chains 
to Babylon. 

641. Amon, king of Judah, is treach- 
erously put to death by his domes- 
tic servants. 

627. Jeremiah, the prophet ; d. 577. 

626. Zephaniah, the prophet, flour- 
i shed. 

608. Josiah, king of Judah, is slain 
in battle at Megiddo in the spring, 
by Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. 

605. The beginning of the captivity. 

597. Jehoiachim, king of Judah, is 
carried away captive by Nebuchad- 
nezzar to Babylon. 

587. The city of Jerusalem taken by 
Nebuchadnezzar, after a siege of 
eighteen months, 9th June. 

586. The temple of Jerusalem is 
burnt on the seventh day in the 
fifth month. 

558. Daniel, the prophet, lived. 

528. Haggai and Zachariah, the pro- 
phets, flourished about this time. 

458. Ezra is sent from Babylon to 
Jerusalem with the captive Jews, 
and the vessels of gold and silver, 
&c, by Artaxerxes, in the seventh 
year of his reign, being 70 weeks 
of years, or 490 years before the 
crucifixion of our Saviour. 

456. Nehemiah, the prophet, lived. 

436. Malachi, the last of the pro- 
phets. 

430. The history of the Old Testa- 
ment finishes about this time. 

Oldcastle, Sir John, the protestant 
martyr, hanged and burnt without 
Temple Bar, 1417- 



OLD 



ORL 261 



Oldenburg, duchess of, on visiting 
England was escorted into London 
by a party of light horse, 31st 
March, 1814; left England with 
the emperor of Russia and king of 
Prussia, 27th June, 1814; mar- 
ried to the duke of Wurtemburg, 
23rd Jan. 1816. 

Oldfield, Mrs. Anne, celebrated ac- 
tress, b. 1683, d. 1730. 

Oldham, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Oldham, J., poet, b. 1653, d. 1683. 

Oldmixon, John, historian, b. 1673, 
d. 1742. 

Oldys, William, antiquary and writer, 
b. 1696, d. 1761. 

O'Leary, Dr. Arthur, eminent Catho- 
lic priest, d. 4th Jan., 1802. 

Oliver, Isaac, d. 1617, aged 61. 

Oliver, P., his son, d. 1654, aged 80. 

Olives first planted in Italy, B.C. 562. 

Olveston priory, Lincolnshire, built 
1058. 

Olympiads — first in 776 ; 2nd in 
772 ; 3rd in 768 ; 4th in 764 ; 
5th in 760 ; 7th in 752 ; 10th in 
740 ; 13th in 723 ; 15th in 720 ; 
16th in 716; 17th in 712; 21st 
in 696 ; 23rd in 688 ; 24th in 
684; 25th in 680; 27th in 672; 
28th in 668 ; 29th in 664 , 39th 
in 624; 43rd in 608; 46th in 
590 ; 55th in 560 ; 56th in 556 ; 
60th in 540 ; 61st in 536 B.C. 

Omnibus coaches first introduced into 
London, July, 1828. 

Opera-house, Haymarket, opened, 
1704; burnt, 1789 ; and the foun- 
dation of a new one laid, 3rd April, 
1790 ; and used as a playhouse, 
22nd Sept. 1791. 

Opera-house, new, built on the site 
of the Lyceum in the Strand, 1816. 

Opera-house, English, Strand, burned 
down, 16th Feb. 1830 ; new house 
opened, 14th July, 1834. 

Opera, the first in London, was in 
York buildings in 1692; the first 
at Drury-lane was in 1705; by 
Handel, in 1735. 

Opera-house at Rome, the roof fell 
in, 18th Jan. 1762. 

Opie, John, British artist and author, 
b. 1761, d. 1807. 



Oppian, Greek poet, flourished about 
the year 200. 

Oran, in Africa, with the greatest 
part of its inhabitants, destroyed 
by an earthquake, 8th Oct., 1790. 

Orange, William, 1st prince of, assas- 
sinated 30th June, 1584. 

Orange, prince of, embarked at Deal 
for Holland, 25th Nov. 1813; 
made his solemn entry into Ams- 
terdam, as sovereign prince of the 
united Netherlands, 2nd Dec. 1813; 
his sovereignty confirmed by the 
allied princes, Feb. 1815 ; inaugu- 
rated at Brussels, 2 1st Sept. 1815 ; 
hereditary prince of, married to the 
grand duchess Anna Paulowna, sis- 
ter of the emperor of Russia, June, 
1816. 

Oransey abbey, Scotland, built 567. 

Oratorio, the first in London, was per- 
formed at Lincoln's Inn playhouse, 
Portugal-street, 1732. < 

Orbits of the planets first determined 
by a Saxon clergyman, 1681. 

Orbits parabolic, of comets, explained, 
1680. 

Ordeal bv fire and water abolished, 
1261. " 

Ordo disciplinarum, order of knight- 
hood in Bohemia, began by the 
Emperor Sigismund. 

Oxford Castle, Suffolk, built 1066. 

Orcagna, And., a Florentine painter, 
b. 1329, d. 1389. 

Organs first brought into Europe 
from the Greek empire ; improved 
and applied to religious worship in 
churches, 758. 

Oriano, at Naples, nearly destroyed 
by an earthquake, 20th Nov., 
1782. 

Oriel College, Oxford, founded 1337. 

Origen, d.254, aged 69. 

Orkney Isles, sold by Denmark to 

Scotland, 839; re-granted, 1468. 
Orleans, Duke of, assassinated at 

Paris, 23rd Nov., 1407, by order 

of the Duke of Burgundy. 
Orleans, Duke of, regent of France, 

d. 1752. 

Orleans, the infamous duke of, or 
. Egalite, guillotined 5th Nov., 1793. 
Orleans, Peter J. d\ historian, b. 
1644, 



262 R M 



OWE 



Orme, Robert, historian, b. 1728, d. 
1801. 

Ormond, Duke of, impeached 21st 
June, 1715 ; retired to France 
Aug. following ; 10,000/. reward 
offered by Ireland for taking him, 
19th Jan., 171 8-19 ; 5000/. offered 
by the English, March 1718-19; 
died in France, and was brought 
to England, and was buried at 
Westminster, 22nd May, 1749. 

Orphan's charity fund originated in 
London about the year 1391. 

Orpheus, the poet, flourished 576 
B.C. 

Orpington, extensive farm-yard of 
Mr. Biggs, at, with numerous ricks 
of corn, destroyed by fire, 2nd 
Oct., 1813. 

Orrery, the first constructed was by 
Mr. Grattan : it is called after 
Lord Orrery, and was invented in 
1670. 

Orsato, Sertorio, the antiquary, poet, 
and historian, b. 1617, d. 1678. 

Orsato, John Baptist, physician, b. 
1674, d. 1720. 

Ort, Adam Van, a painter, b. 1557, 
d. 1641. 

Ortelius, Abraham, the geographer, 

b. 1527, d. 1598. 
Orton, Job, an English dissenting 

minister, author of " Letters to a 

Young Clergyman," b. 1717, d. 

19th July, 1783. 
Orville, James Philip d', critic, b. 

1696, d. 1751. 
Osborn and his wife murdered at 

Tring, Hertfordshire, for supposed 

witchcraft, 22nd April, 1751. 
Osborne, Francis, historian, b. 1589, 

d. 1659. 

Osnaburgh, bishopric estab., 1780. 

Ossat, Cardinal d\ b. 1526, d. 1604. 

Ossian flourished as a poet in 300. 

Ostervald, John Frederick, the di- 
vine, b. 1663, d. 1747. 

Ostade, Adrian Van, an admired 
Dutch painter, b. 1610, d. 1685. 

Ostend, in Flanders, endured a siege 
of three years, and the garrison 
and inhabitants, reduced by famine, 
surrendered on capitulation to the 
Spaniards, 1604; attempted to be 
aaken by the French, but the 



scheme miscarried, with great loss 
to them, owing to the minister 
having been deceived by his agents, 
1 658 ; India company chartered, 
1722 ; suppressed by the treaty at 
Vienna, 1731 ; made a free port, 
15th June, 1784; surrendered to 
the French in 1792 ; was taken by 
the English in 1793 ; and in 1794, 
with all the Netherlands, surren- 
dered to tbe French; restored 1814. 

Ostrogoths, their kingdom began in 
Italy, 476 ; ended 554; 

Oswego Fort, on Lake Ontario, North 
America, built 1727 ; rebuilt 1759. 

Osyth's, St., Priory, Essex, bit. 1120. 

Otaheite, or George III. Island, dis- 
covered 18th June, 1765. 

Otho, Venius, a painter, b. at Ley- 
den 1556, d. 1634. 

Otho, Emperor of Germany, visited 
England 1207. 

Otho, the first king of Greece, b. 1st 
June, 1815. 

Othniel, the first of the judges, de- 
feats Chushan, and gives rest to 
Israel, in the 40th year after the 
rest given by Joshua, 1405. The 
tribe of Benjamin almost totally 
destroyed by the other eleven 
tribes, for their cruel usage of the 
wife of a Levite. It happened 
while Phineas was highpriest, 1390. 

Ottery Priory, Devon., built 1060. 

Ottoman empire began 1293. 

Ottoman, first emperor of the Turks, 
1329. 

Otway, Thomas, English poet, b. 
1652, d. 1685. 

Ouse Bridge, at York, rebuilt 1566. 

Oughtred, Rev. William, mathema- 
tician, b. 1373, d. 1485. 

Our Lady, and St. George of Mon- 
tesa, order of knighthood in Spain, 
1317. 

Overbury, Sir Thomas, b. 1581, poi- 
soned in the Tower, 15th Sept., 
1613, aged 32. 

Ovid, b. at Sulmo 43 B.C., d. 17 A.C. 

Owen, Rev. Dr. J., d.1603, aged 66. 

Owen, Rev. Henry, b. 1716, d. 1795. 

Owen, John, epigrammatist, d. 1622. 

Owen, Rev. J., divine, one of the 
founders of the Bible Society, d. 
1822. 



OWE 



P A I 263 



Owen Glendowr, born 1348, died 
1415. 

Owhyhee Island discovered, 1778. 

Oxford University, founded by Al- 
fred, 886 ; its castle built, 1071 ; 
archdeaconry erected, 1092; Beau- 
mont-place finished about 1128; 
chancellor's court estab., 1244; 
bishopric taken from Lincoln, and 
founded, 1541 ; first public lecture 
in Arabic read there, 1636 ; new 
theatre built, 1669 ; a terrible fire 
at, 1644 ; again 1671 ; one wing of 
Queen's College burnt, 19th Dec, 
1778 ; library built, 1745 ; hospital 
begun, 1st May, 1772 ; observatory I 
built, 1772 ; visited by George III. 
&c, 12th Oct., 1785. 

Oxford, Chancellors of, since the 
Revolution : — 
James, Duke of Ormond, installed, , 

1688. 
Earl of Arran, 1715. 



John, Earl of Westmoreland, 1759. 
George Henry, Earl of Litchfield, 
1762. 

Frederick, Lord North, late Earl of 

Guildford. 1772. 
William Henry, Duke of Portland, 

1792. 

William Windham Grenville, Lord 

Grenville, 1809. 
Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 1834. 

Oxford Assizes, memorable by the 
death of the sheriffs and 300 per- 
sons, who caught the infection from 
prisoners, 1577. 

Oxford Castle built 1074. 

Oxford-street Bazaar, burnt down 
27th May, 1829. 

Oxenstiern, a celebrated Swedish 
statesman, b. 1583, d. 1654. 

Ozanam, James, an eminent mathe- 
matician, b. 1640, d. 1717. 

Ozell, John, translator and writer, d. 
Oct., 1743. 



P. 



P A AS, Crispin, engraver, fi. 1610. 

Pace, Michael Angelo, painter, b. 
1610, d. 1670. 

Pace, Richard, Dean of St. Paul's, d. 
1532, aged 50. 

Packet from Milford Haven to Ire- 
land, established 1787. 

Packet from Holyhead to Kingstown, 
Ireland, established 1834. 

Pacuvius, Marcus, a Roman poet, 
flourished about 154 B.C. 

Padlocks were first invented at Nu- 
remburg, 1540. 



Padua built, B.C. 1269 ; surrounded 
with a wall by the Venetians, 
1019. 

Paesiello, John, a musician, b. 9th 
May, 1740, d. 5th June, 1816. 

Pagan,Count, mathematician, b.1604, 
d. 1665. 

Pagani, artist, b. 1558, d. 1605. 

Pagi, Anthony, the critic, b. 1624, d. 
1699. 

Paine, Thomas, b. at Thetford, Nor- 
folk, 1737, d. at New York, N. 
America, 8th June, 1809. 



264 



PAINTERS. 



Painters, a Table of the most eminent, of the old 
school, with a scale of their respective merits : — 


Com- 
posi- 
tion. 


De- 
sign. 


Co- 
lour- 
ing. 


Ex- 
pres- 
sion. 


SCHOOL. 


NAME. 










Lorn. 


Aibano, h. 1578, d. 1660 - 


14 


14 


10 


6 


Flem. 


Albert Durer, b. 1471, d. 1528 - 


8 


10 


10 


8 


Rom. ) 
& Flor. i 


Andrea del Sarto, b. 1471, d. 1520 


12 


16 


9 


8 


Rom. 


Baroccio, b. 1528, d. 1612 


14 


15 


6 


10 


Ven. 


James Bassano, b. 1510, d. 1592 


6 


8 


17 





Ven. 


John Bellini, b. 1422, d. 1512 


4 


6 


14 





Fr. 


Bourdon, b. 1616, d. 1671 - 


10 


8 


8 


4 


Fr. 


Le Brun, b. 1619, d. 1690 


10 


16 


8 


16 


Ven. 


Claude Lorraine., b. 1600, d. 1682 


18 


18 


16 





Lom. 


Caracci, b. 1560, d. 1609 - 


15 


17 


13 


13 


Lorn. 


Coreggio, b. 1494, d. 1534 


13 


13 


15 


12 


Rom. 


Daniel de Volterra, b. 1509, d. 1566 


12 


15 


5 


8 


Flem. 


Diepenbeck, b. 1607, d. 1675 


11 


10 


14 


6 


Lom. 


Domenichino, b. 1581, d. 1641 - 


15 


17 


9 


17 


Rom. 


Giulio Romano, b. 1492, d. 1546 - . - 


15 


16 


4 


14 


Ven. 


Giorgione, b. 1477, d. 1511 


8 


9 


18 


4 


Lom. 


Guercino, b. 1590, d. 1666 


18 


10 


10 


4 


Lom. 


Guido, b. 1574, d. 1642 





13 


9 


12 . 


Flem. 


Holbein, b. 1498, d. 1544 , - 


9 


10 


16 


13 


Flem. 


James Jordaens, b. 1594, d. 1678 


10 


8 


16 


6 


Flem. 


Luoa Giordano, b. 1629, d. 1704 - 


13 


12 


9 


6 


Lom. 


Lanfranco, b. 1581, d. 1647 


14 


13 


10 


5 


Rom. 


Leonardo da Vinci, b. 1445, d. 1520 


15 


16 


4 


14 


Flem. 


Lucas ofLeyden,b. 1404, d. 1533 


8 


6 


6 


4 


Rom. 


Michael Angelo Buonarotti,b.l474, d.1563 


8 


17 


4 


8 


Lom. 


Michael de Caravaggio, b. 1569, d. 1609 


6 


6 


16 





Ven. 


Mutiano, b. 1528, d. 1589 


6 


8 


15 


4 


Flem. 


Otho Venius, b. 1556, d. 1634 - 


13 


14 


10 


10 


Ven. 


Palma the Elder, b. 1460, d. 1556 


5 


6 


16 





Ven. 


Palma the Younger, b. 1544, d. 1628 - 


12 


9 


14 


6 


Rom. 


Parmegiano, b. 1503, d. 1540 


10 


15 


6 


6 


Ven. 


Paul Veronese, b. 1532, d. 1588 


15 


10 


16 


3 


Rom. 


Pierino del Vaga, b. 1500, d. 1547 


15 


16 


7 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro de Cortona, b. 1596, d. 1669 


16 


14 


12 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Perugino, b. 1446*, d. 1 524 


4 


12 


10 


4 


Rom. 


Polidore de Caravaggio, b. 1495, d. 1543 


10 


17 





15 


Ven. 


Pordenone, b. 1484, d. 1540 


8 


14 


17 


5 


Fr. 


Poussin, Nich., b. 1594, d. 1665 


15 


17 


6 


15 


Rom. 


Primaticcio, b. 1490, d. 1570 


15 


14 


6 


10 


Rom. 


Raffaelle,b. 1483, d. 1520 


17 


18 


12 


18 


Flem. 


Rembrandt, b. 1606, d. 1674 


15 


6 


17 


12 


Flem. 


Rubens, b. 1577, d. 1640 


18 


13 


17 


17 


Rom. 


Salviati, Fra., b. 1510, d. 1563 - 


13 


15 


8 


8 


Fr. 


Le Sueur, b. 1617, d. 1655 


15 


15 


4 


15 


Flem. 


Teniers, b. 1582, d. 1649 


15 


12 


13 


6 


Rom. 


Pietro Testa, b. 1 6 1 1, d. 1 650 


11 


15 





6 


Ven. 


Tintoretto, b. 1512, d. 1594 


15 


14 


16 


4 


Ven. 


Titian, b. 1477, d. 1576 


12 


15 


18 


6 


Flem. 


Vandyck,b. 1599, d. 1641 


15 


10 


17 


13 


Rom. 


Vanni, b. 1563, d. 1610 - - 


13 


15 


12 


13 


Rom. 


Zucchero, Taddeo, b. 1529, d. 1566 - 


13 


14 


10 


9 



P A I 



PAR 



265 



Painting, the art of, first introduced 
at Rome from Etruria by Quintus, 
who on that account was called Pic- 
tor, 291 B.C. The first excellent 
pictures were brought from Corinth 
to Rome by Murninius, 146 B. C. 
In oil, said to have been invented 
by John Van Eyck, who, with his 
brother Hubert, were the founders 
of the Flemish school, 1415. In 
Chiaro Oscuro, 1500, introduced 
into Venice by Venetian©, 1450: 
into Italy, by Antonello, 1476. 

Paislev Monastery, Scotland, founded 
1160. 

Pajou, Aug., sculptor, b. 1730, d. 
1809. 

Palafox, John de, historian, b. 1600, 
d. Bishop of Osma, Old Castile, 
1659. 

Palermo, in Sicily, destroyed by an 
earthquake, 21st Aug., 1726. 

Palev, Dr. William, archdeacon of 
Carlisle, b. 1743, d. 25th May, 
1805. 

Palissy, Bernard de, a French artist, 
who discovered the method of 
applving enamel to stone-ware, b. 

' about 1524, d. 1590. 

Palladio, famous architect, b. 1518. 
d. 1580. 

Pallas, of 30 guns, and Nymph, of 36 
guns, totally wrecked below Dun- 
bar, with the loss of some lives, 
19th Dec, 1810. 

Pallas, Peter Simon, M.D., b. 1741, 
d. 8th Sept., 1811. 

Pallavicino, Ferrante, Italian satirist, 
b. 1616, beheaded 1643. 

Palliser, Sir Hugh, d. 19th March, 
1796, aged 75. 

Palma, Jacob, painter, d. 1588. 

Palma, Jacob, the vounger. b. 1544, 
d. 1628. 

Palomino de Castro y Velasco, Span- 
ish painter, b. 1653, d. 1726. 

Palsgrave, John, English dramatic 
writer, d. 1554. 

Panama, city of, totally destroyed by 
fire, 1737. 

Panama, Central America, settled 
1516 ; revolted from Spain, 1810. 

Pandora, sloop of war, struck on a 
shoal off the coast of Jutland, when 
29 of the crew were lost from the 



j severitv of the weather, 13th Feb. 
1811. " 

Pantheon, Oxford-street, London, 
opened 28th Jan., 1772 ; con- 
verted into an opera-house, 1791 ; 
entirely destroyed bv fire, to the 
value of 60,000/. 14th Jan., 1792, 
and in 1834 converted into a ba- 
zaar. 

Pangenus, Greek painter. 457 B. C. 

Pantaleon, Sa. the Spanish ambassa- 
dor's brother, executed for murder, 
6th July, 1654. 

Pantre, Peter, engraver, d. 1744. 

Paoli, Pascal, general, b. 1726, d. 
1807. 

Papal authority abolished by Act of 
Parliament, 1531. 

Paper Currency, American, com- 
menced 1775 ; succeeded by coin- 
age, 1792, in eagles, half-eagles, 
quarter-eagles. 

Paper made of cotton was in use in 
1000 ; that of linen rags in 1319 ; 
the manufacture of introduced into 
England, at Dartford. in Kent, 
1588 : scarce any but brown paper 
made in England till 1690; white 
paper first made in England, 1690 
made of the asbestos at Danbury, 
in Connecticut, in North America, 
by Mr. Beach, who discovered a 
fine kind there in 1792. — Stamped 
paper first used in Spain and Hol- 
land in 1555 ; velvet or floss, for 
hanging apartments with, first used 
1620. ■ 

Papin, Denvs, physician and philoso- 
pher, fl. 1680.' 

Papinian, Roman lawver, b. 175, d. 
212. 

Papists excluded the throne, 1689 ; 
obliged to register their names and 
estates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 1781, 
1784: their estates valued at 
375,264/. 155. 3±d. per annum, in 
1719 ; taxed 100^000/. 23rd Nov. 
1722; indulgences granted them 
by parliament. 1778. 

Papists admitted to seats in the 
British parliament. 10th April, 
1829. 

Pappus, mathematician, flourished in 

the 4th centurv. 
Paracelsus, h. 1493, d. 1541. 

N 



266 PAR 



PAR 



Paraguay, S. America, discov. 1525. 

Parchment invented by Attalus, king 
of Pergamus, B. C. 198. 

Pardons at Coronations, first granted 
in England, 1327. 

Pare, Ambrose, French surgeon, b. 
1509, d. 1590. 

Pareja, Juan de, painter, d. 1670. 

Parent, Anthony, mathematician, b. 
1666, d. 1716. 

Paris, Matthew, historian, d. 1259. 

Paris founded, 357 ; made the capital 
of France, 510 ; the city of, con- 
sumed by fire, 588; first paved 
with stones, 1186 ; barricadoes 
of, 1588, to oppose the entry of 
the duke of Guise ; again, 27th 
Aug., 1648, in opposition to the 
regency; first parliament there, 
1302 ; old parliament recalled, 
25th Nov., 1774; under the in- 
fluence of the populace, who de- 
stroyed the public prisons, July, 
1789 ; became again the seat of em- 
pire under the emperor Napoleon 
5th May, 1804; the Conciergerie 
burnt, Jan., 1776; on occasion of 
fete given at, by prince Schwartz- 
enburgh, a fire broke out in the 
building erected for the ball, by 
which many persons were burnt to 
death, July ], 1810. 

Parish apprentices new law respect- 
ing, requiring the assent of two 
magistrates, commenced 1st Oct., 
1816. 

Park, the first in England, made by 
Henry I. at Woodstock, 1123. 

Park, St. James's, drained by Henry 
VIII., 1537 ; planted, 16*88; im- 
proved, 1774; deer removed, and 
drains filled up, 1775; further 
adorned, 1825. 

Parker, Matthew, Abp. of Canterbury, 
b. 1504, d. 1575. 

Parkhurst, Bishop, b. 1511, d. 1574. 

Parkhurst, Rev. John, author of the 
Greek and Hebrew Lexicons, b. 
1728, d. 21st Feb., 1797. 

Parkinson, John, the botanist, b. 
1567, d. about 1641. 

Parliament, correct statement of the 
increase of the representatives in, 
from the reign of Henry VIII. to 
James I. 



Henrv VIII. added - 


- 38 


Edward VI. 


- 44 


Mary 


- 25 


Elizabeth 


- 62 


James I. 


27 


Total 


- 196 



The following remarks show the 
disproportion that existed between 
the representation of Middlesex 
and Surrey, with London and 
Westminster, before the passing of 
the Reform Bill in 1832, and six 
boroughs, which elect an equal 
number of representatives : — 1 



PLACES 


ELECTORS. 


MEM. 


London 


7,000 


send 4 


Westminster 


- 10,000 


2 


Middlesex 


- 3,500 


2 


Surrey 


- 4,500 


2 


Southwark 


- 2,000 


2 




27,000 


12 


Newton 


- 1 


send 2 


Old Sarum - 


- 1 


2 


Midhurst 


- 1 


2 


Castle Rising 


- 2 


2 


Marlborough 


- 2 


2 


Downton 


- 4 


2 




12 


12 



Parliament began under the Saxon 
government ; the first regular one 
was in King John's reign, 1204 ; 
the epoch of the House of Com- 
mons, 23rd Jan., 1265 ; members 
obliged to reside in the places they 
represented, 1413. Francis Rus- 
sell, son of the Earl of Bedford, 
was the first peer's eldest son who 
sat in the House of Commons, 
1549; that remarkable for the 
epoch in which were first formed 
the parties of court and country, 
16th June, 1620; a peer elected, 
and sat as a member of the House 
of Commons, 1649 ; the House of 
Commons committed a Secretary 
of State to the Tower, 18th Nov., 
1678; their Speaker refused by 
the King, 1679 ; bill passed for 
triennial parliaments, Nov., 1694 ; 
King's assent, 22nd Dec, 1694; 



PAR 



PAU 267 



the first British one met, 24th 
Oct., 1707 ; triennial act repealed, 
1st May, 1716 ; act passed for sep- 
tennial ones, 1716 ; their privilege 
of protection from arrest for debts, 
relinquished, 1770 ; the Lord 
Mayor and an Alderman of Lon- 
don committed to the Tower by 
the House of Commons, 1771 ; 
first imperial met, 1801 ; Sir Fran- 
cis Burdett committed ,to the 
Tower by, 9th April, 1810. 

Parliamentary grants to tbe King 
were in kind, 30,000 sacks of wool 
being in the grai>t, 1340. 

Parliament, the first of George IV., 
opened bv the King in person, 
27th April, 1820. 

Parliament House, "Westminster, de- 
stroyed by fire, 16th Oct., 1834; 
new house opened, 19th Feb.1835. 

Parliament House, Dublin, built 
1731, at the expense of 40,000/. ; 
destroyed by fire, 28th Feb., 1792. 

Parmegiano, an Italian painter, b. 
1504, d. 1540. 

Parnell, Thomas, English divine and 
poet, b. 1679, d. 1717. 

Parochial assessment for the poor 
began, 1370, renewed 1572. 

Parrocel, Josepb, artist, b. in France, 
1648, d. 1704. 

Parrocel, Peter, artist, d. 1739. 

Parrocel, Charles, b. 1688, d. 1753. 

Parr, Thomas, d. 1632, aged 152 : 
he lived in ten reigns. 

Parr, Catherine, married to Henry 
VIII. 1543, afterwards the wife of 
Sir Thomas Seymour, lord high 
admiral, d. Sept. 1548. 

Parr, Robert, d. atKinver, aged 124, 
21st Sept., 1757. 

Parr, Dr. S., b. 1747, d. 1825. 

Parry, Dr., executed for a plot against 
Elizabeth, 1585. 

Parry, J. H, a writer of Welch 
biography, d. 12th Feb., 1825. 

Parsons, Robert, the Jesuit, b. 1546, 
d. 1610. 

Parthenian games, first instituted 
1262 B.C. 

Parties, court and country first dis- 
tinguished, 1621. 

Partridge, John, the astrologer, b. 
1644, d. 1765. 



Paruta Paul, Venetian historian, b. 

1540, d. 1598. 
Partv walls regulated, by parliament, 

1785. 

Pascal Blaise, b. in Auvergne 1623, 
d. 1662. 

Passage -boat, lost on the Frith of 
Dornoch, by which 40 out of 127 
passengers were drowned, 1 3th Aug. 
1809. 

Passage-boat, on the Ardrossan canal, 
between Paisley and Johnstone, 
heeled on one side, and precipi- 
tated 100 persons into the water, 
of which 84 were drowned, 10th 
Nov., 1810. 

Passeri, an Italian painter, b. 1654, 
d. 1714. 

Passignani, a Florentine painter, b. 

1559, d. 1639. 
Passion of Jesus Christ, order of 

knighthood in France, began 1382. 
Passover instituted, Monday, 4th 

May, 1491 ; celebrated in the 

New Temple, 18th April, B.C. 

515. 

Patents granted for titles, first used, 
1344 ; first granted for the exclusive 
privilege of publishing books, 1591. 

Patent for copper and brass coin in 
England, 1636. 

Paterculus, Veil., flourished about 30. 

Paterson, Samuel, bibliographer, b. 
1728, d. 1802. 

Patenier, artist, flourished 1520. 

Patras, in the Morea, swallowed up 
in an earthquake, 18th April, 1785. 

Patrick, St., order of, in Ireland, 
began 25th Feb., 1783. 

Patrick, St., apostle of Ireland, h. 
373, d. 493, buried at Downpatrick. 

Patrick, Simon, bishop of Ely, emi- 
nent writer, b. 1626, d. 1707. 

Patronage of churches, began 402. 

Patru, Oliver, French writer, b. 
1604, d. 1681. 

Patten, Margaret, d. near Paisley in 
Scotland in 1739, aged 138. 

Pattison, Mr. and Mrs., of London, 
drowned in Lake de Gaune, in 
the Pyrenees, 20th Sept., 1832. 

Pattison, W., poet, b. 1706, d. 1727. 

Paul de Vincent, St., b. 1576, d. 
1660. 

Paul Jones, the pirate, fl. 1778. 

n 2 



26S 



P AU 



PEL 



Paul, St., converted 33 ; caught into 
the third heaven, 44 ; visited 
Athens and Corinth, 50 ; d. 67. 

Paul, St., wrote his first epistle to 
the Corinthians, and that to the 
Galatians, 51 ; first epistle to the 
Thessalonians, 52 ; second epistle, 
53 ; second epistle to the Corinth- 
ians, and that to the Philippians, 
Ephesians, Colossians, and Phile- 
mon, 62 ; to the Hebrews, 63 ; 
first epistle to Timothy, and that 
to Titus, 65; second epistle to 
Timothy, 66; festival instituted, 
813. 

Paul, St., order of knighthood, began 
at Rome, 1540. 

Paul's, St., London, built on the 
foundation of an old temple of 
Diana, 610; burnt, 964; rebuilt, 
1240, having been 150 years build- 
ing ; the steeple fired by lightning, 
1443 ; rebuilt, having been in great 

\ part burnt down, 1631 ; totally 
destroyed by fire, 1666 ; first stone 
of the present building laid, 1675 ; 
finished, 1710, and cost 1 ,000,000/. ; 
first service performed, 2nd Dec, 
1697. The ball and cross re- 
newed, 1823. The iron balus- 
trade round the church-yard ex- 
tends three furlongs and one-fifth. 

Paul's, St., school, built 1510 ; re- 
built 1825. 

Pausanias, Greek writer, flourished 
in the second century. 

Pauw, Cornelius, writer, b. 1739, d. 
1799. 

Pawnbrokers, first known in 1457. 

Pawnbrokers' Licence Act, 1783 — 
1796—1804. 

Pay, to, a ship's side, from pix, pitch, 
distorted into poix, and pronounced 
pay; hence the expression, "here's 
the devil to pay, and no pitch hot ;" 
i. e. here's plenty of help, and 

; nothing ready. We use the 
former part of the expression, 
leaving out the remainder, as 
being well understood. 

Peace, grand ceremony of the procla- 
mation of, took place in London, 
20th June, 1814. Grand proces- 
sion to St. Paul's, on a thanks- 
giving for the restoration of, 7th 



J uly, 1814. Grand national jubi- 
lee in the three parks, in celebra- 
tion of, 1st Aug., 1814. 

Pearce, Dr. Zachary, bishop of 
Rochester,, d. 1774, aged 84. 

Pearl-ashes, manufactory of, estab- 
lished in Ireland, 1783. 

Pearls, artificial ones, first invented 
and manufactured, 1686. 

Pearson, John, bishop, b. 1612, d. 
1686. 

Peck, Francis, English antiquary, b, 
1692, d. 1743. 

Peckham, John, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, the first writer on per- 
spective, 1279. 

Pedro, Don, ex-emperor of Brazil, d. 
in Portugal, 24th Sept., 1834, 
aged 36 years. 

Peel Castle, in the Isle of Man, built 
before the year 1245. 

Peel Castle, Lancashire, built 1 140. 

Peele, George, dramatic poet, d. about 
1598. 

Peers of France, began 778; abolished 
1790. 

Peers, twelve, created at once by 
Queen Anne, 1711 ; sixty made 
in seven years preceding 1718. 

Peers, eldest sons of, first permitted 
to sit in the House of Commons, 
1550. 

Peiresc, Nicholas, antiquary, b. 1580, 
d. 1637. 

Pelagius, opponent of St. Augustine, 
flourished early in the fifth cen- 
tury. 

Pelham, Henry, English statesman, 
d. 1754, aged 60. 

Pell, Rev. Dr. John, mathematician, 
b. 1610, d. 1685. 

Pellew, Edward, Lord Exmouth, a 
gallant British admiral, and the 
hero of Algiers, b. 1757, d. 1833. 

Pellew, Adm. Sir Israel, brother to 

. Lord Exmouth, a brave and judi- 
cious naval officer, b.1761, d.1832. 

Pellegrino, Tibaldi, of Bologna, pain- 
ter, d. 1592, aged 65. 

Pellegrino, of Modena, painter, d. 
1530. 

Pellisson-Fontanier, Paul, French 

writer, b. 1624, d. 1693. 
Pelloutier, Simon, historian, b. 1694, 

d. 1757. 



PEL 



PER 269 



Pelopidas, a Theban general, killed 
B. C. 364. 

Pemberton, Dr. Henry, English phy- 
sician and philosopher, b. 1694, d. 
1771. 

Pembroke College, Oxford, founded 
620. 

Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded 
1343. 

Pembrook, Thomas, painter, d. 1732. 
Penal Laws commenced operation, 
1381. 

Penance first enjoined as a punish- 
ment, 157. 

Pendragon Castle, Westmoreland, de- 
stroyed, 1341 ; repaired, 1660. 

Pendulums for clocks first invented, 
1656. 

Penitentiary House, Milbank, for the 
imprisonment of convicts, act for 
the erection of, passed 1812; con- 
victs removed into, June, 1816. 

Pennarvon Priory, Anglesey, built 
540. 

Penn, Sir William, brave English 
admiral, b. 1621, d. 1670. 

Penn, William, settler of Pennsyl- 
vania, b. 1644, d. 1718. 

Pennant, Thomas, celebrated natural- 
ist and tourist, a native of North 
Wales, b. 1726, d. 16th Dec, 
1798. 

Peoni, J. Fr., a Florentine painter, 
b. 1488, d. 1528. 

Pennington, Isaac, eminent Quaker 
writer, b. 1617, d. 1679. 

Pennsylvania^enn's charter for plant- 
ing, 1680. 

Penny, Mr., of Clement' s-inn, mur- 
dered by his servant, 18th May, 
1741. 

Penny, Edward, artist, d. 17th Nov., 
, 1791. 

Penny-post set up in London and 
suburbs, by one Murray, an up- 
holsterer, 1681, who afterwards 
assigned the same to oneDockwra; 
afterwards claimed by the govern- 
ment, who allowed the latter a 
pension of 200/. a- year, in 1711. 
— First set up in Dublin, 1774. — 
It was improved considerably in 
and round London, July, 1794. 

Penny-pieces, and twopenny, of cop- 
per, first coined in England, 1797. 



Penrose, Thomas, poet, b. 1743, d. 
1779. 

Pens for writing were first made from 
quills in 635. 

Pens, George, of Nuremburg, en- 
graver, flourished 1510. 

Pension of 20/. granted a lady for 
national services, 1514 ; another, 
61. 13s. Ad. per ann. 1536; ano- 
ther, 13/. 6s. 8d. for the mainte- 
nance of a gentleman in studying 
the laws of the kingdom, 1558. 

Pensioners, the band, estab. 1590. 

Pentateuch, or the five books of 
Moses, written B. C. 1452. 

Pentecost established, 68. 

Penton, near Andover, fifteen houses 
burned, 9th March, 1754. 

Pepper early known in Europe as 
growing in Hither India ; black 
pepper vinos discovered in Jamaica 
in 1793. 

Pepusch, J. Christopher, German 
musician, b. 1667, d. 1752. 

Pepys, Samuel, naval historian, d. 
1703. 

Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister of 
England, assassinated in the lobby 
of the House of Commons, by 
John Bellingham, 11th May, 1812. 

Percival, Dr. Thomas, physician and 
writer, b. 1740, d. 1804. 

Percy, Dr., Bishop of Dromore, in 
Ireland, author of Reliques of an- 
cient Poetry, d. 1st Oct., 1811. 

Perefixe, Archbishop, historian, d. in 
1670. 

Pericles, Athenian general, d. 429 

B. C, aged 70. 
Perino del Vaga (or Buonaccorsi), b. 

1504, d. 1547. 
Perjury punished with the pillory, 

1563. 

Perouse, J. F. de la, navigator, b. 
1741, supposed to have been ship- 
wrecked, 1788. 

Perrault, Claude, architect, b. 1613, 
d. 1688. 

Perrault, Charles, French writer, b. 
1628, d. 1703. 

Perreau, Robert and Daniel, were ex- 
ecuted for forgery, 17th Jan. 1776. 

Perrier, Francis, painter, b. 1590, d. 
1655. 

Perrier, M. Casimir, prime minister 



270 PER 



PET 



of France, d. of cholera morbus 
16th May, 1832, aged 54. 
Perronet, J. R., painter, h. 1708, 
d. 1794. 

Perrot, Sir John, statesman, h. about 

1527, d. 1592. 
Perrot d'Ablancourt, writer, b. 1606, 

d. 1664. 

Perrott, Mr., a bankrupt, sentenced 
to be hanged for embezzling his 
effects, 26th Oct. 1761. 

Perrou, Anquetil du, French orien- 
talist, b. 1730, d. 30th Oct. 1805. 

Perrou, cardinal du,b. 1556, d. 1618. 

Perry, John, engineer, b. in Glouces- 
tershire, d. 1733. 

Persecutions by the Jews. — The first, 
33 ; the second, 44 ; the first gen- 
eral persecution of the Christians 
was under Nero, 64 ; under Dorni- 
tian, 93 ; under Trajan, 107 ; un- 
der Adrian, 118; under Marcus 
Aurelius, 164 ; under Severus, 
202 ; under Maximus, 235 ; under 
Decius, 250 ; under Valerian, 257 ; 
tmder Aurelian, 272 ; under Dio- 
clesian, 302 ; by the Allans, under 
Constantius, 337 ; under Sapor, 
340 ; under Julian, the apostate, 
361. 

Persecutions of the Jews. — The 70 
years' captivity of the Jews began 
606 B.C. The captivity of 100,000 
by Ptolemy, 320. Antiochus, king 
of Syria, "killed 40,000 Jews at 
Jerusalem, and sold 40,000 for 
slaves, 170. The Romans de- 
stroyed 520,000 ; an innumerable 
multitude perished by sickness, 
despair, and famine; no account 
is handed down of the number sold 
for slaves, which however exceeded 
the slain ; and an edict was pub- 
lished, forbidding them to approach 
Jerusalem, 18th Adrian, A.D. 136. 
The emperor Leo I. wanting to 
force them to turn Christians, they 
set fire to their houses at Constan- 
tinople, and perished in the flames, 
722. They were massacred in 
Germany, on a suspicion of having 
poisoned the springs and wells, 
A.D. 1348. 

Persecutions by the papists of the 
protestants.— In Franconia 50,000 



of Luther's followers were killed 
by William de Furstemburg, 1525. 
In England, when Cranmer, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, and above 
300 protestants were burnt, and 
great numbers perished in prison, 
3rd May, 1556. Of the protest- 
ants in France great numbers were 
hanged, their assemblies prohi- 
bited, their places of worship pulled 
down, and sentence of the galleys 
proclaimed against all who har- 
boured them, 1723. 

Persian empire founded 536 B.C. 

Persian trade began, 1569 ; opened 
through Russia, 1741. 

Persian army apprehensive of being 
cut off by the Romans, threw them- 
selves into the Euphrates, where 
10,000 of them perished, 424. 

Persius, A. Flaccus, b. A.D. 34, d. 
aged 30. 

Pertinax d. 193, aged 66. 

Peru discovered by the Spaniards, 
1518. 

Perugino, Pietro, of Perugia, painter 
(master of Raphael), b. 1446, d. 
1524. 

Peruke, the first, used in France, 
1620 ; introduced into England, 
1660. 

Peruzzi, Balth., of Sienna, b. 1481, 
d. 1536. 

Pesara, Simon da, an Italian painter, 
b. 1612, d. 1648. 

Petau, or Petavius, Dennis, French 
writer, b. 1583, d. 1652. 

Peter, St., baptised Cornelius, and 
established a bishop at Antioch, 
37 ; established the see of Rome, 
41 ; wrote his first epistle, 60 ; 
his second epistle, 65 ; festival in- 
stituted, 813 ; d. 76. 

Peter I. of Russia, b. 1672 ; visited 
England, 1697 ; disinherited his 
eldest son, Feb. 1716; condemned 
him to death, 21st June, 1717 ; 
took the title of emperor, Oct. 
1721 ; d. 1725. 

Peter II. married his prime minister's 
daughter, 30th Nov. 1729 ; d. of 
the small-pox, 19th Jan. 1730. 

Peter III. deposed and murdered, 
16th July, 1762. 

Peterborough cathedral built 1200. 



PET 



PHY 271 



Peter, St., order of knighthood, began 
in Rome, 1520. 

Peter's, St. at Rome, began 1514 ; 
finished, 1629. 

Peter-pence granted, 689 ; first paid 
to Rome, 790 ; abolished, 1534. 

Petersburgh built bv the czar of Mus- 
covy, Peter I., 1708 ; had 2000 
houses destroyed by a fire, 12th 
Aug. 1736 ; received damage to 
the amount of 1,000,000 of rubles, 
by an inundation and storm, 23rd 
Sept. 1777, and to the amount of 
2,000,000 by a fire, 26th Aug. 
1780; again, 28th Nov., it had 
11,000 houses destroyed by a fire 
occasioned by lightning; on 7th 
June, 1796, it had a large maga- 
zine of naval stores, and between 
90 and 100 vessels in the harbour 
destroyed. 

Peterhouse college, Cambridge, 
founded, 1257. 

Peterness, of Antwerp, painter, b. 
1580. 

Peters, Hugh, M.A., b. 1622, exe- 
cuted 1660. 

Petit de la Croix, French writer, b. 
1654, d. 1713. 

Petit, Peter, mathematician, b. 1598, 
d. 1667. 

Petitot, John, famous for enamel, b. 

at Geneva 1607, d. 1691. 
Petiver, James, botanist, d. 1718. 
Petrarch, Francis, b. at Arezzo 1304, 

d. 1374. 

Petronius, Arbiter, Roman satirist, 

put to death A.D. 66. 
Pettus, Sir John, projector, d. about 

1690. 

Petty, Sir W., statesman, b. 1623, 
d. 1687. 

Petty, marquis of Lansdowne, b. 

1737, d. 1805. 
Pevensey castle, Sussex, built by the 

Romans. 
Phaedrus b. 47 B.C.; d. 31. 
Phaer, Thomas, physician and poet,d. 

1560. 

Phalaris, tyrant of Crete, d. 563 B.C. 
Pharamond, first French monarch, 
d. 428. 

Pharos, Tower of, built B.C. 283. 
Pheasants brought to Europe by the 
Argonauts, 1520 B.C. 



Phidias, the statuary, d. 432 B.C. 
Philadelphia greatly damaged by 

a fire which broke out at the 

theatre, 28th Dec, 1799. 
Philanthropic society, com. 1788. 
Philemon, of Athens, comic poet, 

flourished 274 B. C. 
Philetas, of Cos, grammarian, flou- 
rished 280 B.C. 
Philidor, musician and chess-player, 

b. 1726, d. 1795. 
Philip, king of Macedon, murdered 

by Pausanias, B.C. 336. 
Philip of Castile driven by a storm 

to England, 1505. 
Philippine islands discovered by the 

Spaniards, 1521. 
Philips, John, an English poet, author 

of "The Splendid Shilling;' d. 

15th Feb. 1708, aged 30. 
Philips, Ambrose, dramatic poet, d. 

1749. 

Philips, Catherine, the celebrated 

Orinda,b. 1631, d. 1664. 
Phillipoli in Romania had 4000 per- 
sons destroyed by an earthquake, 

Feb. 1749-50. 
Phillips, lieut.-col., companion of the 

circumnavigator Capt. Cook, b. 

1756, d. at Lambeth, 11th Sept. 

1832. He witnessed the death of 

Capt. Cook. 
Philistines. See Old Testament, 

Events of. 
Philostratus, the Greek sophist, lived 

about 200. 
Philpot, John, divine and martyr, 

burnt in Smithfield, 18th Dec. 

1555. 

Phocion, Athenian general, put to 
death B.C. 318. 

Phosphoric barometer, the phenomena 
of, first discovered, 1675. 

Phosphorus, artificial fire, first dis- 

,. covered, 1699 ; hermetic phos- 
phorus made in 1677. 

Physic garden, the first cultivated in 
England by John Gerarde, surgeon, 
of London, 1567 ; that at Oxford, 
endowed by the earl of Danby, 
1652; that at Cambridge began, 
1763; at Chelsea, 1732. 

Physic, the practice of, was confined 
to ecclesiastics from about 1206 to 
about 1500. 



272 PHY 



PIN 



Physic school estab. in Dublin, 1814. 
Physicians, college of, at London, 

founded Oct. 1518. 
Piazza fountain, Novana, at Rome, 

built 1680. 
Piazzetta, J. B., b. 1683, d.1754. 
Picard, painter, d. 1768. 
Picard, John, the mathematician and 

astronomer, d. 1683. 
Picart, Bernard^ engraver, b. 1673, 

d. 1733. 

Picart, Stephen, engraver, d. 1721. 
Piccini, Nicholas, musical composer, 
d. 1800. 

Pichegru, general, b. 1761, found 
dead in his prison, supposed to be 
privately murdered by order of 
Buonaparte, 6th April, 1804. 

Pickett, William, reviver of painted 
glass, d. 14th Oct. 1795, aged 65. 

Picton castle, Pembrokeshire, built 
before the conquest, and is now 
entire. 

Picts' wall, between England and 
Scotland, built by Agricola, 85; 
repaired by Urbicus, 144 ; Adrian 
built one from Newcastle to Car- 
lisle, 121 ; Severus from sea to 
sea, 203. 

Picus, prince of Mirandola, memor- 
able for his extraordinary genius 
and memory in language, b. 1463, 
d. 1494. 

Pierce, Alice, concubine to Edward 

III., 1375. 
Pierce, Edward, painter, d. 1712. 
Pierre, St., in Martinico, 700 houses 

burned at, Oct. 1752. 
Pietra Santa, in Italy, greatly injured 

by a storm, 7th Dec. 1784. 
Pietrodel Francisco, painter, d. 1443. 
Pietro, Cosmo, artist, d. 1512. 
Pigalle, John B., sculptor, b. 1714, 

d. 1785. 

Pilate made governor of Judea, 27 ; 
killed himself, 40. 

Piles, Roger de, divine and critic on 
painting, b. 1635, d. 1709. 

Pilkington, Letitia, b. 1712, d. 20th 
Aug. 1750. 

Pillage in Italy by Buonaparte, and 
sent to Paris, consisted of 66 pieces 
of sculpture, and 47 capital paint- 
ings. Among the former are the 
following celebrated chefs d'oeuvre : 



the Apollo, the Antinous, the Ado- 
nis, the Dying Gladiators, the Lao- 
coon, the Two Sphinxes, and the 
Tomb of the Muses. Among the 
latter are the principal paintings of 
Raffaelle, Perrugino, Guercino, An- 
nibal Caracci, Guido, Titian, and 
Corregio. In the catalogue of 
the articles sent to the national 
library, are a manuscript of the 
antiquities of Josephus on papyrus, 
a manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, 
with notes in his handwriting, and 
500 of the most curious manu- 
scripts which were in the library of 
the Vatican. 
Pillage of the Thames annually, on 
each branch of trade, used to be as 
under ; to prevent which was the 
chief cause for making the new 
docks at Wapping and in the isle 
of Dogs, viz. 

£ 

East Indies - - - 25,000 
West Indies - - 232,000 

British American Colonies 10,000 
Africa and Cape of Good 

Hope - - - 2,500 
North and South Fisheries 2,000 
United States of America 30,000 
Mediterranean and Turkey 7,000 
Spain and Canaries - 10,000 
France and Netherlands - 10,000 
Portugal and Madeira - 8,000 
Holland - - - 10,000 
Germany - - - 25,000 
Prussia - - - 10,000 
Poland - . - 5,000 
Sweden , - - 3,000 
Denmark - - - 5,000 
Russia - - - 20,000 

Guernsey, Jersey, Alder- 

ney, Isle of Man - 2,000 
Ireland - - - 5,000 
Coasting Trade - - 20,000 
Coal Trade - - - 20,000 



Total £461,000 

Pilau, German sculptor, d. 1590. 

Pillory, punishment of, abolished, 
except in cases of perjury and sub- 
ornation of perjury, 1816. 

Pilpay, oriental fabulist, fl. 2000 B.C. 

Pindar, the poet, d. 435 B.C, aged 
80. 



PIN 



P L A 273 



Pingre, A. G., astronomer, b. 1711, 
d. 1796. 

Pinney, the mayor of Bristol, was 
tried for negligence and pusillani- 
mity during the memorable riots, 
and acquitted, 1st Nov. 1832. 

Pins brought fr.om France, 1543, and 
were first used in England by 
Catharine Howard, queen of Henry 
VIII. Before that invention both 
sexes used ribands, loop-holes, 
laces with points and tags, clasps, 
hooks and eyes, and skewers of 
brass, silver, and gold. 

Pinturiccio, of Perugia, artist, b.1454, 
d. 1513. 

Piombo, Seb., a Venetian painter, b. 

1485, d. 1547. 
Piozzi, Mrs., b. 1739, d. 1821. 
Piper, Francis, artist, d. 1740. 
Pipes of lead for the conveyance of 

water invented, 1538. 
Piron, Alexis, poet and dramatist, b. 

1689, d. 1773. 
Pippins first planted in Lincolnshire, 

England, 1585. 
Piranesi, T. B., painter and engraver, 

b. 1707, d. 1778. 
Pisa, republic of, founded 1403. 
Pisani, Andrew, sculptor, d. 1389. 
Pisano, Giounto, a Grecian sent for 

to Florence by the senate, 1236. 
Pistols first used by cavalry, 1544. 
Pitcairne, Dr. Archibald, b. 1652, 

d. 1713. 

Pitcairn's island in the Pacific, the 
inhabitants of, emigrated to Ota- 
heite from want of water, but 
being disgusted with the morals of 
the Otaheitans, returned again, 
1832. 

Pitch and tar made from pit coal, 
discovered at Bristol, 1779. 

Pithou, Peter, French writer, b. 1539, 
d. 1596. 

Pitiscus, Sam., critic, b.1637, d.1727. 
Pitot, Henry, mathematician, b. 1695, 
d. 1771. 

Pits, John, biographer, b. 1560, d. 
1616. 

Pitt, right hon. William, prime mi- 
nister of England, b. 28th May, 
1759, d. 23rd Jan., and buried in 
Westminster Abbey at public ex- 
pense, 22nd Feb., 1806. 



Pitt, Thomas, governor of Fort St. 
George, proprietor of the famous 
diamond, and grandfather of the 
earl of Chatham, d. 1726. 
Pitt, William, earl of Chatham, b. 
1708, d. 11th May, 1778, and 
buried at the public expense in 
Westminster Abbey, 9th June 
following. 
Pitt, Rev. Christopher, British poet, 

b. 1699, d. 1748. 
Pitt's straits, in the East Indies, dis- 
covered 30th April,4760. 
Pittacus, Grecian sage, b. about 650 

B.C.; d. 579 B.C. 
Pitua, Nicholas, engraver, d. 1671. 
Pius, order of knighthood, at Rome, 

began, 1560. 
Pix or box to contain the host or- 
dered by the Lateran council,1215. 
Pizarro, Admiral Fran., assassinated 
1541, aged 63. 

Plagues The whole world visited 

by one, B.C. 767 ; in Rome, when 
10,000 persons died in a day, 78 , 
in England, 762 ; in Chichester, 
when 34,000 perished, 772 ; in 
Canterbury, 788 ; in Scotland, 
which swept away 40,000 in- 
habitants, 954; in England, 1025, 
1247, and 1347, when 50,000 
died in London, 1500 in Leicester, 
&c. ; in -Germany, which cut off 
90,000 people, 1348; . in Paris and 
London very dreadful, 1367; again, 
1379 ; in London, which killed 
30,000 persons, 1407 ; again, when 
more were destroyed than in 15 
years' war before, 1477 ; again, 
when 30,000 died in London, 
1499 ; again, 1548 ; again, 1594 ; 
which carried off in London a 
fourth part of its inhabitants, 1604; 
at Constantinople, when 200,000 
persons died, 1611 ; at London, 
when 35,417 died, 1625 and 1631 ; 
at Lyons, in France, 60,000 died, 
1632; again at London, , which 
destroyed 68,000 persons, 1665 ; 
at Messina, Feb. 1743; at Algiers, 
1755; in Persia, when 80,000 
persons perished at Bassorah, 
1773; at Smyrna, that carried off 
about 20,000 inhabitants, 1784; 
and at Tunis, 32,000,1784; in 
n 3 



274 



PL A 



POL 



Levant, 1786; at Alexandria, 
Smyrna, &c, 1791; in Egypt, 
1792, where near 800,000 died ; 
the yellow fever destroyed 2000 at 
Philadelphia, 1793 ; on the coast 
of Africa, particularly at Barhary, 
3000 died daily ; at Fez, 247,000 
died in June, 1799; 1800 died at 
Morocco in one day, 1800 ; in 
Spain and at Gibraltar, where great 
numbers died, 1804-5; at Malta, 
where it committed great ravages, 
1813; in lesser Asia, Syria, and 
the adjacent islands, by which 
Smyrna is computed to have lost 
30,000 persons, 1814; in the 
kingdom of Naples, where it com- 
mitted considerable ravage's, 1816. 
Plagues, ten, of Egypt, inflicted B.C. 
1494. 

Plantin, Chris., celebrated printer of 
Antwerp, b. 1514, d. 1589. 

Plaster of Paris, the manner of tak- 
ing likenesses in, first found out 
by And. Verocchio, 1470. 

Plate, silver, except spoons, prohi- 
bited in public-houses by act of 
parliament, 1696. 

Plate glass, manufactory of, estab- 
lished in Lancashire, 1773 ; first 
made in France, 1688. 

Plate act passed, May, 1756 ; repealed 
1780. 

Plated ware exported in 1799 was 

valued at 18,172/. 18*. 
Platina, historian, d. 1481, aged 60. 
Plato b. 430, d. 347 B.C. 
Platoff, general count, d. Ap., 1818. 
Plautus d. 184 B.C. 
Playfair, John, geologist and mathe- 
matician, b. 1749, d. 1819. 
Playford, John, English musician and 

composer, b. 1613, d. 1693. 
Plays first performed in England, 

1378 ; those by the clerks, 1390 ; 

suppressed by parliament, 1647 ; 

restored, 1659. 
Plays required by parliament to be 

licensed by the lord chamberlain, 

1737. 

Pleading in courts of judicature intro- 
duced, 788 ; changed from French 
into English, 1362. 

Pleshey castle, Essex, built by the 
Romans. 



Pleures, in Switzerland, destroyed by 
the falling of part of a mountain, 
when 2000 people perished, 28th 
Aug. 1618. A town in the same 
district was buried in a similar 
manner in the 13th century. 

Pliny the Elder d. 79, aged 56. 

Pliny the Younger b. 62, d. 116. 

Plot, Dr. Robert, antiquary and na- 
turalist, b- 1640, d. 1696. 

Pluche, Anthony le, French writer, 
b. 1688, d. 1761. 

Plunket, Oliver, titular archbishop 
of Dublin, hanged at Tyburn with 
Edward Fitzharris, 1st July, 1681. 

Plutarch d. 119, aged 69. 

Plumptree, Rev. Robert, miscellane- 
ous writer, b. 1770, d. 1832. 

Plymouth victualling office burned, 
when 3000/. damage was sustained, 
22nd July, 1779 ; another fire in 
Southside-street destroyed 30,000/. 
worth of property, 1795. 

Poaching prohibited by act passed 
1753 ; reduced to a trespass, 1831. 

Pocock, Rev. Dr. Edward, b. 1604, 
d. 1691. 

Pococke, Dr. R., bishop of Meath, 
the traveller, b. 1704, d. 1765. 

Poet laureate, the first appointed in 
England, 1487. 

Poggio, the reviver of Greek and 
Latin literature, b. 1380, d. 1459. 

Poilly, Francis, engraver, b. 1622, 
d. 1693. 

Poisoning made treason, 1582. 

Poissonnier, Peter Isaac, physician, 
first lecturer on chemistry at Paris, 
b. 1720, d. 1798. 

Poland, once the country of the Van- 
dals, who left it to invade the 
Roman empire ; it was made a 
duchy, 694 ; kingdom of, began 
by father of Otho III., emperor of 
Germany, under Boleslaus, 999 ; 
Red Russia added to it, 1059; 
Pomerania, that had been separated 
180 years, again united with it, 
1465 ; embraced Christianity, 965 ; 
order of the white eagle instituted, 
1705; Augustus vacated his throne, 
1707 ; endeavoured to recover it, 
1709; pacification treaty, 1717; 
Augustus Stanislaus carried off by 
the confederates and wounded, 3rd 



POL 



POX 



275 



Xov. 1771 : the kingdom seized 
and divided between Prussia, Rus- 
sia, and Germany, 1773. So late 
as the 13 th. century, the Poles re- 
tained the custom of killing old 
men when past their labour, and 
such children as were horn imper- 
fect. A general revolution. 14th 
April, and the crown made heredi- 
tary in the Saxon family, 3rd May, 
1791. The sovereignty dissolved, 
and the kingdom divided between 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 25th 
Nov. 1795, and the king retired 
on a pension of 200,000 ducats. 
Invaded by Buonaparte, 1806. As- 
sembled a general diet at Warsaw, 
to recover her political existence, 
28th June, 1812. United to Rus- 
sia, whose sovereign has the title 
of king of Poland, 1815. Every 
person in the kingdom to be a sol- 
dier, fi-om the age of 20 to 30, 17th 
Oct. 1816. Insurrection of, 29th 
Xov. 1830 ; subdued and restored 
to Russia, 7th Sept. 1831 : War- 
saw surrendered, 8th Sept. 1831. 
Poland, kings of, from Sigismund, son 
of the king of Sweden : — 
Sigismund III. began - 1587 

Uladislaus VII. - - 1632 

John II. - - - 1648 

Michael, a Russian prince - 1669 
John III. Sobieski - - 1671 
Frederick EL elector of Sax- 
ony 1698 
Stanislaus I. - - - 1704 
Frederick EL again - - 1 7 1 
Frederick III. - - 1733 

Stanislaus EL, count Poniatowski, 
1764, who resigned the regal dig- 
nity in 1795, when his kingdom 
was divided between Russia, Aus- 
tria, and Prussia, and he died at 
Petersburgh. 11th Feb. 1798. 
Pole, cardinal, d. 18th Nov. 1558, 
aged 58. 

Polemberg, a Dutch painter, b. 1586, 
d. 1660. 

Policies of insurance, taxed 1782; 

increased 1808. 
Policy of insurance in writing, first 

used at Florence, 1523. 
Polidore de Caravaggio, b. 1495, d. 

]543. 



Polignac, Prince, the faithful minister 
of Charles X. of France, tried and 

j condemned to perpetual imprison- 

! ment,21st Dec, 1830. 
Politian. Angelus, eminent scholar, 
b. 1454, d. 1494. 

: Politician, the term first introduced 
in France, 1569. 

j Pollio, a Roman orator and poet, 
who occasioned the first library to 
be opened at Rome for public use, 

' d. 4 B.C. 

': Polliolo, Ant., a Florentine painter, 

b. 1436, d. 1498. 
Polycletus set up his statue of Juno 
at Argos, and flourished about 430 
B.C. 

' Polygnotus flourished 422 B.C. 
Poll-tax, first levied in England, 
1738; abolished bv William III. 

1 Polvbius, b. at Megalopolis 203 B.C. 
d. aged 82. 

[ Poltron, from pollex truncatus ; 
the inhabitants of France in former 
days cut off their thumbs to avoid 
serving in the army, hence the 
French used poltron, for coward. 
Polvgamv forbidden bv the Romans, 
393. 

j Pombal, Marquis de, statesman, b. 

1699, d. 1782. 
\ Pomerania, ceded by Sweden to 

Denmark, 1814, by Denmark to 
j Prussia, 1815. 

, Pomfret, Rev. Mr., the poet, d. 1764, 
aged 44. 

Pompadour, Marchioness de, d. 1764. 
j Pompey, killed in Egypt 49 B.C., 
aged 59. 

Pomponius, Mela, the geographer, 
d. in 45. 

Poniatowski, Prince, drowned in the 

Elster after the battle of Leipsic, 

19th Oct., 1813. 
Pons, Louis, celebrated Florentine 

astronomer, d. 14th Oct., 1831. 
Ponca, painter, b. 1510, d. 1592. 
Pome, Paul, sculptor, fl. 1562. 
Ponsonby, George, an eminent Irish 

lawyer, and upright statesman, b. 

5th March, 1755, d. 6th July, 

1817. 

Ponsonby, Miss, the companion of 
Lady Eleanor Butler, d. at Llan- 
gollen, X. Wales, in 1832, aged 76. 



276 PON 



POP 



Pontormo, James, b. 1493. 

Pontefract, or Pomfret Castle, York- 
shire, built 1069. 

Pool, Matthew, English divine and 
writer, b. 1624, d. 1679. 

Poole, Monmouthshire, had the floor 
of the Sessions-hall fall, when the 
court was sitting, and occasioned 
the death of several persons, 11th 
Aug., 1758. 

Poole, in Hampshire, fire at, by which 
the King's arms' tavern, custom- 
house, and two large store-houses, 
with their contents, were destroyed, 
20th April, 1813. 

Poor-rates in England began in 1 573. 
Besides the county rates for their 
support, they have 258,710/. per 
annum, in charitable donations. 

Poor-rates in 1580 amounted to 
£ 188,811 
1680 - 665,562 
1698 - 819,000 
1760 - 1,556,804 

1783 - 2,131,486 

1784 - 2,185,889 

1785 - 2,184,904 
In 1804, it was estimated that the 

whole amount, including dona- 
tions, was near four millions. 
In 1831, poor-rates in England 
and Wales amounted to 

8,339,087/. 
In 1816, the distress of the poor 
was so great, from the want of 
employment, that subscriptions 
were raised for their relief in 
almost every town in the united 
kingdom. 
Poor, act for the relief of, 1597. 
Pope Pius VIII., b. 1761, d. 1831. 
Pope, Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity 
College, Oxford, b. 1508, d. 1559. 
Pope, Alexander, the poet, d. 1744, 
aged 56. 

Pope, the legate of, caught in bed 
with a common prostitute, 1125. 
He had passed several rigorous 
canons against married priests. 

Pope gave a new constitution to his 
states, Aug. 1821.. 

Pope, the title of, formerly given to 
all bishops. The emperor, in 606, 
confined it to the bishops of Rome, 
and then their power began ; Hy- 



ginus was the first bishop of Rome 
that took the title, 154. Leo I. 
elected 10th May, 440; d. 461. 
The Pope's supremacy over the 
Christian church first established 
by Boniface III. 607. The cus- 
tom of kissing the pope's toe intro- 
duced, 708. Pope Stephen III. 
was the first who was carried to 
the Lateran on men's shoulders, 
752. The pope's temporal gran- 
deur commenced, 755. Sergius 

II. was the first pope that changed 
his name on his election, 844. 
John XJX. a layman, made pope 
by dint of money, 1024. The first 
pope that kept an army was Leo 
IX. 1054. Their assumed autho- 
rity carried to such excesses as to 
excommunicate and depose sove- 
reigns, and to claim the presenta- 
tions of all church benefices, by 
Gregory VII. and his successors, 
from 1073, to 1500. Pope Gre- 
gory obliged Henry IV. emperor 
of Germany, to stand three days, 
in the depth of winter, bare-footed, 
at his castle-gate, to implore his 
pardon, 1077. Pope Celestine 

III. kicked the emperor Henry 

IV. 's crown off his head, while 
kneeling, to show his prerogative 
of making and unmaking kings, 
1191. The pope's authority first 
introduced into England, 1079; 
abrogated by parliament, 1534. 
The pope demanded an annual 
sum for every cathedral and mo- 
nastery in Christendom, but re- 
fused, 1226. Collected the tenths 
of the whole kingdom of England, 
1226. Residence of the pope 
removed to Avignon, where it con- 
tinued 70 years, 1308. Their 
demand on England refused by 
parliament, 1363. Three at one 
time all pretending to infallibility, 
1414. Leo X. made a cardinal 
at 14 years old ; elected pope, 1 1th 
March, 1513, aged 36; d. 1521. 
Clement VII. began to reign, who 
brought pluralities to their con- 
summation, making his nephew, 
Hippolito, cardinal de Medicis, 
commendatory universal, granting 



POP 



POP 277 



to him all the vacant benefices in 
the world, for six months, and 
appointing him usufructuary from 
the first day of his possession, 
1523. Rome sacked, and Clement 
imprisoned, 1527. Moved their j 
residence to Avignon, 1531. The i 
"word Pope struck out of all Eng- 
lish books, 1541. Kissing the I 
pope's toe, and some other ridicu- 
lous ceremonies abolished, and the ; 
order of Jesuits suppressed by the j 
late Pope Clement XIV. 1773. j 
Visited Vienna to solicit the em- i 
peror in favour of the church, 
March, 1782. Destitute of all 
political influence in Europe, 1787. ! 



Burnt in effigy in Paris, 4th May, 
1791. Made submission to "the 
French republic, 1796. Expelled 
Rome, 15th Feb. 1791. 

Pope Pius VI. expelled Rome by tne 
French, and fled in exile, 4th Feb. 
1798, d. 1799. 

Popery, abolished by law in Eng- 
land, 1536. 

Popham, Sir Home, a British naval 
commander, former of a code [of 
signals, b.l762,d. 13th Sept. 1820. 

Popham, John, judge, b. 1531, d. 
1607. 

Popple, "William, English dramatic 
author, d. 1764. 



POPULATION. 



Estimate of Europe, in order to being contrasted with the population of 
China, which was estimated by the suite of Lord Macartney, at 150,000,000. 



Russia in Europe 

Denmark 

Sweden 

Poland 

Germany 

Hungary 

England 

Holland 

Switzerland 

Turkev in Europe 

Italy 

France 

Spain 

Portugal 



Population in 


Population in 


1794. 


1826-7. 


25,000,000 


44,220,600 


3,800,000 


2,012,998 


2,500,000 


2,864,831 


9,000,000 


4,088,000 


22,000,000 


14,648,641 


8,000,000 


9,471,263 


11,000,000 


13,089,338 


3,000,000 


2,444,550 


2,000,000 


1,985,000 


9,000,000 


9,545,300 


13,000.000 


13,090,000 


28,000,000 


32,897,152 


8,000,000 


13,933,959 


2,000,000 


3,144,000 


1-14,300,000 


167,343,632 



Total Russia. 



Confederation; 



278 POPUL 

Population of England — 

in 1377 was 2,092,978 souls. 
1483 4,689,000 
1688 6,500,000 
1786 8,000,000 
1801 10,942,646 
The population in Great Britain, at 
theeensusin 181 1 , was 1 1,800,000, 
exclusive of the army and navy, 
then about 50,000. From the 
returns of 1821, it appears the 
increase is about fifteen per cent. 
This will make the population of 
Great Britain then amount to 
14,000,000 of souls. Ireland con- 
tained 6,500,000 people, making 
the population of the British do- 
minions in Europe 20,500,000. 
The population of our North Ame- 
rican possessions cannot be less 
than 1,500,000; the population of 
the West India colonies, 900,000; 
Africa about 130,000 ; in the Medi- 
terranean, 150,000; colonies and 
dependencies in Asia, 2,040,000; 
and our other extensive territo- 
ries in the East Indies, perhaps 
70,000,000 of souls. The whole 
population of the British empire 
will,atthatrate,contain95,220,000 
of souls. The Russian, the next 
highest in the scale of civilised 
nations, contains 50,000,000 ; 
France, 30,000,000 ; and Austria 
an equal number. The Roman 
empire, in all its glory, contained 
120,000,000, one half of whom 
were slaves. When we compare 
its situation with that of the Bri- 
tish empire, in power, wealth, 
resources, and industry, in the 
arts, sciences, commerce, and agri- 
culture ; the preponderancy of the 
latter in the scale of nations and 
empires, is great and most remark- 
able. The tonnage employed in 
the merchant service is about 
2,640,000 tons for Great Britain ; 
the exports 51,000,000 ; including 
11,000,000 foreign and colonial; 



A T I O N. 

the import 36,000,000. The navy 
during the last war consisted of 
1000 ships of war; the seamen at 
present in the merchant service 
are about 174,000 ; the net revenue 
of the state 57,000,000Z. The 
capital of the empire contains 
1,200,000 persons, the same num- 
ber which Rome contained in the 
days of her greatest strength. The 
value fixed on landed property in 
Great Britain, as calculated by Mr. 
Pitt,in 1797, was 1,600,000,000/., 
and it may now be fairly taken at 
2,000,000,000/. The cotton ma- 
nufactures of the country are im- 
mense, and reach in the exports to 
20,000,000/., or one half of the 
whole. In short, taking every- 
thing into consideration, the Bri- 
tish empire, in power and strength, 
may be stated as the greatest that 
ever existed on earth, as it far 
surpasses them in knowledge, moral 
character, and worth. On her 
dominions the sun never sets; 
before his evening rays leave the 
spires of Quebec, his morning 
beams have shone three hours on 
Port Jackson, and while sinking 
from the waters of Lake Superior, 
his eyes open upon the Mouth of 
t^e Ganges. 

In England and Wales the propor- 
tion is 5f persons to a house, and 
in Scotland 5a. 

The proportion of inhabitants to a 
house differs very considerably in 
some of the counties of England ; 
the chief cause of this difference 
is the large towns, and particularly 
the sea-ports, which some of them 
contain, as in such places the in- 
habitants live more crowded toge- 
ther than in moderate sized inland 
towns. The difference in this 
respect between large towns and 
those of less extent will be shown 
with tolerable accuracy by the fol- 
lowing statements : — 



POP 



POPv 



279 



Inhabitants. 


Towns. 


Persons 
to a 


P nmilstitfVn m 

-L UUlUallUU 111 

J. OO-. 






House. 


864,845 


London .... 


« 5 


1,474,669 


84,020 


Manchester 


6| 

4 


187,022 


77,653 


Liverpool 


6* 

4 


165,175 


63,645 


Bristol 


6 


104,338 


43,194 


Plymouth 


9} 


31,080 


32,200 


Bath . . . . 


7-k 


38,063 


32,166 


Portsmouth 


6" 


50.389 


29,516 


Hull .... 




46,426 


28,366 


Newcastle . 


9 


42,760 


73,670 


Birmingham . . . 


5 


146,986 


53,162 


Leeds 


41 


123,393 


36,832 


Norwich . 


4 f 


61,110 


31,314 


Sheffield 


4 


91,692 


28,861 


Nottingham . • • 


5| 


50,680 


7,909 


Devizes 


5 


6,367 


7,668 


Salisbury 


4 
4 
4 

5 


11,672 


7,655 


Bury . 


'15,086 


7,579 


Gloucester 


'11,933 


7,531 


Wellington 


8,390 


7,398 
7,020 


Lincoln 


11,892 


Northampton . 


H 


15,351 


6,828 


Hereford 


5 


10.180 


6,730 


Newark 


5 


9,557 


6,505 


Tiverton 


H 


9,766 


6,794 


Taunton 


5 


12,148 



Total Population of England 
"Wales 
Scotland 
Ireland 



In 1821. 
11,261,437 
717,438 
2,093,456 
6,801,827 



Total of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. 20,874,158 



In 1831. 
13,089,338 
805,236 
2,365,807 
7,767,401 

24,027,782 



Grand Total of Great Britain, &c. and her Colonies, 138,704,589, in 
the year 1832. 



Porcelain of Saxony, brought to per- 
fection, 1706; at Chelsea, in Eng- 
land, 1752. 

Porchester Castle, Hampshire, built 
by the Romans. 

Porcupine, order of knighthood, began 
in France 1393. 

Pordenone, artist, b. 1484, d. 1540. 

Porson, Richard, an eminent hellenist 
and critic, b. 1759, d. 19th Sept., 
1808. 

Porta, John, Baptista, mathematician, 
b. 1445, d. 1515. 



Porta, a Florentine painter, b. 1469, 
d. 1517. 

Porter, Anna Maria, an English 
novelist, b. 1780, d. 1832. 

Porter, raised 2d. per gallon, 10th 
Jan., 1762; again 1801. 

Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
twelve principal brewers between 
the 5th L of July, 1807, and the 
5th of July, 1808. 

Barrels. 

Meux and Co. - 190,160 

Barclay and Perkins - 184,196 



280 



POR 



POR 



Brown and Parry - 131,647 
Hanbury and Co. - 117,574 
Whitbread and Co. - 111,485 
Coombe and Co. - 670,561 
Goodwyn and Co. - 70,232 
F. Calvert and Co. - 68,924 
Elliot and Co. - 48,669 

Biley and Co. - 38,030 

P. Calvert and Co. - 38,002 
Taylor and Co. - 32,800 

Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
first twelve houses from the 5th 
of July, 1811, to the 5th of July, 
1812. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Co. - 270,259 
Meux, Reid, and Co. - 188,078 
Hanbury and Co. - 160,164 
Whitbread and Co. - 122,446 
Calvert and Co. - 108,212 
H. Meux and Co. - 102,493 
Coombe and Co. - 100,824 
Goodwyn and Co. - 81,022 
Elliot and Co. - 58,035 

Cocks and Campbell, 

(Golden Lane) - 51,274 
Taylor - ' - 51,220 
Clowes and Co. - 34,010 
Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
twelve principal brewers, from the 
5th of July, 1815, to the 5th of 
July, 1816. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Perkins - 330,200 
Meux, Reid, and Co. 1 89,020 
Truman, Hanbury and 

Co. - - 185,041 

Whitbread and Co. . 168,855 
Henry Meux and Co. 1 1 4,277 
Coombe, Delafield, and 

Co. - - 100,655 

F. Calvert and Co. - 85,925 
Goodwyn and Co. - 77,249 
Taylor and Co. - 50,533 

Elliot and Co. - 46,567 

Cocks and Campbell - 36,101 
Hollingworth and Co. 31,273 
Porter, quantities of, brewed by the 
eleven principal brewers, from the 
5th of July, 1822, to the 5th of 
July, 1823. 

Barrels. 

Barclay and Perkins - 351,474 
Truman, Hanbury, and 

Co. - - 219,127 



Whitbread and Co. - 213,841 
Meux, Reid, and Co. 190,078 
Coombe, Delafield, and 

Co. - - 140,209 

F. Calvert and Co. - 107,858 
Henry Meux and Co. 103,499 
Goodwyn and Co. - 72,076 
Elliot and Co. - 61,649 

Taylor and Co. - 58,763 

Cross and Co. - 19,501 

Porter cask, a, at Messrs. Meux and 
Co.'s, Liquorpond Street, is 65* 
feet in diameter, 25a feet high, and 
has 56 hoops from one ton to three 
tons each; it contains 20,000 
barrels of porter; consists of 314 
staves of English oak, 2§ inches 
thick ; has been four years build- 
ing, and cost 10,000/. 
Port-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed by 
an earthquake, 7th June, 1692 ; 
by a fire, in 1703 ; and by a hur- 
ricane, 28th Aug., 1722; again 
by a storm, 20th Oct., 1744; had 
100,000Z. damage by a fire, 1750; 
by a terrible storm, 30th July, 
1784 ; by a fire, 13th July, 1815. 
Port-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, had 
150 houses burnt, 29th June,- 
1784 ; nearly the whole town was 
burnt by the rioters, 1st Dec. 
1791. 

Portsmouth, 20 men, women, and 
children, literally blown to atoms 
by the explosion of a barrel of 
powder at, 24th June, 1809. 
Portsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed 
by the British forces, 11th May, 
1779. 

Portsmouth dock-yard received 
400,000/. damage by a fire, 3rd 
July, 1760; again, 27th July, 
1770; which did 100,000?. da- 
mage ; and a third fire, 7th Dec, 
1776 when 60,000/. damage was 
done. 

Portsmouth, at the launch of the 
Princess Charlotte, the dock-bridge 
was burst open, and 60 persons 
drowned. 

Port-holes in ships of war, introduced 
1545. 

Porterage act passed, 21st June, 1799. 
Porte us, Beilby, bishop of London 
b. 1731, d. 1808. 



POR 



P S .281 



;Porteus, Capt., attending an execu- 
tion at Edinburgh, apprehending a 
rescue, ordered the soldiers to fire, 
14th April, 1736; accused of 
murder and convicted, but respited 
by Queen Caroline, 22nd June, 
1736 ; put to death by the mob 
at Edinburgh, 7th Sept., 1736. 

Portglaine, order began in Livonia, 
1196. 

Porto Rico, discovered 1497. 
Portugal, kingdom of, began 1 139 ; 
united to Spain in 1580, and con- 
tinued so till 1640, when they 
shook off the Spanish yoke. Go- 
vernment of, emigrated to the 
Brazils, 1807. Prince Regent of, 
declared war against France, 1st 
May, 1808, in consequence of 
France having invaded it. French 
expelled from it, 3rd April, 1811. 
Brazil and the two Algarves united 
to it as a kingdom, Dec. 1815. 
Portugal, kings and queens of, from 
John IV. 

John IV. began _ 1640. 

Alphonso — 1646. 

Peter II. — 1683. 

John V. — 1706. 

Joseph — 1750. 

Mary, the late queen 1777. 

John VI. — 1816. 

Don Pedro — 1816. 

Donna Maria — 1826. 
Portugal, usurpation of Miguel, in- 
vaded by Don Pedro in the name 
of Donna Maria, 1832. 
Portugal, King of, attempt to assas- 
sinate, 3rd Sept., 1758. 
Portugal, removal of the court of, 
from Lisbon to the Brazils, Nov. 
1807. 

Portugal, Queen of, visits London, 
6th Oct., 1828. 

Portuguese, ambassador's brother be- 
headed for murder, 1654. 

Postel, William, French writer, b. 
1510, d. 1581. 

Postlethwayt, Malachi, an English 
writer, b. about 1707. 

Posen, annexed to Prussia, 1815. 

Posing, in Hungary, destroyed by a 
fire, when 107 houses were burned 
down, 7th Sept., 1784; again, in 
April, 1803, when 283 houses 
were burned. 



Postage of letters advanced, 1784- 
97, 1801-10-12. 

Post, penny, began in London, 1681 ; 
established by government, 1711; 
the postage advanced two two- 
pence, 1801. 

Post-horses and stages established, 
1483 ; post-horse duty yielded 
147,865/. in 1787 ; first levied in 
1779. 

Posts, regular, established between 
London and most towns of Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, &c. 1635. 

Posts. The emperor Cyrus was the 
first who erected post-houses 
throughout the kingdom of Persia. 
Augustus was the first who intro- 
duced this institution among the 
Romans,and employed post-chaises. 
Louis XI. first established post- 
houses in France ; and they were 
not settled in England till the 12th 
Charles II. 

Post-offices first established in Paris, 
1462; in England, 1581; esta- 
blished in Germany, 1641 ; in the 
Turkish dominions, 1740; regu- 
lated by parliament, and made 
general in England, 1656 ; and in 
Scotland, 1695. Increased as 
follows : — 
It yielded, 

1644 5,000 per annum. 

1654 10,000 

1664 21,900 

1674 43,000 

1685 ' 65,000 

1688 76,318 

1697 90,505 

1710 111,461 

1714 145,227 f 

1723 20^805 >g rossamount - 

1744 235,492 ) 

1764 • 432,048 

C 141,829 management. 

1788 <{ 276,466 net produce. 

[ 418,285 gross amount, 
f 132,733 management. 

1789 j 308,109 net produce. 
£ 440,842 gross amount, 
f 139,650 management. 

1790 < 340,424 net produce. 
(_ 480,074 gross amount. 
C 125,070 management. 

1791 j 336,818 net produce. 
C 481,880 gross amount. 



282 P O S 



POW 



C 392,884 management. 
1807< 1,277,538 net produce. 

1,670,423 gross amount. 

C 585,033 management. 
1820 } 1,380,434 net produce. 

t_ 1,965,468 gross amount. 
jg9g$ 1,393,011 net produce. 

\ 1,530,205 gross amount. 



Post. The mail first conveyed by 
stage-coaches, began 2nd Aug., 
1785 ; began to be conveyed to 
Waterford by Milford Haven, 
1787. The increase of the reve- 
nue by the mail coaches was above 
30,000/. in 1789. 



POST-OFFICE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 

An Account of the gross and net Revenue, and Charges of Management in 
each of the last ten years. 



Years. 


Gross Receipt. 


Net Produce. 


Charges of 
Management. 




£ 


s. 


d. 


£ 


s. 


d. 


£ s. 


d. 


1824 


2,055,636 


17 


1 


1,438,780 


3 


2 


501,472 4 


6 


1825 


2,060,390 


2 


1 


1,517,621 
1,478,669 


16 





512,535 11 


3 


1826 


2,184,514 


15 


8 


15 





584,776 14 


8 


1827 


2,162,179 


15 


8 


1,366,853 


15 


11 


595,181 4 


2 


1828 


2,048,402 


7 


10 


1,396,355 


15 


5 


566,384 2 





1829 


2,024,418 


13 


8 


1,360,778 


19 





579.175 10 


2 


1830 


2,053,720 


11 


2 


1,368,307 


3 





594,349 3 


9 


1831 


2,064,334 


16 


4 


1,395,039 


16 


6 


574,578 9 


9 


1832 


2,034,603 


18 


6 


1,321,585 


16 


8 


557,313 12 


5 


3 833 


2,062,839 


7 


8 


1,391,469 


19 





552,734 9 


8 



Post-office, New, in London, began 

1822 ; opened 1828. 
Potatoes first brought into England 

from America, by Hawkins, 1563 ; 

introduced into Ireland by Sir 

"Walter Raleigh, 1586 ; not known 

in Flanders until 1650. 
Potsdam, the magnificent cathedral 

of St. Nicholas at, destroyed by 

fire, 4th Sept. 1795. 
Pott, Percival, surgeon, b. 1713, d. 

1788. 

Potter, archbishop, d. 1747, aged 75. 
Potter, Robert, poet, b. 1721, d. 
1804. 

Potter, Paul, Dutch painter, b. 1625, 
d. 1654. 

Pottery, valuable improvements and 
discoveries made in, by Mr. Wedge- 
wood, 1763. 

Poupart, Francis, physician and ana- 
tomist, d. at Paris 1708. 

Pourbus, Peter, d. 1580, aged 40. 

Pourbus, Francis, artist, d. 1622. 



Poussin, Gaspar, an Italian painter, 

b. 1613, d. 1675. 
Poussin, Nich., a French painter, b. 

1594, d. 1665. 
Powder mills at Dartford exploded, 

3 persons killed, 12th Oct. 1827. 
Powdering the hair arose from the 

ballad singers at the fair of St. 

Germain whitening their heads to 

appear ridiculous, 1614. 
Powdered hair taxed first, 5th May, 

1795. 

Powdersham castle, Devonshire, built 
970. 

Powell, a lawyer, walked from Lon- 
don to York and back again in six 
days, 27th Nov. 1773, above 402 
miles ; again, 20th June, 1788, 
when he was 57 years of age. 

Powell, George, English actor and 
dramatic writer, d. 1714. 

Powell, Sir John, judge, d. 1713. 

Powis castle, Montgomeryshire, built 
1110. 



POW 



PEE 



283 



Pownall, governor, author of a Trea- I 

tise on Antiquities, &c, b. 1722, 

d. 25th Feb. 1805, aged 84. 
Poyning's act repealed in Ireland, and 

independence* restored there, 17th 

May, 1782.' 
Praarmatic sanction first took place, 

1439 ; again, 1740. 
Pratt, S. T.. writer in prose and 

verse, b. 1749, d. 4th Oct. 1814. 
Pratt. Charles, earl Camden, b. 1713, 

d. 1794. 
Praxiteles lived about 350 B.C. 
Praying towards the east first ordained 

by the pope, 532. 
Precedence in England, table of: — 
The king's children and grandchild- 
ren. 

The king's brethren. 

The king's uncles. 

The king's nephews. 

Archbishop of Canterbury. 

Lord chancellor, or keeper, if a baron. 

Archbishop of York. 

Lord treasurer, lord president of the 

council, and lord privy seal, if 

barons. 

Lord great chamberlain, lord high 
constable, lord marshal, lord hi^rh j 
admiral, lord steward of the house- 
hold, and lord chamberlain of the 
household, above all the peers. 

Dukes. 

Marquesses. 

Dukes' eldest sons. 

Earls. 

Marquesses' eldest sons. 
Dukes' younger sons. 
Viscounts. 
Earls' eldest sons. 
Marquesses 1 younger sons. 
Secretary of state, if a bishop. 
Bishop of London. 
Bishop of Durham. 
Bishop of "Winchester. 
Bishops. 

Secretary of state, if a baron. 
Barons. 

Speaker of the house of commons. 
Lords commissioners of the great 
seal. 

Viscounts' eldest sons. 
Earls' younger sons. 
Barons' eldest sons. 
Knights of the Garter. 



Privy Councillors. 

Chancellor of the Exchequer. 

Chancellor of the duchy. 

Chief justice of the king's bench. 

Master of the rolls. 

Chief justice of the common pleas. 

Chief baron of the exchequer. 

Judges, and barons of the coif. 

Knights Banneret, royal. 

Viscounts' younger sons. 

Barons' younger sons. 

Baronets. 

Knights banneret. 

Knights of the Bath. 

Knights bachelor. 

Baronets' eldest sons. 

Knights' eldest sons. 

Baronets' younger sons. 

Knights' younger sons. 

Colonels. 

Serjeants at law. 

Doctors. 

Esquires. 

Gentlemen. 

Yeomen. 

Tradesmen. 

Artificers. 

Labourers. 

Married women and widows are en- 
titled to the same rank among each 
other, as their husbands would 
respectively have borne between 
themselves, except such rank is 
merely professional or official ; and 
unmarried women to the same 
rank as their eldest brothers would 
bear among men during the lives 
of their fathers. 

Precious blood. See Blood of Christ. 

Predestination established, 740. 

Presbyterian meeting-house, the first 
in England at Wandsworth, Sur- 
rey, 20th Nov. 1572. 

Presnitz, Bohemia, destroyed bv fire 
14th Aug. 1811. 

Press, office of censorship established 
in France, 21st Oct. 1814. 

Pressing seamen first adopted, 1355. 

Preston, in Somersetshire, 14 houses 
burned down, and many much in- 
jured by the fire, Dec. 1792. 

Preston guild established, 1172. 

Pretender, the old, b. 10th June, 
1688, d. 1776. 

Pretender, the young, his son, b. 



284 PRE 



PRO 



31st Nov. 1720 ; obliged to with- 
draw from the French court, 30th 
Nov., 1748; d. 31st Jan., 1788, 
without male issue. His natural 
daughter assumed the title of du- 
chess of Albany, and was born in 
1763 and died 1789. His brother, 
the cardinal, was born 6th March, 
1725. 

Prevot d'Exiles, French writer, b. 
1697, d. 1763. 

Price, Mr., glass-stainer, d. 1765. 

Price, Dr. Richard, divine and politi- 
cian^. 1723, d. 1791. 

Prichard, Mrs., celebrated actress, 
d. 1769. , 

Prideaux, Humphrey, historian and 
critic, b. 1648, d. 1724. 

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, b. 1733, d. 6th 
Feb. 1804. 

Primaticcio, Francesca, of Bologna, 
sculptor, b. 1490, d. 1570. 

Prince, John, English historian, b. 
1643, d. 1723. 

Prince of Wales's (Geo. IV.) debts 
paid by parliament, 24th May, 
1787; again, 1795. State of his 
debts, as laid on the table of the 
house of commons, June, 1795 : — 
Debts on various securities, and 
hearing interest, 500,571/. 19s. Id. 
Amount of tradesmen's bills un- 
paid, 86,7457. Tradesmen's bills 
and arrears of establishment, from 
30th Oct. 1794, to 5th April, 
1795, 52,573/. 5s. 3d. Total, 
639,890/. 4s. 4d. 

Prince Regent, his carriage windows 
broken in St. James's , Park, as he 
returned from opening parliament, 
28th Jan. 1817. 

Pringle, Sir John, physician, b. 1707, 
d. 1782. 

Printing was early practised by the 
Chinese in wooden blocks; this 
mode was invented at Strasburgh 
by Faust, 1440 ; and next year 
they had gone so far as to make 
separate types of wood. Metal 
types used by John Gottenburgh 
of Mentz, 1444, by whom the first 
book was printed, 1550. Types 
first cast by P. Schceffer, 1452. 
The art brought to England by 
William Caxton, a mercer of Lon- 



don, 1471. About that time Aldus 
cast the Greek alphabet, for a 
Greek book was printed (ap Aldi) 
1476. A Hebrew ditto, 1478. 
Introduced into Scotland, 1509. 
Stereotype first used at Paris, 1799. 
There are printed in Britain and 
Ireland alone, nearly 2000 books 
per annum ; in France, 1500 ; and 
in Germany, 4000. 
Printing presses licensed, 12th July, 
1790. 

Printsellers' property secured, 1777. 
Prior, Matthew, d. 18th Sept., 1721, 
aged 56. 

Priscianus, grammarian, flourished 
about A.D. 525. 

Prison, new debtors', whitecross-st., 
first stone of, laid, 5th July, 1813 ; 
completed, 1815. 

Privileged places in London, the fol- 
lowing, suppressed : — Minories, 
Salisbury-court, Whitefriars, Ram- 
alley,Mitre-court,Fulwood's-rents, 
Baldwyn's-gardens, the Savoy, 
Montague-close, Deadman's-place, 
the Clink, and the Mint, 1696. 
This last was not wholly suppressed 
till the reign of George I. 

Privy councillors protected, 1711. ^ 

Prize-money is by government divided 
into eight equal parts, and distri- 
buted in the following proportions : 
— Captains to have three-eighths, 
unless under the direction of a flag 
officer, who in that case is to have 
one of the said three-eighths. Cap- 
tains of marines and land forces, 
and lieutenants, &c, one-eighth. 
Lieutenants of marines, gunners, 
admiral's secretaries, &c, one- 
eighth. Midshipmen, captain's 
clerk, &c, one-eighth. Ordinary 
and able seamen, marines, &c> 
two- eighths. Given at St. James's, 
17th April, 1793. 

Procaccini, Julius Caesar, b. 1548, 
d. 1626. 

Procaccini, an Italian, b. 1546, d. 
1626. 

Procopius, historian, d. about 560. 
Proctus, Platonic philosopher, b. 410, 
d. 485. 

Prometheus struck fire from flints, 
about 1745 B. C. ; he being the 



PRO 



PRO 285 



first person, is said to have stolen 
it from Heaven ; became author of 
all the arts among the Greeks, 
1687,B.C. 

Promissory Notes regulated, 1705 ; 
taxed by a stamp, 1782 ; increased 
1804; again 1808 ; again 1815. 

Promotion of Christian Knowledge, 
Society for the, established 1699. 

Propertia de Rossi, of Bologna, sculp- 
tor, d. 1538. 

Propertius, Roman poet, d. B.C. 19. 

Propyleum, at Athens, bit. B.C. 432. 

Propagation of the Gospel in New 
England, Society for the, incor- 
porated 7th Feb., 1662. 

Prostration at the elevation of the 
mass ordained, 1201. 

Protagoras, Greek sophist, originally a 
porter, d. about 620 B. C. 

Protection by noblemen and Foreign 
ambassadors restrained by Parlia- 
ment, 1773. 

Protectorate. — That of the Earl of 
Pembroke began October, 1216; 
ended by his death the same year. 
— Of the Duke of Bedford, began 
1422; ended by his death, Sept., 
1435.— Of the Duke of Glouces- 
ter, began April, 1483 ; ended by 
his assuming the royal dignity, 
June, 1483. — Of Somerset, began 
1547 ; ended by his resignation, 
1549. — Of Oliver Cromwell, began 
Dec, 1643; ended by his death, 
1658.— Of Richard Cromwell, be- 
gan 1658 ; ended by his resigna- 
tion, April, 1659. 

Protestants were in the minority in 
the diet of Spires, 17th April, 
1530, when the decree for sup- 
porting the doctrines of the church 
of Rome was protested against. 
Hence the term Protestants given 
to the Reformers. They were 
tolerated in Germany, 1624; in 
Bohemia, 1 707 ; in Hungary, 1 784 ; 
in France,! 792 ; in Portugal, 1 801 . 

Protestant Dissenters' petition against 
Lord Sidmouth'sbill; 600 petitions 
presented, signed by 100,000 males 
in 48 hours, 21st May, 1811. 

Protogenes, of Rhodes, fl. 328 B.C. 

Provenzale, eminent in mosaic, b. 
1575, d. 1639. 



Provisions, London prices of, in the 
reign of Queen Elizabeth. The 
following items are extracted from 
an old household account, far the 
years 1594 and 1595 : — 

£ s. d. 

Paid, 26th March, for 104 
lbs, of butter, received 
out of Gloucestershire, 
whereof 16 lbs. at 3£c?. 
and the rest at 3d. per lb. 16 8 
Salt for the said butter - 6 
Carriage of the said butter 

from Bristol to London 4 6 
Paid, 29th Mar., for a fore- 
quarter of lamb, with the 
head - - - 2 2 
A capon - - - - 1 2 
Nine stone of beef, at 18c?. 

the stone - - - 1 3 6 
A quart of Malmsey - Q 8 
Four pounds of soap - 10 
Paid, 3rd April, for a lamb 5 
A dozen of pigeons - 2 4 
Twenty-eight eggs - 8 

Paid, 6th* April, for three 

pecks of fine flour - 2 6 
A side of veal - - 8 
A calfs head - - - 10 
A pint of claret wine - 3 
Paid, 3 1 st July, for a peck 

of oysters - - 4 

Paid, 19th Aug., for Haif- 
a-peck of filberts - 6 
Paid, 9th Feb., 1595, for 

half-a-hundred oranges 9 
Provisions, price of, at different 
periods, as follows : — 

A fat ox, 12c?. ; sheep, 4c?. ; pro- 
vender for 20 horses, 4c?. ; bread 
for 100 men, 12c?., 1177. 

Wheat 12c?. the quarter ; beans 
and oats, 4c?., 1216. 

Goose, id. ; lamb at Christmas, 
6c?. ; all the rest of the year, 4c?. ; 
two pullets, \\d. 1299. 

Fat ox, 11. 4s. ; sheep, Is. 2c?. ; 
hog, 3s. 4o?. ; two chickens, Id. ■ 
4pigeons,lc?. ; 24 eggs,lc?. ; wheat, 
beans, and pease, 20s. the quarter. 
Wheat, 30s. the quarter, 1315. 
Wine, 20s. the tun, 1316. 
Barley, Is. the quarter, 1317. 
Wheat, Is. the quarter ; malt, 
16c?.; 1454. 



285 



PRO 



PU M 



Wheat, 3s. the bushel, 1486. 

Wheat, 20d. the bushel, 1491. 

Wheat, 4s. the bushel; claret, 
30s. the hhd,, 1493. 

Wheat, 15s. the quarter, 1527. 

A barrel of beer, with the cask, 
6d., and four great loaves for lc?., 
1553. 

Wheat, 14s. the quarter, 1558, 
and 61. in 1726. 

Flour, 10s. the bushel, 1596, 
and 18s. in 1796. 

Living 7 times cheaper in 1066 ; 
six times cheaper in 1381 ; ten 
times cheaper in 1403 ; four times 
cheaper in 1440 ; three times and 
a half cheaper in 1498 ; near five 
times cheaper in 1500 ; than in 
1796. 

Prussia, anciently possessed by the 
Venedi, whose kings were de- 
scended from Athirius, first king 
of the Heruli, on the Baltic, 320 
B. C The Venedi were con- 
quered by the Borussi, who in- 
habited the Riphsean mountains. 
Thence the country was called 
Borussia, or Prussia, which was 
subdued by the Mercian knights 
sent by the Emperor Frederick II. 
1215 ; weary of the extortions of 
their governors, they revolted to 
Jagello, king of Poland, 1219.— 
The grand master of the Teutonic 
order conquered the Poles, and 
kept possession till 1700, when he 
was made a king. — The king of, 
visited England, 1744; seized part 
of Poland, 1773 and 1795.— Re- 
nounced all connexion with Eng- 
land, in compliance with the treaty 
of Tilsit, 1 5th Feb., 1808.— Queen 
of, d. 19th July, 1810.— Formed 
a treaty of Alliance with France, 

5th March, 1812 Formed a 

treaty of Alliance with Russia 
against France, 2nd Feb., 1813. 
Part of Saxony added to the do- 
minions of Prussia, 1815. 
Prussia, Kings of, from Frederick I. 
their first king : — 
Frederick I. began - 1701 
Frederick William I. - 1713 
Frederick II. - 1740 



Frederick William II. - 1786 
Frederick William III. the 

present king - - 1798 

Prussian blue first invented by a 
native of Berlin, 1707. 

Prynne, William, b. 1600 ; tried by 
the star-chamber, 1633 ; stood in 
the pillory, May, 1634; again, 
1637; took his seat in the long 
parliament, 28th Nov., 1640; d. 
24th Oct., 1669. 

Psalmanazar, George, the pretended 
Japanese, d. 1763, aged about 84. 

Psalms of David, translated by Sterna- 
hold and Hopkins, 1552. 

Ptolemy, Claudius, b. about A. D. 
70. 

Public Debt. See National Debt. 

Public-houses, a power of licensing 
them first granted to Sir Giles 
Mompesson and Sir Francis Mi- 
chel, for their own emolument, 
1620. Their number in Great 
Britain, in 1790, was 76,000. In 
the city of London, and within the 
bills of mortality, there are at pre- 
sent 5024 licensed public-houses ; 
and it is calculated that the money 
expended in beer and spirits in 
those places, by the labouring peo- 
ple only, amounts to upwards of 
3,000,000*. sterling a year. 

Public funds originated at Florence, 
1344. 

Public funds. In a return of the 
average price of the public funds, 
by the commissioners for the reduc- 
tion of the national debt in each 
year since 1786, it appears the 
three per cents, were 50-1 in 1798 ; 
and in January, 1824, 80-5-10. 

Puffendorf, Samuel, d. 1694, aged 
63. 

Puget, Peter Paul, a Frenchman, b. 

1623, d. 1695. 
Pulzone, Scipio, b. 1550, d. 1588. 
Pulci, Luigi, poet, b. 1431, d. about 

1490. 

Pulteney, William, b. 1682, struck 
out of the list of councillors, July, 
1731; d. Earl of Bath, 1764. 

Pulteney, Richard, physician and 
botanist, b. 1730, d. 1801. 

Pumps, water, first invented 1425. 



PUN QUE 287 



PUNISHMENTS, CAPITAL, IN LONDON AND MIDDLESEX. 





1st Period, 


1827-28-29. 


2nd Period, 


1830-31-32. 


CRIMES. 




















Executed. 


Committed. 


Executed. 


Committed. 


Burglary and house- 










breaking - 


19 


311 


3 


288 


Coining 


4 


18 


none 


12 


Forgery 


8 


50 


none 


61 


Horsestealing 


4 


58 


none 


48 


Stealing in a dwell- 










ing-house 


5 


213 


1 


192 


Sheep-stealing 


2 


22 


1 


17 


Total 


42 


672 


5 


618 



Purcell, Henry, musician and com- 
poser, b. 1658, d. 1695. 

Purgatory, the doctrine of, invented 
250 ; introduced into the church, 
593. 

Purification of the Virgin, festival of, 

appointed 542. 
Purple, discovery of it, about 500 

B. C. 

Purple, the, given to the Cardinals 

by Paul II. 1465. 
Putney-bridge, built 1726. 
Pye, Henry James, poet laureate, b. 

1745, d. 11th Aug., 1813. 
Pyle, Thomas, English divine, b. 

1674, d. 1756. 



Pym, John, lawyer, b. 1584, d. 1643. 
Pynaker, Adam, landscape painter, 

b. 1621, d. 1673. 
Pynson, Richard, printer, d. about 

1529. 

Pyramids, in Egypt, built B.C. 1430. 

Pyrrho, founder of the sceptics, b. 
B. C. 340, d. 288. 

Pyrrhus began to reign at Epirus, 
295 ; lost 20,000 in battle with 
the Romans to their 5,000 ; killed 
by a woman's throwing a tile at 
him, 272 B. C. 

Pythagoras d. 506 B.C. aged 80. 

Pythagoras' s School, Cambridge, built 
1092. 



QuACK medicines taxed, 1785; 

increased, 1803. 
Quadrants, astronomical, introduced 

290 B.C. 

Quaker's affirmation first accepted as 
an oath, 1702 ; first admitted to 
a seat in parliament, 14th Feb. 
1833. 

Qualifications for members of parlia- 
ment, act passed, 1711. 

Qualifications for justices of the peace 
act passed, 1732. 

Quarles, Francis, English poet and 
writer, b. 1592, d. 1644. 

Quebec built, 1603 ; public and pri- 



vate stores at, and three wharfs, 

destroyed by fire, 3rd Sept. 1815; 

damage estimated at 260,000/. 
Quebec, palace of St. Louis at, built 

by the French, 1690; destroyed 

by fire, 23rd Jan. 1834, value 

about 30,000/. 
Quebec taken by general Wolfe, 18th. 

Sept. 1759. 
Quebec, cholera breaks out at, for the 

first time in N. America, 8th June, 

1832. 

Queen Adelaide of England's dower 
bill, securing to her majesty 
100,000/. per annum, besides the 



288 



QUE 



RAI 



demesne of Bushy Park, in the 
event of the king's demise, received 
the royal assent, 2nd Aug. 1831. 

Queen Caroline. See Caroline. 

Queen Charlotte, consort of George 
III., d. at Kew, 17th Nov. 1818, 
aged 75 ; annuity on the king's 
death settled at 100,000/., 1762. 

Queen of the Sandwich Islands died 
in London of small-pox, 14th Julv, 
1824. 

Queen, Indiaman, blown up at Bra- 
zil, 14th July, 1800. 

Queen transport parted her cables in 
a gale at Falmouth, and was 
wrecked on Trefusis Point, by 
which 369 persons out of 473 
perished, Jan. 1814. 

Queen's college, Oxford, founded, 
1340 ; greatly damaged by a fire, 
which totally destroyed one of the 
wings of the building, 18th Dec. 
1778. 

Queen's college, Cambridge, founded 
1448. 

Queen's ware, pottery invented by 

TTedgewood, 1760. 
Queens of England, France, and 

Scotland, in England at the same 

time, 1517. 



Quellinus, Erasmus, painter, of Ant- 
werp, b. 1607, d. 1678. 

Quellinus, Arthur, sculptor, fi. 1640. 

Quesne, Abraham du, French admi- 
ral, b. 1610, d. 1688. 

Quesnoy, James de, of Brussels, 
sculptor, b. 1570, d. 1645. 

Quevedo de Yillegas, Francis, Spanish 
poet, b. 1580, d. 1645. 

Quick, a celebrated comedian, b.1748, 
d. 1831. 

Quicksilver, nse of, in refining silver 

ore, discovered 1540. 
Quills first made into pens, 635. 
Quin, James, the comedian, b. 1693, 

d. 1766, aged 73. 
Quinault, Phil., French writer, b. 

1636, d. 1688. 
Quincy, Dr. John, eminent English 

physician, d. 1723. 
Quincy, le marq., French engineer 

and military author, d. 1720. 
Quintiiian, b. A. D. 42 ; d. 94. 
Quintin Mesius or Matsys, the smith 

of Antwerp, a painter, b. 1460, d. 

1529. 

Quirini, Cardinal, the learned tra- 
veller, b. 1680, d. 1755. 

Quito, in Peru, swallowed up, by an 
earthquake, 24th April, 1755. 



B. 



R 



,ABEL, Jonn. painter, flourished 
in the 16th century. 
Rabelais, Francis, French writer, b. 

1483, d. 1553. 
Rabutin, Count de Bussv, b. 1618. 
d. 1693. 

R&by Castle, Durham, built 1020. 
Racan, Marquis de, poet, b. 1589, 
d. 1670. 

Racine, John, dramatist, b. 1C39, d. 
1699. 

Racine, Louis, poet, d. 1763, aged 7 1 . 
Racine, Mrs., novelist, d. 1823, aged 
62. 

Radcliffian Library, Oxford, began 

building, 12th May, 1737; opened 

13th April, 1749." 
Radcliffe, Dr. John, b. 1650, d. and 

left 40,000/. to the Universitv of 
. Oxford, 1st Nov., 1714. His 

statue erected, 21st Dec. 1723. 



Radcliffe. Anne, writer of romances, 

b. 1764, d. 1823. 
Radnor Forest destroved by fire, 

Aug., 1800. 
Radziville, in Gallicia, nearly con- 
sumed by fire, 5th May, 1804. 
Raikes, R., planner of sundar-schools, 

b. 1735, d. 1811. 
Raibolina, Fran., painter, of Bou- 
logne, b. 1450, d. 1518. 
Railroads : — 
Aber Dulas, Glamorganshire, act 

for, 7th George IV. 
Airdree, Scotland, act for, 1826. 
Berwick and Kilso, act for, 1811. 
Bolton and Leigh, acts for 1825-28. 
Brandlings, Yorkshire, act for 1758. 
Bristol and Gloucestershire, act for 
1828. 

Canterburv and Whitstable, acts for, 
passed 1825-27-28. 



R A I 



RAM 289 



Clarence, countv of Durham, acts 

for, passed 1828-29. 
Cromford and High Peak, Derhy, 

act for, 1825. 
Crovdon, Surrey, acts for, passed 

1803-6. 

Dean Forest, acts for, passed 1809 
—1826. 

Dundee and Newtvle, Scotland, acts 

for, passed 1826-30. 
Edinburgh and Dalkeith, acts for, 

passed 1826-29. 
Testiniary, Merionethshire, com- 
menced, 24th Feb., 1833. 
Garnkirk and Glasgow, acts for, 

passed 1827-30. 
Gloucestershire and Avon, acts for, 

passed 1828. 
Gloucestershire and Cheltenham, 

acts for, passed 1809-15. 
Kilmarnock, act for, passed 1808. 
Kington, Herefordshire, act for, 

passed in 1818. 
Kirkintilloch, Scotland, acts for, 

passed 1824. 
Leeds and Selby, act for, passed 

1830. 

Leicester and Swannington, act for, 

passed 1830. 
Liverpool and Manchester, 30 miles 

and three-quarters in length, acts 

for passed, 1826-27-28-29. 
Manchester and Oldham, act for, 

passed 1826. 
Mansfield and Pinxton, act for, 

passed 1817. 
Monmouth, act for, passed 1810. 
Nanthe, Caernarvonshire, acts for, 

passed 1825-27-28. 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, act for, 1829. 
Penrhynmaur, act for, passed 1812. 
Plvmouth and Dartmouth, 1819- 

20-21. 

Redruth and Chaswater, act for, 182 4. 
Saint Helen's, Lancashire, act for, 

passed 1830. 
Stockton and Arlington, County 

Durham, acts for, passed 1821- 

23-24-28. 
Stratford and Moreton, act for, 

passed 1821-25. 
Surrey, Iron, acts for, passed 1801- 

1805. 

Warrington and Newton, acts for 
passed 1 829-30. 



Wigan, Lancashire, act for, passed 
1830. 

Raimondi, M. Anton., painter, b. 
1488, d. about 1540. 

Rain, violent in Scotland, for five 
months, 553 ; a continual rain in 
Scotland for five months, 918; a 
violent one in London, 1222 ; 
again, 1233 ; so violent, the har- 
vest did not begin till Michaelmas, 
1330; so heavy that the corn was 
spoiled, 1335 ; from the beginning 
of October to December, 1338 ; 
from Midsummer to Christmas, so 
that there was not one day or night 
dry together, 1348 ; again violent, 
1365; in Wales, which destroyed 
10,000 sheep, 19th Sept., 1752; 
in Languedoc, which destroyed the 
village of Bar le Due, 26th April, 
1776; in the north of England, 
1789 ; in the Island of Cuba, on 
the 21st June, 1791, when 3000 
persons and 11,700 cattle of various 
kinds perished, by the torrents 
occasioned by the rain. In the 
summer of 1816, the harvest was 
much injured by continued rains, 
in various places on the Continent, 
as well as in England. 

Rain storms and winds, first painted 
by Lorenzetti; 1330. 

Raine, Matthew, D. D., master of 
the Charterhouse-school, b. 1760, 
d. Oct., 1810. 

Raine's Charity, commenced 1758, 
to portion out four young women. 

Rainbow, the theory of, given by De 
Dominis, 1611 ; improvements in 
1689. 

Rainolds, John, suggested the present 
translation of the Bible, in which 
he assisted, b. 1549, d. 1607. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, beheaded 29th 

Oct., 1618, aged 65. 
Ralph, James, English historian and 

poet, d. 1762. 
Ram, Joseph, a black on the Morice 

Halls estate, Jamaica, d. at the age 

of 146 years, 1833. 
Rameau, J. P., musical composer, b. 

1683, d. 1767. 
Ramsden, Jesse, optician, b. 1735, 

d. 1800. 

Ramsey, Chevalier, b. 1686, d. 1743. 

o 



290 RAM 



REB 



Ramsay, Allan, Scotch poet, b. 1685, 
d. 1758. 

Ramsey, in Huntingdonshire, nearly 

destroyed by a fire, 21st May, 

1731 ; abbey built, 969. 
Ramsay, Allan, painter, d. 10th Aug., 

1784, aged 75. 
Ramsgate Theatre, fire at, 30th Nov. 

1829. 

Ramus, Peter, French writer, b. 
1515, d. 1572. 

Ranas, in Enzie, Scotland, burned 
down, 7th May, 1759. 

Ranc, John,painter, b. 1674, d. 1735. 

Randolph, Thomas, English poet, b. 
1605, d. 1634. 

Randolph, Peyton, first President of 
Congress of the United States, N. 
America, b. 1720, d. 1775. 

Ranger, from Newcastle to London, 
with coals, wrecked in a gale of 
wind, and all hands perished ex- 
cept the carpenter, 31st Aug.,1815. 

Rangoon, in the Birman empire, had 
6000 houses destroyed by fire, 
1814. 

Ransa Castle, Annan Isle, Scotland, 
built before 1380. 

Ran is a very old word in the laws of 
Canute, signifying robbery or ra- 
pine; hence the expression "he 
snatches all that he can rap and 
ran." 

Raoux, Peter, painter, b. 1674, d. 
1735. 

Rapin, Ren£, d. 1687, aged 66. 

Rapin, de Thoyras, English historian, 
d. 16th May, 1725, aged 64. 

Raphael, d'Urbino, painter, b. at 
Urbino, 1483, d. 1520. 

Rask, Erasmus, a Danish philologist 
and grammarian, d. 1833. 

Ratisbon, built 1187 B.C. 

Rats and Mice, so many constantly 
infested Hatton, a German Baron, 
that he built a tower close to the 
Rhine for his defence, in which he 
was ultimately killed by these ani- 
mals, 969. 

Ravenet, Mr., the engraver, d. 1774, 
aged 69. 

Ravensworth Castle, Yorkshire, built 
1030. 

Ravishing of women made a capital 
offence, 1279. 



Rawlinson, Dr. Richard, antiquary, 
d. 1755. 

Ray, Rev. John, the naturalist, b. 
1628, d. 1705. 

Raymond, Lord, judge, d. 1732. 

Raymond, John, painter, d. 25th 
Aug., 1784. 

Raynal, Abbe, historian, d. March, 
1796, aged 84. 

Read, an alderman of London, sent as 
a common soldier, for refusing the 
kingan arbitrary benevolence, 1544. 

Reading Abbey, founded 1130. 

Reaumur, M. de, the French philoso- 
pher, b. 1683, d. 1756. 

Reay, Miss, the mistress of Lord 
Sandwich, shot by the Rev. Mr. 
Hackman, as she was coming out 
of Covent Garden theatre, 7th 
April, 1779. 

Rebellions, remarkable, in British 
history : — Against William 1. in 
favour of Edgar Atheling, by the 
Scots and Danes, A. D. 1069. 
Against William II., in favour of 
his brother Robert, 1088 ; ex- 
tinguished, 1090 Of the Welsh, 

who defeated the Normans and 
English, 1095. — In England, in 
favour of the Empress Maude, 
1139 ; ended 1 153.— Prince Rich- 
ard, against his father, Henry II., 
1189.— Of the Barons, April, 
1215 ; compromised by the grant 
of Magna Charta, 15th June fol- 
lowing.— Of ditto, 1262 ; ended 
1267. — Of the lords spiritual and 
temporal against Edward II., on 
account qf his favourites the Gaves- 
tons, 1312 ; and again on account 
of the Spensers, 1321 Of Wal- 
ter, the tiler, of Deptford, vulgarly 
called Wat Tyler, occasioned by 
the brutal rudeness of a tax- 
gatherer to his daughter; having 
killed the collector in his rage, he 
raised a party to oppose the tax 
itself, which was a grievous poll- 
tax, 1381.— Of the Duke of Glou- 
cester and other lords, 1388. — 
Of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who 
caused Richard II. to be deposed, 

1399 In Ireland, when Roger, 

Earl of March, the viceroy and 
presumptive heir to the crown, was 



REB 



REG 



291 



slain, 1398.— Of the Welsh, under 
Owen Glendower, 1400. — Against 
Henry IV. by the earls of North- 
umberland and Salisbury, Owen 
Glendower, and others, 1403. — 
Under the Earl of Northumber- 
land, who was defeated atBramham 
Moor, and slain, 1458.— Of Jack 
Cade, in favour of the Duke of 
York, 1450. — In favour of the 
house of York, 1452, which ended 
in the imprisonment of Henry VI. 
and seating Edward IV. of York on 

the throne, 1466 Of the English 

in Yorkshire, owing to some en- 
croachment, respecting St. Leo- 
nard's hospital, in York, 1469 — 
Under Warwick and Clarence, 
1470, which ended with the expul- 
sion of Edward IV. and the restora- 
tion of Henry VI. the same year. — 
Under Edward IV., 1471, which 
ended with the death of Henry VI. 
— Of the Earl of Richmond, against 
Richard III. 1 485, which ended with 
tbe death of Richard. — Under Lam- 
bert Simnel, who pretended to be 
Richard III. 's nephew, 1486, which 
ended the same year, in discovering 
that Simnel was a baker's son : he 
was pardoned. — Under Perkin 
Warbeck, 1492, which ended in the 
execution of Warbeck, 1499. — 
Under Lord Audley, 1497, owing to 
taxes, which ended with the battle 
of Blackheath. — Of the English, on 
account of destroying the monas- 
teries, 1536 ; ended the same year. 
— Of ditto, in the West, owing to en- 
closures and oppressions of the 
gentry, June, 1549 ; suppressed tne 
same year. — Of ditto, in Norfolk, 
headed by Kett, the tanner, but soon 
suppressed, Aug., 1549 — In favour 
of Lady Jane Grey, against Queen 
Mary, 1553, which ended in the 

death of Lady Jane Of Sjr Thos. 

Wyatt, against the Queen's mar- 
riage with Philip of Spain, &c, 

1554 Of the Roman Catholics, 

against Queen Elizabeth, 1559; 
suppressed the same year. — In the 
North of England, 1569.— Of the 
Irish under the Earl of Tyrone, 
1599; suppressed, 1601. — Under 



the Earl of Essex, against Eliza- 
beth, 1600, which ended in his 
death, 1601. — Against Charles I. 
1639, which ended with his death, 
1649. — Of the Irish, under Roger 
More, Sir Phelim O'Neile, &c. 
against the English in Ireland, 
1641; ended, 1651. —Of the 
Scotch, 1666.— Under the Duke 
of Monmouth, 1685, which ended 
in his death. — Of the Scotch under 
the old Pretender, 1715 ; quelled, 
1716. — Of the Scotch, under the 
young Pretender, 1745 ; quelled, 
1746. — Of the Americans, on 
account of taxes, 1774. — In Ire- 
land, when they took up arms, 
24th May, 1798. 

Receipt tax, began 1782; amended 
1784-91-95, 1803-08-15. 

Recorde, Robert, first English writer 
on algebra, d. 1558. 

Records of the acts of the crown, 
began to be regularly kept, 1100 ; 
the first in the English language is 
dated in 1415. 

Records of Scotland, on their trans- 
mission by sea from England to 
Scotland, lost, 1295. 

Reculver Abbey, Kent, built 669. 

Red-eagle, in Prussia, revived 1792. 

Redemption, order of knighthood 
began, 1212. 

Reece, Richard, author of the " Me- 
dical Guide," &c. d. 1831. 

Reed, Isaac, commentator, b. 1742, 
d. 1807. 

Rees, Dr. A., editor of an encyclo- 
pedia, b. 1743, d. 1825. 

Reeve, Clara, English writer, d. Jan. 
1808, aged 70. 

Reflecting telescope, invented A.D. 
1657. 

Reform Bill, brought forward in the 

Commons by Lord John Russell, 

1st March, 1831. 
Reformation began in England by 

Wickliffe, 1370; in Germany by 

Jerome of Prague and Luther; 

completed by Henry VIII. 1534 ; 

established by Elizabeth, 1558. 
Reformation of manners, society for, 

formed 1689. 
Regatta on the river Thames, 22nd 

June, 1775. 

o 2 



292 



REG 



EEL 



Resent Street, commenced building 
1815. 

Regent s Canal, from Paddington 
to Limehouse, opened 1st Aug., 
1820. 

Regent's Canal, by the falling in of 
a bank, in undermining, 12 men 
were completely buried, of whoru 
four were dug out quite dead, 30th 
July, 1813. 

Regillo, Antonio, painter, b. 1484, 
d. 1548. 

Regimental clothing for the army, in- 
troduced into France bv Louis 
XIV. 

Regioniontanus, John Muller, astro- 
nomer, poisoued at Rome 1476. 

Registering shipping in the Thames, 
commenced 1786; in England ge- 
nerally, 1787. 

Registering -wills in Yorkshire, first 
permitted, 1707; in Middlesex, 
1709. 

Registers, parochial, of births, mar- 
riages, and burials, first appointed, 
1530-3. 

Registers, of births, baptisms, mar- 
riages, and burials, law for the 
better regulation of, 28th July, 
1813. 

Registers of places of religious -wor- 
ship, act relating to, commenced 
Sept. 1813. 

Regius, Urban, German reformer, d. 
1541, 

Regnant, Queen, the first in England, 
1553. 

Reguaudin, Thomas, sculptor, d. 1706, 
aged 79. 

Regnard, J. F., dramatist, b. 1647. 
d. 1709. 

Regnier, Mathurin, French -writer, b. 
1573, d. 1613. 

Reichstadt, Duke of, son of Napo- 
leon, and of the Archduchess Maria 
Louisa, of Austria, b. at Paris 
20th March, 1811, d. at the palace 
of Schoenbrunn, near Vienna, 22nd 
July, 1832. 

Relief bill, admitting Roman Catho- 
lics to place and power in England, 
passed 10th April, 1829. 

Religious houses suppressed by Henry 
VIII. in England, 1540, amounted 
to 1041; by the national assembly 



in France, 1790, amounted to 

4500 ; by the Emperor of Ger- 
many, in 1785, nearly 2000. 
Religions of European states : — 

Austria, an empire, Papists. 

Bavaria, a kingdom, Papists. 

Bohemia, a kingdom, Papists and 
Lutherans. 

Brandenburgh, a marquisate, Lu- 
therans, Calvinists, and Papists. 

Brunswick, a dukedom, Lutherans. 

Cologne, an archbishopric, Papists. 

Courland, a dukedom, Papists and 
Protestants. 

Denmark, a kingdom, Lutherans. 

England, a kingdom, church of 
England, and all others. 

France, a kingdom, Papists ; but 
Protestants tolerated. 

Genoa, a republic, Papists ; but 
the Jews tolerated. 

Germany, empire, Papists, Luthe- 
rans, and Calvinists. 

Greece, a kingdom, Christians,. 
Mahometans, Jews, &c. 

Hanover, a kingdom, Lutherans, 
Calvinists, &c. 

Hesse Cassel, an electorate, Lu- 
therans, Calvinists, and Papists. 

Hungary, a kingdom, Papists and 
Protestants. 

Ireland, a kingdom, all religions 
tolerated. 

Italy, various states, Papists. 

Lucca, a republic, Papists. 

Malta, an island, Papists. 

Mantua, a dukedom, Papists. 

Mecklenburgh Schwerin, a duke- 
dom, Lutherans. - 

Mecklenburgh Strelitz,a dukedom, 
Lutherans. 

Milan, a dukedom, Papists. 

Modena, a dukedom, Papists. 

Naples, a kingdom, Papists. 

Netherlands, a kingdom, Papists, 
Calvinists, &c. 

Norway, a kingdom, Lutherans. 

Osnaburgh, a bishopric,, Catholics 
and Protestants. 

Palatine, a principality, Papists 
and Lutherans. 

Parma and Placentia, a dukedom, 
Papists. 

Piedmont, a principality. Papists. 
Portugal, a kingdom, Papists. 



RELIGIONS. 



293 



Prussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, 
Calvinists, and Papists. 

Russia, an empire, Greeks, Calvin- 
ists, and Lutherans. 

Sardinia, a kingdom, Papists. 

Savoy, a dukedom, Papists. 

Saxony, a kingdom, Papists and 
Lutherans. 

Scotland, a kingdom, Presbyte- 
rians, Episcopacy tolerated. 

Siberia, in the Russian empire, 
Greeks and Armenians. 

Sicily, an island, Papists. 

Spain, a kingdom, Papists. 

Sweden, a kingdom, Lutherans, 
popery abolished, 1544. 

Switzerland, cantons, a republic, 
six are Protestants, seven are 
Papists. 

Tartary, various states, partly in 
Europe, Armenians, Mahome- 
tans, and Greeks. 

Triers, an archbishopric, Papists. 

Turkey, an empire, partly in Eu- 
rope, Mahometans, Jews, and 
Christians. 

Tuscany, a dukedom, Papists. 

Venice, a republic, Papists, Greeks, 
and Jews. 

United States of North America, a 
republic, Protestants, Episcopa- 
lians, &c. 
Religious orders, sects, &c. — 

Agnacobites, fanatics, began 701'. 

Albigenses, had their origin 1160. 

Anabaptists, began 1525; arrived 
in England 1549. 

Anchorites, began 1255. 

Anarelites, a set of heretics, A.D. 
494. 

Antinomian sect, began 1538. 

Antonines, began 329. 

Arian sect, began 290. 

Armenian heretics, began 1 229. 

Augustines, began 389; first ap- 
peared in England 1250. 

Bartholomites, sect of, founded at 
Genoa, 1307. 

Bartholomites, suppressed by Pope 
Innocent X. 1650. 

Barnabites, foundation of, in France, 
1533. 

Basil's, St., began 354. 
Begging" friars, established in France 
1587. 

Beguines, began 1208. 



Benedictines, founded 548. 
Bethlehemites, began 1248. 
Bonhommes, began 1257. 
Bohemian brethren, the sect of, 

began in Bohemia 1467. 
Brigan tines, began 1370. 
Brownists, sect began 1660. 
Calvinists, sect began 1546. 
Canons, regular, began 400. 
Capuchins, began 1525. 
Cardinals, began 853 ; red hats 

given them 1242; the purple 

1464 ; the title of eminence, 

1644. 

Carmelites, began 1141. 
Cannes, estab. in France, 1 254. 
Carthusians, began 1084. 
Catherine's, St., began 1373. 
Celestines, began 1272. 
Chaplines, began 1248. 
Cistercians, began 1094. 
Clareval, began 1114. 
Crossed friars, began 1170. 
Dominicans, began 1215. 
Flagellants, the sect of, arose 1259. 
Franciscans, began 1206 ; settled 

in England 1217. 
Gray friars, began 1 1 2*21 
Hermits, began 1257 ; revived 

1425. 

Holy Trinity, began 1211. 

Humbled, began 1164. 

Jacobites, began 1198. 

Jesuans, began 1367. 

Jesuits, society began 1536 ; ex- 
pelled England, 1604; Venice, 
1606; Portugal, Sept. 1759; 
France, 5th May, 1602 ; Spain, 
1767; Naples, 1768; Rome 
and Prussia, 1773; order abo- 
lished, 17th Aug. 1773; in 
Prussia and other states, 1776; 
revived in Russia, 1784; re- 
stored in Rome and other states, 
1814; all monks of the order 
of, banished from St. Peters- 
burgh, 2nd Jan. 1816. 

Jesus, the sisters of, society began 
1626. 

Lollards, began 1315. 

Lutheran sect, began 1517. 

Mahometan sect, began 622. 

Manichees' sect, began 343. 

Methodism, commenced 1730. 

Minimes, began 1450. 

Minors, began 1009. 



294 



REM 



REV 



Monks, first associated 328. 

Moravians, or Unitas Fratrum, 
appeared in Bohemia, 1457; in 
England, 1737. 

Muggletonians, sprung from L. 
Muggleton, a journeyman tailor, 
1647. 

Ophites, hegan 187. 

Orebites, hegan 1422. 

Pelagian sect, hegan 382. 

Penitent women, began 1494. 

Poor women, hegan 1212. 

Predestinarian sect, hegan 371. 

Protestants, hegan 1529. 

Puritans, hegan 1545. 

Publican sect, came first to Eng- 
land, 1162. 

Quakers' sect, began 1650. 

Quietists, began 1685. 

Repentants, began 1360. 

Sacramentarians, began 878. 

Swedenborgians' sect, hegan 1780. 

Theatins, founded ] 594 ; esta- 
blished at Paris, 1644. 

Trappists, order of monks solemnly 
installed at Port Ringeard, de- 
partment of Mayenne, 21st Jan. 
1815. 

Trinitarians, order of, instit. 1198. 

Tritheites, arose 560. 

Ubiquarian sect, hegan 1540. 

Unitarians, began 1553. 

Ursulines, established 1198. 

Valley, began 1218. 

White coats, began 1396. 

White monks, began 1319. 

Whippers, hegan 1055. 
Rembrandt, a celebrated Dutch his- 
toric painter, h. 1606, d. 1674. 
Reni, Guido, famous Italian painter, 

b. 1574, d. 1642. 
Rennie, John, engineer of the Ply- 
mouth Breakwater and of the j 

Waterloo Bridge, London, h. 1757, 

d. 4th Oct. 1821, aged 64. 
Rendlesham, Lord, house of, Suffolk, 1 

burnt down, 2nd Feb. 1830. 
Rent, the first made payable in money, j 

instead of kind, 1136. 
Rent, made recoverable by act of | 

parliament, passed 1731. 
Repton, Humphrev, landscape gar- j 

dener, b. 1752, d. 1818. 
Representatives in parliament, obliged 

to residence, 1413. 
Reprisals at sea, first granted 1295. I 



Requests, court of, began 1494. 
Restormel Castle, Cornwall, built 
1100. 

Restout, John, painter, b. 1692, d. 
1768. 

Retz, Cardinal, b. 1613, d. 1679. 
Revenue and expenses. — Taxes, &c. 
of England, at the Revolution, did 
not exceed 2,000,000/., but in 

1786, yielded 12,588,481/. In 

1787, 12,546,112/. In 1791, 
above 16,000,000/. 

Revenue. That the church revenues 
afford only a moderate competency 
to the clergy (if pluralities were 
forbidden) will be found by the 
present actual value of their re- 
ceipts ; from which it will appear 
that the revenue of the episcopal 
clergy amounts to 120,000/. per 
annum. 

Deans and chapters (about 1700 

persons), to 140,000/. 
Universities to 180,000/. per ann. 
Inferior clergy to 1,350,000/. 
This latter revenue is subdivided 
amongst 11,755 churohes, of 
which, at the commencement of 
Queen Anne's bounty, there 
were 5597 livings, the incomes 
of each of which did not exceed 
50/. per annum. 
A general view of the progress of 
the public revenue since the con- 
quest, by Sir John Sinclair, bart. 
William the Conqueror £400,000 
William Rufus - 350,000 
Henry I. - - 300,000 

Stephen . - 250,000 

Henry IT. - - 200,000 

Richard I. - - 150,000 

John - - 100,090 

Henry III. - 80,090 

Edward I. - _ 150,090 

Edward II. - 100,000 

Edward III. - 154,000 

Richard II. - 130,000 

Henrv IV. - 100,000 

Henry V. _ - 76,643 

Henry VI. - 64,976 

Edward IV. 

Edward V. - 100,000 

Richard III. 

Henry VII. - 400,009 

Henry VIII. - 800,000 

Edward VI. - 400,000 



REVENUE. 



295 



Mary - - 450,000 

Elizabeth - - 500,000 

James I. - - 600,000 

Charles I. - 895,819 

Commonwealth - 1,517,247 

Charles II. - 1,800,000 

James II. - - 2,001,855 

William III. - 3,895,205 

Anne (at the Union) 5,691,803 
George I. (including 

Scotland) - 6,762,643 
George II. (including 

Scotland) - 8,522,540 
George III. 1788, in- 
cluding Scotland - 15,572,971 
A general view of the public reve- 
nues of the principal states in 
Europe. 



Turkey 


5,000,000 


Russia 


5,800,000 


Prussia 


3,600,000 


Sweden 


1,000,000 


Denmark 


1,000,000 


Holland, before the 




Re^lution 
Austria - 


4,000,000 


12,400,000 


Hanover 


900,000 


Saxony 


1,100,000 


Bavaria and Palatinate 


1,100,000 


France, before the Re- 




volution 


18,000,000 


Spain 


5,000,000 


Portugal 


1,800,000 


Sardinia 


1,100,000 


Sicily 


1,400,000 


Venice 


1,000,000 



REVENUE, OR PUBLIC INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF 
GREAT BRITAIN FOR 1834. 

An Account of the Net Public Income of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, in the Year ending 5th Jan., 1834, after abating 
the Expenditure thereout defrayed by the several Revenue Departments, 
and of the Actual Issues or Payments within the same Period ; exclusive 
of the sums applied to the Redemption of Funded, or paying off Unfunded 
Debt, and of the Advances and Repayments for Local Works, &c. 



INCOME OR REVENUE. 



ORDINARY REVENUES AND RECEIPTS. 

Customs (including the sum of 3,410,022/. 15s. 4|c?. 

applicable to the public service) 
Excise ... 
Stamps 

Taxes ... ... ... ... 

Post-office 

One shilling and sixpence and four shillings on pen- 
sions and salaries 
Small branches of the king's hereditary revenues ... 
Surplus fees of regulated public offices 
Poundage fees, pells fees, &c, in Ireland 



OTHER RECEIPTS. 

Imprests and other monies (including 21/. 18s. 2d.) 
applicable to the public service 

Monies received from the East India Company (appli- 
cable to the public service) 

Money received from the bank of England on account 
of unclaimed dividends (applicable to the public 
service) 

Total (including the sum of 3,495,160/. 8s. 2^d. 
applicable to the public service) 



16,208,940 8 6^ 
16,543,711 14 4i 
6,928,308 16 11 
4,892,058 9 7± 
1,513,800 

28,998 12 4 

25,567 18 

26,183 8 2 

3,029 16 Oi 

46,170,600 3 1H 



15,610 10" 0£ 
60,000 

25,115 14 8 



46,271,326 



296 



REVENUE. 



EXPENDITURE. 



FUNDED DEBT. 

Interest and management of the 

permanent debt 
Terminable annuities 

Total charge of the funded debt, 
exclusive of 5,977/. 4s. 3d., 
the interest on donations and 
bequests 

UNFUNDED DEBT. 

Interest on exchequer bills 

Civil list 

Pensions 

Salaries and allowances 

Diplomatic salaries and pensions 

Courts of justice 

Miscellaneous charges on the con 
solidated fund 

Mint establishment 

Bounties granted for the encou- 
ragement of hemp and flax in 
Scotland, per act 27 Geo. Ill 
c. 13, s. 65 



Army- 
Navy 
Ordnance 

Miscellaneous — chargeable upon 
the annual grants of parliament 



£ s. 


d. 


24,270,049 16 




3,472,688 14 


n 


27,742,738 11 


4i 


779,769 1 


6 


510,000 









132,068 7 





211,696 11 


11 


377,966 6 


9 


205,086 13 


11 


14,534 10 





2,956 13 


8 


6,590,061 18 


H 


4,360,235 6 


3 


1,314,806 





2,007,158 18 


If 



Surplus of income over expenditure 



23,522,507 12 10± 



1,963,473 1 If 



30,485,980 14 0£ 



14,272,262 3 



44,758,242 17 1 
1,513,083 11 6- 



46,271,326 



Revenue of England. See Post 
Office. 

Revenue officers deprived of their 
votes for members of parliament, 
1782. 

Revolutions, remarkable, in ancient 
history.— The Assyrian empire de- 
stroyed, and that of the Medes and 
Persians founded by Cyrus the 
Great, 546 B.C. The Macedonian 
empire founded on the destruction 
of the Persian, on the defeat of 
Darius Codomanus by Alexander 



the Great, 331 B.C. The Roman 
empire established on the ruins of 
the Macedonian or Greek mon- 
archy by Julius Caesar, 47 B.C. 
The eastern empire founded by 
Constaritine the Great, on the final 
overthrow of the Romans, A.D. 
306. The empire of the western 
Franks began under Charlemagne, 
A.D. 802. This empire under- 
went a new revolution, and became 
the German empire under Rodolph 
of Hapsburgh, the head of the 



REV 



RIO 



297 



house of Austria, A.D. 1273. The 
eastern empire passed into the 
hands of the Turks, A.D. 1453. 

Revolution in England, 1688; Po- 
land, 1704, 1709, and 1795 ; Tur- 
key, 1730; Persia, 1748 and 1753 ; 
Russia, 1682, 1740, and 1762; 
Sweden, 1772; America, 1775; 
France, 1789 ; Venice, 17th May, 
1797 ; Rome, 26th Feb., 1798 ; 
in France, of three days, 27th, 28th, 
and 29th July, 1830; Belgium, 
25th August, 1839. 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, eminent Eng- 
lish painter, d. 23rd Feb. 1792, 
aged 69. 

Rhees, the last, of South Wales, 

killed 1094. 
Rhegio, Raffaelle, da, painter, b. 

1552, d. 1580. 
Rheims cathedral built 840. 
Rhetoric, regius professor, established 

at Edinburgh, 20th April, 1762; 

first professor, Dr. Blair. 
Rhuddlan castle, North Wales, built 

before the conquest ; rebuilt 1063 ; 

repaired 1231. 
Rhunken,D., critic, b. 1723, d. 1798. 
Rialto at Venice begun 1588; finished 

1591. 

Ribera, Joseph, called also Spagno- 
letto, painter, b. 1589, d. 1656. 

Ricardo. Dayid, political economist, 
d. 1823, aged 56. 

Ricaut, Sir Paul, English writer and 
critic, d. 1700. 

Riccati, Vincent, mathematician, b. 
1707, d. 1775. 

Ricci, Sebastian, painter, b. at Bel- 
luno 1659, d. 1734. 

Ricci, Lawrence, the last general of 
the society of Jesuits, b. 2nd Aug. 
1703; made general of the order, 
21st May, 1758 ; imprisoned at 
Rome, 22nd Sept. 1773 ; d. 24th 
Nov. 1776, aged 72. 

Riccoboni, madame, novelist, d. 17 92. 

Rice had its first cultivation in South 
Carolina by chance, 1702; culti- 
vated in Ireland, 1585; in Eng- 
land, 1690. 

Richard of Cirencester, historian, d. 
1401. 

Richardson, Samuel, moral writer, d. 
author, b. 1665, d. 1745. 



Richardson, Jonathan, painter and 
1761, aged 72. 

Richardson, Joseph, poet and drama- 
tist, d. 1803. 

Richardson, William, poet and writer, 
d. 1814. 

Richborough castle, Kent, built by 

the Romans. 
Richelet, C. P., lexicographer, b. 

1631, d. 1698. 
Richelieu, cardinal, d. 1642, aged 57. 
Richmond, in Virginia, 100 houses 

at, value 100,000/., destroyed by 

fire, 17th Dec. 1786; thea'tre of, 

burned down, 26th Dec. 1811. 
Richmond palace built 1498 ; bridge, 

Surrey, besran to be built, 23rd 

Aug. 1774,^ finished 1777. 
Richmond castle, York, built 1070. 
Richter, John Paul Fred., a novelist, 

b. 1769, d. 1825. 
Ridley, bishop of London, burnt at 

Oxford, 15th Oct. 1555. 
Ridley, Gloster, divine and poet, b. 

1702, d. 1774. 
Ridley, James, author of Tales of 

the Genii, d. 1765. 
Riego y Nunez, Raphael del, Spanish 

patriot, b. 1780, d. 1823. 
Riga, on the Baltic, founded by a 

colony of Bremenans, 1128. 
Rienzi, Nicholas, Roman reformer, 

put to death 1354. 
Rigaud, Hvaeinthe, painter, b. 1663, 

d. 1743. 

Rights, bill of, established, 1641 ; 
act of succession, 1689. 

Riley, John, artist, b. 1646, d. 1691. 

Ringstead, cliff at, opposite to Wey- 
mouth, commenced burning in 
1827. 

Riots in British history.— Some riot- 
ous citizens of London demolished 
the convent belonging to West- 
minster Abbey ; the ringleader was 
hanged, and the rest had their 
hands and feet cut off, 6th Henry 
III., 1221. The goldsmiths' and 
tailors' 1 companies fought in the 
streets of London; several were 
killed on each side ; the sheriffs 
quelled it, and 13 were hanged, 
1262. A riot at Norwich; the 
rioters burnt the cathedral and 
monastery ; the king went thither 
o 3 



298 R I 

and saw the ringleaders executed, 
1271. A riot at London in June, 
1628, and Dr. Lamb killed by the 
mob. Another, under pretence of 
pulling down bawdy-houses ; four 
of the ringleaders hanged, 1688 ; 
Another at Guildhall, at the elec- 
tion of Sheriffs, 1692 ; several con- 
siderable persons were concerned ; 
they seized the lord mayor, but 
the city lieutenancy raised the 
militia and released him ; the riot- 
ers were fined. At Edinburgh and 
Dumfries on account of the Union, 
1707. In London, on account of 
Dr. Sacheverel's trial ; several dis- 
senting meeting-houses broken 
open, the pulpit of one pulled down, 
and with the pews burnt in Lin- 
eoln's-inn-fields, 1709. Of the 
Whig and Tory mobs, called Or- 
mond and Newcastle mobs, 2nd 
Geo. I., 1715; great mischief was 
done by both parties in London. 
The Mug-house riot in Salisbury- 
court between the Whigs and 
Tories; one person shot dead by 
the master of the horse ; quelled 
by the guards, 1716. Rioters in 
Herefordshire demolished the turn- 
pikes ; quelled after a smart en- 
gagement with the posse comitatus, 
1735. Of the Spitalfields weavers, 
on account of employing workmen 
■who had come over from Ireland ; 
the military and civil power joined 
to quell them, and some lives were 
lost, 9th Geo. II., 1736. Be- 
tween Irish; Welsh, and English 
haymakers, 1736. At Edinburgh 
the mob rose, set fire to the prison 
door, took out captain Porteus, 
( who had been pardoned for letting 
his soldiers fire and kill one of the 
mob at a former riot,) hanged him 
upon a sign-post, and then dis- 
persed, 1736. Of the Cornish 
tin-miners, on account of the dear- 
ness of corn, 1737. Of the nailors, 
in Worcestershire; they marched 
to Birmingham, and obliged all the 
ironmongers to sign a paper allow- 
ing them an advanced price on 
nails, 1 737. Of some sailors, who 
were robbed and ill-used at a baw- 



TS. 

dy-house in the Strand ; being 
assisted by a large body, they pulled 
down the house and destroyed the 
furniture of several others, turning 
the bad women naked into the 
streets, 1749 ; again in Southamp- 
ton-street, in the Strand, on a 
similar occasion, 1757. Of the Spi- 
talfields weavers ; the duke of Bed- 
ford narrowly escaped being killed, 
1765. Of the people in all parts 
of England, on account of the clear- 
ness of provisions, 1766 and 1767. 
A mob in St. George's Fields, to 
see Mr. Wilkes in the King's Bench 
prison ; the military aid indiscreetly 
called for by the justices of the 
peace, and several innocent persons, 
particularly young Allen, fired upon 
and killed by the soldiers, 1768. 
200,000/. damage done to the pub- 
lic prisons and private buildings in 
London, June, 1780, for which 
many were hanged. At Glasgow, 
amongst the cotton manufacturers, 
when several were killed by the 
soldiers, 4th Sept. 1787. At Bir- 
mingham, on account of comme- 
morating the French revolution, 
14th July, 1791, when several 
houses Avere destroyed. In various 
parts of Scotland, on account of the 
militia act, Aug. and Sept. 1797, 
when several were killed. At 
Maidstone, at the trial of Arthur 
O'Connor and others, 22nd May, 
1798; the earl of Thanet, Mr. 
Ferguson, and others, were active 
in endeavouring to rescue O'Con- 
nor, for which they were tried and 
convicted, 25th April, 1799. In 
different parts of England , owing 
to the high price of bread, Sept. 
1800. Of weavers, near Manches- 
ter, 24th May, 1808. At Liver- 
pool, occasioned by a quarrel be- 
tween a party of dragoons and a 
press gang, 27th June, 1809. O. P. 
at Covent-garden theatre, Sept. 
1809, terminated 4th June, 1810. 
In Piccadilly, in consequence of the 
house of commons committing Sir 
F. Burdett to the Tower, 6th and 
9th April, 1810. O. P. riot at 
the Liverpool theatre, July, 1810. 



RIOTS. 



299 



Of weavers, under the name of 
Luddites, Nov. 1811. At Shef- 
field, during -which 800 muskets 
belonging to the local militia were 
destroyed, 14th April, 1812. In 
various parts of the north of Eng- 
land by the Luddites, during 1811 
and 1812. Among the sailors at 
Lvnn, quelled without bloodshed, 
9th Dec. 1814. At St. Ives, 
Huntingdonshire, on account of a 
proposed increased assessment of 
the property tax, which was ap- 
peased by the commissioners re- 
linquishing their purpose, 13th 
Dec. 1814. In "Westminster, on 
account of the corn bill, which 
lasted several days, 6th March, 
1815. At Bishop Wearmouth, 
near Durham, by the keelmen, who 
destroyed an expensive waggon 
road, and set fire to an immense 
pile of coals, 20th March, 1815. 
At the depot at Dartmore among 
the prisoners, in quelling which 
seven Americans were killed, and 
35 others wounded, 8th April, 
1815. By the seamen of New- 
castle, Sunderland, and Shields, 
which, after continuing several 
weeks, terminated without blood- 
shed, 21st Oct. 1815. By the 
miners and men employed in the 
iron works at "Wolverhampton, on 
account of wages ; quelled by the 
military without bloodshed, 14th 
Nov. 1815. By the tanners in 
Bermondsey, during which several 
persons were wounded by Mr. 
Timbrel, whose house they at- 
tacked, 17th April, 1816.' At 
Bridport, on account of the price 
of bread, which was quelled by the 
exertions of the principal inhabit- 
ants, 6th May, 1816. On the 
same account, and in the same 
month, at Brandon, near Bury in 
Suffolk, and the city of Norwich. 
At Biddeford, to prevent the ex- 
portation of a cargo of potatoes, 
20th May, 1816. At Bury, to 
destroy a spinning-jenny, in which 
the rioters were defeated by the 
magistrates and the principal inha- 
bitants, 22nd May. At Littleport 



and Ely, by a body of insurgent 
fenmen, on the same day, which 
was quelled by the military after 
some bloodshed, 24th May. At 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by the pit- 
men and others, 28th May. At 
Halsted, Essex, to liberate four 
persons who had been taken up for 
destroying machinery, 28th May, 
1816. At the village of Great 
Barnfield, Essex, to destroy thrash- 
ing machines, in which they were 
defeated hy the spirited exertions 
of Mr. Spicer and his neighbours, 
whose house they attacked, 31st 
May, 1816. At the Calton, one 
of the suburbs of Glasgow, on ac- 
count of the soup-kitchens, which 
was quelled after several had been 
wounded by the military, 2nd Aug. 
1816. At Preston, on account of 
a diminution of wages, 17th Aug. 
1816. At the same place, by the 
unemployed and distressed work- 
men, Sept. 1816. Among the 
convicts in Newgate, which was 
quelled by threatening to withhold 
their allowance of food, 26th Aug. 
1816. At Nottingham, by the 
Luddites, who destroyed more than 
thirty frames, 12th Oct. 1816. At 
Merthyr Tydvil, in Glamorgan- 
shire, by the workmen in the iron 
works, on account of a reduction 
of wages, 18th Oct. 1816. By 
the colliers, at Calder iron works, 
near Glasgow, on account of a sus- 
pension of wages, in consequence 
of arrests for debt, which continued 
for several days, 19th Oct. 1816. 
In the town of Birmingham, 28th 
Oct. 1816. In the town of Wal- 
sall, during which the windows of 
several bakers were broken, and 
the house and mills of Mr. Jones 
completely gutted, 30th Oct. 1816. 
In London, in consequence of a 
popular meeting in Spafields, for 
the purpose of presenting a petition 
to the prince regent, from the dis- 
tressed manufacturers and mecha- 
nics. The shops of several gun- 
smiths were attacked for arms, and 
in that of Mr.Beckwith, on Snow- 
hill, a Mr. Piatt was shot in the 



300 RIO 



RI V 



body by one of tbe rioters, 2nd 
Dec. 1816; several of tbe rioters 
were apprehended, and one of tbe 
name of Watson was tried for bigb 
treason and acquitted, 16th June, 
1817. At Dundee, on account of 
tbe sudden rise in tbe price of 
meal ; upwards of 100 shops of 
various descriptions were plundered, 
and the house of Mr. Lindsay, an 
extensive com-dealer, was set on 
fire, 7th Dec. 1816. In the park, 
on the prince regent going to the 
house, in which an air-gun was 
fired at his royal highness, 28 th 
Jan. 1817. At Radstock and Poul- 
ton, near Bath, by the colliers, who 
assembled to tbe amount of 3000, 
threatening destruction to the pits 
and buildings, but dispersed with- 
out doing mischief at the appear- 
ance of the military, 28 th Feb. 
1817. At Amlwch in Wales, to 
prevent a vessel laden with flour 
from leaving the wharf, March, 
1817. At Manchester, in conse- 
quence of a popular meeting, 3rd 
March ,1817. At Alfreton, in Der- 
byshire, being a part of an intended 
general insurrection ; it was how- 
ever easily quelled, 9th June,18l7, 
and J eremiah Brandreth and others 
concerned in it were convicted in 
the following Oct. At the West- 
minster election, in which Sir Mur- 
ray Maxwell was severely hurt, 
18th, 19th, and 20th June, 1818. 
At Manchester, in consequence of 
the spinners demanding an increase 
of wages, 2nd Sept. 1818. In 
Covent Garden, on the chairing of 
Mr. Lamb, who had been returned 
for Westminster, 13th Feb. 1819. 
At Liverpool, by the Irish, in an 
attempt to rescue one of their coun- 
trymen, 1st July, 1819. At Man- 
chester, in which the military killed 
and wounded several hundreds of 
an unarmed multitude, 16th Aug. 
1819. At Paisley and Glasgow, 
14th Sept. 1819. Among the keel- 
men at North Shields, 14th Oct. 
1819. At Dewsbury and its neigh- 
bourhood, by tbe members of the 
clothiers 1 union society, 21st Feb. 



1820. At Culrain, in Scotland, in 
consequence of the expulsion of 
several tenants from an estate, 1st 
March, 1820. At Greenock, Pais- 
ley, and the neighbourhood, April, 
1820. At Grange Moor, in York- 
shire, 8th April, 1820. At Edin- 
burgh, on the acquittal of the queen, 
19th Nov. 1820. At the funeral 
of the queen, in consequence of 
the military opposing the body 
being carried through the city, 
14th Aug. 1821. At Knightsbridge, 
between the military and the popu- 
lace, on the funeral of Honey and 
Francis, 26th Aug. 1821. In the 
isle of Man, on the high price of 
corn, 5th Oct. 1821. In various 
parts of the south of Ireland, for 
several months in 1821 and 1822. 
In Norfolk and Suffolk, to destroy 
thrashing machines, March and 
April, 1822. At Chippenham, be- 
tween tbe inhabitants and those of 
a neighbouring village, Sept. 1822. 
Among the keelmen on the river 
Tyne, Oct. and Nov. 1822. At 
the Dublin tbeatre, in which an 
attempt was made to assassinate 
the lord lieutenant, 14th Dec. 
1822. In tbe north of Ireland, 
between the Orangemen and the 
Catholies, 1822 and 1823. 

Riot act passed, 1715. 

Ripperda, duke of, politician, d. 
1737. 

Rippon monastery, Yorkshire, built 
1132. 

Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, b. 1752, 
d. 1803. 

Rivalz, Anthony, painter, b. 1667, 
d. 1735. 

Rivarol, Anthony de, French writer, 
b. 1757, d. 1801. 

Rivaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, bit. 1132. 

Rivers, Lord, found drowned in the 
Serpentine River, Hyde Park, 23rd 
Jan., 1831. 

Rivers in England began to be made 
navigable, 1135. The proportional 
lengths of course of some of the 
most noted rivers in the world are 
shown nearly by the following 
numbers, extracted from Mr. Rem 
nell's papers, 7 1st vol. Phil. Trans. 



EI v 



R L 



301 



European Rivers. 
Thames - - - 1 i 

Rhine - - 5 ^ j 

Danuhe - - 7 

Wolga - - - 9| 

Asiatic Rivers. 
Indus - - - 5i 

Euphrates - - 8£ 

Ganges - - -9s 

Burrampooter - - - 9? 

Nou Kian, or Ava River - 9i 
Jenisea - - - 10 

Oby - - - - 10| 

Amoor - - - 11 

Lena - - - 11a 

Hoanho (of China) - - 13^ 

Kian Keu (of ditto) - - 15§ 

African River. 
Nile - - - 12 

American Rivers. 
Mississippi - - - 8 

Amazons - - - 15§ 

Rivinus, botanist, b. 1652, d. 1723. 

Rizzio, David, an Italian musician, 
killed 9th March, 1566. 

Roads between market-towns widened 
bv an act passed 1285 : enlarged, 
1555. 

Roads in the Highlands of Scotland, 

begun bv General Wade in 1726 : 

finished in 1737. 
Roads in England, first repaired by 

act of parliament, 1524. 
Robbing gardens made felon vbv law, 

1825/ 

Robert. Duke of Normandv, d. in 
prison, 1134. 

Robertson, of Hopetown-hall, near 
Edinburgh, d. 1793, aged 1U7. 

Robertson, Joseph, divine and gram- 
marian, b. 1 726, d. 1802. 

Robertson, "William, historian, b. 
1721, d. 1793. 

Robespierre, Max., French revolu- 
tionist, b. 1759, guillotined, 1794. 

Robin Hood, d. 1247. 

Robins. Benjamin, English mathema- 
tician and engineer, d. 1751. 

Robinson, Sir Chris., Judge of the 
High Court of Admiralty, b. 1766, 
d. 21st April, 1833. 

Robinson, Marv, poet and novelist, b. 
1758, d. 1800. 

Robinson. R., divine, b. 1735, d.1790. 

Robison, John, mathematician, b. 
1739, d. 1805. 



Robson, George F., an eminent Eng- 
lish water-colour artist, d. 1833. 

Roche abbey, Yorkshire, built 1147. 

Rochefoucault, Liancourt, F. Duke 
de la, b. 1631, d. 1680. 

Rochejaquelin, H. de la, a French 
royalist leader, b. 1773. i. 1794. 

Rochester, William, Earl of, d. 1680. 
aged 32. 

Rochester burnt in 677 ; again 1130: 
and 3rd June, 1137. 

Rochester-bridge, a party of 14 per- 
sons drowned by a boat upsetting 
in passing through, 13th Sept., 
1816. 

Rochester bridge built 1392; cathe- 
dral, 610; repaired, 1080; castle 
built 1070. 

Rockingham castle, Northampton- 
shire, built 1070. 

Rodnev, Admiral Lord, b. 1717, d. 
24th May, 1792. 

Roebuck, Sir Thomas, statesman, b. 
about 1680, d. 1784. 

Roebuck. Dr. John, celebrated pro- 
jector, b. 1718, d. 1794. 

Roestraeten, Peter, painter, flourished 
1670. 

Roemer, Olaus, astronomer, b. 1644, 
d. 1710. 

Roger de Hoveden, the historian, 
flourished about 1204. 

Rogers, Capt. Woods, English navi- 
gator, d. 1732. 

Rogers, Charles, an English artist, b. 
1711. d. 1784. 

Rohenfield, Hanover, 153 houses at, 
destroyed by fire, 26 March, 1811. 

Rohan, Henrv, Duke of, b. 1572, d. 
1638. 

Rohault, James, philosopher, b.1620, 
d. 1675. 

Roketzau, in Bohemia* totally de- 
stroyed by fire, to the value of one 
million and a half, 10th Sept., 
1784. 

Roland, Philip L. (Homer in the 
Louvre"), French sculptor, b. 1746, 
d. 1816. 

Rollin, Charles, d. 1741, aged 80. 

Rollo, first Duke of Normandy, con- 
quered that country from the crown 
of France, 876. 

Roll's Chapel, Chancery-lane, Lon- 
don, built 1232 ; Master's house, 
18th Sept., 1717. 



ME. 



302 RO 

Remana, Marquis de La, d. 23rd Jan. 
1811. 

Romaine, William, divine, b. 1714, 
d. 1795. 

Roman empire began 44 B.C. ; ended 
476 A.D. ; began in the East, 395 ; 
ended, 1553; it was 2000 miles 
broad, and 3000 in length. 

Rome, its foundation laid by Romu- 
lus, its first king, 753 B.C., accord- 
ing to most chronologers ; by Sir 
Isaac Newton's chronology, 627 

B. C. — They seize the Sabine 
women at a public spectacle, and 
detain them for wives, 750 B. C. — 
The Romans and the Albans, con- 
testing for superiority, agree to 
choose three champions on each 
part to decide it. The three Ho- 
ratii, Roman knights, and the three 
Curiatii, Albans, being elected by 
their respective countries, engage 
in the celebrated combat, which, 
by the victory of the Horatii, sub- 
mits, and unites Alba to Rome, 
667 B. C. — The circus built, said 
to have been capable of containing 
150,000 people, 605 B.C.— Sex- 
tus Tarquin, having ravished Lu- 
cretia, the Tarquins are expelled, 
the kingly government abolished, 
and the republican established 
under two annual consuls, 500 B. 

C. — The dictatorship first intro- 
duced, 493 B. C. — Decemviri ap- 
pointed to form a body of laws, 
which being done, they are written 
on ten tables, transcribed on pillars 
of brass, and made the standard of 
judicial proceedings, 451 B.C. — 
The tribunes, aediles, &c. divested 
of all power, 450 B. C. — Creation 
of censors, 443 B. C. — Patrician 
tribunes chosen instead of consuls, 
421 B. C. The consulship re- 
stored, 418 B.C Three questors 

from among the people elected, 
410 B. C. — Roman soldiers first 
paid, 406 B.C.— Sacked by Bren- 
nus, 390 B. C— City burnt by the 
Gauls, 388 B. C— The temple of 
Mars built 380 B.C. — Praetor first 
appointed, 365 B.C. — The first 
Punic war declared ; before this 
time, the Romans never carried 
their arms beyond Italy, nor en- 



countered their enemies at sea, 

264 B.C About this time silver 

money was first made at Rome, 
instead of brass, before in use ; it 
took the name of Moneta from the 
temple of Juno Moneta, where it 
was coined, 269 B.C — The second 
Punic war began, 218 B. C. — 
Capitol and temple of Janus, built 

207 B. C The third Punic war, 

149 B. C. — After a siege of three 
years, the Romans took Carthage, 
and utterly destroyed it, 146 B.C. 
— Marius made his grand tri- 
umphal entry into Rome, preceded 
by an immense treasure in gold 
and silver, the spoils of Numidia ; 
the famous Jugurtha, its king, and 
his two sons in chains, graced 

the triumph, 103 B.C The Am- 

brones and Teutones defeated by 
Marius ; the wives of the former, 
being refused security from viola- 
tion, murdered themselves and 
their children, 102 B. C— The 
capitol burnt, 83 B.C.; rebuilt 
by Domitian. — Pompey and Julius 
Caesar began to contend for supreme 
power over the commonwealth, 
which produced a bloody civil war, 
59 B. C. — Caesar was assassinated 
in the senate-house, and the revo- 
lution intended to be prevented by 
this catastrophe was only hastened, 
44 B. C. — The Roman state di- 
vided into two factions by Octavius 
Caesar and Marc Antony; a civil 
war ensued, 41 B. C. — The repub- 
lic changed to an empire, Octavius 
Caesar having the titles of Impera- 
tor and Augustus conferred on him 
by the senate and people, 27 B.C. 
About this time the annual revenue 
of the Roman empire amounted to 
forty millions of our pounds ster- 
ling. — The city of Rome was com- 
puted to have been fifty of our miles 
in circumference, and its inhabit- 
ants to exceed four millions — The 
famous temple of the mother of 
the gods consumed by fire, A. D. 

2 A new census, or numeration 

of the people, being taken by 
Claudius, the emperor and censor, 
the inhabitants of Rome were 
found to amount to six million 



ROM 



EOS 303 



nine hundred thousand, 48. — The 
number of inhabitants able to bear 
arms were 132,419 men, in 459 : 
in 294, the number was 270.000 ; 
338.214, in 159 : and 320,000 in 
50 B.C.— The Goths, Vandals, 
and other barbarous nations of the 
North, began to invade the Roman 
empire, about A. D. 250. — It is 
divided into four parts between 
two emperors, Dioclesian aud Con- 
stantius ; the basis of its dissolu- 
tion, 292 The seat of empire 

removed from Rome to Constanti- 
nople, by Constantine, 330. — 
Divided again into the eastern and 
wes:ern empire?) 37?. — Rome 
taken and plundered by the Goths. 
410.— By the Vandal's, 455.— By 
the Heruli, 476. — Is recovered for 
Justinian by Belisarius, 537 — In 

547 the Goths retook it In 553 

Narses, another of Justinian's gene- 
rals, reconquered it for the emperor. 
— In 726. it revolted from the Greek 
emperors, became a free state, and 
was governed D y a senate Fi- 
nally, the senate and people ac- 
knowledged Charlemagne, king of 
France, as emperor of the West, 
who surrendered the city and 
duchy to the Pope, reserving the 
sovereignty, A. D. 800. — The popes 
afterwards made themselves inde- 
pendent, and continued in posses- 
sion of this renowned city and its 
territories, called the ecclesiastical 
states, till 1798. — St. Peters ca- 
thedral was built by Pope Julius 
II., who died 1512 : Bramante was 
the architect. — The inhabitants of 
Rome, on the 4th June, 1780, 
amounted to 155,184, of whom 
36,485 were housekeepers. — In 
this number were included 3847 
monks, 2327 secular priests, 1910 
nuns, 1065 students, 1470 pau- 
pers, seven negroes, and 52 persons 
not Romans. — Reduced by the 
French to a republic, and the Pope 
sent from Rome. 15th Feb., 1798. 
— The Pope, being restored to the 
government, goes to Paris to crown 
Buonaparte emperor of the French, 
and performs that ceremony, 2nd 



Dec. 1804 Revolution in the 

form of its government, 1809. — 
United to the French empire, 3rd 
Dec, 1809. 
Rome, burned by Xero, 65: the 
capital burned, B.C. 13 : Pompey"s 
theatre burned. 250. 
Rome's walls built, and the sewer- 
made, 602 : the great circus made, 
which would contain 150,000 per- 
sons : and the temple of Janus 
built, 207. 
Roman Emperor, the first that pro- 
perlv bore that title was Augustus, 
B. C. 27. 
Roman highways made in Britain, 415. 
Roman Catholics, in England, relieved 
by acts passed, 1776 and 1794; 
in Ireland. 1792; admitted to 
: power and place, by the relief bill 
passed 10th April. 1829 ; received 
; royal assent, 13th April., 
i Romanelli, an Italian artist, b. 1617, 
; d. 1662. 
Romano, Giulio, an Italian painter, 

d. 1546, aged 54. 
! Rombouts, Theod.. painter' of Ant- 
werp, b. 1597, d. 1637. 
Rome De 1" Isle. J., the mineralogist. 

b. 1736, d. 1790. 
. Romford Barracks, destroyed by fire 
27th Mav, 1795: original cost of 
building," 10,000/. 
Romilly, Sir Samuel, an eminent 
British lawyer, in a paroxysm oc- 
casioned bv a brain fever, destroved 
himself, 2nd Nov. 1818. 
Rornney. 50 gun ship, lost on the 
Haaksands, off the Texel, 19th 
Nov. 1804. 
Romnev, Geor;e, painter, b. 1734. 

d. 15th Nov. 1802. 
: Ronsard, P., poet,b. 1524, d. 1585. 
| Roof of the church at Fearn, in 
Scotland, fell in during divine ser- 
vice, and killed 60 persons, 19th 
Oct. 1742. 
; Rooke, Admiral Sir George, d. 1708. 
aged 47. 

Rooker. Michael ^Angelo, engraver. 
I b. 1743, d. 2nd March. 1801. 

Ro-a. Salvator, celebrated Italian 
■, landscape painter, b. 1615, d. 1673. 
i Rosalba, Camera. Venetian painter, 
b. 1675, d. 1757. 



304 



ROS 



ROY 



Rosary, or beads, first used in Romish 
prayers, 1093. 

Rosary, order of knighthood began in 
Spain, time uncertain. 

Rosbach, in the upper circle of Sax- 
ony, totally disappeared, supposed 
by an earthquake, Oct. 1792. 

Roscoe, William, of Liverpool, an 
eminent literary character, b. 1751, 
d. 1831. 

Rosamond, b. 1162; shut up at 

Woodstock, 1189. 
Roscius, flourished 60 B. C. 
Roscommon, Earl of, English poet, 

b. about 1638, d. 1684. 
Roscommon, Ireland, chapel at, one 

of the pillars of the gallery gave 

way, by which 14 persons were 

killed and a great number injured, 

14th April, 1804. 
Rose, George, statesman, b. 1744, d. 

1818. 

Rosenmuller, John George, critic, b. 
1736, d. 1815. 

Rostock, founded 1169. 

Roses first planted in England, 1522. 

Roses, first consecrated as presents by 
the pope, and placed over confes- 
sionals, as the symbol of secrecy, 
1526 ; hence the phrase, " under 
the rose." 

Rosel, J. Aug., painter, b. 1705, d. 
1759. 

Rosselli, Cosimo, a Florentine artist, 

b. 1416, d. 1484. 
Roseneath Castle, Scotland, a seat of 

the Duke of Argyle, burned 31st 

May, 1802. 
Ross, Alexander, Scotch episcopal 

divine, voluminous writer, b. 1590, 

d. 1654. 

Ross, Captain, sailed 30th May, 1829, 
returned to England, after passing 
three years in the Arctic regions, 
1833. 

Rosso, an Italian painter, b. 1496, d. 
1541. 

Rothenhamer, a Dutch painter, b. 
1564, d. 1606. 

Rothsay Castle, Isle of Bute, Scot- 
land, built before 1263. 

Rothsay Castle, steam vessel, from 
Liverpool to Beaumaris, wrecked 
near the latter place, when 180 
souls perished, 17th Aug. 1831. 



Rotterdam, the bank at, established 
1635. 

Roubiliac, famous sculptor, d. 11th 
Jan. 1762. 

Round Table, order of knighthood, 
began 516; revived 1344. 

Round towers in Ireland, above 100 
of them still visible, built either 
by the Freemasons or Primitive 
Christians, some time in the 16th 
century. 

Rousseau, John James, French poet, 
d. 2nd July, 1778, aged 72. 

Rousseau, John Baptist, poet, b. 
1669, d. 1741. 

Rousseau, James, painter, b. 1630, 
d. 1694. 

Rousillon, &c, annexed to the king- 
dom of France, 1659. 

Rovigo, Duke of, a minister of Na- 
poleon's government, d. 1st June, 
1833. 

Rowe, Nicholas, made poet-laureate 
11th Aug. 1715, d. 6th Dec. 1718, 
aged 44. 

Rowe, Eliz., d. 20th Feb. 1737, 
aged 63. 

Rowley, William, contemporary with 
Shakspeare. 

Rowly, eminent English mathema- 
tician, d. 1728. 

R owning, John, mathematician, b. 
1699, d. 1771. 

Roxburgh, William, botanist, b. 1759, 
d. 1815. 

Roy, Julian le, French mathema- 
tician, d. 1759. 

Roy, Rammohun, an Indian rajah, 
converted to Christianity. He 
visited England, and d. at Staple- 
ton, near Bristol, 27th Sept. 1833. 

Roy, Julian David, French writer, d. 
1803. 

Royal Circus in St. George's Fields, 
destroyed by fire, 12th Aug. 1805. 

Royal Navy of England, the first so 
called, 1512. 

Royal Records of England, first com- 
menced 1101. 

Royal Exchange, London, built 1566; 
titled royal by Queen Elizabeth, 
29th Jan., 1571 ; burnt 1666; 
rebuilt 1670; repaired and beau- 
tified, 28th Sept., 1769 ; the tower 
re-built, 1821; repaired, 1824. 



ROY 



RUS 305 



Royal observatory, in Greenwich 
park, built 1675. 

Royal society academy, Strand, Lon- 
don, first stone laid, 4th June, 
1776. 

Royal Institution, founded 1799. 

Royal family, marriages witb, re- 
strained 1772. 

Royal Exchange Assurance office, 
incorporated 1716. 

Royal miner's company, incorporated 
1564. 

Royal society of musicians, 1785. 
Royalty Theatre, in Well Street, 

Rosemary Lane, opened 20th Ap., 

1787. 

Royalty Theatre, Well-street, burned 

down, 11th April, 1826. 
Royston, in Cambridgeshire, greatly 

damaged by fire, and 36 houses 

burned, 31st May, 1802. 
Rozier, Francis, agricultural writer, 

b. 1734, d. 1793. 
Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, distinguished 

history and portrait painter, b. 

1577, d. 1640. 
Rudbeck, Olaus, Swedish writer, b. 

1630, d. 1702. 
Ruddiman, Thomas, grammarian, b. 

1674. 

Ruding, Rogers, antiquary, 1751, d. 
1820. 

Ruffhead, Owen, English lawyer, and 
miscellaneous writer, d. 1769. 

Rugen, ceded by Sweden to Den- 
mark, 1814 ; by Denmark to 
Russia, 1815. 

Ruling Machines invented by a Dutch- 
man at London, 1782; greatly 
improved by Woodmason, Payne, 
Brown, &c. ; introduced into Scot- 
land, 1803 In 1806, three em- 
ployed at Edinburgh, which gave 
bread to 30 persons weekly, and 
facilitates labour to an incredible 
extent. 

Rum, imported into England in 1789, 
was 3,300,000 gallons, besides 
what was smuggled. Its duty 
was 246,943/. 10s., and the im- 
porters' profits 151,250/. In 1796 
there were imported 4,196,198 
gallons. 

Rumbold, Sir Geo., English minister 
to the Hanseatic towns, seized at 



Hamburgh by the French and 
carried to Paris, 24th Oct., 1804. 
Rumford, Benjamin, Count, philo- 
sopher, b. 1753, d. 19th Aug., 
1814. 

Rumsey Abbey, Hants, built 972. 
Runciman, Alexander, painter, b. 

1736, d. 1785. 
Rundle, T., bishop, b. 1686, d. 1743. 
Runnington, Charles, lawyer, b. 1751 , 

d. 1821. 

Rupert, St., order of knighthood, 

began in Germany 1702. 
Rupert, Prince, d. 29th Nov., 1682, 

aged 61. 

Ruppin, in Brandenburgh, destroyed 
by fire, when 600 houses were 
burned, Sept. 1787. 

Rush, Benjamin, physician, b. 1745, 
d. 1813. 

Rushworth, John, b. 1601, d. 1690. 
Russel, Lord William, b. about 1641, 

beheaded 21st July, 1683. 
Russel, Admiral, d. 1727, aged 75. 
Russel, Alexander, Dr., d. 1770. 
Russel, P., Dr., b. 1726, d. 1805. 
Russel, William, historian, b. 1746, 

d. 1794. 

Russel institution, commenced 1808. 

Russia, or Muscovy, anciently Sar- 
matia, and inhabited by the Scy- 
thians ; not renowned till the 
natives attempted to take Constan- 
tinople, 864 ; Rurick was grand 
duke of Novogorod, in this country, 
A.D. 862 ; the earliest authentic- 
account of it. In 981, Woladimer 
was the first Christian king. The 
Poles conquered it about 1058; 
but it is uncertain how long they 
kept it. Andrey I. began his reign, 
1158, and laid the foundation of 
Moscow. About 1200, the Mon- 
gol Tartars conquered it, and 
held it subject to them till 1540, 
when John Basilowitz restored it 
to independency. About the mid- 
dle of the 16th century, the Rus- 
sians discovsred and conquered 
Siberia. Navigation from England 
first discovered by Robert Chan- 
cellor, 1554. The Tartars sur- 
prised Moscow, and killed 30,000 
inhabitants, 1571. First began 
their new year, from 1st Jan., 



306 RUS 



S AD 



1700. Became an empire, 1727, 
Peter I. assuming the title of em- 
peror of all the Russias, which was 
admitted by the powers of Europe 
in their future negociations with 
the court of Petersburgh ; he visited 
England, and worked in the dock- 
yard at Deptford, 16197. A revo- 
lution, without bloodshed, in favour 
of Elizabeth, 1740; another, in 
favour of the late empress, 1762. 
The emperor, John, an infant, de- 
posed 1741 ; put to death 1763. 
The punishment of the knout 
abolished, 1752. The empress 
seized part of Poland, in 1773 and 
1795. Death of Paul I. and acces- 
sion of the emperor Alexander, 
March, 1801. Finland, and part 
of Gallicia, added to the empire, 
1809. Invaded by the French, 
July, 1812. Poland annexed to 
the empire, 1815. 
Russia, emperors and empresses of, 
from Peter T. 



Peter the Great began 


1682 


Catherine I. 


1725 


Peter IL 


1727 


Anne . 


1730 


John V. two months 




old . 


1740 


Elizabeth 


1741 


Peter III. 


1762 


Catherine II. 


1763 


Paul 


1796 



Alexander . . 1801 
Nicholas, the present 

Emperor . 1825 

Russia company, incorporated 1555- 
Russians commenced the new year, 

from 1st Jan. 1700. 
Russicci, John Fran., a Florentine 

artist, b. 1446, d. 1523. 
Rust, Abp. of Dromore, d. 1670. 
Rutherfortb, Dr. Thomas, d. 1771, 
aged 66. 

Ruysch, Frederic, anatomist, b. 1638, 
d. 1731. 

Ruysdaei, Jacob, landscape painter, 

b. 1636, d. 1681. 
Ruysdaei, Solomon, landscape painter, 

b. 1616, d. 1670. 
Ruyter, Dutch admiral, d. 1676, 

aged 69. 

Ryan, Lacy, eminent actor and dra- 
matic writer, d. 1760. 

Ryer, Peter du, French writer, b. 
1605, d. 1658. 

Rymer, Thomas, English antiquarian 
and historian, d. 1713. 

Rysbrach, John Michael, the sculptor, 
d. 1770, aged 76. 

Rycaut, in Oxfordshire, the Earl of 
Abingdon's seat, totally destroyed 
by a fire, when Lord Norreys, the 
earl's eldest son, perished, 12th 
Nov. 1745. 

Rye-House plot, prevented by a fire 
that happened at Newmarket, 22nd 
March; discovered 14 June, 1683. 



Saalfeldt, near Saltzburg, 
destroyed by fire, with the whole 
produce of the harvest, 29th July, 
1811. 

Saba planted by the Dutch, 1640. 
Sabbatical Year, the first, B.C. 1451. 
Sabbatini, Andrea, painter, b. about 

1480, d. 1545. 
Sabbatini, Lorenzo, painter, d. 1577. 
Sacchi, Andrea, an Italian artist, b. 

1601, d. 1668. 
Sacheverell, Rev. Dr., silenced 23rd 

March, 1710, d. 1724. 
Sackville, Thomas, Earl of Dorset, 



statesman and poet, b. 1527, d. 
1608. 

Sackville, Charles, b. 1637, d. 1706. 
Sackville, Lord Viscount, b. 1716, d. 
1785. 

Sadi, Persian poet, b. 1175, is said 
to have lived to the age of 120. 

Sadler, Sir Ralph, eminent English 
statesman, b. 1507. 

Saddle-horse duty, levied 1784, in- 
creased, 1808. 

Sadler's Wells Theatre, 18 persons 
trodden to death there, 19th Oct., 
1807. 



SAD 



S A M 307 



Saddles in use in 340. 

Sadeler, J., engraver, of Brussels, b. 

1550, d. 1600. 
Sadeler, Raphael, of Brussels, b.1555. 
Sadeler, Giles, of Antwerp, painter, 

b. 1570, d. 1629. 
Saffron first brought to England by a 

pilgrim, 1389 ; cultivated, 1582. 
Sage, Alain Rene le, French writer, 

b. 1668, d. 1747. 
Sail-cloth first manufactured in Ens- 
land, 1590. 
Saintfoix, G. F. de. French writer, b. 

1703, d. 1776. 
Saint -John, Henrv, Vise, Boling- 

broke, b. 1678,' d. 1751. 
Saint Lambert. C. F. de. French poet, 

b. 1717, d. 1805. 
Saint Palave, antiquarv, b. 1697, d. 

1781. 

Saint Pierre. Charles, politician, b. 
1658, d. 1743. 

Saint Pierre, Jas. Beri^ardin, French 
writer, b. 1737, d. 1814. 

Saint Real, Caesar, writer, b. at Cham- 
ber!, d. 1692. 

Saint Vincent, Earl, admiral, b. 1735. 
d. 1823. 

Salaries of the English judges, in- 
creased 1772 and 1779. 

Saldanha frigate, lost in Lough 
Swillv, Ireland, and all the crew 
perished, 4th Dec, 1811. 

Sale, Georcre, translator of the Koran, 
d. 1736. 

Salem, New England, settled 1628. 
Salimbeni, Italian painter, b. 1557, 
d. 1613. 

Salique Law, by which females are 
excluded from inheriting, con- 
firmed in the reign of Pharamond 
of France, 424: first quoted, 1327. 

Salisburv Cathedral, began building, 
28th April, 1220; finished, 1258 ; 
cost 40,000 marks. 

Salisburv, Sallv, d. in Newgate, 25 tli 
Feb., 1724.' 

Sallo, Denis de, French writer, b. 
1626, d. 1669. 

Sallust, b. 86 B.C., d. 35 B.C. 

Salmasius, Claude, classical scholar, 
b. about 1593, d. 1653. 

Salmon, Nathaniel, English divine 
and historian, d. 1742. 

Salmon, T., historian, d. about 1750. 



Salmon, William, English miscel- 
laneous writer, d. about 1700. 

Salop, New County Infirmary of^ 
opened 24th Sept., 1830- 

Salt Office, established 1694. 
j Salt Mines discovered in Stafford- 
shire. 1670: rock-salt was dis- 
covered about 950 ; in Poland, 
1289. 

Salt Duties instituted, 15th June, 
1702; revived, 1732; reduced, 
1823 ; in 1785 thev amounted to 
361,670/.: in 1790'to 416,000Z. 

Salt-herrings, cured after the Dutch 
fashion, first brought to Market 
1416. 

Salt and incident Duties in 1786, 
amounted to 1.400,000/. ; in 1787 
thev amounted to 1,800,000/. ; in 
1788 to 1,812,969/. 

Saltpetre first made in England. 1625. 
; Saltwood Castle, Kent, built by the 

Romans, date uncertain. 
; Saltzburg Forest burned to the extent 

of 10,000 acres, Aug., 1800. 
I Saluting the ladies by their relations, 
was introduced by the early Ro- 
mans, not out of respect, but to 
find by their breath whether they 
had been drinking wine, this being 
death for women to do, in order to 
prevent adultery. 

Sal viati, Francesco, a Florentine artist, 
b. 1510, d. 1563. 

Salviati, Giuseppe, Venetian painter, 
b. 1535, d. 1585. 

Salviui. A. M., critic, b. 1654, d. 
1729. 

Samaritan Society, at the London 
Hospital, commenced 1791. 

Sampson kills 1000 Philistines with 
the jaw-bone of an ass, 1136 B.C. 

Sampson is betrayed to the Philis- 
tines, being deprived of his strength. 
Upon his return he pulled down 
the Temple of Dagonon their heads, 
and with himself there perished 
more than he had ever killed be- 
fore. The Israelites being en- 
couraged by the disaster, attack 
the Philistines, but are defeated 
with the loss of 4000 men. They 
send then for the ark from Shiloh, 
and renew the battle, but are again 
defeated, Avith the loss of 30,000 



308 



SAM 



S A R 



men and of the ark. Eli hearing 
this, fell down, broke his neck, and 
died, 1117 B.C. 

Samuel, the twelfth and last judge of 
Israel, for 21 years. The Philis- 
tines place the ark in the Temple 
of Dagon, are smitten with emerods, 
and send it back after seven months' 
possession, 1116 B.C. 

Sampson, St., Church, at Guernsey, 
built 111. 

Sanadon, N. S., translator of Horace, 
b. 1676, d. 1733. 

Sanchez, P. A., Spanish divine, b. 
1740, d. 1806. 

Sanchez, Roderigo, statesman and 
historian, b. 1404, d. 1470. 

Sancho, Ignatius, the African, b. 
1729, d. 1780. 

Sancroft, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 
1616; committed to the Tower, 
tried, and acquitted, 1688; de- 
prived, 1689, d. 24th Nov. 1693, 
aged 77. 

Sancta Casa, or the holy house of 
Loretto, pretended to have been 
brought by angels from Palestine 
into Illyria in 1291 ; pillaged by 
the French, 12th Feb. 1797, when 
the statue of the Madonna was 
conveyed to Paris.' 

Sanctorius, physician, b. 1561, d. 
1636. 

Sanctuaries instituted, 617; abo- 
lished in England, 1534. 

Sandal Castle, Yorkshire, built 1317. 

Sandby, Thomas, an English artist, 
b. 1721, d. 24th June, 1798. 

Sandbv, Paul, an English artist, b. 
1732, d. 1809. 

Sandeman, Robert, founder of a sect, 
b. 1723, d. 1771. 

Sanderson, Bishop Robert, divine, b. 
1587, d. 1662. 

Sanderson, Rob., antiquary, b. 1660, 
d. 1741. 

Sandford Castle, Dorset, built 1540. 
Sandgate Castle, Kent, built 1540. 
Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight, built 
1539. 

Sandys, Sir Edwin, b. about 1561, d. 
1629. 

Sandys, George, traveller, b. 1577, 
d. 1643. 

Sandys, E., bishop, b. 1519, d. 1588. 



San Joseph, a Spanish ship, wrecked 
near Gibraltar, when 40 persons 
perished, two only were saved, 
29th Jan., 1813. 

Sandrart, Joachim, painter, b. 1606, 
d. 1688. 

Sandwich Islands, in the Pacific 
Ocean, discovered 1778. 

Sandwich Islands, King of, d. in Lon- 
don of the small-pox, 8th July, 
1824. 

Sandwich Islands, Queen of, d. in 

London of the small-pox, 14th 

July, 1824. 
Sandwich Harbour destroyed by an 

earthquake, 1580. 
Sandwich built 957. 
Sandwich Bridge, built 1756. 
Sandwich, Lord, seat of, (Hinch- 

brook.) burned 22nd Jan., 1830. 
Sannazarius, Giacomo, poet, b. 1458, 

d. 1530. 

Sanquir, Lord, hanged for killing a 
fencing-master, 1612. 

Sanson, Nich., eminent French geo- 
grapher, b. 1600, d. 1667. 

Santerre, John Baptist, painter, b. 
1651, d. 1717. 

Santrv, Lord, condemned for murder 
in Ireland, 27th April, 1739. 

Sappho born about 600 B.C. 

Saragossa, in Spain, 400 of its in- 
habitants perished in a devastating 
fire, and the theatre burned down, 
Dec, 1778. 

Sarasin, John, French writer, b. 
about 1604, d. 1654. 

Sarazin, James, sculptor, d. 1660. 

Sardinia conquered by the Spaniards, 
1303, in whose possession it was 
till 1708, when it was taken by an 
English fleet, and given to the 
Duke of Savoy, with the title of 
king. — The first king was Victor, 
who abdicated the throne in favour 
of his son, 1730, and died in a 
prison, 1732 ; Piedmont annexed 
to Italy, and Buonaparte crowned 
king of the whole, 26th May, 1805. 
— Restored to its rightful sove- 
reign, Victor Emanuel, with Genoa 
added to it, 14th Dec. 1814. 

Sardinia, Felix Joseph, king of, b. 
1765, d. 1811. 

Sardinia, King of, relinquished Turin 



SAR 



SC A 



309 



. and Piedmont to the French, Gth 
Dec. 1798, and retired to Sardinia. 

Sardinian Ambassador's Chapel, near 
Lincoln's-inn-fields, burnt acci- 
dentally, 30th Nov. 1759 ; again 
by the rioters, June, 1780. 

Sarpi, Father Paul, b. 1552, d. 1622. 

Sarti, Signor, musical composer, b. 
1720, d. 28th July, 1802. 

Sarto, Andrea del, painter, b. 1471, 
d. 1520. 

Satellite, sloop of 16 guns, upset, 
when all her crew perished, 20th 
Dec. 1810. 

Saturn's temple at Rome built B.C. 
407. 

Saturn's satellites first discovered, 

1608; his ring discovered, 1634. 
Saturnalia, festivals instituted at 

Rome, Dec. 407 B.C. 
Saunders, Sir Ed., judge, d. 1682. 
Saunders, J. Cunningham, surgeon, 

b. 1773, d. 1810. 
Saunders, Wm., physician, b. 1743, 

d. 1817. 

Saunderson, Dr. N., mathematician, 

d. ] 739, aged 57. 
Saurin, James, French divine, b. 

1677, d. 1730. 
Saussure, H. B. de, naturalist, b. 

1740, d. 1799. 
Sauvages, F. B.tie, botanist, b. 1706, 

d. 1767. " 
Savage, Richard, b. 1698, condemned 

for murder 1727, pardoned 1728, 

d. 1743. 

Savannah settled 1732; damaged by 
fire, 4th July, ] 758 ; again, 26th 
Nov. 1797, when 229 dwellings, 
besides out-offices, were destroyed. 

Savary, duke of Rovigo, minister of 
France under Napoleon, d. 1st 
June, 1833. 

Savarv, Nicholas, traveller, d. 1788. 

Savfle, Sir Henry, b. 1549, d. 1622. 

Savile, George, marquis of Halifax, 
statesman, b. 1630, d. 1695. 

Saviour's, St., church, South wark, 
built 1098. 

Saviour's, St., order of knighthood, 
began in Spain 1118. 

Savon v, a Dutch painter, b. 1643, 
d. 1706. 

Savoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, 
which submitted to the Romans, 



118 B.C. The Alemans seized it 
in 395; the Franks, 196. It 
shared the revolutions of Switzer- 
land till 1040, when Conrad, em- 
peror of Germany, gave it to Hu- 
bert, with the title of earl. Ama- 
deus VIII. earl of Savoy, solicited 
Sigismund, emperor of Germany, 
to erect his dominions into a duchy, 
which he did at Cambray, 19th 
Feb. 1417. The last duke having 
taken Sicily in 1713, by the as- 
sistance of the English, was made 
king of that country, but by the 
peace of Utrecht changed for Sar- 
dinia, 1718. The dukedom of 
Savoy is now possessed by the 
king of Sardinia ; but great part of 
the country ceded to France in 
1796; seized by the French Dec. 
1798, who were repulsed, 1799, 
but subjugated it again the year 
following. Restored to Sardinia, 
1816. 

Savoy palace, Strand, London, built 
1245 ; converted into an hospital, 
1549 ; burnt down, 2nd March, 
1776. 

Sawtree, Sir William, the first that 
was burnt alive on account of reli- 
gious opinions in England, 19th 
Feb. 1401. 

Saxe, count, d. 1750, aged 54. 

Saxo, Grammaticus, historian, d. 1208, 

Saxon green in dyeing invented 1744. 

Saxons first arrived in Britain from 
Bremen, with three ships, under 
Hengist and Horsa, 449. 

Saxony, upper, ceded to Prussia, 
1815. 

Scsevola, Mutius, burnt his right hand 
before Porsenna for killing the 
secretary when he intended to 
have slain Porsenna himself, 508 
B.C. 

Scaffold, a, built for spectators to see 
Lord Lovatt beheaded, fell down, 
and several persons were killed 
and a great number maimed, 1746. 

Scales, lord, murdered by a ferryman, 
19th Aug. 1460. 

Scaliger, Julius Csesar, d. 1558, aged 
75. 

Scaliger, Jos., French writer, b. 1640, 
d. 1609. 



310 SCA 



SCO 



Scanderbeg d. 1467, aged 68. 
Scapula, John, lexicographer, lived 

late irj the 16th century. 
Scarborough, Yorkshire, cliff sunk 

and the spa removed, 18th Dec. 

1737 ; castle built, 1140; rebuilt, 

1170. 

Scarborough , New England, damaged 
by fire, 11th Sept. 1762. 

Scarborough, Sir Charles, English 
anatomist, b. about 1616, d. 1696. 

Scarcity root, a species of parsnip in- 
troduced and propagated in Eng- 
land, first by Dr. Lettsom, 1787. 

Scarlet dye invented 1000 ; first used 
at Bow near Stratford, 1643. 

Scarpa, Antonio, professor of anatomy 
at Pavia, d. 31st Oct, 1833. 

Scaurlev Abbey, Yorkshire, built 
1147. 

Scenes first introduced at theatres 
1533. 

Schalken, Godfrey, painter, b. 1643, 
d. 1706. 

Schaverley, Christophe, painter, b. at 
Inglestadt 1550, d. 1594. 

Scheele, Charles William, chemist, 
b. 1742, d. 1786. 

Scheffer, J., writer, b. 1621, d. 1679. 

Scheen, in Norway, was totally de- 
stroyed by fire, 6th Dec. 1777. 

Scheuchzer, John James, writer, b. 
1672, d. 1733. 

Schiavonetti, Louis, painter, b. 1765, 
d. 1810. 

Schiavoni, Andrea, artist, b. 1522, 
d. 1582. 

Schidoni, Bartholomew, an Italian 
painter, b. 1560, d. 1616. 

Schiller, Fred., German poet, b.1759, 
d. 9th May, 1805. 

Schism act passed 1714. 

Schnebbelie, Jacob, painter, b. 1760, 
d. 1792. 

Schomberg, Dr. Isaac, English physi- 
cian, d. 1780. 

Schomberg, Alexander, writer, b. 
1756, d. 1792. 

Schomberg, duke of, b. 1608, landed 
in Ireland 13th Aug. 1689, killed 
at the battle of the Boyne 1690. 

Schorel, a Dutch painter, b. 1495, 
d. 1562. 

Schrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer, 
d. 1667. 



Schultz, eminent orientalist, assassi- 
nated at Curdistan, 1829. 

Schut, Cornelius, a Florentine painter, 
b. 1600, d. 1660. 

Schut, his nephew, painter, d. 1676. 

Schultens, Albert, orientalised. 1750. 

Schultens, Henrv Albert, orientalist, 
b. 1749, d. 1793. 

Scburman, Anna Maria, learned ladv, 
b. 1607, d. 1678. 

Schwartz, Bertholet, invented gun- 
powder, fi. 13th century. 

Schwartz, painter, b. 1550, d. 1594. 

Scipio, P. Cornelius, d. B.C. 189. 

Scilla, in Upper Calabria, 4 men, 5 
women, and 24 young girls, killed 
by an explosion of gunpowder, 
ignited by lightning at, 15th Jan., 
1815. 

Scone Abbey, near Perth, founded 
1114; burnt by the populace at the 
period of the reformation, afterwards 
rebuilt ; Charles II. was the last 
king crowned in the kirk, all the 
Scottish monarchs baving been 
crowned in this abbey ; made the 
residence of the Count D'Artois of 
France, 1798. 

Scopas, sculptor, flourished B.C. 430. 

Scorza, Sinibaldo, a Genoese painter, 
b. 1589, d. 1631. 

Scotch gold ard silver prohibited 
passing currently in England, 1393. 

Scotland, anciently Caledonia, history 
of, began 328 B.C., when Fergus 
I. was sent over by the people of 
Ireland ; received the Christian 
faith A. D. 203; united under 
one monarchy by Kenneth II. the 
69th king, and called Scotland, 
838 ; divided into baronies, 1032 ; 
invaded by the king of Norwav, 
near Loch Lomond, 1263; on 
the death of Alexander III. -was 
disputed by 12 candidates, who 
submitted their claims to the arbi- 
tration of Edward I. of England, 
1283, which gave him an opportu- 
nity to conquer it ; it was not 
entirely recovered by the Scots till 
1314; its regalia and crown taken 
and brought to England, with the 
coronation chair, now in West- 
minster Abbey, 1296; records of 
Scotland, by being sent by sea 



SCOTCH KINGS. 



311 



from England for Scotland, were 
lost, 1298 ; first general assembly 
of the church held, 20th Dec. 
1560; earl of Murray regent, 
1567; earl of Lenox regent, 12th 
July, 1570; earl of Mar regent, 
6th' Sept. 1571 j earl of Morton 
regent, 24th Nov. 1572; James 
VI. of Scotland succeeded to the 
crown of England, 1603 ; this 
produced an union of the two 
crowns; and in 1707, the two 
kingdoms were united, and took 
the style and title of Great Bri- 
tain. 

Scotch kings. This nation has as 
great pretensions to antiquity as 
any in Eastern Europe, having, 
according to their own historians, 
•possessed that kingdom for above 
2000 years, without ever having 
been conquered, although they 
have been subdued at certain pe- 
riods by the Romans and English, 
and in a great measure over-run 
by the Danes. They boast of a 
line of 115 kings, who can all of 
them deduce their pedigree from 
Fergus II., who was sent by the 
people of Ireland, and came into 
Scotland about the time that Alex- 
ander the Great took Babylon, 
viz. 330 B. C. As to the origin 
of the Scots, there are various 
opinions ; and the historians, who 
contend for their great antiquity, 
say they came from Spain. Those 
are opposed by others, who in ge- 
neral suppose them to be a remain- 
der of the Britons who fled from 
the Roman servitude. However, 
we shall begin with Metellus, the 
17th king of Scotland, (in the 
second year of whose reign Jesus 
Christ was born), who died in 29, 
and was succeeded by Caractacus. 

NAMES. BEGAN TO REIGN. 



Caractacus . .32 

Corbred I. . . , 54 

Dardanus . . 70 

Corbred II. . . . 72 

Luctatus . . .104 

Mogaldus . . . 107 

Conarus . . .142 

Argadus . .146 



XLilllOUlUb X. » « 


161 


Oct II del . « 


193 


Tinnnlrl T 


1 97 

Li) i 


"EYhnrHne TT 

XL L11UU.1 U; XX* ». 


216 


.Achiro « • 


230 


pysi thai nf»na 

±> cLlJ.ld.lUUU. 3 • 


242 


X' IllU.UOUO' ■ • 


252 


Donald II. 


262 


Dnnnlrl TTT 

A-J\J LLcllKl XXX. • • 




Cr&tliilintlius • 


. 277 


Finclionnarchus 


320 


R o m & cl \ u s 


. 368 


Angiisianus • * 


. 371 


Fethelin3,clius • 


373 


Eugenius I • 


376 


Fergus I. ■ 


403 


Eugenius II. • • 


. 419 


Dongcird 


451 


ConstcLntinG I« * 


457 


VXJIlUdlC X. • 


479 


(rr»T"i "n T 

VJlXlcLlX X, • • 


501 


Eugenius III, • 


. 545 


Congtile II. ■ 


558 


Cjxinl&ne, or Cuincitillus 


568 




569 


\c oTiTiA'tTi T 

XV C 11 11 C til X. • 


604 


Eugenius IV# 


. 606 


Ferc\hard I» 


. 622 


Dnnalrl TV 

xy UlldlU. XT* • 


632 


Ferdiaxd I 


,646 


INIcildwin ■ 


664 


Eugenius V. . 


684 


Eugenius VI» « 


687 


-A^mberclielet • 


697 


Eugenius VII. 


698 


IMordcic • 


71 ^ 


XlilolXlllXD • 


730 


Eugenius VIII. 


761 


Fergus II« ■ 


. 763 


Solv&tius 


766 


-ActlcllUS • • 


787 


Cong&le III, • 


819 


Tlnn nrQ 1 

-L/U11M Gil , m 


824 


Alpin • 


. 831 


XvcUUclIl XX. • 


834 


Tlrmolrl V 

xyonaiu v • • 


854 


Constcintine II. 


858 


nanus * 


874 


Gregory 


876 


Donald VI 


892 


Constantine III. 


. 903 


Malcolm I. 


. 938 


Indulphus 


. 958 


Duphus 


. 968 


Cullenus 


. 972 




312 SCO 

'Kenneth III. . .973 

Constantine IV. . 994 

Grimus . . 996 

Malcolm II. . . 1004 

Duncan . , . 1034 

Macbeth . .1040 

Malcolm III. . . 1057 

Donald VII. . . 1093 

Duncan II. . . 1095 

Donald VII. again . 1095 

Interregnum . .1096 

Edgar . . 1097 

Alexander I. . .1107 

David I. . . .1124 

Malcolm IV. .. . 1153 

William . . .1165 

Alexander II. . . 1214 

Alexander III. . . 1240 

Interregnum . .1245 

John Baliol . .1292 

Robert I. , . 1306 

David II. . .1329 

Edward Baliol . . 1332 

David II. again . ' . 1341 

Robert II. » . 1371 

John Robert . .1390 

James I. . - . 1405 

James II. . . 1437 

James III. . .1460 

James IV. . . 1488 

James V. . .1513 

Mary Stuart . . 1542 

James VI. . . 1567 



' James VI. on the death of Eliza- 
beth, queen of England, ascended 
that throne in 1603, and his de- 
scendants were the kings of Eng- 
land also till 1707, when the two 
kingdoms were united under the 
title of Great Britain. 

Scots -Corporation, began 1655. 

Scott, Sir Walter, author of Waver- 
ley, b. 1771, d. 21st Sept., 1832, 
at Abbotsford, County Roxburgh. 

Scott, G. Lewis, mathematician, d. 
1780. 

Scott, Mrs., wife of Lewis, novelist, 
d. 1795. 

Scott, .John, poet, b. 1730, d. 1783. 
Scott, Michael,fl. in the 13th century. 
Scott, Reginald, eminent English 

writer, d. 1599. 
Scotus, John, d. 1308. 
Scotus, Marianus, historian, flourished 

1086. 



Scrimzeor, Henry, learned Scotchman, 
d. 1571. 

Scrimshaw, Mrs., d. in Rosemary- 
lane workhouse, Tower-hill, aged 
127, 6th Dec. 1711. 

Scriptures ordered to be read in mo- 
nasteries in Britain, 746. 

Scuderi, George, French writer, b. 
1603, d. 1667. 

Scuderi, Magdalen de, French writer, 
b. 1607, d. 1701. 

Scutari, near Constantinople, contain- 
ing 3000 bouses, totally destroyed 
by fire, 12th Aug., 1797. 

Scutage, the first tax levied in Eng- 
land to pay an army, 1 1 59. 

Sea-horse, transport, stranded by a 
gale in Tramoie Bay, Ireland, 
when 365 persons, chiefly soldiers 
of the 59 th regiment, were drowned, 
30th Jan., 1816. 

Seals not much in use with the 
Saxons ; but they signed parch- 
ments with the cross, impressions 
of lead being affixed. There was 
a seal of King Edward's at West- 
minster, about 1188 Coats of 

arms were not introduced into seals 

till 1218 Great seal of England 

first used to crown grants, &c. 
1050; stolen, 1784. 

Seas, the sovereignty of England over 
the British seas maintained by 
Selden, and measures taken by the 
British government in consequence, 
8th Charles I. 1633. 

Sealing charters and deeds first intro- 
duced into England, 1065. 

Sealing-wax brought into general use, 
1556. 

Seamen's wages advanced by parlia- 
ment, 9th May, 1797, in conse- 
quence of the mutiny at Spithead. 

Seamen's Widows' Corporation, 
erected 13th Oct., 1732. 

Season, Dr. Henry, d. 1775. 

Seaton, Rev. Thomas, who instituted 
the prize poems at Cambridge, b. 
1684, d. 1750. 

Seeker, Dr. Thomas, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, b. 1693, d. 1768. 

Secretaries of State first appointed in 
England, Lord Cromwell so made 
by Cardinal Wolsey, 1529-30. 

Sects of religions in the world are said 



SEC 



SHA , 313 



to amount to 373, all' differing in 
some point of doctrine. 

Security of the king's person, act for, 
passed 1703; amended 1795. 

Sedan Chairs introduced into Eng- 
land hy the Duke of Buckingham, 
1734. 

Sedition Bill passed, 14th Dec. 1795. 

Seditious Meetings' and Public As- 
semblies' Bill, for the more effec- 
tually preventing of, passed, 28th 
March, 1817. 

Seditious Societies and Reading 
Rooms suppressed by an act, 21st 
June, 1797. 

Sedley, Sir Charles, b. about 1639, d. 
about 1701. 

Seed, Jeremiah, divine, d. in 1747. 

Segar, Sir William, English heraldic 
writer, d. 1663. 

Segers, Ger., Dutch painter, b. 1589, 
d. 1651. 

Segers, Daniel, painter, b. 1590, d. 
1660. 

Segrais, J. R. de, French poet, b. 
1624, d. 1701. 

Seizures at the Custom-house, Lon- 
don, amounted to26,000/.in 1742. 

Sejanus put to death, 31. 

Selby and Leeds Railway, opened 
22nd Sept., 1834. 

Selden, John, b. 1584, d. 30th Nov. 
1654. 

Semiramis, Queen of Assvria, d. 

1665 B.C. 
Semper eadem, first used as the 

motto for the arms of England, 

13th Dec. 1702. 
Senate-house, Dublin, destroyed by 

fire, 28th Feb. 1792. 
Seneca, b. at Corduba in 2 B. C, d. 

A.D. 64. 
Septuagint said to have been found in 

a cask, 217. 
Sepulchre, order of knighthood, began 

in Palestine 1 092. 
Seraphim, order of knighthood, began 

in Sweden 1334. 
Serres, Dom., painter, d. 6th Nov. 

1793. 

Sertorius, Quintus, Roman warrior, 

flourished B. C. 73. 
Servants', men, tax, 1775; enlarged, 

1781-85-96-97, and 1808. 
Servants' wages taxed, 1695. 



Servants', female, tax, 1785; abo- 
lished, 1792. 
Servetus burnt at Geneva, b. 1509, 

d. 27th Oct., 1553. 
Sessions, Court of, first appointed by 

James I., 1425; abolished, 1503; 

re-established by James V., 1531 ; 

re-instated at Edinburgh, 1756. 
Settle, Elkanah, b. 1648, d. 1724. 
Settlement of the crown, act for, 1689. 
Severus, d. 211, aged 56. 
Severus' Wall, built in the North of 

England, 208. 
Sevigne\ Marchioness de, b. 1626, d. 

1696. 

Seville Custom-house destroyed by 
fire, with 40,000/. worth of pro- 
perty, 7th May, 1792. 

Seward, Anna, poet, b. 1747,d. at the 
Palace, Lichfield, 25th Mar. 1809. 

Seward, William, biographer, b. 1 747, 
d. 1799. 

Sewell, Dr. George, poet and phy- 
I sician, d. 1726. 
Sextant, invented by Tycho Brahe, 
j at Uraniburg, his observatory in 
I the Isle of Huen. 
| Seymour, Lord, married the widow of 
j Henry VIII., March, 1548 ; who 
died in child-bed Sept. following ; 
he was beheaded on Tower-hill, 
20th March, 1549. 
Shadwell, Thomas, b. 1640, d. 20th 

Nov. 1692. 
Shadwell Water-works destroyed by 
fire. They raised 903 gallons per 
minute, and were totally destroyed 
in one hour and a half, Dec. 1797. 
Shaftesbury, Earl of, b. 1621, d.1683. 
Shaftesbury, built 879. 
Shakspeare, b. 1564, d. 23rd April, 
1616. 

Skakspeare, monument to, erected 

in Westminster Abbey, 1741. 
Shane's Castle, Antrim, Ireland, the 

seat of Lord O'Neil, burnt down, 

15th May, 1816. 
Shap Monastery, Westmoreland, 

founded 1189. 
Sharp, Archbishop of St. Andrew's, 

b. 1618, shot in his coach, 3rd 

May, 1679. 
Sharp, Abraham, mathematician, b. 

1651, d. 1742. 
Sharp, Samuel, surgeon, d. 1778.. 



314 SHA 



SHE 



Sharp, Granville, the philanthropist, 
and founder of the anti-slavery 
societv in England, b. 1734, d. 6tii 
July, 1813. 

Sharp," Arch bishop of York, b. 1644, 
d. 1714. 

Sharpe, Gregory, divine, b. 1713, d. 
1771. 

Shaving of priests, first introduced, 
169. 

Shaw, Dr. Thomas, English traveller, 
d. 1751. 

Shaw, George, M. D., keeper of 
natural history in the British Mu- 
seum, b. 1751, d. 22nd July, 
1813. 

Shaw, Cuthbert, English poetical 
satirist, b. about 1738, d. 1771. 

Shaw, Rev. Stebbing, topographer, b. 
1762, d. 1802. 

Shebbeare, Dr., pilloried at Charing- 
cross, 5th Dec, 1758, d. Aug., 
1788, aged 79. 

Sheen, W., tried for decapitating his 
child, 14th July, 1827 ; acquitted 
from informality in the indictment. 

Sheep from England first permitted 
to be sent to Spain, which has 
since injured our manufacture, 
1467. The number in England 
is from 20 to 25 millions. The 
value of their wool, 3,200,000/. 
Expense of manufacturing it, 

9,000,000/ Exported annually 

upwards of 3,000,000/.— Number 
of persons employed in manufac- 
turing it above 1,000,000.— From 
the wool-grower to the consumer, 
a piece of cloth passes through one 
hundred different hands. 

Sheep forbidden to be exported from 
England, 1424. 

Sheerness, stables of the Fountain 
inn took fire, when ten houses 
were destroyed, 9th Oct. 1826. 

Sheerness, fire at, 30th July, 1827. 

Sheerness, 54 houses burnt at, 16th 
Jan. 1830. 

Sheffield, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Sheffield Cotton Manufactory, valued 
at 45,000/., destroyed by fire, 16th 

. Feb. 1792. 

Sheffield, Earl of, writer on, com- 
merce, b. about 1735, d. 1821. 



Sheffield, John, Duke of Bucking- 
ham, statesman and poet, b. 1649, 
d. 1720. 

Sheldon, Archbishop, d. 9th Nov. 
1677. 

Shelley, Mr., miniature painter, d. 

March, 1809. 
Shelley, Percy B., poet, b. 1792, 

drowned 1822. 
Shenstone, William, English poet 

and miscellaneous writer, b. 1714, 

d. 1763. 

Shepherd, Rev. Revett, a celebrated 
English naturalist, b. 1778, d. 
1830. 

Sherard, William, founder of the 
botanic professorship at Oxford, b. 
1659, d. 1728. 

Sherbrook, the Lady, with 300 emi- 
grants, wrecked off Newfoundland, 
only seven lives saved, Sept. 1831. 

Sherburne, Sir Edward, English poet 
and translator, b. 1618, d. 1702. 

Sherborne Castle, Dorset, built 1107. 

Sheridan, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. in 
the county of Cavan, 1684, d. in 
Dublin, 1738. 

Sheridan, Thos., actor and writer, b. 
in Quilca, Ireland, 1721, d. 1788. 

Sheridan, Frances, novelist and dra- 
matic writer, b. 1724, d. 1767. 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, an elo- 
quent British senator, b. in Dublin. 
30th Oct. 1751; d. 7th July, 
honoured by a public funeral, 18th 
July, 1816. 

Sheridan, Thos., only son of Richard 
Brinslev Sheridan, d. 12th Aug., 
1817. " 

Sheriffs and Justices of the Peace in 

England, 1079. 
Sheriffs, in London, first appointed, 

1189. 

Sheriffs of London, fifty appointed in 
one day, thirty-five of whom paid 
their fines, 2nd July, 1734. 

Sherlock, Dr. Thos., bishop of Lon- 
don, b. 1678, d. 1761. 

Sherlock, William, divine, b. 1641, 
d. 1707. 

Sherwin, J. K., engraver, d. Sept. 
1790. 

Shetland Islands, 19 fishing boat? 
foundered in a storm off, and 111 
persons drowned, Oct. 1832. 



SHI 



SHO 315 



Shillings first coined in England, 
1505. 

Ship, order of knighthood, began 
1252. 

Ship and Double Crescent, order of 
knighthood, began in France 1269. 

Ship-money exacted, 1634; abolished 
1641. 

Ship wash, Devonshire, much injured 
by a fire, 22nd April, 1742. 

Ships, the first seen in Greece, arrived 
at Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 B.C. 
The first double-decked one built 
in England was of 1000 tons bur- 
then, by order of Henry VII. 1509; 
it was called the Great Harry, 
and cost 14,000/. ; before this, 24 
gun ships were the largest in our 
navy, and these had no port-holes, 
the guns being on the upper decks 
only Port-holes and other im- 
provements were invented by Des- 
charges, a French builder at Brest, 
in the reign of Louis XII. 1500. 

Ship-building, the art of, attributed 
to the Egyptians, as the first in- 
ventors ; the first ship (probably 
a galley) being brought from Egypt 

to Greece by Darius, 1485 B.C 

The first ship of 800 tons was built 
in England, 1597. — A first-rate 
man of war requires about 60,000 
cubic feet of timber, and uses 
180,0001b. of rough hemp in the 
cordage and sails for it. The ground 
on which the timber for a 74 gun 
ship would require to grow, would 
be 14 acres ; it requires 3000 loads 
of timber, each load containing 50 
cubical feet; 1500 well-grown 
trees, of two loads each, will cover 
14 acres, at 20 feet asunder ; 3000 
loads of rough oak, at 2s. per foot, 
or 51. per load, will cost 15,000/. 

Shipping first registered in the river 
Thames, 1787. — The number re- 
gistered in the British dominions, 
in 1791, was 15,647, being 636 
more than in 1790. On 30th 
Sept. 1791, England and Scotland 
possessed 1,365,000 tons of mer- 
cantile shipping; which, estimated 
at 8/. 8s. per ton, including rigging 
and stores, may be valued at 
11,466,000/.; and that 80,000 



seamen were employed in navi- 
gating these ships. The keeping 
up of this stock of shipping, rec- 
koning the wear and tear at 12/. 
per cent., causes the annual sum 
of 1,375,020/. to be expended 
among ship-builders, sail-makers, 
and numerous artificers employed 
about ships ; after which, a clear 
profit of 687,960/. remains in the 
pockets of the owners of those 
ships every year ; reckoning such 
profit at 61. per cent, of the sum 
employed, the whole profit on mer- 
cantile shipping being reckoned at 

18/. per cent 13,500 vessels, 

freighted with property to the value 
of between 60 and 70,000,000/. 
sterling, sailed from and arrived at 
the Port of London in the course 
of 1797. 



Shipping 


in England, 


of the navy, 


contained in 




YEARS. 


TONS. 


MARINERS. 


1588 


- 31,585 


- 15,272 


1660 


- 62,594 




1675 


- 69,681 


- 30,951 


1688 


- 101,032 




1695 


- 112,400 


- 45,000 


1704 


- 140,754 


- 41,000 


1715 


- 167,596 




1721 


- 158,233 




1727 


- 170,862 




1741 


- 198,385 




1749 


- 228,215 


- 17,000 


1754 


- 266,246 


- 10,000 


1760 


- 321,104 

- 276,046 


- 70,000 


1774 




1781 


- 422,700 


- 104,978 


Shirley, 


James, dramatist, b. 1594, 



d. 1666. 



Shirley, Anthony, traveller, b. 1565, 
d. about 1630. 

Shoes. The people had an extrava- 
gant way of adorning their feet ; 
they wore the beaks or points of 
their shoes so long, that they en- 
cumbered themselves in their 
walking, and were forced to tie 
them up to their knees ; the fine 
gentlemen fastened theirs with 
chains of silver, or silver gilt, and 
others with laces. This ridiculous 
custom was in vogue from the year 
1382, but was prohibited, on the 
p 2 



316 SHO 



SIL 



forfeiture of 20s. and the pain of 
cursing by the clergy, 1467. Shoes 
of the present fashion •worn in 
England, 1633 ; but the buckle 
was not introduced till 1670. 

Shoeing of horses first introduced 
into England, 481. 

Shoplifting act passed 1629. 

Shop-tax, passed 1785; repealed 
1789. 

Shop- window tax, repealed 1833. 
Shore, Jane, mistress of Edward IV., 

did penance 1483 ; her husband 

executed for coining 1496. 
Shoreham Suspension-bridge, opened 

2nd May, 1833. 
Short, Dr. Thomas, physician, d. 

1772. 

Short, James, eminent optician, b. 

1710, d. 1768. 
Shot manufactory of Walker and 

Parker, London, burnt, 5th Jan., 

1826. 

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, lost on the 
rocks of Scilly, 22nd Oct. 1705, 
aged 56. 

Shower, Sir Bartholomew, lawyer, d. 
1701. 

Shrewsbury, the church of St. Chad 
at, destroyed by the falling of its 
tower, 11th July, 1788; dread- 
ful fire at, consumed 50 houses, 
exclusive of offices, &c, 1st April, 
1774 , abbey built, 1033 ; castle 
built, 1084. 

Shuckford, Samuel, divine, d. 1754. 

Shuter, Edward, the comedian, d. 
17th Nov. 1776. 

Sibthorp, John, botanist, b. 1753, d. 
1796. 

Secard, the Abbe, b. 1742, d. 1822. 

Sick and wounded, Seamen's incor- 
poration began, 24th June, 1747. 

Sicily first peopled from Italy, 1262 
B.C. ; separated from the kingdom 
of Naples, of which latter Joseph 
Buonaparte, a man of neither valour 
nor abilities, usurped the throne, by 
his brother Napoleon's assistance, 
1805 The government trans- 
ferred by Ferdinand to the heredi- 
tary prince, or vicar-general, 16th 

Jan., 1812 New constitution 

adopted by it, resembling the Eng- 
lish, July, in the same year. — The 



government restored to Ferdinand, 
1814. 

Siddons, Mrs., the greatest tragic 
actress ever seen in England, b. 
1755, d. 7th June, 1831. 

Side-saddles first used by the English 
in 1399. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, b. 1554, killed in 
battle, 22nd Sept. 1586. 

Sidney, Algernon, b. about 1620, be- 
headed 7th Dec. 1683. 

Sienna nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, May, 1798. 

Sierra Leone, coast discovered, 1460. 

Sigebert, the historian, d. 1113. 

Sigismund, the Emperor, visited Eng- 
land, 1419, d. 1438. 

Signals at sea, first devised bv James 
II., 1665. 

Signorelli, Luca, painter of Crotona, 
b. 1439, d. 1521. 

Silius Italicus, Latin poet, b. A. D. 
15, d. aged 75. 

Silk, wrought, brought from Persia 
to Greece, 325 B.C.-— From India, 

A. D. 274 Known at Rome in 

Tiberius's time, when a law passed 
in the senate, prohibiting the use 
of plate of massy gold, and also 
forbidding men to debase them- 
selves by wearing silk, fit only for 
women. Heliogabalus first wore 
a garment of silk, 220. — Silk- 
worms were brought to Europe 
300 years later. — Silk at first of 
the same value with gold, weight 
for weight, and thought to grow 
like cotton on trees, 220. The 
emperor Aurelian, who died in 
275, denied his empress a robe of 
silk, because too dear. — Silk in- 
troduced into Europe by some 
monks, 551 ; some monks who 
had been in India, in 555, brought 
from thence silk-worms' eggs to 
Constantinople, where raw silk was 
in time produced in abundance, 
and worked up into manufactures 
at Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &Cs 
Charlemagne sent to Offa, king of 
Mercia, in 780, a present of a belt, 
a Hunnish sword, and two silken 
vests In 1130, Greek manufac- 
turers of silk, were brought by 
Roger,king of Sicily, to Europe, and 



SIL 



SKE 317 



settled at Palermo, where they 
taught the Sicilians not only to 
breed up the silk-worms, but to 
spin and to weave silk ; which art 
was carried afterwards to Italy and 
Spain, and also to the south of 
France, a little before Francis I., 
who brought it to Touraine. — Ve- 
nice inveigled silk-weavers from 
Greece and Palermo in Sicily, 
1207. — Silk mantles worn by some 
noblemen's ladies at a ball at 
Kenilworth Castle, in Warwick- 
shire, 1486. — Silk manufactured 
in England, 1604.— First silk 
manufacture in France, 1521 ; 
raw silk not produced there for a 
long time afterwards. — First worn 
by the English clergy, .1534. — 
Silk worms and mulberry-trees 
propagated by Henry IV. through 
all France, 1559. — Broad silk 
manufacture from raw silk intro- 
duced into England, 1620. — 
Lombe's famous silk -thro wing ma- 
chine, erected at Derby, 1719 ; it 
contains 26,586 wheels ; oneAvater 
wheel moves the whole, and 
in a day and a night it works 
318,504,960 yards of organzine 
silk. — Silk first imported from 
Persia through Russia, 1742. 

Silver first coined at Rome, 269 B.C. 

Silver pennv, the largest coin in Eng- 
land, 1302. 

Silver raised from 3s. 9c?. to As. per 
ounce, 1544. 

Silver mines first discovered in Ger- 
many, 950 ; in Britany in France, 
Nov. 1730; in Devonshire, 1294; 
at Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 1712. 

Silver plate, or vessels, first made 
use of in England by Wilfrid, a 
Northumberland bishop, a lofty 
and ambitious man, 709 ; silver 
knives and forks, spoons, and cups, 
a very great luxury, 1300. 

Silvester, Lewis, painter, d. 1760, 
aged 85. 

Silvester II., Pope, d. 1003. 

Silvestre, Israel, engraver, b. 1621, 
d. 1691. 

Simmons, Dr. Sam. Foart, physician 
to St. Luke's Hospital, b. 17th 
March, 1750, d. June, 1813. 



Simnel, Lambert, set up against Henry 
VII. ; crowned king in Ireland, 
1487 ; pardoned, and made scullion 
in the king's kitchen, and afterwards 
one of the king's falconers, in which 
post he died. 

Simon, Richard, French divine and 
writer, b. 1638, d. 1712. 

Simon, Magus, the first heretic, came 
to Rome, 41. 

Simon, St. and St. Jude's festival, 
instituted, 1090. 

Simonides, the poet, b. 558 B. C, d. 
aged 92. 

Simoneau, Chas., engraver, d. 1728. 
Simpson's Hospital, Dublin, for blind 

and gouty men founded and built, 

1780. 

Simpson, Thomas, English mathema- 
tician, b. 1710, d. 1761. 

Simson, Dr. Robert, mathematician, 
b. 1687, d. 1768. 

Singing in churches, established 67. 

Sincerity, order of knighthood in 
Saxony, began 1690. 

Sinking Fund, bill passed, 1787. 

Sion Abbey, Middlesex, built 1624. 

Sion College, London-wall, founded 
1623 ; incorporated, 1664. 

Sirlet, Flavius, engraver of precious 
stones, d. 1737. 

Sir William Curtis, packet, struck 
on the ground about 50 yards from 
the pier-head at Ostend, and Mrs. 
Carleton, mother of Lord Dor- 
chester, her daughter, and a female 
servant were drowned, 29th Oct. 
1815. 

Siri, Vittorio, annalist, b. 1613, d. 
1683. 

Sirmond, James, the French writer, 

b. 1559, d. 1651. 
Sisyphus, first king of Corinth, 1504 

B. C. 

Six Clerks office, Chancery-lane, Lon- 
don, built 1770. 

Sixtus V., Pope, b. 1521, made pope, 
1585, d. 1590 ; he was originally 
a swineherd. 

Skeleton, a human, dug up in the Isle 
of Wight, supposed to have been 
buried 600 years before, 1807. 

Skelton, Rev. John, ppet, d. 1529. 

Skelton, Philip, divine, b. 1707, d. 
1787. 



318 



SKI 



SME 



Skinner, Stephen, English physician 
and antiquary, b. about 1622, d. 
1667. 

Skinner, Alderman, b. 14th Jan. 

1737, d. 1806. 
Skipton Castle, Yorkshire, bit. about 

1070. 

Slave-trade from Congo and Angola, 
began by the Portuguese in 1 482. 

Slave-trade began with England 1 563 ; 
in South America, 1550 ; abolished 
by the Quakers, 1784. Their 
importation is said, by Abbe Ray- 
nal, to have been 9,000,000 of 
slaves, of which it is said to be 
60,000 annually. Abbe Raynal 
says there are, in America and the 
West Indies, full 1,400,000. 

Slave — a statute made, enacting, that 
a runagate servant, or any who 
lives idly for three days, be brought 
before two justices of the peace, 
and marked V. with a hot iron on 
the breast, and adjudged the slave 
of him who brought him for two 
years; he was to take the said 
slave, and give . him bread, water, 
or small drink, and refuse meat, 
and cause him to work, by beating, 
chaining, or otherwise : and if, 
within that space, he absented him- 
self 14 days, was to be marked on 
the forehead or cheek, by a hot 
iron, with an S. and be his master's 
slave for ever ; second desertion j 
felony ; lawful to put a ring of 
iron round his neck, arm, or leg ; 
a beggar's child might be put ap- 
prentice, and, on running away, 
a slave to his master, 1547; ob- 
tained their freedom by arrival in 
England, 1772; slavery abolished 
in Popish Austria, 26th June, 
1782 ; slave-trade debated in par- 
liament, 1787; regulated, 1788; 
debate for its abolition lasted two 
days, April, 1791; again, 1792; 
slavery was abolished in Pennsyl- 
vania and Massachusetts, 1793; 
in France, 1795; slave trade abo- 
lished by the British parliament, 
1 807 ; the freedom of all British 
slaves purchased, under a special 
act, and 20,000,000/. voted for 
the purpose, by parliament, 1833. 



In 1768 Great Britain 

purchased 53,100 
America . 6,300 
France . 23,500 
Holland . 11,300 
Portugal . 8,700 
Denmark . 1,200 
Total 104,100, at about 15/. 
each, whichamounts to 1,582,000/. 
sterling, but bought by barter. In 
1793, they sold on an average for 
30/. or 35/. each. In 1788, the 
slaves in the West India islands, 
belonging to Great Britain, were 
In Jamaica . . 174,000 
Barbadoes . . 80.000 
Antigua . . 36,000 
Grenada and the Gre- 
nadines . . 40,000 
St. Christopher's . 27,000 
Dominica . . 15,000 
St. Vincent's . 15,000 
Anguilla, Tortola, &c. 14,000 
Nevis . . 10,000 

Montserrat . 9,000 



Total 420,000 
Slaves first imported into America, 
1508. 

Slaves of Virtue, order of knighthood 
in Germany, began 1662. 

Sleidan, J., historian, b. 1506,d. 1556, 

Slingsby, Sir Henry, governor of 
Hull, and Dr. Hewit, beheaded on 
Tower Hill, 8th June, 1658. 

Slingelandt, John Peter, painter, b. 
1640, d. 1691. 

Slippers, first introduced about 1570. 

Sloane, Sir Hans, historian, naturalist, 
physician to George II., and con- 
tributor to the British Museum, b. 
1660, d. 11th Jan., 1752. 

Slodtz, Rene, sculptor, b. 1705, d. 
1764. 

Smalbroke, R., English prelate, b. 

1672, d. 1749. 
Smalridge, Dr. George, bishop of 

Bristol, writer, b. 1663, d. 1719. 
Small-pox hospital, Coldbath Fields, 

instituted 26th Sept. 1746. 
Smart, C, poet, b. 1722, d. 1770. 
Smeaton, John, engineer, b. 1 724, ■ 

d. 1792. 

Smellie, Dr. William, eminent ana- 
tomist, d. 1763. 



SME 



SOB 319 



Smellie, W., naturalist, b. 1740, d. 
1795. 

Smirke, R, architect, d. at Bramp- 
ton, Cumberland, July, 1815. 

Smith, John Gordon, a medical -wri- 
ter of eminence, b. 1792, d. in 
the Fleet prison, 15th Sept. 1833. 

Smithfield, London, first paved 1615. 

Smith, Dr. Adam, political economist, 
b. 1723, d. 1790. ' 

Smith, Charlotte, poet and novelist, 
b. 1749, d. 1806. 

Smith, Edmund, dramatist, b. 1668, 
d. 1710. 

Smith, Elizabeth, learned lady, b. 

1776, d. 1806. 
Smith, Sir John, statesman, d. about 

1600. 

Smith, John, celebrated adventurer, 
d. 1631. 

Smith, Miles, bishop, and translator 
of the bible, d. 1624. 

Smith, Robert, divine and mathema- 
tician, b. 1689, d. 1768. 

Smith, Sir Thomas, statesman, b. 
1514, d. 1577. 

Smith, Thos., divine, b. 1638, d.1710. 

Smith, William, divine and translator, 
b. 1711, d. 1787. 

Smith, John, mezzotinto scraper, d. 
about 1715. 

Smith, Thomas, painter, d. 1769. 

Smith, J. R., crayon portrait pain- 
ter, d. 1812. 

Smith, G., painter, b. 1714, d. 1766. 

Smollett, Dr. Tobias, the historian, d. 
21st Oct. 1771. 

Smugglers act passed, 1736 ; miti- 
gated, 1781 ; enforced, 1784. 

Smyrna, nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, April, 1730 ; and by afire, 
20th June, 1742 ; had the plague, 
1743, 1752; the Armenian quar- 
ter burnt, 14th May, 1753; had 
the plague, 1758, 1760; dreadful 
fires, in 1763 and 1772; and 
earthquakes and fire, in 1778 ; in 
March, 1796, which destroyed 
4000 shops, two large mosques, 
two public baths, and all the 
magazines and provisions, to the 
value of ten millions of crowns ; a 
riot, there by the Sclavonians, oc- 
casioned the Janissaries to destroy 
the theatre and property of the 



Christians, to the amount of 
100,000/., when between 12 and 
1300 persons lost their lives, May, 
1 797 ; dreadful fire in, 10th June, 
1811. 

Snape, Rev. Dr., b. 1672, d. 1742. 

Sneezing. The custom of saying 
" God bless you," to the sneezer, 
originated, according to Strada, 
among the ancients, who, through 
an opinion of the danger attending 
it, after sneezing, made a short 
prayer to the Gods, as " Jupiter 
help me." Polydore Virgil says it 
took its rise in the plague of 594, 
in which the infected fell down 
dead sneezing, though seemingly 
in good health. This custom is 
practised among the Jews, and 
among the Abyssinians. When 
the king of Monomotapa sneezes, 
those that are near him loudly wish 
him happiness, this is catched by 
those farther off, and it is echoed 
through the whole city. 

Snell, Hannah, the female soldier, 
had a pension settled on her, June, 
1730. 

Snelling, Thomas, writer on corns, 
d. 1773. 

Sneyd, Nathaniel, an Irish gentleman 
of rank and fortune, shot in the 
streets at noon, by Mason, a luna- 
tic, 31st July, 1833. 

Snow for 11 days, 1762; remarkably 
deep in 1731 and 1736; 7000 
Swedes perished in a storm of 
snow upon the mountains of Rudel 
and Tydel, in their march to attack 
Drontheim, in 1719 ; great fall of 
snow in every part of England, in 
Jan. 1814; considerable fall of 
snow in the counties of Cambridge 
and Huntingdon, by which much 
damage was done to the gardens, 
2nd Sept. 1816. 

Snow-hill, act of parliament passed 
for the improvement of, 26 th 
June, 1795. 

Snvders, Francis, painter, b. at Ant- 
werp, 1579, d. 1657. 

Soap, first manufactured at London 
and Bristol, 1524. 

Sobieski, John, king of Poland, d. 
1696. 



320 S O C 



SOU 



Societies or companies first established 
in London, 1198. 

Society for the relief of persons con- 
fined for small 'debts, commenced 
1772. 

Society for the relief of the widows 
and orphans of medical men, insti- 
tuted 1788. 

Society for bettering the condition of 

' the poor, instituted 1796. 

Society for abolishing the common 
method of sweeping chimneys, 
commenced 1802. 

Society, national, for promoting the 
education of the poor in the prin- 
ciples of the established church, 
1811. 

Society of ladies at Liverpool, for 

converting female Jews to the pro- 

testant religion, 1812. 
Society for the suppression of begging, 

instituted at Edinburgh, 1813. 
Society of the houseless in London, 

founded 14th Jan., 1820. 
Societv Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, 

1765. 

Socinus, Lselius, b. 1525, d. 1604. 
Socrates, put to death 396 B. C. 
aged 70. 

Sodom, burnt in the 65th year of 
Lot's age, B.C. 1897. 

Soissons, one-third of the town of, 
destroyed, and many lives lost, by 
an explosion of gunpowder, 13th 
Oct 1815. 

Solander, Dr., naturalist, b. 1736, d. 
13th May, 1782. , 

Solar System, discovered by Pytha- 
goras, B C. 500 ; revived by Co- 
pernicus, 1532; established fully 
by Sir Isaac Newton, 1695. 

Sole, A. M. del, painter, b. 1597, d. 
1677. 

Sole, J., painter, b. 1654, d. 1719. 
Solimene, an Italian painter, b. 1657, 

d. 1747. 

Solis, Antonio de, Spanish histo- 
rian, b. 1610, d. 1686. 

Solomon wrote his Ecclesiastes, B.C. 
981. 

Solomon Isles, off the American 

coast, discovered 1527. 
Solon, the lawgiver, b. 549 B.C., d. 

aged 80. 

Solway Moss, bordering on Scotland, 



ten miles from Carlisle, began to 
swell, owing to heavy rains, and 
upwards of 400 acres of it rose to 
such a height above the level of 
the ground, that at last it rolled 
forward like a torrent, and con- 
tinued its course above a mile, 
sweeping along with it houses, 
trees, and every thing in its way ; 
it then divided into islands of 
different extent, from one to ten 
. feet deep. It covered near 600 
acres at Netherby, to which it re- 
moved, and destroyed about thirty 
small villages. It continued in 
motion from Saturday the 4th, to 
31st Dec. 1771. 

Somers, John, Lord, statesman, b. 
1650, d. 1716. 

Somers Isles, discovered 1527. 

Somerset-house, Strand, London, bit. 
1549; pulled down, 1776, and 
began to be rebuilt in its present 
state ; the navy office, pipe office, 
victualling office, and other public" 
offices, removed into it in 1788 ; 
terracefell down, 27th Dec, 1788 ; 
had 306,134/. 9 l / 2 d. granted by 
parliament to defray the expense 
of its erection to the year 1789, 
and 1500/. addition in 1798, and 
2550/. in 1801. 

Somerton Castle, near Newark, Lin- 
colnshire, built 1305. 

Somerville, William, English poet, 
b. 1692, d. 1743. 

Somner, William, the antiquarv, b. 
1598, d. 1669. 

Sophia, St., mosque of, at Constanti- 
nople, built 566. 

Sophocles, d. 406 B.C., aged 90. 

Sorbiere, -Samuel, phvsician, b. 1615. 
d. 1670. 

Sorbonne, Robert de, founder of the 
College, b. 1201, d. 1274; college 
founded, 1253. 

Sound, a toll established at, by Den- 
mark, on all ships passing into the 
Baltic sea, 1348. 

Soufflot, J. G., architect, b. 1713, d. 
1780. 

South Saxon kingdom, began 491, 

ended 754. 
South, Rev. Dr. Robert, b. 1633, d. 

1716. 



sou 



S O V 321 



Southcott, Joanna, pretended pro- 
phetess, who had many followers, 
b. 1753, d. 27th Dec. 1814. 

Southern, Thomas, dramatist,!). 1659, 
d. 26th May, 1746. 

Southgate, Richard, divine, b. 1729, 
d. 1795. 

Southwell, Robert, poet, 1560 ; exe- 
cuted 1595. 

Southwell Palace, Newark, Notting- 
hamshire, built 1518. 

Southam, Warwickshire, 40 houses 
at. burned, 25th March, 1741-2. 

Southampton, new pier at, opened 
8th July, 1833. 

South America, discovered by Ame- 
ricus Vespucius, 1497. 

South America, explored by Captain 
Cook, 1778; by Captain James 
Colnett, 1789. 

South Sea act, passed 1716. 

South Sea bubble in England, burst 



1720, and ruined several hundred 
families. 

South Sea house, Broad Street, fire 
at, 11th April, 1826. 

South Sea company began, 6th May, 
1710; its bubble, 1720; its di- 
rector's estates, to the value of 
2,000,000/. seized 1721 ; com- 
pounded with Mr. Knight, their 
cashier, for 10,000/., who had ab- 
sconded with 100,000/. in 1720 ;« 
and he returned to England, 1743. 

South wark, annexed to London 1550; 
bridge, first stone of, laid 23d May, 
1815; opened 24th March, 1819. 

South wark fair, regulated 1743 ; abo- 
lished, 1762; bridge, at the works 
for, 13 workmen drowned by the 
upsetting of a boat, 5th Oct. 1816. 

Sovereigns. See the names of the 
different nations. For English 
kings, see England, &c. &c. 



SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND SINCE THE CONQUEST, 



With the average annual expenditure, and total expenditure during each 
reign. [From Dr. John Robinson's " Abridgment of Hume and 
Smollett."] 



NORMAN FAMILY. 


Sovereigns. 




1 


Reiffned. 


Cost each 


Total Cost of 


Began to Keign. 


y. 


M. D. 


Year. 


each Reign. 


William I. 


1066, Oct. 


1420 


10 28 


£400,000 


£8,400,000 


William II. 


1087, Sept. 


9;i2 


10 24 


360,000 


4,550,000 


Henry 1. 


1100, Aug. 


2 35 


3 29 


300,000 


10,500,000 


Stephen of Blois 


1135, Dec. 


1 18 


10 24 


250,000 


4,750,000 




FAMILY 


OF 


PLANTAGENET. 




Henry II. 


1154, Oct. 


25 


34 


8 11 


200,000 


7,000,000 


Richard I. 


1189, July 


6 


9 


9 


159,000 


1,500,000 


John, 


1199, April 


6 


17 


6 13 


100,000 


1,700,000 


Henry III. 


1216, Oct. 


19 


56 


28 


80,000 


4,180,000 


Edward I. 


1272, Nov. 


16 


34 


7 21 


150,000 


5,250,000 


Edward II. 


1307, July 


7 


19 


6 18 


100,000 


2,000,000 


Edward III. 


1327, Jan. 


25 


50 


4 27 


151,139 


7,700,450 


Richard II. 


1377, June 


21 


22 


3 8 


130,000 


2,850,000 




BRANCH OF LANCASTER. 




Henry I V. 


1399, Sept. 


29 13 


5 20 


100,000 


1,400,000 


Henry V. 


1413, March 


20 


9 


5 11 


76,643 


689,787 


Henry VI. 


1422, Aug. 


31|38 


6 4 


61,976 


2,531,064 



p 3 



322 



SO V 



SPA 



BRANCH OF YORK. 


Sovereigns. 


_ r» • Reigned. 
Began to Reign. y fa D 


Cost each 
year. 


Total Cost of 
each Reign. 


Edward IV. 
Edward V. 
Richard III. 


1461, March 4*22 1 5 
1483, April 9 2 13 
1483, June 23: 2 2 


100,000 
100,000 


2,200,000 
200,000 


iHenrv VII. 
iHenr'v VIII. 
; Edward VI. 

Mary 

Elizabeth 


HOUSE OF TUDOR 

1485, Aug. 22123 8 
1509, April 22 37 9 6 
1547, Jan. 28 6 5 8 
1553, Julv 6 5 4 11 
1558, Nov. 17 44 4 7 


400,000 
800,000 
400,000 
450.000 
500.000 


10,600.000 
30,100,000 
2,400,000 
2,250.000 
22,500,000 



FAMILY OF STUART. 



James I. 
Charles I. 
Charles II. 
James II. 
William & Mary, 
(Anne, 

j 

George I. 
George II. 
George III. 
George IV. 
; William IV. 



1603, March 24|22 
1625, March 27 23 
1649, Jan. 30 36 
! 1685, Feb. 6 4 
1689, Feb. 13 13 
,1702, March 812 



3 
10 3 
7 
7 
23 
4 24 



600,000! 

395,819; 
1,800,090 
2,001,855 
3,342,778; 
9,597,924; 



13,230,000 
23,199,655 
64,800,000 
8,007,420 
72,127,502 
122,373,531 



HOUSE OF HANOVER. 

1714, Atig. 112 10 lOj 6,388,572 

1727, June 11,33 4 141 8,249,247 

1760, Oct. 2559 3 4 39,786,000 

1820, Jan. 29 10 4 26 

1830, June 26 



79,832,160 
276,349,773 
2,357,441,262 



Sowing corn, and other agricultural | 
arts, taught by Ceres, B.C. 1409. 

Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian, fl. 
in the 5th century. 

Spa Fields, from 20 to 30,000 per- j 
sons assembled in, to vote an 1 
address to the Prince Regent, from 
thedistressed manufacturers, trades- 
men, &c. 15th Nov. 1816. Second 
meeting, 2nd Dec. following, which 
terminated in a very alarming riot, j 
the shops of several gunsmiths j 
having been plundered of arms by 
the mob. 

Spaces, many determined by the fol- I 
lowing calculation of Jedediah 
Buxton, of Elmton, near Chester- 
field, in Derbyshire, who proved, j 
in 1751, that there are contained 
in one solid inch, 

200 Barley corns. 

300 Wheat corns. 

512 Rye corns. 



1 80 Oats. 
40 Peas. 
25 Beans. 
80 Vetches. 
100 Lintels. 
2304 Hairs, one inch long. 
Spain, New, discovered 1518. 
Spain, New, established 1 520. 
Spain was first civilised by the Phoe- 
nicians, who possessed great part 
of it ; these called in the Cartha- 
ginians ; it was afterwards invaded 
by the Rhodians ; the Carthagi- 
nians however made new conquests, 
209 ; and after the destruction of 
ancient Tyre, became the most 
powerful in this country. Con- 
quered by the Romans, 206 B. C. 
Grenada and Andalusia were the 
Bsetica of the Romans, and the 
rest of Spain the province of Tar- 
ragona. The several provinces 
now subject to the crown were 



SPA 



SPE 



323 



once independent kingdoms, but 
became one kingdom in 414. The 
Goths and Vandals overturned the 
Roman power, 569, and continued 
in possession of it till it was con- 
quered by the Moors, in 71 1. The 
Moors kept possession till 1093. 
The small kingdoms were swallowed 
up in Castile and. Arragon, 1492. 
Primacy of Toledo, founded 680. 
St. James, the tutelar saint of 
Spain, since the finding of the 
apostle's body in the ninth century. 
Holy brotherhood, instituted 1260. 
Kingdom of, founded by the union 
of the two crowns of Castile and 
Arragon, the queen of Castile 
having married the king of Arra- 
gon, 1479, who assumed the title 
of Catholic Majesty. By the con- 
quests of Navarre and Grenada, 
Ferdinand put a complete end to 
the dominion of the Moors in this 
country, 1511. Escurial began 
building, 1569 ; Fuero Juzgo code 
of laws enacted by Cindasvindus, 
612 ; that called Les usages, 
formed by the count of Barcelona, 
1060; Fuero de Castillo, by Al- 
phonso IX. 1211 ; Fuero real, by 
AlphonsoX. 1254: Siete partidas, 
by Alphonso XL 1347; Recopi- 
lacion, by Philip II. 1567 ; Nueva 
ditto, by Philip IV. 1665, No- 
vissima "ditto, by Philip V. 1723 ; 
who resigned his crown to his son, 
Dec. 1724; but on his son's death 
he re-assumed it. The kingdom 
treacherously seized by Buonaparte, 
and given to his brother Joseph, 
1-808. Charles IV. abdicated in 
favour of his son, Ferdinand VII., 
19th March, 1808. Joseph Buo- 
naparte made king of, July, 1808. 
The theatre of war, from that 
period to the expulsion of the 
French in 1814, when Ferdinand, 
who had been held captive in 
France, was restored. 
Spain, kings of, from Ferdinand the 
Great : — 

Ferdinand the Great, under 
whom Castile and Leon 
were united, from 1 027 to 1 035 

Sancho the Strong . .1065 



Alphonso the Valiant 


1072 


Alphonso VII. 


1109 


Alphonso VIII. 


1122 


Sancho III. 


1157 


Ferdinand II. 


1157 


Alphonso IX. 


1158 


Henry I. . . . 


1214 


Ferdinand III. 


1216 


Alphonso X. . . 


1252 


Sancho IV. 


1284 


Ferdinand IV. 


1295 


Alphonso XI. 


1312 


Peter the Cruel 


1350 


Henry II. ... 


1368 


John I. the Bastard 


1379 


Henry III. 


1390 


John II. . 


1406 


Henry IV. 


1454 


Ferdinand and Isabella, the 




first styled Catholic 


1474 


Philip I. . 


1504 


Charles I. 


1516 


Philip II. 


1555 


Philip III. 


1598 


Philip IV. . 


1621 


Charles II. 


1665 


Philip V. resigned 


1700 


Lewis 


1724 


Philip re-assumed, died 


1 725 


Ferdinand VI. 


1745 


Charles III. 


1759 


Charles IV. 


1788 


who resigned the crown to 




his son Ferdinand VII. 


1808 


During the minority of Maria 




Isabella, daughter of Fer- 




dinand VII. , regent Maria 




Christina 


1834 



Spanish Town, in the island of Tri- 
nidad, destroved by fire, 24th 
March, 1808.' 

Spallanzani, Lazarus, naturalist, b. 
1729, d. 1798. 

Spanheim, Ezek., b. at Geneva, 1629, 
d. 1710. 

Spanheim, Fred., b. at Geneva 1632, 
d. 1701. 

Speaker of the House of Commons, 

first chosen, 1340. 
Speaking trumpets, first invented by 

Kircher, a Jesuit, 1752. 
Spectacles, invented by Spina, a monk 

of Pisa, 1299. 
Speed, John, the historian, d. 1629, 

aged 76. 



324 



SPE 



ST. 



Spelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, 

d. 1641, aged 80. 
Spence, Joseph, divine and critic, h. 

1698, d. 1768. 
Spence, Thomas, political enthusiast, 

who devised and published a plan, 

by which human kind could be 

provided with sustenance without 

pauperism, d. Oct. 1814. 
Spence, Miss, an English authoress, 

b. 1768, d. 1832. 
Spencer, John, dean of Ely, d. 1695, 

aged 65. 

Spencers, father, son, and grandson ; 
the father was hanged at Bristol, 
aged 90, in Oct. 1327; the son 
was hanged at Hereford 2 4th Nov. 
following ; the grandson was be- 
headed at Bristol in 1400. 

Spenser, Edmund, the poet, b. about 
1553, d. 1598. 

Sphere, invented by Archimedes of 
Syracuse, who died B. C. 208. 

Spinello, Aretino, a Florentine artist, 
b. 1328, d. 1420. 

Spinello, Paris, son of Aretino, d. of 
fright at the age of 56. 

Spinning-wheel, invented at Bruns- 
wick, 1530. Another invented by 
Mr. Swindell, at Stockport, in 
Yorkshire, which finishes on each 
spindle three lays of 30 hanks to 
the pound in an hour, 1785. 

Spigelius, Adrian, anatomist, b. 1578, 
d. 1625. 

Spinckes, Rev. Nathaniel, b. 1654, 
d. 1727. 

Spinola, Ambrose, general, b. 1569, 
d. 1630. 

Spinoza, Benedict, b. at the Hague 
1633, d. 1677. 

Spirituous liquors, drinking of, re- 
trained by act, 1751. 

Spital Fields, the weavers of, reduced 
to extreme suffering from want of 
employment, 1816. 

Spon, James, antiquary, b. 1647, d. 
1686. 

Spondanus, John, critic, b. 1557, d. 
1595. 

Spondanus, Henry, brother of John, 
divine, b. 1568, d. 1643. 

Spooner, Mr., at Tamworth, War- 
wickshire, who weighed 40 stone 
91bs., and measured 4 feet 3 inches 



across the shoulders, d. 30th April. 

1775, aged 57. 
Sponsors, first appointed 130. 
Sports allowed on Sunday after divine 

service, 1617. 
Spot, a macula on the sun, more than 

three times the earth's diameter, 

passed the sun's centre, 21st Ap., 

1766. 

Spotswood, Abp. of St. Andrews, b. 
1565, d. 1639. 

Sprangher, Bartholomeo, painter, b. 
1546, d. 1623. 

Spring, a subterraneous, suddenly 
burst forth in the environs of Como, 
occasioning the immediate fall of 
two houses, and some hours after- 
wards, that of a forge situated near 
it, 1806. 

Sprat, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Ro- 
chester, historian, b. 1635, d. 1713. 

Spurzheim, John Gaspar, the cele- 
brated phrenologist, b. 1776, d. 
1832. 

Spurs, in common use before 1400. 

, Squarcione, Fran., an Italian painter, 
b. 1394, d. 1474. 

i Squire, Samuel, bishop, miscellaneous 

j writer, b. 1714, d. 1766. 

| St. Bride's avenue, first stone of, laid 
3rd Nov. 1825. 

\ St. Burian, poor-house at, near Pen- 
zance, destroyed by fire, and two 
men and four women perished in 
the flames, March, 1817. 
St. Carlos, Naples, theatre royal, de- 
stroyed by fire, 14th Feb. 1816. 
St. John's, Newfoundland, 130 houses 
at, consumed by fire, 12th Feb. 
1816. 

St. Eustatia Isle, settled by the Dutch 
1632. 

St. Helena, first taken possession of 
by the English, 1600 ; settled, 
1651. 

St. George, British ship of 98 guns, 
stranded on the western coast of 
North Jutland, and admiral Rey- 
nolds, and the whole of the crew, 
except 11, lost, 24th Dec. 1811. 

St. Jago de Cuba, city of, founded by 
Velasquez in 1514. 

St. James's Park, three boys dread- 
fully wounded and one killed, by 
the firing of the guns on the king's 



ST A 



ST A 



325 



birth-day, 4th June, 1815. See 

Park, St. James's. 
St. Catherine, order of, in Russia, 

instituted by the Czar Peter I., in 

1714, for ladies. 
St. Lawrence river, discovered and 

explored by the French, 1508. 
St. Salvador, the first land discovered 

in the West Indies or America, by 

Columbus, 11th Oct. 1492. 
St. Stephen's Chapel, the English 

House of Commons, built 1115. 
St. Thomas's, West Indies, destruc- 
tion of half the settlement by fire, 

31st Dec. 1832. 
St. Vincent, eruption of a volcano in 

the island of, 30th April, 1812. 
Stackhouse, Thomas, English divine 

and historian, d. 1752. 
Staben, Henry, painter, distinguished 

for his representation of the Gallery 

of a Virtuoso, b. at Antwerp, 1578, 

d. 1658. 

Stadthouse, at Amsterdam, bit. 1649, 
completely finished, 1655. 

Stadtholdership of the Low Countries, 
suppressed 1795. 

Stael Holstein, Baroness, an eminent 
literary character, b. 1766, d. 15th 
July, 1817. 

Staffordshire Canal, commenced 14th 
July, 1766. 

Stafford, Sir Humphrey, killed at the 
battle of Seven Oaks by the rebels 
under Cade, 24th June, 1450. 

Stafford, Henry, duke of Bucking- 
ham, harangues the citizens of 
London in favour of Richard III., 
who is proclaimed king, 24th June, 
1483. 

Stafford castle built 1070. 
Stage coach duties, 1785; increased, 
1808. 

Stage coach new act came into ope- 
ration, 7th Jan. 1832. 

Stages, Diligences, and Posts, in 
France, established 1464. 

Stahl, George Ernest, chemist b. 
1660, d. 1734. 

Stalbert, Adrianus, painter, b. 1580, 
d. 1660. 

Stamford, Lincolnshire, shock of an 
earthquake felt there and in the 
neighbouring places, 27th Feb. 
1792 ; castle built 922. 



Stamp act in America passed, 1764 ; 
repealed 18th March, 1766. 

Stamp duties, produce of, imposed 
on the law proceedings in the 
several courts of justice in Great 
Britain, during seven years : — 
vears ending 5 th Jan. 1818, 
167,760*.; 1819, 152,556/.; 1820, 
159,709/.; 1821, 155,552/. 1822, 
154,632/. ; 1823, 149,207/. ; 1824, 
145,206/. 

Stamp duties, produce of, imposed on 
the several branches of conveyances 
in Great Britain during the same 
period : — vears ending 5th Jan. 
1818, 140,983/. ; 1 819, 165,776/. ; 
1820, 147,396/. ; 1821, 1 40,1 18/. ; 
1822, 130,335/. ; 1823, 127,539/. ; 
1824, 132,696/. 

Stamp duties instituted, 28th June, 
1694; increased, 1756 ; again, 
1776, 1780, 1789, 1797, 1801, 
1802, 1808, and 1815. 

Stamp Duties begun in Ireland, 25th 
March, 1774; increased, 1801. 

Stamp Duties first instituted in Eng- 
land, 1694. — The total produce of 
stamp duties of Great Britain, the 
year ending in January, 1806, was 
4,194,285/. 12s. 10|</. This sum 
was subject to some deductions, 
but when these were made, the 
produce was little less than four 
millions sterling. The expense of 
collection amounts to 3\ per cent. 
The following are some of the mis- 
cellaneous stamp duties, payable 
after 10th Oct. 1808. 

ANNUAL LICENSES. 

License to appraiser (not a licensed 
auctioneer), 6s. 

To any banker, &c. who shall issue 
any promissory note, payable on 
demand, and be re-issuable, 20/. 

For selling medicines, &c. liable to 
duty under the said act, 44 Geo. 
III. cap. 8 (usually called quack 
medicines), in London or West- 
minster, or within the twopenny 
post, and in Edinburgh, 21. — In 
any other city, borough, or town 
corporate, or in Manchester, 
Birmingham, Sheffield, 10s. — 
In any other place, 5s. 

For exercising the trade of a pawn- 



326 



STAMP DUTIES. 



broker, in London or Westmin- 
ster, or twopenny post district, 
10/. In any other place, 5/. 

By postmasters, or persons letting 
to hire horses for travelling post, 
by the mile, or from stage to 
stage, or for a day, or for any 
less period than 28 days, for 
drawing carriages used in tra- 
velling post, 5s. 

By persons keeping public stage 
coaches or carriages, for each 
carriage so kept. If carrying 4 
inside passengers, 5s. More 
than 4, and not more than 6, 
6s. More than 6, and not more 
than 8, 7s. More than 8, and 
not more than ]0, 8s. More 
than 10, 9s. Children in lap 
are excepted from the several 
numbers. 

PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURTS 

Duties on law proceedings, in the 
courts, to be paid in respect of 
every skin, sheet, &c. except 
where they are imposed accord- 
ing to the number of words, or 
otherwise expressly charged. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

As fellow of the College of Phy- 
sicians, in England or Scotland, 
20/. By licence from the Col- 
lege of Physicians to practise 
within seven miles of the metro- 
polis, 10/. 

Matriculation in any University in 
Great Britain, 10s. To the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts, in 
ordinary course, 3/. By special 
grace, royal mandate, or nobility, 
or otherwise out of ordinary 
course, 51. Any other degree 
in the ordinary course of the 
University, 61. ; out of the or- 
dinary course, 10/. 

To the degree of M. D. in either 
of the Universities in Scotland, 
10/. 

Advertisements in the London 
Gazette, or any public news- 
paper, Is. 6d. 

Agreement, or Mem. of Agree- 
ment, made in England under 
hand only, or in Scotland with- 
out any clause of registration, 



and not otherwise charged or 
expressly exempted in the sche- 
dule, the matter thereof being 
of the value of 20/. or upwards, 
and containing not more than 
1080 words, including any sche- 
dule, &c. 16s. Containing more 
than 1080 words, 1/. 10s. And 
further for every 1080 words 
beyond the first 1080, 1/. 

Appraisement of estate, real or per- 
sonal, in any case whatsoever, 
except appraisement by order of 
an Admiralty Court, amount 
not exceeding 50/., 2s. 6d. 
Exceeding 50/. to 100/., 5s. 
Exceeding 100/. to 200/., 10s. 
Exceeding 200/. to 500/., 15s. 
Exceeding 50(1/. 1/. 

Certificate to be taken out yearly, 
by attorneys, solicitors, or proc- 
tors, in England ; and by writers 
to the signet, solicitors, agents, 
attorneys, or procurators, in any 
of the courts of Scotland; no- 
taries public in England and 
Scotland ; and also by every 
sworn clerk, clerk in court, and 
other officer, who shall act in 
any of the above capacities for 
any other emolument than the 
regular emolument of the office ; 
when residing within the limits 
of the twopenny post in England, 
or within the city or shire of 
Edinburgh, and if he shall have 
been admitted 3 years or up- 
wards, 10/. ; or if not so long 
admitted, 51. When residing 
elsewhere, and admitted for 3 
years or upwards, 61'. ; or if not 
so long admitted, .31. 

Grant of the dignity of a duke, 
200/.; marquis, 200/. ; earl, 
200/. ; viscount, 150/. ; baron, 
100/. ; and baronet, 50/. Of a 
conge" d'elire, 20/. Of the royal 
assent to the election of arch- 
bishop or bishop, 20/. 

Newspapers. For every half-sheet 
double demy, or sheet of single 
demy, 3±d. 

Passport, 5s. 

Plate of Gold, wrought in Great 
Britain, per ounce, and in pro- 



ST A 



STE 



327 



portion, 16s. Gold watch-cases 
excepted. 

Plate of Silver, wrought in Great 
Britain, per ounce, and so in 
proportion, Is. Zd. Except 
watch-cases, chains, and several 
small articles. 

Playing Cards, per pack, Is. 

Policy of Assurance, on any life 
or lives, or on any event depend- 
ing on life or lives, sum insured 
not amounting to 500/., 1 5s. — 
Amounting to 500/. or upwards, 
11. 10s. 

Specification of a patent, 51. ; and 
farther for 1080 words, above 
the first 1080, 1/. 

Stage Coaches and Carriages, carry- 
ing passengers for hire, for every 
mile such carriage shall travel, if 
carrying not more than 4 inside 
passengers, 2d. If 4 and not 
exceeding 6, 2±d. If 6 and not 
exceeding 8, did. If 8 and not 
exceeding 10, 4<i. More than 
10, od. 

Transfer of Bank, or South-Sea 
stock, 7s. 9d. Of East India 
stock, 1/. 10s. Of stock of any 
other corporation, not otherwise 
charged under the head of mort- 
gage or conveyance, 1/. 10s. 
Stamped paper for covering the walls 
of rooms, first introduced in Spain 

and Holland, 1555 Flock or 

velvet paper first used, 1620. 
Stamp office established, 1694. 
Stamps on newspapers begun, 1713 ; 
increased 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, 
1797, 1808, and 1815. 
Stamps on notes and bills, 1782, 
1791, 1797, 1801, 1808, and 
1815. 

Standard fixed by law for gold and 

silver, 1300. 
Standing at the reading of the gospel 

first introduced 406. 
Standing army first established in 

France by Charles VII., 1445. 
Stanhope, Dr. George, b. 1660, d. 

1728. 

Stanhope, Charles Stanhope, earl, 
politician and inventor, b. 1753, 
d. 16th Dec. 1816. 

Stanhope, Philip, earl of Chesterfield, 
b. 1694, d. 1773. 



Stanislaus, the abdicated king of Po- 
land, burnt by accident 6th Feb. 
1768, aged 89. 

Stanislaus Poniatowski, the last king 
of Poland, who was deprived of 
his kingdom 1795, d. 11th April, 
1798. 

Stanley, Thomas, the philosophic his- 
torian, b. 1625, d. 1678. 

Stanley, George, of Hamington, near 
Salisbury, d. 1719, aged 151. 

Stanlev, Mr. John, musician, b. 1713, 
d. l'786. 

Stapledon, Walter, bishop of Exeter, 
murdered in London in an insur- 
rection, 1326. 

Stapleton, Sir Robert, poet and trans- 
lator, d. 1669. 

Staples' Inn society, established 1 699. 

Star, order of knighthood in France, 
disused 1455. 

Star chamber court instituted 1487 ; 
abolished 1641. 

Starching linen first introduced into 
England, 1552. 

Statius b. about 41, d. A.D. 96. 

Statute miles first ascertained in Eng- 
land, 1593. 

Statutes first printed 1483. 

Statutes of Clarendon, made 1164; 
in the French language, 1266 ; of 

' Marlborough, 1269; Quo War- 
ranto, passed Oct. 1280 ; Win- 
chester, passed Oct. 1284 ; forbid- 
ding the levying of taxes without 
consent of parliament, 1297 ; of 
Mortmain, enacted 1297 ; of Pre- 
munire, which excluded foreigners 
from ecclesiastical livings, 2 3rd 
April, 1344. 

Staunton, Sir George, d. 1801. 

Steam engine applied by Savary to 
raise ballast and gravel out of 
rivers ; to raise large quantities of 
water, and patents were granted for 
the same 1718. 

Steam first successfully established on 
the Thames by Mr. Dodd, 1815. 

Steam engine burst at Providence mill, 
in Shipney, near Bradford, York- 
shire, by which five young persons 
were killed, 4th Feb . 1 8 1 1 . The 
valves of the boiler of one in the 
extensive sugar bakingwarehouse of 
Mr.Cronstadtof Well-street, Well- 
close-square, burst, which destroyed 



323 



STE 



ST 



1689. 
15.50, 



of 



the concern, and buried in the ruins 
the bodies of more than "20 persons, 
15th Nov. 1815. 
Steam packet, the Regent, bound for 
Margate, took fire and burned to 
the -water's edge, off Whitstable, 
•2nd July, 1817. 
Steam vessel, Frolic, lost on the Ness 
sands, Glamorganshire, 11th Ap. 
1831 ; 80 souls perished. 
Stebbing, Henry, divine, d. 1763. 
Stedman, captain John, historian, b. 

1745, d. 1797. 
Steel may be made three hundred 
times dearer than standard gold, 
weight for weight ; six steel wire 
springs for M atch pendulums,weight 
one grain, to the artists 75. 6d. 
each, equal to 21. 5s. ; one grain 
of gold only 2d. 
Steele, Sir Richard, d. 1st Sept. 1729, 

aged 58. 
Steen, Jan, painter, b. 1636, d. 
Steenwvck, Henrv, painter, b 

d. 1603. 
Steenwyck the Younger, son 

Henry, b. about 1589. 
Steevens, George, commentator, b. 

1736, d. 1800. 
Stefano, a Florentine painter, b. 1301, 
d. 1350. 

Steinburg, a German, murdered Ellen 
Lefevre, with whom he cohabited, 
and their four children, at Penton- 
ville, 8th Sept. 1834. 

Stella, a French painter, b. 1596, 
d. 1647. 

Stephen the martyr d. 26th Sept. 33. 
Stephen, St., order of knighthood, 

began at Florence 1561. 
Stephens, Henrv, printer, b. 1470. 

d. 1520. 

Stephens, Robert, printer, b. 1503, 
d. 1559. 

Stephens, Henry, printer and lexico- 
grapher, b. 1528, d. 1598. 

Stephen's, Capt. John, lexicographer, 
d. 1726. 

Stepney, George, dramatist and states- 
man, b. 1663, d. 1707. 

Sterne, Rev. L., b. 1713, d. 1768. 

Sternhold, Thomas, the poet, d. 1549. 

Stevens, George Alexander, dramatic 
poet, d. 1784, d. 1707. 

Stevinus, Simon, mathematician, d. 
1633. 



I Stews, public ones suppressed, which 
before were licensed, 1 546. 

Stewart-Denham, Sir James, political 
economist, b. 1713, d. 1780. 

Stewart, Dugald, Scotch philosopher, 
b. 1753, d. 1828. 

Stilling-fleet, Edward, bishop of "Wor- 
cester, b, 1635, d. 1699. 

Stillinsfleet, Benjamin, uaturalist, b. 
1702, d. 1771. 

Stilpo, the philosopher, d. about 294 
B.C. 

Stirrups, first brought into use in the 

6 th century. 
Stoborough, near Wareham, fifteen 

houses at, entirelv consumed bv 

fire, July, 1806. 
Stockdale, Percival, miscellaneous 

writer, b. 1736, d. 1811. 
Stockholm, 1000 houses at, burned 

down, 1751; again, 250 burned, 

31st Aug. 1759 ; nearly destroyed 

by fire, Julv, 1795, and 15th Nov. 

1802. 

Stock Exchange, in Capel Court,' 
foundation of, laid 18th May, 1800. 

Stock companies, act respecting, 1693. 

Stock-jobbing, forbidden by parlia- 
ment, 28th March, 1734. 

Stockholm, built 1253. 

Stockport, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Stockings, silk, first worn by Henrv 
II. of France, 1547. Howell says 
that in 1560 queen Elizabeth was 
presented with a pair of black knit 
silk stockings by her silk woman, 
Mrs. Montague, and she never 
wore cloth ones any more. He 
adds that Henry VIII.,. that magni- 
ficent and experienced prince, wore 
ordinarily cloth hose, except there 
came from Spain, by great chance, 
a pair of silk stockings ; for Spain 
very early abounded with silk. His 
son, Edward VI., was presented 
with a pair of Spanish silk stockings 
by his merchant, Sir Thomas Gre- 
sham, and the present was then 
much taken notice of ; conse- 
quently the invention of knit silk 
stockings came from Spain. Others 
relate that William Rider, a Lon- 
don apprentice, seeing at the house 
of an Italian merchant a pair of 
knit worsted stockings from Man- 



ST O 



S T 



329 



tu&j from thence ingeniously made 
a pair like them, -which he pre- 
sented to the earl of Pembroke, 
and were the first of the kind made 
in England, 1564. The weaving 
of them vras invented by the rev. 
Mr. Lee, of Cambridge, 1589. 

Stoke-upon-Trent, England, erected 
into a borough, 1832. 

Stone, Edmund, mathematician, d. 
about 1767. 

Stone, John, statuary, d. 1633. 

Stone, Nicholas, statuary, d. 1647, 
aged 61. 

Stone buildings first introduced into 
Englaud. 674. 

Stone bullets in use in England so 
late as 1514. 

Stone church, the first built in Lon- 
don, 1087. 

Stone, artificial, for statues, &c. dis- 
covered by a Neapolitan, 1776; 
introduced by Mrs. Coade, near 
London. 

Stone cured by a medicine, for which 
government paid Mrs. Stephens a 
premium, June, 1739. 

Stone Henge, near Salisbury, some of 
the upright stones at, and one 
trilithon, or top stone, fell during 
a thaw, 3rd Jan. 1797. 

Stops in literature, introduced 1520 ; 
colon, 1580; semicolon, 1599. 

Store cask for a brewery was made 
by Mr. Layton, in South wark, 
which would contain 8000 casks 
of 1 6 gallons each ; its diameter 
55 feet 6 inches, and in depth 20 
feet, all of English oak. Finished 
Jan. 1792.1 

Stork, Abraham, painter, d. 1708. 

Storms, one in Canterbury, threw 
down 200 houses, and killed several 
families, 234 ; in London, which 
killed several people, 277 ; at Win- 
chester, 301 ; hailstones much 
bigger than hens' eggs, 344; 420 
houses in Carlisle blown down, 
and many people killed, 349 ; great 
part of Colchester destroyed, and 
several people killed, 416 ; in 
York, which blew down several 
houses, and killed many people, 
458 : hailstones fell in most parts 
of Biitain above three inches dia- 
meter, killed many men and much 



cattle, 459 ; in London, which 
threw down many of the houses, 
and killed 250 inhabitants, 549 ; 
on the coast of Kent, Sussex, and 
Hampshire, 566: at Lincoln, which 
threw down above 100 houses, 
701 : in Wells, 772 ; at Coventry, 
781 ; destroyed above 40 houses 
in Cambridge, 919; at Manches- 
ter, 92 1 ; in London, which threw 
down 1500 houses, 944; South- 
ampton nearly destroyed in a storm 
by lightning, 951 ; at Colchester, 
996 ; near 400 houses in London 
blown down, 1055 ; storm at Edin- 
burgh, 1064 ; in several parts of 
England, especially at Winchels- 
comb, in Gloucestershire, when the 
steeple of the church was thrown 
down, 5th Oct. 1091 : at London 
500 houses were thrown down, and 
Bow church unroofed, and at Old 
Sarum the steeple, with many 
houses, was thrown down, 17th 
Oct. 1091 : in England, 1116. A 
violent storm almost desolated a 
great part of Denmark and Nor- 
way, 1194. Many lives were lost, 
and houses overthrown, and the 
corn in the fields destroyed by hail 
as large as hens' eggs, 1205. One 
which threw down several churches 
1222. It thundered for 15 days 
together, with terrible tempests of 
thunder and rain, 1233. The 
chimney of the chamber where the 
queen of king Henry III. and her 
children lay was blown down, and 
their whole apartments at Windsor 
shaken; many oaks in the park 
were rent asunder and torn up by 
the roots, accompanied with such 
thunder and lightning as had not 
been known in the memory of 
man, 1251. As king Edward I. 
and his queen were talking toge- 
ther in their bedchamber, a flash 
of lightning struck in at the win- 
dow, passed by them, killed two of 
their servants who waited upon 
them, but did their majesties no 
hurt, 1285. When Edward HI. 
was on his march, -within two 
leagues of Chartres, there happened 
a storm of piercing wind that 
swelled to a tempest of rain, light- 



330 S T 

ning, and hailstones, so prodigious 
as instantly to kill 6000 of his 
horses and 1000 of his best troops, 
1359. When Richard IL's first 
wife came from Bohemia, she had 
no sooner set foot on shore, but 
such a storm immediately arose as 
had not been seen for many years, 
when several ships were dashed to 
pieces in the harbour, and the ship 
in which the queen came over was 
shattered and broken ; and which 
was the more observable, because 
his second wife brought a storm 
with her to the English coast, in 
which the king's baggage was lost, 
and many ships of his fleet cast 
away, 1389. In different parts of 
England many houses were thrown, 
down, cattle destroyed, and trees 
rooted up, 1382. The leads of 
the Greyfriars 1 church, and the 
whole side of a street, called the 
Old Exchange, London, beaten 
down, 25th Nov. 1413. St. Paul's 
steeple fired by lightning, and the 
steeple of Waltham-cross consumed 
1444. At St. Neot's, Hunting- 
donshire, was a storm of hail in 
1479, when the stones measured 
18 inches round. In Italy a storm 
of hail destroyed all the fish, birds, 
and beasts of the country, 1510. 
A violent one in Denmark, which 
rooted up whole forests, and blew 
down the steeple of the great church 
at Copenhagen, 1st Jan. 1515. A 
storm of hail in Northamptonshire, 
"when the stones measured fifteen 
inches in circumference, July,1558. 
A storm at Leicester, 1563. Near 
Chelmsford, in Essex, which de- 
stroyed 500 acres of corn, 1566. 
Hailstones fell at Dorchester seven 
inches in circumference, 23rd Aug. 
1651. The day that Oliver Crom- 
well died, one was so violent and 
terrible that it extended all over 
Europe, 3rd Sept. 1658. A great 
one in London, 18th Feb. 1662. 
200 sail of colliers and some coast- 
ers were lost, with all their crews, 
in the bay of Cromer in Norfolk, 
1696. A storm of hail in Cheshire 
and Lancashire, &c, which killed 
fowls and small animals, and 



RMS. 

knocked down horses and men, 
some of the stones weighing half a 
pound, 29th April, 1697. The 
same year,' 4th May, in Hertford- 
shire, hailstones fell 14 inches in 
circumference, destroyed trees and 
corn in a dreadful manner. The 
most terrible one that had ever 
been known in England, attended 
with flashes of lightning, 27th Nov, 
1 703, which unroofed many houses 
and churches, blew down several 
chimneys and the spires of many 
steeples, tore whole groves of trees 
up by the roots, and the leads of 
some churches were rolled up like 
scrolls of parchment, and several 
vessels, boats, and barges were sunk 
in the Thames ; but the royal navy 
suffered the greatest damage, being 
just returned from the Mediterra- 
nean ; one second-rate, four third- 
rates, four fourth-rates, and many 
others of less force, were cast away 
upon the coast of England, and 
above 1500 men lost, besides those 
that were cast away in the mer- 
chants' service ; in London only 
the damage was estimated at a mil- 
lion. Port Royal, in Jamaica, de- 
stroyed 28th Aug. 1722; again, 
20th Oct. 1744. Carolina was 
greatly damaged by storms, Aug. 
1722. Cheltenham, in Glouces- 
tershire, received 2000/. damage, 
June, 1731. At St. Kitt's, where 
20 ships were lost, 30th June, 
1733. At Jamaica, 1734. At 
the mouth of the Ganges in India, 
when 20,000 vessels of different 
kinds were cast away, eight English 
East India ships and 300,000 peo- 
ple were lost, and the water rose 
40 feet higher than usual, 11th 
Oct. 1737. At Antigua, Aug. 
1740. A violent one on the coast 
of England, 1st Nov. 1740. At 
Canterbury, 8th Sept. 1741. In 
Yorkshire, where the hailstones 
were five inches round, May, 1745. 
One at Nantz, where 66 vessels 
and 800 sailors were lost, 7th 
March, 1751. At Jamaica, which 
did 300,000/. damage, 10th Aug. 
1751. At Cadiz 100 ships lost, 
8th Dec. 1751. At Martinico, 



STORMS. 



331 



12th Sept. 1756, which did great 
damage. At Barbadoes, 23rd Aug. 
] 758. At Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, where the ships lost were 
worth 20,000/., 4th May, 1761. 
At Girgenti, in Italy, where the 
hailstones weighed 20 ounces, 18th 
April, 1772. At Leeds, in York- 
shire, where the hailstones were as 
large as nutmegs, 20th June, 1772. 
At St. Jago, where it did great 
damage, and the hailstones were 
as large as oranges, 16th July, 

1772. A terrible one at St. Kitts, 
which did immense damage in that 
and the adjoining islands, 30th 
Aug. 1772. In France and Eng- 
land, March, 1773. A most terri- 
ble one near Boston, in North 
America, in August, and at Cuba, 
July, 1773. In Oxford, 15th Nov. 

1773. At Alencon, in France, 
where the hailstones measured 18 
inches round, 3rd Aug. 1774. At 
London, 30th Sept. and 5th, 6th, 
and 7th Dec. 1774, which did great 
damage to the shipping. In the 
north of England, four Dublin 
packets foundered, 19th Oct. 1775. 
Again, on the south coasts, Nov. 

1775. At Antwerp, &c, in Hol- 
land, where the hailstones were as 
large as hens' eggs, and -neighed 
three-quarters of a pound, and 
killed several horses, &c, and de- 
stroyed the fruits of the earth, 11th 
June, 1776. In the West Indies, 
the severest ever known, 6th Sept, 

1776. At Florence and its neigh- 
bourhood, which didimmense dam- 
age, 16th Oct. 1777. In all the 
AVest India islands, particularly at 
Savannah La Mer, in Jamaica, and 
at Barbadoes, Oct. 1780. At Roe- 
hampton, Richmond, and other 
places near London, 15th Oct. 1780. 
All over England, Jan. 1779. A 
violent hail-storm at Madrid, which 
did 6000/. damage to the glass 
windows ; some stones weighed a 
pound, 26th July, 1782. At Surat, 
in the East Indies, which destroyed 
7000 of the inhabitants, 22nd Ap. 
1782. At Dieupole, in Moravia, 
which totally destroved the place, 
30th May, 1782. ' In France, 



where the hailstones weighed eight 
ounces, 17th June, 1782. Great 
damage done in America, particu- 
larly in New England, 1784. At 
Irun, in the Pyrenees, on the bor- 
ders of France and Spain, hailstones 
fell as large as hens' eggs, which 
weighed 23 ounces each, 18th July, 
1784. A dreadful storm on the 
north coast of England, 5th Dec. 
1784. The same in Italy, Dec. 

1784. A hail-storm at Paris, the 
stones as large as cherries, 1st July, 

1785. 131 villages and farms laid 
waste in France, 5th Aug. 1785. 
In the "West Indies, 6th July. 
1785. In the Channel, Jan. 1786, 
when the Halsewell Indiaman, &c, 
was lost. At Ferrara, in Italy, 
where the hailstones were as large 
as hens' eggs, 17th July, 1786. 
The same month a storm at High- 
bickington, in Devonshire, removed 
13 elm trees upwards of 200 yards 
from their original spot, and they 
remained standing upright in a 
flourishing state ; a rock at the 
same place was divided upwards of 
eight feet asunder, and all the 
poultry and com for several miles 
were destroyed by the thunder and 
lightning. At Barbadoes, 11th 
Aug. 1786; and at North Shields, 
where the hailstones were as big as 
pigeons' eggs, 16th Aug. 1786. 
In Normandy, where the hailstones 
were as big as hens' eggs, 4th Aug. 
1787. In different parts of Eng- 
land, the same month, 1787. In 
the West Indies, where great dam- 
age was done, particularly in the 
French islands, July, 1787. Con- 
siderable damage to the Tower- 
ditch at London, where the ground 
on little Tower-hill was trenched 
near 12 feetdeep, 20th June, 1788. 
AtSt.Germain-en-Laye, in France, 
hail fell as large as a quart bottle, 
and all the trees from Vallance to 
Lisle were torn up by the roots, 
13th July, 1788. At Liverpool, 
29th June, 1789. Almost all over 
the kingdom, which did very consi- 
derable damage, 23rd Dec. 1790. 
A violent hail-storm in Italy, June, 
1791, and in several parts of Eng- 



32 



STORMS. 



land the same month. In Sept. 
1791, a violent hail-storm fell in 
Calabria, near Naples, when some 
of the hailstones weighed an Eng- 
lish pound, which destroyed all 
hopes of a vintage. The church of 
Speldhurst,in Kent, was destroyed 
by lightning, and the bells were 
melted, and other damage done at 
Raynham, 25th Oct. 1791. Also 
in Sussex, where the hailstones 
were four inches in circumference. 
At Waterford, 4th April, 1792. 
In different parts of Kent, 13th 
April, 1792, In the north of 
England, 16th July, 1792. At 
Whitehaven, which did great dam- 
age, when the tide rose six feet 
above its usual height, March, 
1793. At Thornton, in Leices- 
tershire, when the hailstones mea- 
sured from 4 to 6| inches in cir- 
cumference, and did great damage 
3rd Aug. 1793. At Savannah La 
Mer, in J amaiea, hailstones as large 
as pigeons' eggs fell, 2nd June, 
1793. Almost universal through 
Great Britain, by which much dam- 
age was done, 16th Jan. 1794. A 
most violent storm of rain in Nor- 
folk inundated many towns, parti- 
cularly Norwich, Nov. 1794. A 
most violent storm on the eastern 
coast of England, when much dam- 
age was done to the shipping, Gth 
Oct. 1794. A most violent storm 
in Cumberland, 2nd Dec. 1794. 
A storm of hail in Essex and Herts, 
which did great damage, 12th June, 

1795. In different parts of Eng- 
land, particularly in the Channel 
and in London, 4th Nov. 1795. 
At Petersburgh, upwards of 90 ves- 
sels, and a large magazine of naval 
stores were destroyed, 7th June, 

1796. The stones in a hail-storm 
over London an inch and a half 
in circumference, 6th May, 1797, 
which did great damage to the gar- 
den-grounds in the environs. Hail- 
stones fell at Lewes, in Sussex, 
which measured three inches in 
circuit, and some weighed three 
ounces each, 5th June, 1797. 
Lewes, in Sussex, received damage 
in glass bv a hail-storm to the 



amount of 1000 J. ; the stones were 
from four to seven inches round. 
At Bletchingdon there were 575 
panes of glass broken belonging to 
the barracks, and other damage 
done in different places. At Hali- 
fax, in Nova Scotia, 100,000^. 
damage was done by a storm, 25th 
Sept. 1798. At Heyford, in Ox- 
fordshire, irregular pieces of ice, the 
size of a hen's egg, fell, 19th Aug. 
1800 ; the same storrn did great 
damage in Bedfordshire, where hail 
stones fell of 11 inches in circum- 
ference, and killed the hares and 
partridges in the fields. Nov. 8, 
the same year, great damage was 
done in London, and throughout 
almost all England. Again, in 
Devonshire, and in the Baltic, 
Nov. 1801. In the north of Eng- 
land, Aug. 18, 1802. A violent 
hurricane of wind did great damage 
in Devon and Cornwall, 19th Jan. 

1804. Another blew down a gar- 
den wall at Shenfield place, KenJ:, 
of 300 feet in length, on 22nd 
Jan. 1804. A dreadful storm at 
Kingston-upon-Thames, Gth July, 

1805. A terri6c thunder storm in 
Somersetshire, when the hailstones 
measured from six to seven inches 
in circumference, 15th July, 1808. 
A thunder storm near Grimsby, 
by which a cottage and several 
other buildings were destroyed, and 
a vessel burnt to the water s edge, 
10th Aug. 1809. A violent tem- 
pest at Cadiz, which caused great 
destruction among the shipping, 
6th and 8th March, 1810. A 
violent storm in London, the effects 
of which were felt in most parts of 
England, 1st July, 1810; a thun- 
der storm passed over London, 
doing damage in several places, 5th 
Aug. 1810. Another, on the 14th 
and 15th of the same month, which 
did still greater damage. A very 
tempestuous one at Windsor, on 
the 15th. Another, on the 15th, 
at Wellingborough. Another, on 
the 31st, at Stamford and its neigh- 
bourhood. A tremendous one at 
Boston, by which, and the rising 
of the tide, the town and country 



STO 

round were deluged, 10th Nov. 
1810. A tremendous one at 
Exeter, and other places in the 
west of England, on the same day. 
At a farm belonging to Captain 
Nowel, of Ifdey, near Oxford, by 
which two barns, some out-houses, 
and 13 valuable ricks of hay and 
com were destroyed, 12th Oct. 
1810. At Worcester, by which 
the Severn Avas raised 20 feet in 
24 hours, 28th May, 1811. At 
Brighton, a storm of wind and 
rain, accompanied by lightning, by 
which much damage was done, and 
one house torn to pieces, 9th Nov. 
1813. Tremendous storm at Har- 
rowgate, 22nd July. At Bielby, 
near Pocklington, several persons 
making hay were knocked down, 
and a young woman killed, 26th 
July, 1818. At Eaton Socon, 
Bedfordshire, a heavy storm of 
thunder, lightning, and hail, during 
which a fire-ball fell, and a barn, 
malting-office, and stable, were 
burnt down, Oct. 1813. A tre- 
mendous gale and storm prevailed 
throughout Great Britain and Ire- 
land, by which much damage was 
done in various places, 16th and 
17th Dec. 1814. Violent thunder 
storm in London, 15th June, 1814. 
So dreadful a one fell upon the 
town of Worschetz, in the county 
of Temeswar, that of 2600 build- 
ings, none escaped without injury, 
2nd July, 1816. A most tremen- 
dous gale, by which many vessels 
were lost, and much damage was 
done to the shipping in general 
on the English coasts, 31st Aug. 
1816. Tremendous storms of wind 
and hail desolated various parts 
of Cumberland and Westmore- 
land, some of the pieces of ice 
were an inch in diameter, Aug. 
1816; tremendous gale of wind, 
which did considerable mischief, 
was experienced at Birmingham, 
Liverpool, Manchester, and other 
northern towns, 27th Feb. 1817. 
A tremendous hurricane, which 
continued for several hours, and 
levelled several houses in London 



R M S. 333 

with the ground, and did consider- 
able damage to the shipping. A 
piece of lead, weighing more than 
two hundred weight, was blown to 
some distance from the roof of 
Surgeon's Hall, Lincoln's-inn- 
fields. It extended over a great 
part of England, and raged every 
where with equal fury, destroying 
property to a vast amount, and 
causing the loss of many lives. 
Numbers of vessels were stranded 
on the coast, along the whole line 
of the channel. At Loughborough 
the shock of an earthquake was 
felt, 4th March, 1818. A water 
spout 'burst at Stenbury, in the 
Isle of Wight, and did much mis- 
chief to a farm there, March, 1818. 
A terrible thunder-storm in the 
English and Scotch border coun- 
ties, 8th May, 1818. Severe 
storms of thunder, hail, and rain, 
at Norwich, and in the neighbour- 
hood. Many windows were broken 
by the hail-stones, and the corn 
was much injured, Aug. 1818. A 
dreadful hurricane, which ravaged 
the Leeward Islands, from the 20th 
to the 22nd Sept. 1819. At the 
Island of St. Thomas alone, 104 
vessels were lost. Barbadoes es- 
caped this calamity, but was shortly 
afterwards visited by another of 
equal severity, which lasted two 
days, and did incalculable mischief, 
13th Oct. 1819. A severe thun- 
der-storm in various parts of Mon- 
mouthshire, which poured down a 
deluge of rain, that laid many parts 
of the country under water. Seve- 
ral cattle were killed by lightning, 
July, 1820. A whirlwind at Neen 
Savage, Shropshire, which tore up 
trees by the roots, Aug. 1820. A 
terrible thunder-storm at Truro, in 
the same month. A thunder-storm 
at Bristol, and in the neighbour- 
hood; it took place at midnight. 
The tower of Radcliffe church was 
struck, and much injured, 2nd 
April, 1821. A tempest at Wit- 
tlesee, in the course of which a 
poor man was struck dead by 
lightning; his clothes were rent to 



334 S T O 



STR 



pieces, and scattered in all direc- 
tions, June, 1821. A singular 
whirlwind at Thrandiston, Suffolk, 
which had a red appearance, and 
was confined to a very narrow 
space. It beat down four persons, 
and carried part of a stall of 
crockery to the distance of a mile, 
2nd Aug. 1821. A storm at New- 
haven, America, in which the trees 
were covered with salt, and the 
foliage destroyed, 23rd Sept. 1821. 
A dreadful storm along the coast 
from Durham to Cornwall, in which 
great numbers of vessels were lost, 
Nov. 1821. The lighthouse at 
Dungeness much injured by light- 
ning, 23rd Dec. 1 821 . A storm 
near Bedale, Yorkshire, in which 
Bliss Russel, a relation of the 
Countess of Darlington, was killed 
by the fall of a stack of chimneys 
at Newton House, Jan. 1822. A 
violent storm in London and the 
vicinity, during which the hail and 
large pieces of ice, some of them 
three inches in circumference, did 
damage to an immense amount. 
A single nurserv-ground sustained 
a loss of 300/.,' 25th May, 1822. 
Another storm, 10th July. North 
Luffenham Church, Lincolnshire, 
struck by lightning and the steeple 
damaged, 10th June, 1822. A 
waggon-load of hay carried into the 
air by a whirlwind, near Notting- 
ham," 17th July, 1822. Edmon- 
thorpe Church, Leicestershire, 
struck by lightning during a severe 
storm. The parish clerk was also 
struck while walking, but escaped 
with no other injury than the 
singeing of his eye-brows, and his 
face being somewhat scorched, 4th 
Aug. 1822. A terrible thunder- 
storm at Agno, which did great 
damage, Sept. 1822. A terrible 
storm at Pernisch and Trebitsch, 
in Moravia, during which hail- 
stones as large as hens' eggs did 
great mischief. An inundation fol- 
lowed, 1st Sept. 1822. Violent 
gales off the western coast, in which 
the Plymouth break-water proved 
to be of the utmost service in pro- 



tecting the shipping, 12th Nov. 
1822. A storm of wind and rain 
at Brighton, which blew down one 
house, unroofed several, and injwed 
the chain pier, 6th Dec. 1822. 
The cathedral at Rouen much da- 
maged by lightning and storms, 
1822 and 1823. A heavy storm 
of thunder and lightning at Cod- 
denham, in Suffolk, in the course 
of which a meteoric stone fell into 
the street, July, 1823. Gales at 
Lynn, during which the spring-tide 
only rose seven instead of seven- 
teen feet, but in the evening "rose 
to seventeen and a half, Jan. 1824. 

Stothard, Thos.,- British artist, d. 
27th April, 1834, aged 78. 

Stour-ball, Ramsey, the barns, stables, 
&c. of, wilfully set fire to, 23rd 
Oct. 1816. 

Stow, John, the historian, d. 5th 
April, 1605, aged 80. 

Strabo, flourished about 30 B. C. 

Strada, F., historian, b. 1572, d. 1 649. 

Stradanus, John, a painter, b. 1536, 
d. 1604. 

Strafford, Lord, beheaded 12th Mav, 
1641. 

Straight, John, English divine and 

poet, d. 1740. 
Stralsund, in Pomerania, founded 

1209. 

Strand, London, serious riots in, and 
three houses stripped and demo- 
lished by the mob, 1st July, 1749. 

Strand first built in, 1353. 

Strand Bridge, first stone of, laid 11th 
Oct. 1811 ; finished and opened to 
the public by a grand procession, 
the name having been changed to 
Waterloo Bridge, in honour of the 
Duke of Wellington, 18th June, 
1817. 

Strange, Sir Robert, the engraver, b. 

1721, d. 5th July, 1792. 
Strangford, Lord, suspended from 

voting in the Irish House of Lords, 

for soliciting a bribe in the cause of 

Rochfort and Ely, 1784. 
Strasburgh Cathedral, built 1035: 

its tower, 1049. 
Strataflorida Abbey, Cardiganshire, 

built 1164; rebuilt 1238. 
Stratford, Stoney, sixty houses at, 



STR 



SUG 



335 



burned 19th April, 1736 ; again, 
-when 150 houses were burned, 
6th May, ] 742. 

Stratford-on-Avon, monastery at, bit. 
1070; burned 1st Aug. 1614; 
jubilee in honour of Shakespeare, 
6th Sept. 1769. 

Stroud, England, erected into a bo- 
rough, 1832. 

Straw used for the king's bed 1234. 

Streater, Robert, painter, d. 1680, 
aged 56. 

Street, crossing the West end of 
London from Carlton Terrace to 
Regent's Park, and called Regent 
Street, commenced building 1815. 

Struensee and Brandt,counts,beheaded 
at Copenbagen for intriguing with 
the Queen of Denmark, July, 
1772. 

Strutt, Joseph, engraver and anti- 
quary, b. 1749. d. 1802. 

Strype, John, b. 1643, d. Dec. 1737. 

Stuart, Cardinal, son of the chevalier 
St. George, ordained to the priest- 
hood by the Pope, 1st Sept. 1748. 

Stuarts, fatality attending the. — King 
James of Scotland, first eighteen 
years imprisoned in England, and, 
with his queen, assassinated. James 

II. , his son, 29 years of age, killed 
in fighting against England. James 

III. was first imprisoned, and sub- 
sequently killed in battle, by his 
rebellious subjects. James IV. 
perished in the battle which he 
lost. Mary Stuart, his grand- 
daughter, Queen of Scotland, after 
18 years' imprisonment, was be- 
headed. James VI. supposed 
murdered. Charles I. beheaded. 
James, his son, driven from his 
three kingdoms. His son attempted 
to mount the throne, and his 
friends executed for the attempt. 

Stuart, Dr. Gilbert, the historian, b. 

1742, d. 13th Aug. 1786. 
Stuart, Jas.,painter, b. 1713, d.1788. 
Stuart, Captain, insane, tried for the 

murder of 7 of his crew, under 

extraordinary circumstances, 11th 

Aug. 1828. 
Stubbs, G., artist, b. 1724, d. 1806. 
Stucco work, revived by D'Udine, 

about 1500. 



Stukeley, Dr., the antiquary, b.1687, 
d. 1765. 

Sturt, John, engraver, b. 1658, d. 
1730. 

Style altered by law 1752. 

Style altered by Augustus Caesar's 
ordering leap-year to be but once 
in four years, and the month Sex- 
tilis to be called Augustus, 8 B.C. 
Again at Rome by taking 12 days 
off the calendar, 1 582. The Gre- 
gorian style received at Paris by 
taking off 10 days, 15th Dec. 1512. 
At London, by taking 11 days oft 
the calendar, 2nd Sept. 1752. 

Suard, J. B , writer and translator, 
b. 1733, d. 1817. 

Subscription loan to government for 
eighteen millions to carry on the 
war against France, filled in fifteen 
hours and twenty minutes, 5th 
Dec. 1796. 

Subsidies raised upon the subjects of 
England for the last time by James 
L 1624. 

Succession act passed to exclude Ca- 
tholics from the throne, 1689 ; 
settled on the present family 1700. 

Suckling, Sir John, dramatic writer, 
b. 1609, d. 1641. 

Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, 
beheaded by the rebels on Tower- 
hill, 14th June, 1381. 

Sudely castle, Gloucestershire, built 
1442. 

Suetonius, the historian, flourished 

110, d. 118. 
Suetonius, Paulinus, Roman warrior, 

flourished 37. 
Sueur, Eustache le, painter, b. 1617, 

d. 1655. 

Suffolk isles discovered, 1764; first 
produced sugar, 1770. 

Suffolk in Virginia destroyed by the 
British forces, May, 1779. 

Sugar first mentioned by Paul Egin- 
etta, a physician, 625 ; originally 
from China and the east ; produced 
in Sicily, 1148; produced in Ma- 
deira, 1419 ; in the Canary islands, 
1503; carried to the West Indies 
by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 
1510 ; cultivated at Barbadoes, 
1641. Sugar refining first disco- 
vered by a Venetian, 1503; prac- 



336 



SUG 



SW E 



tised first in England, 1569 : was 
first taxed in England, 1685. Im- 
ported into England in 1789 above 
1,936,440 hundred weight, for 
"which dutv to the amount of 
1,189,814/! 12s. 2d. was paid. The 
profits to the importers amounted 
to 315,763/. in 1790. There was 
imported in 1798, 2,361,715 hun- 
dred weight. 

Sugar and tobacco first taxed by 
name, 1685. 

Sugar-houses, Mr. Hodgson's, Chnich- 
rane, Whitechapel, destroyed bv 
fire, 7th Sept. 1 804. 

Suidas, the learned lexicographer, 
lived between 975 and 1025. 

Sully, duke de, d. 1641, aged 82. 

Sulpicius, the historian, d. 420. 

Sulzer, J: G., writer, b.1720, d.1779. 

Sumptuary law passed 1482. 

Sunday act passed 1781. 

Sunday schools first established in 
Yorkshire, 1784; became general 
in England and Scotland, 1789. 

Sun-dials invented 558 B.C. The 
first erected at Rome was that by 
Papirius Cursor, when time was 
divided into hours, 308 B.C. ; first 
set up against churches, 613. 

Sunderland, England, erected into a 
borough, 1832. 

Supremacy of the pope abolished by 
law, 1535. 

Supremacy of the pope above the 
emperor introduced 607. 

Supremacy The first prince that 

shook off the yoke of Rome, and 
settled the supremacy in himself 
was Henry Till., 1533. 

Supplies granted during the reign of 
King William - £72,047,369 
Queen Anne - 122,373,531 
George I. - - 79,832,160 
George II. - - 276,349,773 
George III. to Mi- 
chaelmas, 1800 - 450,041,321 



£1,000,644,154 
Surat factory, in the East Indies, 

founded, 1603. 
Surgeons and doctors were exempted 

from bearing arms or serving on 

juries, 1513, at which period there 

were only 13 in London. 



Surinam planted by the English 1640. 

Surnames first used, 1102; became 
common, 1200. 

Surplices first used in churches, 316. 

Surrey canal dock opened at Rother- 
bithe, 1807. 

Surrey institution commenced 1808; 
dissolved 1823. 

Survey of England made at first bv 
order of Alfred, 900 : by William 
the Conqueror, 1080; by Charles 
II., 1668. 

Suspension bridge at Broughton, Lan- 
cashire, fell, 11th April, 1831. 

Sussex kingdom founded by Ella, a 
Saxon, 419; ended, 754. 

Sutton, Thomas, founder of the Char- 
ter-house, b. 1532, d. 1611. 

Suworrow, or Suvoroff, marshal, b. 
1730, d. 1800. 

Suworrow islands discovered by lieut. 
Lasuren, of the Russian company's 
ship Suworrow, 27th Sept. 1814. 

Swale, one man, six women, and a 
child, drowned by the upsetting of 
a boat, near Feversham, 23d June, 
1816. 

Swammerdan>, John, naturalist, b. 

1637,d. 1680. 
Swan, sloop of war, lost off Waterford. 

130 persons drowned, Aug. 1782. 
Swan, order of knighthood in Cypiiis. 

began 1495 ; in Sweden, 1528. 
Swanevelt, Herman, painter, b. 1620. 

d. 1680. 

Swansea castle, Glamorganshire, built 
1113. 

Swansea erected into a borough 1832. 

Swearing on the Gospels, first intro- 
duced 528 : the vice of first intro- 
duced, 1072. 

Sweden, kings and queens of, from 
Sigismund I. king of Poland : — 
Sigismund I. began - 1532 

Charles IX. - - 1606 

Gustavus II. Adolphus - 1611 
Christina, aged 6 - 1632 

Charles X. - - - 1654 
Charles XL four vears old 1660 
Charles XII. aged 15 - 1699 
Ulrique, sister to Charles, 

aged 15 - - 1718 

Frederick - 1720 
Adolphus of Holstein - 1751 
Gustavus III. - - 1771 



S WE 

GustavusIV. - - 1792 
Charles XIII. - - 1809 
Crown Prince, John Jules, prince 
of Ponte Corvo (marshal Berna- 
dotte), h. 26th Jan. 1764; 
elected crown prince of Sweden, 
1810 ; ascended the throne, 
under the title of Charles XIV. 
5th Feh. 1818. 
Sweden, anciently Scandinavia, king- 
dom of, began 481 ; united to the 
crown of Denmark and Norway, 
1397 ; GustavusVasa expelled the 
Danes, 1525, until which time the 
crown was elective ; Christianity 
introduced there, 829 ; no nobility 
there before 1500 ; nobility mas- 
sacred, 8th Nov. 1510 ; Lutheran- 
ism established there by Gustavus 
Vasa about 1525 ; popery abolished, 
and the crown declared hereditary, 
1544; Christina, queen of, born 
1626; began her reign, 1632; 
founded the order of Amarante, 
1645 ; resigned the crown, 1654 ; 
died at Rome, 1689 ; Charles XII. 
began his reign, 1700 ; king of, 
made prisoner by the Turks at 
Bender, after three years 1 protec- 
tion there, 1713; conspiracy for 
altering the government, when 
counts Brahe and Home were be- 
headed, 1756; revolution in the 
government, and the king made 
absolute, 13th Aug. 1772, and 
again 1789 ; the king assassinated, 
16th March, 1792. The king, 
Gustavus AdolphusV., dethroned,, 
and the government assumed by 
his uncle, the duke of Sudermania, 
13th March, 1809. New consti- 
tution adopted by the diet, 7th 
June, 1809. Peace with Russia, 
17th Aug. 1809; with Denmark, 
10th Dec. 1809; with France, 6th 
Jan. 1810. On account of the ad- 
vanced age of Charles XIII. duke 
of Sudermania, Charles Augustus, 
prince of Augustenburg, was 
chosen to succeed him, 24th Jan. 
1810. Charles Augustus dying 
suddenly, 29th May, John Berna- 
dotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was 
chosen crown prince 21st Aug. fol- 
lowing. War declared against Eng- 



S W I 337 
t» 

land, 17th Nov. 1810. Swedish 
Pomerania seized by Napoleon, 
Jan. 1812. Sweden made peace 
and a defensive alliance with Eng- 
land, 18th July, 1812 ; joined the 
grand alliance, 13th March, 1813. 
Norway ceded to it by treaty, 14th 
Jan. 1814. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, b. at Stock- 
holm 29th Jan. 1689, d. in Lon, 

• don, 29th March, 1772. 

Swieten, Baron Van., d. June, 1772. 

Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, d. Oct. 
1745, aged 78. 

Swift, of Montrose, Captain Crawl, 
run down off Flamborough Head, 
by a collier, and the captain, mates, 
nine seamen, and eight passengers 
lost, 5th March, 1816. 

Swinburne, Henry, the traveller, d. 
1803. 

Swiney, Mac Owen, dramatic author, 
d. 1754. 

Swinton, John, historian and anti- 
quary, b. 1703, d. 1777. 

Switzerland, inhabited formerly by 
the Helvetii, who were subdued 
by Caesar, 57 years B.C. ; it re- 
mained subject to the Romans, till 
again conquered by the Alemans 
from Germany, 395; these were 
driven out by Clovis I. of France, 
496 ; became part of the kingdom 
of Burgundy, 888 ; given by the 
last king of Burgundy to the em- 
peror of Germany, 1032, to which 
it belonged till the Swiss cantons 
were formed, 1307 ; their form of 
government made perpetual by 
themselves, 1315 ; and ratified br- 
other powers, 1649 ; Swiss soldiers 
first in the pay of France, 1480 ; 
order of the bear, founded 1213 ; 
six of the Cantons are Protestant, 
the rest Roman Catholic ; their 
independence abolished by the 
French, 9th Sept. 1798 ; their 
government finally placed under 
the care of France, Oct. 1 802 ; 
recalled its troops from the service 
of England, and voted 6000 addi- 
tional men for the service of France, 
24th Aug. 1811; its neutrality 
violated by the allied Austrians, 
Russians, and Prussians, 21st Dec. 

Q 



338 



S WO 



TAT 



1813 ; joins the confederacy against 
Buonaparte, 20th May, 1815. 
Sword of state borne at an English 
coronation by a king of Scotland, 
1194. 

Swords, broad, forbidden to be worn 
in Edinburgh, 24th July, 1724. 

Sybrecht, John, painter, b. 1625, d. 
1703. 

Sydenham, Dr. Thomas, d. 29th 

Dec. 1689, aged 65. 
Sydenham, Floyer, translator, b. 1 7 1 0, 

d. 1787. 

Sydney, Sir H., seat of, at Thorpe 
Wood, destroyed by fire, 15th 
July, 1809. 



Sydney Sussex college, Cambridge, 
founded, 1598. 

Sylla, Lucius Cornelius, Roman war- 
rior and tvrant, b. B.C. 137, d. 
B.C. 78. 

Sylvester, Joshua, poet and translator, 

b. 1563, d. 1618. 
Synesius, philosopher and bishop, fl. 

early in the 5th century. 
Synge, archbishop of Tuam,' b. 1659, 

d. 14th July, 1741. 
Syracuse, in the island of Sicily, 

founded B.C. 719. 
Sysigambis, mother of- Darius, on 

hearing the death of Alexander, 

starved herself 324 B.C. 



T. 



_fl_ ABLE of precedence in England. 

See Precedence. 
Tacca, P. J., d. at Florence 1640. 
Tacitus b. about 56, d. 135. 
Tadda, Francis, painter and sculptor, 

flourished 1350. 
Taffi, Andrea, a Florentine painter, 

b. 1213, d. 1294. 
Tain, Ross-shire, the gaol at, took fire, 

two debtors perished, and the wife 

of one of them, 25th April, 1833. 
Talacre, Flintshire, seat of Sir E. 

Mostyn, burned down, 12th Sept. 

1827*. 

Talbot, John, lord, warrior, b. 1373, 
d. 1453. 

Talbot, Catherine, writer, b. 1720, 
d. 1770. 

Taliacotius, anatomist, b. 1546, d. 
1599. 

Tallard, marshal, taken prisoner by 
the English 1704, d. 1728. 

Talma, Francis Joseph, the Garrick 
of the French stage, b. 1763, d. 
1826. 

Talmud made first B.C. 117. 
Tamarisk plant first brought from 

Germany, 1560. 
Tamerlane, Timur Bee, or Timour, 

a Tartar prince and the conqueror 

of Asia, b. 1335, d. 1405. 
Tamworth castle, Warwickshire, built 

914. 

Tanner, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, 
antiquary, b. 1674, d. 1735. 



Tanning leather, a new and expedi- 
tious method invented, 1795. 

Tannis, near Buntingford, 21 ricks of 
corn and hay, the dwelling-house, 
stables,out-houses, three fine horses, 
and 17 hogs, destroyed by fire, 3rd 
Oct. 1815. 

Tansillo, Luigi, poet, b. 1520, d. 
1570. 

Tapestry invented by Sir Francis 
Crane, 1619; for the encourage- 
ment of which king James I. gave 
2000/. to build a house at Mort- 
lake, in Surrey, 1619. 

Tar, mineral, discovered at Colebrook 
Dale, Shropshire, 1790, and in 
Scotland, 10th Oct. 1792. 

Tar-water first recommended by 
bishop Berkeley, 1744. 

Tarleton, gen. Sir B., distinguished 
in the American war, b. 1755, d. 
1833. 

Tassie, James, gem and wax modeller, 
d. 1799. 

Tasso, Bernardo, poet, b. 1493, d. 
1575. 

Tasso, Torquato, poet, b. 1544, d. 
1595. 

Tassoni, Alexander, Italian poet, b. 

1565, d. 1635. 
Tate island, East Indies, discovered 

29th June, 1795. 
Tate, Francis, lawyer and antiquary, 

b. 1560, d. 1616. 
Tate, Nahum, poet laureate, d. 1715. 



T ATI 



TEA 



339 



Taunton, North, thirty houses burned 
and forty families left without shel- 
ter, 29th June, 1 832. 

Taverner, William, dramatic writer, 
d. 1731. 

Tavernier, John Bapt., famous French 
traveller, b. 1605, d. 1689. 

Taverns restrained by an act of Ed- 
ward VI., 1552, to forty in Lon- 
don, eight in York, four in Nor- 
wich, three in Westminster, six in 
Bristol, three in Lincoln, four in 
Hull, three in Shrewsbury, four in 
Exeter, three in Salisbury, four in 
Gloucester, four in Chester, three 
in Hereford, three in Worcester, 
three in Southampton, four in Can- 
terbury, three in Ipswich, three in 
Winchester, three in Oxford, four 
in Cambridge, three in Colchester, 
four in Newcastle-upon Tyne. 

Tavistock monastery, Devon, built 
961. 

Tax, land, since the revolution. — 
1688, 3s.; 1690 to 1692, 3s.; 
1693 to 1697, 4s. ; 1698-9, 3s. ; 

1700, 2s.; additional duty, 6d.; 

1701, 3s. ; 1702 to 1712, 4s. ; 
1713 to 1715, 2s.; 1716, 4s.; 
1717 to 1721,3s.; 1722 to 1726, 
2s. ; 1727, 4s. ; 1728-9, 3s. ; 
1730-1, 2s.; 1732-3, Is.; 1734 
to 1739, 2s. ; 1740 to 1749, 4s. ; 
1750 to 1752, 3s.; 1753 to 1755, 
2s.; 1756 to 1766, 4s.; 1767 to 
1770, 3s.; 1771, 4s. ; 1772 to 
1775, 3s. ; 1776 to the present 
time, 4s. Act for the redemption 
of, 1798. The land tax redeemed 
to 1st Feb. 1808, amounts to the 
sum of 22,976,829/. 10s. 4d.,the 
interest of which, amounting to 
689,304?. 17s. 4fe?., is transferred 
over to the consolidated fund, and 
constitutes part of the produce of 
the land tax in the ways and means 
of the current year. 

Taxes were raised arbitrarily 1100. 

Taxes, the net produce of all perma- 
nent, existing before the year 1793, 
and also of the taxes imposed in 
each subsequent year. — Totals of 
customs, excise, stamps, and inci- 
dents, prior to the year 1793, in- 
cluding the proportionate part of 



the produce of duties on sugar, the 
additional duty on malt, and the 
duty on tobacco, now annually 
voted, 15,586,504/. 7s. lOd. Total 
of duties for the year 1793, 
314,086/. 6s. 6±d. Ditto, 1794, 
and the proportionate part of the 
produce of the duties on sugar now 
annually voted,936,201/. 13s. I0±d. 
Total of duties for the year 1795, 
1,611,424/. lis. Hid. Ditto, 

1796, 1,334,444/. 8s. 4±d. Ditto, 

1797, and the proportionate part 
of the duties on sugar now annu- 
ally voted, 3,016,062/. 12s. 9\d. 
Total of duties for the year 1798, 
732,576/. 7s. ]0±d. Ditto, 1799, 
260,491/. 5s. 9d. General total, 
23,791,794/. 15s. O^d. 

Permanent taxes to 

£ s. d. 

April 1802 - 25,199,088 

1803 - 27,531,358 14 9x 

1804 - 30,676,000 

1808 - 38,339,152 13 2± 
1812 - 40,986,860 16 10± 
1816 - 45,197,368 5 2| 
to Jan. 1820 - 60,318,272 16 
1823 - 50,122,994 
1834 - 46,170,600 3 11± 
Taylor, Brook, mathematician, b. 

1685, d. 1731. 
Taylor, Jeremv, bishop of Down, 

b. 1613, d. 1667. 
Taylor, John, the Water Poet, d. 

1654, aged 74. 
Taylor, John, divine and civilian, b. 

1704, d. 1766. 
Taylor, John, an English dramatic 
writer of some repute, b. 1756, 
d. 1832. 

Taylor, Robert (miscalled reverend), 
convicted of blasphemy in the court 
of King's Bench, and sentenced to 
one year's imprisonment, 24th Oct. 
1827. 

Tea first brought into Europe by the 
Dutch East India company early 
in 1591 ; tea, coffee, and chocolate, 
first mentioned in the statutebooks 
1660 ; a quantity of tea brought 
from Holland by lord Arlington 
and lord Ossory, 1699 ; was sold 
at 3/. per pound, 1707 ; the Ame- 
ricans refused to receive it with a 
Q 2 



340 



TEA 



TEW 



duty, 1773. In 1787, about 
18,852,675 lb. were imported by 
the East India company, besides 
what was brought by clandestine 
trade and smugglers. 

Tea destroyed at Boston by the inha- 
bitants, 1773, in detestation of 
English taxes, for which they were 
punished by the parliament of Eng- 
land, April, 1774. 

Tea-dealers obliged to have sign- 
boards painted, 1779. 

Tea-duties ceased, and a double tax 
imposed on windows, Oct. 1784. 

Tedbury church, in Gloucestershire, 
fell down, 17th Nov. 1770. 

Tedbury church, Gloucestershire, re- 
built at the expense of 3,658/. 16s. ; 
the pavement and pews cost 1000/. 
17s. additional ; opened Oct. 1781 . 

Telegraphs invented, 1687 ; put into 
practice by the French in 1794; 
by the English, 28th . Jan. 1796. 

Telescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a 
spectacle-maker at Middleburgh, 
1590 ; the first reflecting one made 
on the principles of Sir Isaac New- 
ton, 1692. 

Tell, William, shot Gesler, the Aus- 
trian governor, 1307, d. 1354. 

Tempesta, Antonio, an Italian pain- 
ter, b. 1555, d. 1630. 

Tempesta, Peter, painter, d. 1701. 

Templars, knights, the first military 
order established, 1118; all of them 
arrested in France in one day, 
being charged with enormous crimes 
and great riches, when 59 of them 
were burnt alive in Paris, 13th 
Oct. 1307 ; destroyed by Philip 
of France, 1342. 

Temple, London, founded by the 
knights templars, 1 1 85 ; middle 
temple hall built 1572 ; the pre- 
sent church built 1240. 
Temple, three societies of the (inner, 
middle, and outer), 1340 ; founded 
1560. 

Temple-bar built 1079 ; act for pull- 
ing down the houses without and 
improving the street, June, 1795. 

Temple, Sir William, statesman and 
writer, d. Jan. 1700, aged 69. 

Templeman, Dr. Peter, physician and 
philosopher, b. 1711, d. 1769. | 



Tenbv castle, Pembrokeshire, built 
1079. 

Teneriffe, fire at Puerta Oratava in 
the island of, destroyed a convent 
for women, and seven were victims 
to the flames, 11th Dec. 1815. 
The next night, by a fall of rain, 
14 persons were drowned in their 
houses at the same town. 

Teniers, David, sen., of Antwerp, b. 
1582, d. 1649. 

Teniers, David, jun., a Dutch painter, 
b. 1610, d. 1694. 

Tenison, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of 
Canterbury, b. 1636, d. 1715. 

Tennant, Smithson, chemical profes- 
sor, died by a fall from his horse 
at Boulogne, 22nd Feb. 1815. 

Tenures held by knights 1 service abo- 
lished by law, 1643. 

Tenths of church livings first collected 
in England, 1226. 

Terburg, sir Gerard, painter, b. 1608, 
d. 1681. 

Terceiras islands discovered by the 

Spaniards, 1583. 
Terence b. 186 B.C., d. 159 B.C. 
Terms of law begun 1079. 
Terpander,- the musician, lived about 

706 B.C. 

Terra Firma settled by the Spaniards 
1524; revolted from their govern- 
ment 1810. 

Terrasson, Andrew, divine, d. 1723. 

Terrasson, John, writer and trans- 
lator, b. 1670, d. 1750. 

Terwesten, Augustine, painter, b. 
1649, d. 1711. 

Terwesten, Elias, an artist, d. 1724. 

Tertullian, a father of the church, b. 
160, d. 225. 

Teschen, in Silesia, reduced to ashes 
by fire, 6th March, 1789. 

Test act passed 1673 ; repealed, 1830. 

Testa, Pietro, artist, b. 161 1 , d. 1 650. 

Testi Morti, order of knighthood in 
Wurtemburg, began 1652. 

Testi, Fulvio,poet, d. 1646. 

Teutonic, or Marian, order, began 
1192 ; abolished 1322; revived in 
Prussia 1522. 

Tewksbury, in Gloucestershire, sus- 
tained 1000/. worth of damage by 
a storm, 18th Aug. 1743 ; abbey 
built 1102. 



TH A 



T H 341 



Thaives' inn society established 1519 ; 

dissolved 1768. 
Tkales, philosopher, b.639,d.543 B.C. 
Thames embankment began 1771. 
Thames tunnel gave way 12th June, 

1828. 

Theatre ; that of Bacchus at Athens, 
the first ever erected, built by Phi- 
los, 420 B.C. ; the ruins still ex- 
ist. The first royal licence for one 
here was in 1574, to James Bur- 
bage and four others, servants to 
the earl of Leicester, to act plays 
at the Globe, Bankside, or in any 
part of England ; but long before 
their time miracles were repre- 
sented in the open fields, where 
the devil appeared in person on 
the stage, shearing the bristles of 
hogs ; hence the old proverb, 
" Great cry and little avooI." Plays 
were opposed by the Puritans,1633, 
and suspended till 1660, when 
Charles II. licensed two companies, 
Killigrew's and Davenant's ; the 
first at the Bull, Vere-street, Clare- 
market, which in a year or two was 
removed to Drury-lane ; the other 
in Dorset-gardens. Till this time 
boys performed women's parts. 
Sir William Davenant introduced 
operas, and both companies united, 
1684, and continued together till 
1694, when from the reduced sala- 
ries given to the performers, the 
principal of them, under Betterton, 
obtained a licence, and withdrew to 
Portugal street,Lincoln's-inn fields, 
in 1695. 

Theatre, the Brunswick, fell and killed 
Mr. Maurice, one of the proprietors, 
and nine other persons, 28th Feb. 
1828. 

Theatre at Capo dTstria, in Italy, fell 
and crushed the performers and 
audience to death, 6th Feb. 1794. 

Theatre at Nantz was destroyed by 
accidental fire, 27th Aug. 1796. 

Theatre at Mentz was destroyed by 
fire during the performance, on the 
falling in of which many were 
crushed to death and 70 burned, 
Aug. 1796. 

Theatres not to be licensed by the 
king but by the parliament, 1737. 



Theatrical exhibitions introduced into 
England in 1566 by Geoffrey, prior 
of St. Swithin's, Winchester. 

Thebes built by Cadmus, 493 B.C. 

Theft made capital by act, 964. 

Themistocles, the Athenian general, 
d. about 465 B.C. 

Theobald's House, Herts, pulled 
down 1765. 

Theobald, Lewis, English dramatic 
writer, d. 1744. 

Theocritus, flourished 285 B.C. 

Theodore, king of Corsica, abdicated 
his kingdom, 1737 ; died in an 
obscure lodging in Soho, London, 
1756. 

Theodosius, Flavius, Roman emperor 
and warrior, b. 346, d. 395. 

Theophrastus, philosopher, b. 371 
B. C, d. aged 85. ' 

Thermometer invented by Drebei, a 
Dutchman, 1 620 ; improved by 
Reaumur, 1730, and by Farenheit, 
1749. 

These us' s Temple, at Athens, built 
428 B. C. 

Thespis, the poet, b. 576 ; flourished 
about 539 B. C. 

Thetford Monastery, founded 1103. 

Thevenot, Melchisedec, the French 
traveller, b. 1621, d. 1692. 

Thevenot, John, traveller, d. 1667. 

Thew, Rob., engraver, d. July, 1802. 

Thief-takers condemned and pilloried 
in Smithfield, March, 1755. 

Thistle, order of, began 812 ; insti- 
tuted, 1540; revived, 1703. 

Thistle of Bourbon, order of knight- 
hood, began 1370. 

Thistlewood, Watson, Preston, and 
Hooper, tried for high treason and 
acquitted, 9th June, 1817. 

Thomas, A. L., French writer, b. 
1732, d. 1785. 

Thomas, William, antiquary, b. 1670, 
d. 1738. 

Thomas's, St., Island of, 900 stores 
or warehouses at, burned, valued at 
600,000/., 22nd Nov., 1805. 

Thomas's, St., Hospital, Southwark, 
founded, 1553. 

Thomas, St., festival of, instituted 
1130. 

Thomas, St., or St. John of Aeon, 
began 1258. 



342 T H 



TIN 



Thomasin, an engraver, b. 1688, <1. 
1741. 

Thompson, Edward, poet, b. 1738, 
d. 1786. 

Thompson, W., poet, d. about 1766. 
Thompson, Mrs., near Dublin, d. 

Oct. 1796, aged 135. 
Thomson, James, poet, d. 27th Aug., 

1748, aged 48. 
Thomson, Dr. Wm., miscellaneous 

writer, b. 1746, d. 1817. 
Thoresby, Ralph, b. 1658, d. 16th 

Oct. 1725. 
Thoresby, Duke of Kingston's seat, 

Northamptonshire, burned, with 

all the paintings and furniture, 

4th April, 1745. 
Thorverton, near Exeter, seventeen 

cottages at, destroyed by fire, 22nd 

June, 1816. 
Thorn, in Prussia, founded 1232. 
Thornhill, Sir Jas., painter, b. 1676, 

d. 1734. 

Thornhill, Mr., of Stilton, rode 213 
miles in twelve hours, seventeen 
minutes, 29th April, 1745. 

Thornton, Bonnell, b. 1724, d. 1768. 

Thorp, murdered by the mob, 1640. 

Thorpe, John, antiquarv, d. 2nd Aug. 
1792, aged 78. 

Thou, J. A. de, statesman and his- 
torian, b. 1553, d. 1617. 

Thoracic Duct discovered in a horse 
by Eustachius, 1563 ; in the human 
body, by 01. Rudbeck, a Swedish 
anatomist ; Thomas Bartholine, of 
Copenhagen ; and Dr. Joliffe, of 
England, 1653. 

Thornbury Castle, Gloucestershire, 
built 1510. 

Thornton College, Lincolnshire, built 
1174. 

Thread first made at Paisley, in Scot- 
land, 1722. 

Threatening letters made punishable, 
by act passed 1730. 

Thucydides, Greek historian, b. 469 
d. 400 B. C. 

Thuilleries, in Paris, built 1600. 

Thurloe, John, statesman, b. 1616, 
d. 1668. 

Thurlow. Lord, d. 12th Sept. 1806, 
aged 74. 

Thynne, Thomas, shot in Pall Mall, 
12th Feb. 1682. 



Tiarini, Alessandro, painter, b. 1577, 
d. 1668. 

Tibaldi, Pellegrino, painter, b. 1527, 
d. 1600. 

Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a 
Roman emperor, b. 34 B. C, d. 
A. D. 37. 

Tice, Mr., d. at Hagle)-, Worcester- 
shire, 26th Feb. 1774, aged 125. 

Tichfield Abbey, Hampshire, built 
1232. 

Tycho Brahe, of Denmark, b. 1546, 
d. 1601. 

Tickell, Thomas, English poet, b. 

1686, d. 1740. 
Tickell, Richard, wit and poet, killed 

himself, 1793. 
Tides, the first theory of, by Kepler, 

1596. 

Tide rose three times in two hours on 
the Kentish coast, 31st Oct. 1827. 

Tilbury Fort, built 1545. 

Tiles first used in England, 1246. 

Tiles and bricks taxed, 1784. 

Tillemans, P., painter, b. about 1684, 
d. 1734. 

Tillemont, Lewis, ecclesiastical writer, 
b. 1637, d. 1698. 

Tillotson, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 
1630, d. 1694. 

Tilly, Count, warrior, killed 1632. 

Tilty Abbey, Essex, built 1152. 

Tilts and Tournaments, instituted in 
Germany, 919. 

Time first computed from the Christian 
era, 516; in history, 748; in Spain, 
1358; in Arragon and Castile, 
1383 ; in Portugal, 1415. 

Time-measure barometer introduced 
by Scipio Nasica, 159 ; King Al- 
fred's time-keeper was six large 
wax tapers, each twelve inches 
long ; as they burnt unequally, 
owing to the wind, he invented a 
lantern made of wood, and thin 
scraped plates of ox-horns, glass 
being a great rarity, 887. The 
ancients had three sorts of time- 
measures, hour glasses, sun dials, 
and a vessel full of water with a 
hole in its bottom. 

Timoleon, of Syracuse, d. 337 B. C. 

Tin found in Germany, 1241 ; in no 
place before that, except in Devon- 
shire and Cornwall ; in Barbary, 



TIN 



TOM 343 



1640 ; in India, 1740 ; New Spain, 
1782. 

Tindal, Dr. M., b. 1657, d. 1733. 
Tindal, Rev. Nicholas, b. 1687, d. 

26th June, 1774. 
Tinelli, Tiberio, artist, b. 1586, d. 

1638. 

Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, built 
1131. 

Tintoretto, an Italian artist, b. 1512, 
d. 1594. 

Tintoretto, Marietta, painter, b. 1650, 
d. 1590. 

Tippoo Saib, sultan of Mysore, b. 
1749, d. 1799. 

Tiraboschi, Jerome, Italian writer, b. 
1731, d. 1794. 

Tisi, or Tisio, Benvenuto, painter, b. 
1481, d. 1559. 

Tithes given bv Moses to the tribe of 
Levi, 1490 B. C. 

Tithes first collected in England, 780, 
first granted for the maintenance of 
the clergy, 894 ; established legally 
by the Lateran Council, 1200 ; act 
for the better regulation of in Ire- 
land, 1834. 

Titian, a Venetian painter, b. 1477, 
d. 1576. 

Titles first creation of, bv patent, 
1344. 

Titles-royal. — The following is the 
succession in which the royal titles 
swelled in England : — Henry IV. 
had the title of " Grace " conferred 
on him ; Henry VI. that of " Ex- 
cellent Grace Edward IV. that 
of " High and Mighty Prince ;" 
Henry VII. "Highness;" Henry 
VIII. " Majesty" (^and was the first 
and last that was styled " Dread 
Sovereign''') ; and James I. that 
of " Sacred," or " Most Excellent 
Majesty." That of " Majesty," 
was first given to Louis XI. of 
France ; before it was the title only 
of emperors; the kings of Arragon, 
Castile, and Portugal, had the 
title only of " Highness ;" those of 
England, " Your Grace ;" those of 
France, " Your Despotism." 

Titles of families abolished in France, 
1790. 

Titus, Sabinus Vespasianus Flavins, 
Roman emperor, b. 40, d. 81. 



Tiverton Castle, Devonshire, built 
1110. 

Tiverton, 200 houses burnt down, 5th 
June, 1731 ; 26 on 27th May, 
1762 ; and between 60 and 70, 
April, 1785 ; and above 200 houses 
were destroyed bv fire, 30th June, 
1794.' 

Toad, a live one, found in a block of 
stone at Newark, 15th April, 1806. 

Tobacco first discovered in St. Do- 
mingo in 1496 ; afterwards by the 
Spaniards, in Yucatan, 1520; in- 
troduced into France by Nicot, 
1560 ; first brought into England, 
1533 ; prohibited to be planted 
here in 1624 ; a tax laid on it in 
England, 1685 ; allowed to be 
cultivated in Ireland, 1779 ; pro- 
hibited, 1832 ; and the crops paid 
for and destroyed by government, 
1833. 

Tobacco, a proclamation against, used 
formerly for physic, and a tax laid 
on it, without the consent of par- 
liament, of 6s. Sd. per pound, 
besides 2d. formerly ; first taxed 
by name, in 1685; subjected to 
excise laws, 1789. 

Tobago Island, planted bv the Dutch, 
1642. 

Tobin, John, dramatist, b. 1770, d. 
1304. 

Tofts, Mary, the rabbit woman, im- 
posed upon the public, 1726. 

Tokay, the vineyards of, in Hungary, 
destroyed by a hail-storm, 1808. 

Toland, John, b. 1669, d. ] 722. 

Toleration Act, passed 1689. 

Toll first demanded by the Danes of 
vessels passing the Sound, 1341 : 
first paid by vessels passing Stade 
on the Elbe, 1190. 

Toll-gates, or turnpikes, first in Eng- 
land, 1663. 

Tolls gathered in London, first for 
repairing the highways of Holborn, 
Grav's-inn-lane, and St. Martin' s- 
lane, 1346. 

Tombs of the kings of France, in the 
abbey of St. Dennis, ordered to be 
destroyed, by authority, 14th Oct. 
1793. 

Tomline, George, prelate and writer, 
b. 1750, d. 1787. 



344 TOM 



TRE 



Tompion, Thomas, eminent English 

watchmaker, d. 1669. 
Tonnage and poundage, granted to the 

king3 of England for life, 1465. 
Tontines first established at Paris, 

1653. 

Tooke, And., English divine and 

writer, h. 1673, d. 1731. 
Tooke, John Home, b. 1736, d. 19th 

March, 1812. 
Tooke, William, historian, b. 1744, 

d. 1820. 

Torre del Greco, near Naples, was 
nearly destroyed by the lava of 
Mount Vesuvius, 30th June, 1 794. 

Toplady, Aug. M., an eminent divine, 
b. 1740, d. 1778. 

Torquatus, M., caused his own son to 
be put to death, for having fought 
contrary to his orders, 340 B.C. 

Torrentius, John, painter, d. 1640. 

Torricelli, E., mathematician, b.1608, 
d. 1647. 

Torrigiano, Peter, sculptor, b. 1472, 
d. 1522. 

Torrijos, General, shot in the market- 
place at Malaga, 10th Dec, 1831. 

Torture abolished in Sweden, by order 
of the king, 1786 ; in Poland, 
1776; in France, by edict, 25th 
Aug. 1780. 

Touching for the king's evil, intro- 
duced by Edward the Confessor, 
, 1046. 

Tournaments began in 870 ; insti- 
tuted by Henry, Emperor of Ger- 
many, 919. 

Tourniquet, the, invented by one 
Morell, at the siege of Besanqon, 
1674 ; Petit, of France, invented 
the screw tourniquet, 1718. 

Toulmin, Joshua, divine, b. 1742, d. 
1815. 

Toup, Jonathan, critic, b. 1713, d. 
1785. 

Tourlone, Cardinal, high inquisitor of 
Home, dragged out of his carriage 
by a mob, and hanged on a gibbet 
fifty feet high, 1786. 

Tournefort, Joseph, botanist, b. 1 656, 
d. 1708. 

Tower Hamlets, London, erected into 

a borough, 1832. 
Tower of London, built 1078 ; walled 

in 1099. 



Tower of the Winds, at Athens, 

built 550 B. C. 
Tower, leaning, at Pisa, built 1174. 
Towers, high, first erected to churches 

in 1000. 

Towers, Irish pillar, of which there 
are upwards of one hundred, erected 

■ perhaps in the 5 th century, uses 
unknown. 

Towers, Joseph, miscellaneous writer, 
b. 1737, d. 1799. 

Townley, Charles, connoisseur, b. 
1737, d. 1805. 

Townley, John, translator of Hudi- 
bras into French, b. 1697, d. 1782. 

Townley, James, divine and drama- 
tist, b. 1715, d. 1778. 

Townsend, Joseph, divine and writer, 
d. 1816. 

Tradescant, John, botanist, d. 1652. 
Tragedy, the first acted at Athens, 

on a waggon, by Thespis, 535 B.C. 
Trajan, Marcus, Roman emperor and 

warrior, b. 52, d. 117. 
Trajan's Pillar erected in Rome 114. - 
Trajan's Piazza built at Rome 100. 
Tranquebar settled bv the Danes, 

1617. 

Transfiguration, festival of, first ob- 
served 700. 

Transportation of felons first intro- 
duced 1590. 

Transubstantiation opposed by the 
English church about 1000 ; re- 
ceived it between 1000 and 1066. 

Trapp, Rev. Dr. Jos., b. 1679, d. 
Nov. 1747. 

Travis, George, divine, d. 1797. 

Treason requiring two witnesses, 1552. 

Transylvania was given to Austria, 
1699. 

Treaties, commercial, with any foreign 

nation, began 1272. 
Treasury Office, Westminster, built 

1732. 

Trematon Castle, Cornwall, built 
before the Conquest, and still per- 
fect, 1835. 

Trembley, Abi'aham, naturalist, b. 
1710, d. 1784. 

Trenchard, John, b. 1669, d. 1723. 

Trenck, Fred., Baron de, celebrated 
for his adventures, b. 1726, d.1794. 

Tresham, Henry, painter, d. 17th 
June, 1814. 



TRE 



T U R 



345 



Tressan, Count de, French writer, b. 

1705, d. 1782. 
Treves, Archbishop of, first admitted 

an elector, 1021. 
Tribunes of the people, created at 

Rome, 495 B. C. 
Tribunes, Military, at Rome, created, 

with Consular power, 443 B. C. 
Tribute of wolves heads paid in Eng- 

land, 971 ; paid by the English 

to the Danes in one year, 48,000/. 

in 997. 

Triennial Parliaments, established 

1694: repealed 1716. 
Trimmer, Mrs. Sarah, a writer of 

religious juvenile works, b. 1741, 

d. loth Dec. 1810. 
Trichinopoli, in the East Indies, 

blown up by the powder magazine 

taking fire ; 300 inhabitants killed ; 

310,000 ball cartridges destroyed ; 

and the whole foundation shaken, 

1772. 

Trinidad, the Isle of, discovered 1498. 
Trinitarians, order of, in Spain, began 
1594. 

Trinitv Sundav, appointed bv Pope 
John, 1334* 

Trinity, the word first applied to the 
. persons of the godhead, 150 ; fes- 
tival instituted about 828. 

Trinity act passed, to exempt from 
penalties persons denying the doc- 
trine of, 1813. 

Trinity House, London, founded by 
Sir Thomas Spirt, 1515; incor- 
porated, 1685 ; built on Tower- 
hill, 1795. 

Trinitv College, Cambridge, founded 
1546. 

Trinitv College, Dublin, founded 
1590. 

Trinity College, Oxford, founded 
1555. 

Trinity Hall, Cambridge, founded 
1350. 

Tripoli nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake, 13th Dec. '1759! 

Trissino, J. G., poet, b.1478, d.1550. 

Tromp, Van, the Dutch admiral, b. 
1597 ; killed, 29th July, 1653. 

Tronchin, Theodore, physician, b. 
1709, d. 1781. 

Trotter, Thomas, enslaver, d. 14th 
Feb. 1803. 



i Trov begun 1546 ; the kingdom ended 

1184*"B. C. 
I Troy, Francis de, painter, d. 1730. 
I Troy, John de, painter, d. 1752. 
Trumbull, Sir William, statesman, b. 

1638, d. 1716. 
Trumbull. Jonathan, American states- 
man, d. 1809. 
Trumbull, John, American poet, b. 

1750, d. 1831. 
Trumpets first sounded before the 

kings of England, by order of Offa, 

king of Mercia, 790. 
Trusler, Dr. John, compiler, b. 1735, 

d. 1820. 

Trusty, the ship, lost on a rock be- 
tween Bristol and Cork, 17th Jan. 
1802. 

! Truxillo, order of knighthood, began 

in Spain, 1227. 
I Truxillo, in Peru, ruined by an earth- 
quake, Dec. 1759. 
! Tryphiodoros, poet, supposed to have 

lived about the 4 th century. 
I Tucker, Abraham, metaphysician, b. 

1705, d. 1774. 
Tucker, Joseph, divine and politician, 

b. 1712, d. 1799. 
Tuckev, J. Hingston, nautical writer, 

b. 1776, d. 1816. 
Tulips, first imported into England, 
1578. 

Tull, Jethro, eminent in husbandry, 
d. 1740. 

Tunbridge Castle, built 1090; priory 

built 1094. 
Tunnel under the Thames from 

Rotherhithe to Wapping, begun 

1824 ; gave way, 12th June, 1828. 
Tuustall, Cuthbert, bishop, divine 

and statesman, b. about 1474, d. 

1559. 

Tupholme Priory, near Lincoln, built 
1160. 

Turbervile, George, poet, b. about 

1530, d. about 1600. 
Turcune, Marshal, b. 1611, killed 

1675. 

Turgot, A. R., statesman, b. 1727, d. 
1781. 

Turkey, in Asia, founded A. D. 1299 
in Europe, after the destruction of 
the Eastern empire, A.D. 1453. 

Turkeys brought into England, 1 528 ; 
into France, 1570. 

Q 3 



346 



TUR 



UNI 



Turkish ships, navigated by Greek 
sailors, the first arrived at London, 
5th April, 1797. 

Turnebus, Adrian, critic, b. 1512. 

Turner, Dr. William, the first Eng- 
lish botanist, d. about 1568. 

Turnpikes first legally erected in 
England, 1663. 

Turpilius, painter, flourished B.C. 69. 

Tuscany erected into a dukedom, 
1530 ; seized by the French, on 
24th March, 1799; recovered its 
independence, 17th July, 1799 ; 
but was reduced again under obe- 
dience to France the following 
year. United to France, 24th 
May, 1808. 

Tusser, Thomas, agricultural writer, 
b. about 1515, d. about 1580. 

Tweddell, John, classical scholar, b. 
1769, d. 1799. 

Twelfth-day, custom of drawing king 
and queen on, was borrowed from 
the Greeks and Romans, who, on 
the tabernacle, or Christmas festi- 
vals, drew lots for kings, by putting 
a piece of money in the middle of 
a cake, which, whoever found, was 
saluted as king. 

Twickenham, the French ambassa- 
dor's house and furniture burned, 
14th June, 1734. 



Twins, British frigate, ran aground at 
the Cape of Good Hope, and was 
burned by the crew, 23rd Aug., 
1810. 

Tvers, John, of Vauxhall, b. 1726, 
'd. 1787. 

Tyler, Wat, the rebel, killed 1381. 

Tyndale, William, reformer, b. 1500, 
put to death, 1536. 

Tynemouth Castle and Priory, Nor- 
thumberland, built 700. 

Types of wood, for printing, first used, 
1470. 

Tyrol, several forests in the, took 
fire, by which 64 villages and 
hamlets, and 10,000 head of cattle 
were destroyed, 26th July, 1811. 

Tvrrell, James, historian, b. 1642, d. 
'1718. 

Tyrtseus, Greek poet, lived in the 7th 

century B. C. 
Tyrwhitt, Thomas, English writer, b. 

1730, d. 1786. 
Tvson, Dr. Edward, eminent phv- 

sician, b. 1649, d. 1708. 
Tvssens, Peter, a painter, b. 1 625, d. 

"1692. 

Tytler, W., author of " An Enquiry 
into the Evidence against Mary, 
Queen of Scots," b. 1711, d. 1792. 

Tvtler, Alexander Fraser, b. 1747, 
d. 1813. 



U. 



XJCCELLO, Paolo, a Floren- 
tine painter, d. 1432. 

Udina, Giovanni da, b. 1494, d. 
1564 ; celebrated for having been 
the reviver of stucco work. 

Ukraine settled by Russia 1775. 

Ulloa, Don Antonio, mathematician, 
b. 1716, d. 1795. 

Ulugh-beigh, Tartar prince, astrono- 
mer, b. 1393, killed 1449. 

Ulverscroft Priory, Leicestershire, 
built 1167. 

Umrnerapoora, kingdom of Ava, the 
town and port of, destroyed by fire, 
10th March, 1811. 

Unction, extreme, practised in the 
first century ; in common use 450. 



Uniformity, act of, passed 1559; 
took effect 1662. 

Union, act for Scotland, passed 6th 
March, 1707 ; for Ireland, passed 
2nd July, 1800; took place, 1st 
Jan. 1801. 

Union packet, of Dover, lost off Ca- 
lais 28th Jan. 1792; a similar 
misfortune had not happened on 
the station for 105 years. 

United ladies for the honour of the 
cross, order of knighthood in Ger- 
many, began 1666. 

United provinces established 1579 ; 
acknowledged independent 1609 : 
subdued by France 1795; Louis 
Buonaparte made king of, 4th June, 



UNI 



UNI 



347' 



1806, by order of Napoleon; re- 
stored and erected into a kingdom 
1814. 

United States of North America de- 
clared their independence of Great 

Britain, 4th July, 1776. 
Universities founded : — 

Aberdeen, 1477. 

Abo, Finland, 1640. 

Alba Julia, Transylvania, 16 29. 

Altorf, Franeonia, 1581. 

Andrew's, St., Scotland, 1411. 

Anjou, 1349 ; enlarged 1364. 

Avignon, France, 1388. 

Basle, Switzerland, 1458. 

Besan^on, Burgundy, 1540. 

Bologna, Italy, 423. 

Bruges, Austrian Flanders, 1665. 

Cah or, in Quercy, France, 1320. 

Caen, Normandy, 1431. 

Cambridge began 626, according 
to some others 900 ; revived 
1110. 

Cambridge, New England, pro- 
jected 1630. 

Cologne,Germany, refounded 1 389. 

Compostella, Spain, 1517. 

Coimbra, Portugal, 1391 ; en- 
larged 1503. 

Constantinople, 425. 

Copenhagen, 1497 ; enlarged 1539, 
1569. 

Cordova, Spain, 968. 

Cracow, Poland, 700 ; enlarged 
1402. 

Dijon, France, 1722. 

Dillingen, Suabia, 1565. 

Dole, Burgundy, 1426. 

Douay, French Flanders, 1562. 

Dresden, Saxony, 1694. 

Dublin, 159 J. 

Edinburgh, founded by James VI. 
1580. 

Erfurt, Thuringia, enlarged 1390. 
Erlangen, Franconia, 1743. 
Evora, Portugal, 1559. 
Ferrara, Italy, 1316. 
Florence, Italy, enlarged 1438. 
Franeker, Friesland, 1585. 
Frankfort, on the Oder, 1506. 
Friberg, Germany, 1460. 
Fulda, Germany, 1734. 
Geneva, 1365. 

Giessen, 1605 ; united to Marpurg 
1626. 



Glasgow, Scotland, 1450. 

Goettingen, Hanover, 1734. 

Granada, Spain, 1537. 

Gripswald, 1547. 

Groningen, Friesland, 1614. 

Halle, Saxony, 1694. 

Heidelburgh, Germany, 1346. 

Helmstadt, or Jula, Brunswick- 
Wolfenbuttle, 1570. 

Jena, or Sala, Thuringia, 1548. 

Ingolstadt, Bavaria, 1573. 

Inspruck, Tyrol, 1672. 

Kiel, Hobtein, 1665. 

Koningsberg, Prussia, 1544. 

Ley den, Holland, 1575. 

Leipsic, Saxony, 1409. 

London, 13th April, 1827. 

Louvain, Flanders, 926 ; enlareed 
1427. 

Lyons, France, 830. 

Marpurg, Hesse, 1527. 

Mechlin, Flanders, 1440. 

Mentz, 1482. 

Montpelier, 1196. 

Moscow, ] 754. 

Munster, 1491. 

Naples, 1216. 

Orleans, France, 1312. 

Oxford, 886. 

Paderborn, 1592. 

Padua, Italy, 1179. 

Palencia, 1209; removed to Sala- 
manca, 1249. 

Paris, 792. 

Pavia, 791; enlarged 1361. 
Perusia, Italy, 1290. 
Petersburgh, Russia, 1747. 
Pisa, Italy, 1339 ; enlarged 1487 

and 1542. 
Poictiers,. France, 1430. 
Prague, Bohemia, 1360. 
Rinteln, Schaumberg, 1621. 
Rheims, 1145; enlarged 1560. 
Rostock, Mecklenburg, 1419. ' 
Salamanca, Spain, 1249. 
Saltzburgh, Germany, 1623. 
Saragossa, Arragon, 1474. 
Sienna, Etruria, 1387. 
Seville, Spain, 1517. 
Sorbonue, France, 1253. 
Strasburg, Germany, 1538. 
Toledo, Spain, 1518. 
Toulouse, France, 1228. 
Treves, Germany, 1473. 
Tubingen, Wurtemburg, 1477. 



348 



UNI 



VAN 



Turin, 1412. 

Valence, Dauphiny, 1475. 

Venice, 1592. 

Vienna, 1365. 

Upsal, Sweden, 1477. 

Utrecht, Holland, 1636. 

Wittenberg, Saxony, 1502. 

Wurzburg, Franconia, 1402. 

AVurtemburg, Saxony, 1502- 
University coll., Oxford, founded 886. 
Upnor castle built 1561. 
Upton, James, English, grammarian, 

b. 1670, d. 1749. 
Upton, John, critic, b. 1707, d. 1760. 
Urfe, Honore d', romance writer, b. 

1567, d. 1625. 



Urine — the inhabitants of London 
and Westminster commanded by 
proclamation to preserve all their 
urine throughout the year for mak- 
ing saltpetre, 1468. 

Usher, James, miscellaneous writer, 
b. 1720, d. 1772. 

Ussher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 
learned writer, b. 1580, d. 1656. 

Usury forbidden by parliament 1341. 
In 1260, 2s. per week for loan of 
20s., which was at the rate of 
43/. 6s. Sd. per annum for 100/., 
which was restrained by an act, 
1275, against the Jews. 



V. 



V 



AG A, Pierino del, a Florentine 
painter, b. 1500, d. 1547. 
Vahl, Martin, Danish naturalist and 
botanist, b. 10th Oct. 1749, d. 
1804. 

Vaillant, J. R, medalist, b. 1632, 
d. 1706. 

Vaillant, Sebastian, botanist, b. 1669, 
d. 1722. 

Valcknaer, Louis Gaspar, Dutch phi- 
lologist and critic, b. 1715, d.1785. 

Val de Grace, in Paris, built 1666. 

Valentino, or Valentine Peter, painter, 
b. 1600, d. 1632. 

Valerius Maximus lived in the reign 
of Tiberius. 

Valenciennes taken by the French 
from the Spaniards, 17th March, 
1677. 

Valla, George, physician and com- 
mentator, d. about 1500. 

Valla, Laurence, translator and com- 
mentator, b. 1407, d. 1457. 

Valle Crucis abbey, Denbighshire, 
built 1200. 

Valmont de Bomare, J. C, naturalist, 
b. 1731, d. 1807. 

Valois, Henrv de, French writer, b. 
1603, d. 1696. 

Van Balen, a Dutch painter, b. 1560, 
d. 1632. 

Vanbrugh, Sir John, eminent archi- 
d. 26th March, 1726. 



Vancouver, George, English naviga- 
tor, b. 1750, d. 1798. 

Vander-Monde, the mathematician, b. 
1735, d. 1796. 

Vandals began their kingdom in Spain 
412 ; ended 534. 

Vander Meeren, painter, b. 1627, d. 
1690. 

Vander Meeren,the Younger, painter, 
d. 1688. 

Vander Meulen, painter, b. 1634, d. 
1690. 

Vander Neer, E^lon, Dutch painter. 

b. 1643, d. 1703. 
Vander Werf, Adrian, Dutch painter, 

b. 1659, d. 1727. 
Vander Werf, Peter, painter, b. 1665, 

d. 1718. 

Vander velde, Adrian, celebrated pain- 
ter, b. 1639, d. 1672. 

Vandevelde, William, the Old, pain- 
ter, b. 1610, d. 1693. 

Vandevelde, William, painter, b. 
1633, d. 1707. 

Van Huvsum, John, painter, b. 1682, 
d. 1749. 

Van Diest, Adrian, painter, b. 1655. 
d. 1 704. 

Vandyck, Sir Anthony, portrait pain- 
ter, b. at Antwerp 1599, d. 1641. 

Vane, Sir Henry (the Younger), 
a statesman, b. 1612, beheaded 
1662. 



VAN 



VEN 



349 



Van Eyck, Hubert, painter, b. 1366, 
d. 1426. 

Van Eyck, John, inventor of painting 

in oil, b. 1370, d. 1441. 
Van Gosyen, a Dutch painter, b. 1596, 

d. 1656. 

Vanini burnt at Thoulouse 19th Feb. 

1619, aged 33. 
Vanloo, John Baptist, painter, b. 

1684, d. 1746. 
Vanloo, C, painter, b. 1705, d. 1765. 
Vannftmder, Charles, painter, b. 1548, 

d. 1605. 

Vanni, Francesco, painter, b. at Sienna 

1563, d. 1610. 
Van Obstal, Gerard, sculptor, b. 1595, 

d. 1668. 

Van Orlay, Bernard, painter, b. 1490, 
d. 1560. 

VanOrlay,R.painter,b.l652,d.l732. 
Van Ort, Adam, painter, b. 1557, d. 
1641. 

Van Ostade, Isaac, painter, b. 1613. 
d. 1671. 

Van Ouft, James, the Old, painter, 

b. 1600, d. 1672. 
Van Ouft, the Younger, painter, b. 

1637, d. 1713. 
Van Swieton, the physician, b. 1700, 

d. 1772. 

Vanuden, Lucas, a Dutch painter, b. 

1595, d. 1660. 
Vargas, Luis de, painter, b. 1528, d. 

1590. 

Varillas, Ant., historian, b. 1624, d. 
1696. 

Varna, battle of, between the Rus- 
sians and Turks, 1828. 

Varro, Terentius, b. 116, d. 27- B.C. 

Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese, dis- 
coverer of the East Indies, 1524. 

Vassalage of serfs abolished by law in 
Holsteinand Sleswick,in Denmark, 
1797. 

Vasari, Giorgio, an Italian painter, 

b. 1512, d. 1576. 
Vater, John Severinus, an eminent 

philologist, b. 1771, d. 1826. 
Vatican library founded 1448. 
Vattel, Emer de, jurist, b. 1714, d. 

1767. 

Vauban, Seb., marshal, engineer, d. 
1707, aged 74. 

Vaugelas, Claude, French gramma- 
rian, b. 1585, d. 1650. 



Vauvilliers, J. F., Greek scholar, b" 

about 1736, d. 1800. 
Vaux, lord, poet, b. 1510, d. in the 

reign of Mary. 
Vauxhall gardens opened 1733 ; 

much damaged by fire 29 th June, 

1800. 

Vauxhall bridge, first stone of, laid 
9th May, 1811 ; opened 25th July, 
1817. 

Vecchia, Palma, an Italian painter, 

b. 1508, d. 1556. 
Vecchia, Pietroda, a painter, b. 1605, 

d. 1678. 

Vecelli, Francesco, painter, b. 1483. 
Vega, Lopez de la, Spanish poet and 

dramatist, b. 1562, d. 1635. 
Velasquez de Silva, Diego, portrait 

painter, b. 1594, d. 1660. 
Velli, Paul Francis, historian, b. 

1711, d. 1759. 
Vendome, Duke de, warrior, b. 1654, 

d. 1712. 

Venereal Disease was brought into 
Europe in the first voyage of Co- 
lumbus, and broke out in >the 
French army in Naples, 1494 ; 
whence the French term mal de 
Naples ; in the Netherlands and 
England it obtained the appellation 
of mal de France ; in the latter 
country it is said to have been 
known so early as the 12th cen- 
tury ; about the same period, too, 
at Florence, one of the Medici 
family died of it. 

Venetiano, Dom., artist, of Venice, 
where he introduced the use of 
oil colours, b. 1420, assassinated, 
1476. 

Venetian States annexed to the Aus- 
trian dominions, 1814. 

Venezuelans, the, declare in congress 
the sovereignty of the people, July, 
1814. 

Veneziano, Agost, d. at Rome, 1 540. 

Venice.' — The first inhabitants of this 
country were the Veneti ; con- 
quered by the Gauls, and made a 
kingdom, about 356 ; conquered 
for the Romans by Marcellus, 221 
B. C. — The islands on which the 
city stands began to be inhabited 
by Italians about 421 ; the first 
house was erected on the morass, 



350 V EN 



VEZ 



by Entinopus, who fled from the 
Goths ; the people of Padua took 
refuge there also, and were assisted 
by Entinopus in building the eighty 
houses, which formed the first city, 
413; first governed by a Doge, 
697 ; but its republic was not in- 
dependent till 803 ; reduced to 
ashes, 1101 ; nearly destroyed by 
the league of Cambray, 1509 ; the 
arsenal was destroyed by fire, 
1 565 ; the conspiracy on which 
Otway's play is founded, 1618 ; 
its university founded, 1592; de- 
clared a free port, 1 1th May, 1736 ; 
greatly damaged by fire, 1789 ; its 
senate dissolved, and its govern- 
ment changed by the French 
troops, in 1797 ; the Doge omitted 
the ceremony of wedding the Adri- 
atic sea, a ceremony that had 
existed from 1173. — The French 
ceded the city, with the adjacent 
country, to the emperor of Ger- 
many, 17th Oct. 1797.— Bank of, 
founded 1157. 

Venius, Otho, painter, b. 1 556, d. 1 634. 

Venn, Henry, divine, b. 1725,d.l797. 

Ventilators first invented by the Rev. 
Dr. Hales, 1740. 

Venus, transit of, over the sun, 2nd 
June, 1660. 

Verbruggen, Henry, painter, b. 1588, 
d. 1640. 

Vere, Sir F. warrior, b. 1554,d.l608. 
Vere, Sir Horace, warrior, b. 1565, d. 
1635. 

Verelst, Simon, painter, b. 1664, d. 
1710. 

Vergil, Polydore, d. 1555, aged 80. 
Vergennes, Count de, statesman, b. 

1719, d. 1787. 
Verhaecht, Tobias, painter, b. 1566, 

d. 1631. 

Verkolie, Jan, painter, b. 1650, d. 
1693. 

Verkolie, Nicholas, painter, d. 1746, 
aged 73. 

Vermeyen, John Cor., Dutch painter, 
whose beard touched the ground 
as he stood erect, b. 1500, d. 1559. 

Vernet, Joseph, a celebrated marine 
painter, b. 1712, d. 1789. 

Vernon, Edward, admiral, b. 1684, 
d. 1757. 



Vernon, the largest British frigate 
ever built, registered 2082 tons, 
launched at Woolwich, 1st May, 
1832. 

Verocchio, And., a Florentine, who 
first found out the method of 
taking likeness in Plaster of Paris, 
b. 1432, d. 1488. 

Veronese, Ales., painter, b. at Verona, 
1600, d. 1670. 

Veronese, Paolo, celebrated Italian 
painter, b. 1532, d. 1588. 

Verrio, Antonio, painter, b. 1634, d. 
1707. 

Versailles Palace, in France, began 
1687, finished 1708. 

Verschuring, Henry, painter, b. 1627, 
drowned, 1690. 

Verstegan, Richard, the English an- 
tiquary, d. about 1635. 

Vertot, Rene Aubert, Abbe de, 
French historical writer, b. 1655, 
d. 1735. 

Vertue, George, an eminent engraver, - 
b. 1684, d. 26th July, 1756. 

Vesalius, Andrew, anatomist, b. 151 4, 
shipwrecked, 1564. 

Vespasian, Titus Flavius, emperor 
and warrior, d. A. D. 79. 

Vessels, mercantile, engaged in Brit- 
ish trade, in 1792, amounted to 
23,600. 

Vesputius, Americus, a Florentine, 
discoverer of the West Indies, b. 
1451, d. 1516. 

Vesta, planet, discovered by Dr. 
Olbers, 29th March, 1807. 

Vestal Virgin, who violated her vow, 
buried alive at Rome, 337 B. C, 
agreeably to the laws of Numa 
Pompilius. 

Vesuvius, eruptions of, 79, when two 
cities were buried in burning lava, 
with 250,000 people ; 203, 272, 
472, when all Campania was de- 
stroyed ; 512, 685, 993, 1036, 
1043, 1048, 1136, 1506, 1538; 
at Puzzoli, 1631, 1632, when 
4000 persons and a large track of 
land were destroved ; 1660, 1682, 
1694, 1701, 1704, 1712, 1717, 
1730, 1737, 1751, 1754, 1760, 
1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, 
1785, 1786, 1787, 1794, 1810, 
1814, 1816. 



VIC 



VIT 351 



Vezelli, an Italian painter, b. 1479, 
d. 1554. 

Vice-Chancellor, in England, office 

of, created, 1813. 
Vicq-d'Azir, Felix, physician, b. 

1748, d. 1794. 
Victualler. Enacted that none shall 
sell less than one full ale quart of 
the best beer or ale for Id., and 
two quarts of the smaller sort for 
Id., 1603. 
Victualling Office, instituted 10th 

Dec. 1663. 
Victory man of war, lost in a storm, 

Oct. 1744. 
Vida, M. H., modern Latin poet, b. 
about 1480, d. 1566. 

Vienna was very obscure till 1151 ; 
it was walled and enlarged by 
Henry I. of Austria, 1142, with 
the ransom of King Richard I. of 
England ; made an imperial city 
by Frederick II. 1136 ; made sub- 
ject to the house of Austria, 1140 ; 
besieged and taken by the king of 
Hungary, 1485 ; besieged by the 
Turks under Solyman the Magnifi- 
cent, with an army of 300,000 
men, 1529 ; again in 1532, 1543, 
and 1663, when the Grand Vizier, 
with 100,000 men, cannonaded 
the city from 24th July to the 
beginning of September, without 
effect ; taken possession of by the 
French troops, 1805 and 1809. 

Vienna much damaged, many lives 
lost, by an explosion of gunpowder, 
26th June, 1779. 

Vieta, eminent French mathematician, 
b. 1540, d. 1603. 

Villain, (of or belonging to the vill 
or lordship) was a servant during 
life, and devisable, a3 chattels, in 
the feudal times. In 1572, Queen 
Elizabeth ordered her bondmen to 
be set free, at very easy rates. 

Villars, Louis Hector, Marshal, French 
general, b. 1653, d. 1734. 

Villiers, George, Duke of Bucking- 
ham, b. 1592, murdered 1628. 

Villiers, second Duke of Bucking- 
ham, dramatic writer, b. 1627, d. 
1688. 

Villoison, J. B. de, critic, b. 1750, 
d. 1805. 



Vince, Rev. S., English astronomer, 
d. 1821. 

Vincent, Dr., Dean of Westminster, 
b. 1739, d. 21st Dec. 1815. 

Vinci, Leon. Da, celebrated Italian 
painter, b. 1452, d. at Paris in the 
arms of the king of France, 1 520. 

Viner, Charles, law writer, d. 1756. 

Vine-dressers, a colony of from Pho- 
cea, in Ionia, settled at Marseilles, 
who instructed the South Gauls in 
tillage, vine-dressing, and com- 
merce, about 600 B. C. Some 
think the vines are aborigines of 
Languedoc and Provence, and that 
they grew spontaneously on the 
Mediterranean shores of Italy, 
France, and Spain. 

Vines, planted in Germany and North 
Gaul, 276. 

Vines and sugar-canes, planted in 
Madeira, 1420. 

Viola, Gio. Bat., painter, b. 1572, 
d. 1622. 

Violins, invented about 1477, and 
introduced into England by Charles 
II. 

Virgil, Pub. Maro, b. at Andes, 
near Mantua, in B. C. 70 ; d. at 
Brundusium, in Italy, 18 B.C. 

Virginia, discovered by Cabot, 1496 ; 
taken possession of by Sir Walter 
Raleigh, 1584; the settlement of 
the first permanent Colony there, 
1606. 

Virginius, slew his daughter, that she 
might not fall a sacrifice to the 
lust of Appius Claudius, 446 B.C. 

Virgin of Mount Carmel, order of, 

began in France 1607. 
.Virgin Mary, order of knighthood, 
began 1233. 

Virgin Mary, the most glorious, order 
of knighthood, began at Rome 1618. 

Virgins, first consecrated 159. 

Visconti, E. Q., antiquary, b. 1753, 
d. 1818. 

Viscount, the first in England, 12th 

Feb. 1440. 
Visitation of the Virgin, festival of 

the, instituted 1389. 
Vitalis, Ordericus, historian, b. 1075, 

d. al out 1 1 43. 
Vitringa, Campegius, commentator, b. 

1659, d. 1722. 



352 



VIT 



VUL 



Vitruvius, the architect, flourished 

135 B. C. 
Vivani, Ottavio, painter, h. 1599, d. 

1674. 

Vivares, Francis, the engraver, 1). 

1709, d. 16th Nov. 1780. 
Vivien, Joseph, painter, b. 1657, d. 

1735. 

Voet, Charles, painter, d. 1745, 
aged 75. 

Voiture, Vincent, "writer, b. 1598, 
d. 1648. 

Volcanic Island formed in the Me- 
diterranean, off the coast of Sicily, 
Sept. 1831. 

Volcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke 
out, 13th Sept. 1777, which threw 
out an immense quantity of red 
water, that discoloured the sea for 
several leagues. 

Volney, Count de, writer, b. 1757, 
d. 1820. 

Voltaire, b. 1694, d. 1778. 

Volterra, Danieel da, painter, b. 
1509, d. 1566. 

Vos, Martin de, painter, b. 1520, d. 
1604. 

Vos, Simon de, painter, b. 1603, d. 

about 1670. 
Vosterman, John, painter, b. 1643, 

d. 1699. 

Vosterman,Lucas, engraver, flourished 
1626. 

Vossius, Gerard John, historian, b. 

1577, d. 1649. 
Vossius, Isaac, Greek scholar, b. 

1618, d. 1688. 
Votes of the House of Commons, 

first printed, 1681. 
Vouet, Simon, a French painter, b. 

1582, d. 1641. 
Voyage round the world, the first 

made in 1525. 
Vroon, Henrv Cornelius, a Dutch 

painter, b. 1566, d. 1619. 
Vulgate edition of the bible, dis- 
covered in 218. 
Vulgar Errors : — 

1 . That surgeons and butchers may 
be challenged as jurors, on ac- 
count of the barbarity of their 
professions. 

2. That the old statutes have pro- 
hibited the planting of vineyards, 
and the use of saw-mills. 



3. That it is forbidden to marry 
in Lent. 

4. That it is penal to open a coal- 
mine, or to kill a crow within 
five miles of London, or to 
shoot with a wind gun, or carry 
a dark lanthorn. 

5. That the king signs the death 
warrant (as it is called) for the 
execution of a criminal. 

6. That there is a statute to oblige 
the owners of asses to crop their 
ears, lest the length of them 
should frighten the horses upon 
the road. 

7. That a woman's marrying a 
man under the gallows, will 
save him from execution. 

8. That such as are born at sea, 
belong to Stepney parish, Lon- 
don. 

9. That any one may be put into 
the Crown-office for the most 
trifling injury. 

10. That a man's taking his wife 
from the hands of the priest, 
clothed only in her shift, when 
the marriage ceremony is per- 
forming, exempts him from being 
liable to her engagements. 

1 1. That there was no land-tax 
before William III. 

12. That a negro, being baptized, 
becomes immediately free. 

13. That the dead body of a person 
murdered will bleed in the pre- 
sence, or on the touch of the 
murderer. 

14. fhat first cousins may marry, 
but second cousins cannot. The 
civil law prevents first cousins, 
but the canon law prohibits 
both. 

15. That men have one rib less 
than women. 

16. That the body of a debtor may 
be taken in execution after his 
death. 

17. That the scorpion stings itself 
when surrounded by fire, or that 
its sting is even venomous. — 
Keysler's Travels, Maupertuis, 
Hughes's Barbadoes, Hamilton's 
Letter in the Philosophical 
Transactions. 



y ul 



WAG 



353 



18. That the Tarantula is poi- 
sonous, and that music has a 
particular effect on persons bitten 
by it, more than those stung by 

a wasp De la Lande's Travels, 

Naples : Abbe Ricard's ditto, 
Experiments of the Prince of 
San Severino. 

19. That the lizard is friendly to 
man in particular, much less 
that it awakens him on the 
approach of a serpent. — Hughes' 
Barbadoes, Brooke's Natural 
History. 

20. That the remora has power to 
retard the sailing of a ship by 
sticking itself to its bottom. — 
De la Lande, alii, passim. 

21. That the stroke of the cramp- 
fish is occasioned by a muscle. 
— Bancroft's Guiana, concern- 
ing the torporific eel. 

22. That the salamander does live 
in fire, or is capable of bearing 
more heat than other animals. 
— Sir T. Brown suspected it, 
Keysler has clearly proved it. 

23. That the bite of the spider is 
venomous. — Reaumur. That 
it is found in Ireland plen- 
tifully ; that it has an antipathy 
to the toad Barrington's Let- 
ter, Philosophical Transactions, 
&c. Swammerdam. 

24. It is an error to suppose that a 
fly only has a microscopic eye. 
Dragon-flies, &c, bees, wasps, 
flesh-flies, &c, will turn off 
and avoid an object in the way 
on the swiftest wing, which 
shows a very swift and com- 
manding sight. It is probable, 



that the sight of all animals is, 
in quickness and extent, propor- 
tioned to their speed. 

25. The porcupine does not shoot 
out his quills for annoying his 
enemy; he only sheds them 
annually, as feathered animals 
do. He has a muscular skin, 
and can shake the loose ones off 
at the time of moulting. — 
Hughes, alii et passim. 

26. The jack-all, commonly called 
the lion's provider, has no con- 
nection at all with the lion. 
He is a sort of fox, and is 
hunted in the East as the fox is 
with us — Shaw, Sandys. 

27. The fable of the fox and grapes 
is taught us from our childhood, 
without our ever reflecting that 
the foxes we are acquainted with 
do not eat grapes. This fable 
came from the east ; the fox of 
Palestine is a great destroyer of 
grapes V. Hasselquist, Shaw. 

28. The eye of birds is not more mo- 
bile than that of other animals, 
though their sight is more quick. 
On the contrary, their eye is 
quite immoveable, as is that of 
most animals and insects of the 
quickest sight. — British Zoology, 
&c. 

29. The tiger, instead of being the 
swiftest of beasts, is a remark- 
ably sluggish and slow animal. 
Owen's Dictionary in verbo. — 
Experiment at Windsor-lodge. 

30. Sir Thomas Brown, who wrote 
against Vulgar Errors, main- 
tains that apes and elephants 
may be taught to speak. 



w. 



Wade, Marshal, d. 1748, aged 
75. 

Wadham College, Oxford, founded 
1613. 

Wadrington, in Oxfordshire, greatly 
damaged by fire, 6th May, 1742. 
Wager, Admiral, d. 1748, aged 77. 



Wager of Battle, old law of, repealed 
1819. 

Waggon duty, commenced 1783. 
Wagstaffe, Rev. Thomas, b. 1645, d. 
1712. 

Wagstaffe, William, writer, b. 1685, 
d. 1725. 



354 W A I 



W AL 



Waits, at Christmas, are derived 
from those choirs of angels that 
attended the birth of Christ; in 
imitation of these, shepherds in 
ancient times used to usher in 
Christmas with music and carols ; 
the pastorali, or rural music, per- 
formed by the Calabrian shepherds, 
on bag-pipes, are of this nature. 

Waithman, William, alderman and 
representative of the City of Lon- 
don, a column erected to his me- 
mory at the foot of Ludgate-hill, 
1833. 

Wakes, or vigils, were instituted as 
festivals, on the 'days of dedication 
of the churches, or on those saints' 
days to whom the buildings were 
devoted, and commenced on the 
evenings preceding those days. 
They are of early origin (see John 
x. 22, 23). The first institution 
was religious, but now is degene- 
rated into a day of festivity. 

Wake, Isaac, English statesman, b. 
1575, d. 1632. 

Wake, Archbishop, b. 1657, d. 1737. 

Wakefield, Mrs. Priscilla, an inge- 
nious and benevolent woman, b. 
1751, d. Sept. 1832. 

Wakefield, E. G., convicted of 
illegally carrying off Miss Turner, 
28th March, 1827. 

Wakefield, Gilbert, divine and critic, 
b. 1756, d. 1801. 

Wakeley, William, of Shiffnal, d. 
1714, aged 124. 

Walcheren, expedition to, 1809. 

Wales, title of Prince of, began 1284. 

Wales, Prince of, committed to prison 
for assaulting a judge on the bench, 
1412. 

Wales first inhabited by Briton s, on 
their being expelled England by 
the Saxons, 685 ; divided into 
North Wales, South Wales, and 
Powis Land, about 870 ; Griffith, 
the lastking,d.U37; the sovereign, 
from that time, was a prince only. 
In this state Wales remained un- 
conquered, till Henry II. subdued 
South Wales in 1157; and in 
1282, Edward I. entirely reduced 
the whole country, putting an end 
to its independency by the death of 



Llewellyn, the last prince. The 
Welsh, however, were not entirely 
reconciled to A this revolution, till 
the queen happened to be brought 
to bed of a son at Caernarvon, in 
1284; Edward very politically 
styled him Prince of Wales; 
which title the heir to the crown 
of Great Britain has borne almost 
ever since. — Wales was united and 
incorporated with England by act 
of parliament, 28 Henry VIII. 
1536 ; invaded by the French 
without effect, 1796. — Welsh ju- 
dicature abolished, and English 
judges sent the circuit, 1827. 

Wale, Samuel, professor of perspec- 
tive, d. 9th Feb. 1785. 

Wales, William, mathematician, b. 
about 1734, d. 1798. 

Walker, Robert, painter, d. about 
1690. 

Walker, Rev. George, defended Lon- 
donderry, 1689; slain at the battle 
of the Boyne, 1690. 

Walker, Adam, philosophical lec- 
turer, d. 1821, aged 90. 

Walker, Clement, historian, d. in the 
Tower, 1651. 

Walker, Sir Edward, historian and 
herald, d. 1677. 

Walker, George, mathematician, b. 
about 1735, d. 1807. 

Walker, John, philologist, b. 1 732, 
d. 1807- 

Walker, William, grammarian, d. 
1684. 

Wall, William, divine, b. 1646, d. 
1728. 

Wallace, Sir William, eminent Scotch 
general, b. 1276, executed 1305. 

Waller, Edmund, English poet, d. 
1687, aged 81. 

Waller, Sir Wm., general, b. 1597, 
d. 1668. 

Wallenstein, A. V. F., a German 
general, b. 1583, d. 1634. 

Wallis, John, mathematician and 
divine, b. 1616, d. 1703. 

Walmer Castle, Kent, built 1539. 

Walmesley, Charles, mathematician, 
b. 1721, d. 1797. 

Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford, 
b. 1676 ; committed to the Tower, 
1712 ; took his seat in the House 



WAL 



WAR 



355 



of Peers, 11th Feb. 1741-2; d. 
1745. 

Walpole, Hor., miscellaneous writer, 

b. 1718, d. 1797. 
Walsh, an English poet, b. 1663, d. 

1708. 

Walsingham, Lord, house of, Harley- 
street, London, burnt 27th April, 
1831, when his lordsbip perished, 
and his lady died of the injuries 
sbe sustained. 

Walsingbam, Thomas, the historian, 
lived in 1440. 

Walsingham, Sir Francis, statesman, 
b. 1536, d. 1590. 

Walsingham Priory, Norfolk, built 
1070. 

Walstein, Duke of Friedland, war- 
rior and statesman, b. 1584, as- 
sassinated, 1634. 

Waltham Abbev, 1062; cross built, 
1292. 

Walton bridge, erected 747 ; rebuilt 
1786. 

Walton, Brian, Bishop of Chester, 
editor of the Polyglot Bible, b. 
1600, d. 1661. 

Walton, Sir G., admiral, d. in 1740. 

Walton, Izaak, biographer and pis- 
catory writer, b. 1593, d. 1683. 

Walworth, Sir Wlilliam, lord mayor 
of London, stabbed Wat Tyler in 
the back, 1381. 

Wanley, Humphrey, antiquary, b. 
1672, d. 1726. 

Wapping, wet docks at, began 26th 
June, 1802; completed 30th Jan. 
1805. 

Warasdin, the capital of Croatia, 600 
houses at, reduced to ashes, 25th 
April, 1776. 

Warbeck, Perkin, executed 16th 
Nov. 1499. 

Warburton, Bishop of Gloucester, b. 
1698, d. 7th June, 1779. 

Ward, John, of Hackney, expelled 
the House of Commons for forgery, 
16th May, 1726. 

Ward, Dr. Seth, b. 1618, d. 1689. 

Ward, Artemas, distinguished Ame- 
rican officer, b. 1748, d. 1800. 

Warden Monastery, Bedfordshire, 
built 1136. 

Wardrobe, Great, in Scotland-yard, 
established 1485. 



Ware, Sir James, eminent Irish an- 
tiquarian, b. 1594, d. 1666. 

Wareham, in Dorsetshire, burnt, 
1731; again, 1742; 130 houses 
in destroyed, 26th July, 1762. 

Warfare of Christ, order of knight- 
hood, began in White Russia, 
1325, in Poland, 1705. 

Warham, William, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, d. 1532. 

Warin, J. engraver, b. 1604, d.1672. 

Waring, Edward, mathematician, b. 
1734, d. 1798. 

Wark Castle, Cumberland, destroyed 
by fire 1399. 

Warner, Ferdinando, divine and his- 
torian, b. 1703, d. 1768. 

Warner, John, Bishop of Rochester, 
b. 1585, d. 1666. 

Warner, Richard, botanist and trans- 
lator, b. 1711, d. 1775. 

Warner, William, poet, b. about 
1558, d. 1609. 

Warrington, in Lancashire, had its 
cotton mills, near the bridge, de- 
stroyed by fire, 1st Dec. 1791. ; 
erected into a Borough, 1832. 

Warren, Sir Peter, English admiral, 
d, 1752. 

Warren, Sir J. B., admiral, d. 1822. 

Warren, Charles, engraver, d. 1823. 

Wars with Spain, between 1589 and 
1593, cost Q.Elizabeth 1,300,000/. 
besides the double subsidy of 
280,000/. granted by parliament. 
In the Irish rebellion she spent 
3,400,000/. in ten years. The 
expenses of the war of 1756 cost 
England 90,000,000/. 

Wars. Loans of the seven years' war, 
the American war, and the last two 
wars. 



Loans of the seven years 1 war. 





Sums borrowed. 


Interest. 




£ 


£ 


s. 


d, 


1756 


- 2,000,000 - 


3 


12 





1757 


- 3,000,000 - 


3 


14 


3 


1758 


- 5,000,000 - 


3 


6 


5 


1759 


- 6,600,000 - 


3 


10 


9 


1760 


- 8,000,000 - 


3 


13 


7 


1761 


- 12,000,000 - 


4 


1 


11 


1762 


- 12,000,000 - 


4 


10 


9 


1763 


- 3,500,000 - 


4 


4 


2 


Total 


52,100,000 









35S WAR 



WAT 



Loans of the American War. 





£ 


£ 


s. 


d. 


1776 - 


2,000,000 


- 3 


9 


8 


1777 - 


5^000,000 


. 4 


5 


2 


1778 - 


6,000,000 


- 4 


18 


7 


1779 - 


7,000,000 


- 5 


18 


10 


1780 - 


12,000,000 


- 5 


16 


8 


1781 - 


12,000,000 


- 5 


11 


1 


1782 - 


13,000,000 


- 5 


18 


1 


1783 - 


12,000,000 


- 4 


13 


9 


1784 - 


6,000,000 


- 5 


6 


11 


Total 


72,500,000 









Loans of the last two Wars. 



1793 


- 4,500,000 


. 4 


3 


4 


1794 


- 11,000,000 


- 4 


10 


9 


1795 


- 18,000,000 


. 4 


15 


8 


1796 


- 18^000^000 


- 4 


14 


9 


1796 


- 7,500,000 


- 4 


12 


2 


1797 


- 18,'oOO,000 


- 5 


14 


1 


1797 


- 14,500,000 


- 6 


6 


10 


1798 


- 17,000'000 


6 


4 


9 


1799 


- 3,000,000 . 


5 


12 


5 


1799 


- 15,500,000 ■ 


5 


5 





1800 


- 20,500,000 ■ 


4 


14 


2 


1801 


- 25,500,000 








1802 


- 23,000,000 








1803 


- 10,000,000 








1804 


- 10,000,000 








1805 


- 20,000,000 








1806 


- 18,000,000 








1807 


- 12,000,000 








1808 


- 8,000,000 








1809 


- 11,000,000 








1810 


- 8,000,000 








1811 


- 4,981,300 








1811 


- 12,000,000 








1812 


- 6,789,625 








1812 


- 15,000,000 








1813 


- 21,000,000 








1813 


- 22,000,900 








1814 


18,500 









Total 374,789,425 besides the 

property tax. 

Warsaw, Poland, taken by SuvorofF, 

the Russian general, 8th Nov. 

1794 ; 34,000 Poles slain during 

the siege ; constituted a Duchy, 

and annexed to Saxony, Aug. 1 807. 
Warton, Dr. Joseph, poet and prose 

writer, b. 1722, d. 1803. 
Warton, Thomas, poet and critic, b. 

1728, d. 1790. 



Warwick, Earl of, the king-maker, 
defeated and slain at the Battle of 
Barnet, 14th April, 1471. 

Warwick Mail, robbed of 20,000Z. 
in bank notes, while it stood before 
Furnivars inn, Holborn,21st Nov. 
1827. 

Warwick, injured extensively by a 

fire, 8th Sept. 1694. 
Warwick Castle, built 912 ; rebuilt 

1072. 

Washington, G., general, b. 1732, d. 
14th Dec, 1799. 

Washington, City of, in the United 
States of America, founded 1791. 

Waste-lands in Great Britain, by ex- 
amination in 1794, were found to 
be 22,351,000. acres; which, if 
cultivated and enclosed, reckoning 
an annual increase of 9s. per acre, 
the annual rent would amount to 
10,957,950/.; and, on a suppo- 
sition that the yearly produce would 
be 1/. 7s. per acre, or three rents, 
it would be worth 30,073,850/. 
per annum to the community. 

Watches invented at Nuremberg, in 
Germany, 1477 ; first used in as- 
tronomical observations, 1500. — 
The emperor Charles V. was the 
first who had any thing that might 
be called a watch, though some 
call it a small table clock, 1530. 
— Watches first brought to Eng- 
lane from Germany, 1597 ; spring 
pocket ones invented bv Hooke, 
1658. 

Watches and clocks taxed, 1797 ; 

repealed, 1798. 
Watch, none by night in London, 

1189. 

Watch by night, for the City of Lon- 
don, first appointed, 1268. 

Water-spout burst on the Clidagh 
Mountains, County Kerry, Ireland, 
by which a large district was torn 
up, and nine persons lost, 4th 
Aug. 1831. 

Water sold in the West Indies for 
one shilling a pailful, 1731 ; sold 
in the streets of Exeter, 1785. 

Water mixed with wine in the sacra- 
ment, first introduced, 122. 

Water first conveyed to London by 
leaden pipes, 2 1st Henry III. 1237. 



WAT 

It took near 50 years to complete 
it ; the whole heing finished, and 
Cheapside conduit erected, only 
in 1285. — An engine erected at 
Broken- wharf, to convey water by 
leaden pipes, 1594. — The New 
River brought to London from 
Amwell, in Hertfordshire, at an 
immense expense, by Sir Hugh 
Middleton, in 1614. — The city 
supplied with its water, by con- 
veyances of wooden pipes in the 
streets, and small leaden ones to 
the houses ; the New River com- 
pany incorporated, 1620. — So late 
as Queen Ann's time there were 
water-carriers at Aldgate-pump, as 
now at Edinburgh. 

Water-mills for grinding corn, were 
invented by Belisarius, while be- 
sieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. 
The ancients parched their corn, 
and pounded it in mortars. After- 
wards mills were invented, which 
were turned by men and beasts 
with great labour ; and yet Pliny 
mentions Avheels turned by water. 

Waterford, built 1162. 

Waterford, in Ireland, experienced 
a violent storm, when the tower of 
its exchange was carried away, 4th 
April, 1792. 

"Waterford Cathedral, the whole in- 
terior of, with an organ of the 
value of 1200 guineas, destroyed 
by fire, 25th Oct. 1815. 

Waterford, City of, steam-packet, 
lost off Peniche, in Portugal, 22nd 
Sept. 1833. 

Waterland, Daniel, English divine 
and writer, b. 1683, d. 1740. 

Waterloo, Battle of, 18th June, 1815. 

Waterloo, man of war, 120 guns, 
launched at Chatham, 18th June, 
1833. 

Waterloo Bridge. See Strand Bridge. 

Water-spout, a terrific one, burst 
upon Mount St. John, in Cum- 
berland, 23rd Aug. 1749. 

Water-spout, a very destructive one, 
occurred near Aix, in the depart- 
ment of Mount Blanc, 8th July, 
1809. 

Webster, Dr. William, English 
divine, b. 1689, d. 1758. 



W E I 357 

Watson, James, tried for assaulting a 
patrol with a sword on the night 
succeeding the Spa-fields riots, and 
acquitted, 21st Jan. 1817; tried 
for high treason in connexion with 
those riots, and acquitted, 16th 
June, 1817. 

Watson, John, English divine and 
historian, d. 1783. 

Watson, Richard, Bishop of Llandaff, 
b. 1737, d. 4th July, 1816. 

Watson, Colonel Henry, mathema- 
tician and engineer, b. about 1735, 
d. 1786. 

Watson, Robert, historian, b. 1730, 
d. 1780. 

Watson, Sir William, physician, b. 

1715, d. 1787. 
Watt, James, celebrated engineer, b. 

1736, d. 1819. 
Watts, Dr. Isaac, b. 1674, d. 1748. 
Watteau, Anthonv, a French artist, 

b. 1684, d. 1721. 
Waverley Abbey, in Surrey, built 

1128. 

Waynflete, William, prelate ''and 
statesman, d. i486. 

Weavers, two from Brabant, settled 
at York ; which, says King Ed- 
ward, " may prove of great benefit 
to us and our subjects,'" 1331. 

Weavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen- 
makers, silk-throwsters, &c. Flem- 
ish, settled at Canterbury,Norwich, 
Sandwich, Colchester, Maidstone, 
Southampton, &c. on account of 
the Duke of Alva's persecution, 
1567. They taught the English 
the making of baize, serges, Nor- 
wich crapes, &c. The baize-makers 
chiefly settled at Colchester. 

Webber, John, painter, b. 1751, d. 
1793. 

Weber, Carl Von, musician, b. 1786, 
d. 1826. 

Webster, Dr. William, English Di- 
vine, b. 1689, d. 1758. 

Wedderburn, Alex., Earl of Rosslyn, 
b. 1733, d. 1805. 

Wedgwood, Josiah, the celebrated 
potter, b. 1730, d. 3rd Jan. 1795. 

Weekly bills of mortality round Lon- 
don, began 1603. 

Weeninx, J. B., painter, b. 1621, d. 
1660. 



358 W E I 



WES 



Watford flour-mills destroyed by fire, 
and two lives lost, 9th June, 1814. 
commodities ordered to be weighed 
. by the city-officer, called the weigh- 
master, who was to do justice be- 
tween buyer and seller, statute 3rd 
Edward II. 1309. 

Weights and measures invented, 869 
B. C. ; fixed to a standard in Eng- 
land, 1257; regulated, 1492. 

Well-street, Royalty Theatre in, 
opened 20th May, 1787. 

Wells, Dr. Edward, biblical writer, 
d. 1727. 

Wells, W. C, physician and philoso- 
pher, b. 1753, d. 1817. 

Wellingborough, in Northampton- 
shire, burnt, 14th Aug. 1731 ; 
again, 28th July, 1738, 300 houses 
destroyed. 

Wellington, Duke of, b. 1769; 
fought a duel with Lord Win- 
chelsea, 21st March, 1829. 

Wellington, Duchess of, Indian ship, 
destroyed by fire in Sauger-roads, 
and the pilot, two officers, two pas- 
sengers, and many of the crew 
perished in the flames, 27th Jan. 
1816. 

Welsh copper office incorporated 
1694. 

Welsh hospital, Gray's-inn-lane, 
London, erected 1772. 

Welshmen forbid purchasing lands 
in England 1401. 

Wemyss, earl of, packet from Leith 
to London wrecked and 10 passen- 
gers lost, off the Brameston coast 
of Norfolk, 1st Sept. 1833. 

Wen, Shropshire, greatly damaged 
by fire 1676. 

Wentworth, Thomas, earl of Straf- 
ford, b. 1593, beheaded 1641. 

Werbuigh, St., church of, Dublin, 
burned 7th Nov. 1754. 

Werner, F. L. Z., German poet, b. 
1768, d. 1823. 

Werner, Abraham G., mineralogist, 
b. 1750, d. 1817. 

Wesley, Rev. John, d. 2nd March, 
1791, aged 88. 

West, James, the antiquary, d. 2nd 
July, 1772. 

West, Benjamin, artist, b. 1738, d. 
1820. 



West, Gilbert, translator of Pindar, 
d. 26th March, 1755. 

West Indies discovered by Columbus 
1492; damaged by a hurricane, 
6th Sept. 1776. 

West India docks completely opened 
12th July, 1806. 

West Saxon kingdom founded 519 ; 
ended 800. 

Wetstein, John James, biblical critic, 
b. 1693, d. 1754. 

Westerfield islands in the Pacific 
Ocean discovered by Capt. War- 
den, 1830. The inhabitants are 
peaceable, and enjoy a regular do- 
mestic government. 

Westham abbey, Essex, founded 
1154. 

Westminster, Matthew of, d. about 
1380. 

Westminster abbey built by Ethel- 
bert of Kent on the site of a tem- 
ple of Apollo 914; rebuilt 1065; 
again rebuilt 1269 ; made colle- 
giate 1560; towers built 1732; 
north porch repaired 1750 , injured 
by fire 17th July, 1803 ; complete 
restoration commenced 1810 ; dis- 
covered to be on fire 27th April, 
1829; musical festival at, 24th 
June, 1834. 

Westminster bridge began 13th Sept. 
1738 ; first stone laid 29th Jan. 
1738-9; centre arch finished 3rd 
March, 1741-2; last arch, Aug. 
1746; pier sunk and repaired 1st 
Sept. 1747; opened for passengers 
17th Nov. 1750; cost 426,650/. ; 
repaired 1832-3. 

Westminster hall built bv William 
Rufus, 1098; rebuilt, "1399, by 
Richard II. ; roof repaired 1748; 
the scaffolding erected for the trial 
of the rebels sold by the duke of 
Ancaster for 400/. 13th Sept. 
1748 ; slated 1750 ; beautified and 
repaired 1782 : went through a 
general repair in 1802 at the ex- 
pense of 13,000/, 

Westminster infirmary instit. 1720. 

Westminster lying-in-hospital insti- 
tuted 1765. 

Westminsterpalace built 1098; burnt 
1298; again 1512; again 1540; 
the south-east wing burnt 1809. 



WES 



WHI 359 



Westminster convent destroyed in a 

riot, 1221. 
Westminster school founded 1070 ; 

again by queen Elizabeth, 1 560. 
Wet docks at Wapping, called the 

London docks, first stone of, laid 

26th June, 1802; opened 30th 

Jan. 1805. 
Wet docks at Leith, Edinburgh, 

opened 1806. 
Wetherall priory, Cumb., built 1086. 
Weyhill nearly destroyed by fire 15th 

Oct. 1784. 
Weymouth castle built 1539 ; visited 

by the king and royal family 1789. 
Whale fishery, the first, by the Dutch 

1596 ; by the English at Spitzber- 

gen 1598. 
Whale fishery encouraged by t act of 

parliament 1749. 
Whalebone found by the English at 

Cape Breton 1321 ; first brought 

home with oil 1617. 
Whales, 98 driven on the beach at 

Lewos, in Scotland, 25th April, 

1832. 

Whales killed at Newfoundland and 
Iceland for their oil only, 1578 ; 
the use of their bones and fins not 
yet known, consequently no stays 
worn by the ladies. 

Whales — one was driven ashore in 
the Humber 1570 ; one on the 
coast of Norfolk, 1751; one near 
Berwick 1752; 13 were driven 
ashore in a storm on the coast of 
England, Feb. 1762; one killed 
above London bridge in Sept. 1781 ; 
one nineteen feet long was killed 
at Execution dock, Aug. 1796 ; 
one killed at Hull, Nov. 1797 ; 
another in the Thames, Sept. 1799; 
and another at Leith the same 
month ; one exhibited to the popu- 
lace near London bridge, March, 
1809. The blubber was valued 
at 150/. 

Whalley abbey, Lancashire, built 
1178. 

Wharton, duke of, b. about 1699; 

declared a traitor 3rd April, 1729; 

d. 31st May, 1731. 
Wharton, Henry, English divine and 

historian, b. 1664, d. 1694. 
Wheat produced annually in England 



and Wales amounts to 22,000,000 
bushels; 20,000 sacks are con- 
sumed weekly in London. It was 
1405. per quarter in 1801, when 
bread was 7s. Sd. a peck loaf. A 
single grain- of Tartarian oat was 
planted at Beverley in Yorkshire, 
in 1795; 18 stalks sprung from 
the root, and 8,280 grains were 
produced. 
Wheat sold for 20s. per quarter, 
equal to 61. now, 1193, 1194, and 
1195; beans for 12c?. a quarter, 
and oats for id., 1216. Wheat 
sold in some places for 12c?. a quar- 
ter, and not many years . after for 
20s. a bushel, as much as 41. now, 
1286; for .40s. a quarter, as much 
as 8/. now, 1315 ; for 31. a bushel 
1316 ; for 40s. a quarter, as much 
as 20s. a bushel now, 1335; in 
London for 4s. a quarter, 1493. 
In the reign of 

£ s.d. 

Philip and Mary it sold for 6 8 
Elizabeth - - - 9 
James I. - - - 1 1 6 
Charles I. - - - 14 
Charles II. - - - 1 
James II. - - - 1 4 
William and Mary - 1 1 1 
Anne - - - I 13 8 

George I. - - - 2 Q 
George II. - - - 2 15 
George III. (1810) - 5 10 
George III. (June, 1817) 7 8 

Wheat, number of quarters imported 
into England in 1831, 2,868,882. 

Wheatley, Francis, painter, b. 1747, 
d. 28th June, 1801. 

Whig and Tory, the epoch of, 1680. 
The first was a name of reproach 
given by the court party to their 
antagonists for resembling the 
principles of the Whigs, or fanati- 
cal conventiclers in Scotland ; and 
the other was given by the country 
party to that of the court, compar- 
ing them to the Tories, or Popish 
robbers in Ireland. They formerly 
were called Whigs from Whiyga- 
mors, a name given to the Scots in 
the south-west, who for want of 
corn in that quarter used annually 
to repair to Leith, to buy stores 



360 



W IT I 



WIG 



that came from the North, and all 
that drove were called Whigga- 
mors or Whiggs, from the term 
Whiggam, which they used in 
driving their horses. Now in the 
year 1638, the presbyterian minis- 
ters incited an insurrection against 
the court, and marched with the 
people to Edinburgh; this was 
called " the Whiggamor's inroad," 
and after this all that opposed ad- 
ministration in Scotland were called 
Whiggs, and from hence the term 
was adopted in England. 

Whig and Tory originated in 1649 ; 
at their greatest height, 1704. 

Whirlwind, a violent, at Falmouth, 
which stripped the roof off every 
house in its way, tore up several 
trees, and threw a vessel lying in 
the harbour on her beam ends, so 
that her keel appeared in sight, 1st 
Jan. 1803. A violent one near Cir- 
encester 6th July, 1809. A dread- 
ful one at Fernal Heath, Worces- 
tershire, its width from half a mile 
to a mile, by which much damage 
was done, and in one farm 200 
trees torn up by the roots, 22nd 
Sept. 1810. At Bonsell, in the 
Peak of Derbyshire, accompanied 
with a tremendons hail-storm, 12th 
May, 1811. At Plasyollen, Shrop- 
shire, by which many trees were 
torn up and carried to a great dis- 
tance, 25th May, 1811. 

Whiston, William, the astronomer, 
b. 1667, d. 1752. 

Whitaker, John, antiquary, b. 1735, 
d. 1808. 

Whitbread, Samuel, b. 1758, d. by 
his own hand, when in a state of 
mental derangement, 6 July, 1815. 

Whitby, Rev. D., b. 1638, d. 1726. 

Whitby, first stone of a lighthouse on 
the pier at, was laid 27th April, 
1831. 

Whitby monastery, in Yorkshire, 

founded 1075. 
White, Robert, engraver, b. 1645, 

d. 1704. 

White, Gilbert, naturalist, b. 1720, 
d. 1793. 

White, Henry Kirke, poet, b. 1785, 
d. 1806. 



White, Joseph, divine and biblical 

critic, b. 1746, d. 1814. 
White, Sir Thomas, founder of St. 

John's college, Cambridge, b.l 492, 

d. 1566. 

White, Thomas, founder of Sion col- 
lege, d. 1623. 

Whitecross-street prison for debtors 
begun 5th July, 1813. 

Whitehead, Paul, b. 1710, d. 30th 
Dec. 1774. 

Whitehead, William, poet laureate, 
b. 1715, d. 17th April, 1785. 

Whitefield, Rev. George, preached in 
the fields, 1735 ; excluded the 
church, 10th May, 1739 ; d. 1770, 
aged 56. 

White-hall, Westminster, built by 
Cardinal Wolsey, 1545 ; injured 
by fire, 1690 ; consumed 4th Jan., 
1697-8 ; gateway pulled down and 
carried to Windsor, 1748. 

Whitehall preachers, first appointed 
by the Universities, 5th April, 
1724. 

Whitehurst, John, mechanic, b.1713, 
d. 1788. 

Whitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, 

b. 1605, d. 1676. 
White roses, several knocked down 

for wearing, 10th June, 1716. 
Whitgift, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 

1530, d. 1603. 
Whitsuntide festival, instituted 813. 
Whittington, Sir Richard, thrice lord 

mayorofLondon,1397,1406,1419. 
Whitty, Rev. Irvine, murdered at 

Golden, Tipperary, Ireland, 25 th 

Jan. 1832. 
Whorwell Nunnery, Hants, bit. 979. 
Whytt, Dr. Robert, English physi- ■ 

cian and writer, b. 1714, d. 1766. 
Wickliffe, b. 1324; opposed the 

pope's supremacy, 1377; d. 1384; 

and 40 years after his bones burnt 

for being an heretic. 
Wicquefort, Abraham de, statesman, 

b. 1598. 

Wieland, Christ. Martin, b. 1733, 
d. at Weimar, 21st Jan. 1813. 

Widowers taxed in England 1695. 

Wigmore Castle, Herefordshire, bit. 
1074. 

Wigs, full bottomed, first worn by 
English judges, in 1674, 



WIL 



WIN 361 



Wilberforce, W., the opponent of 
slavery, b. 1750, d. 29th July, 
1833. 

Wildens, John, artist, b. 1584, d. 
1644. 

Wilkes, John, the patriot, d. 26th 

Dec. 1 797. aged 70. 
Wilkie, William, poet, b. 1721, d. 

1772. 

Wilkins, John, bishop, divine and 
philosopher, b. 1614, d. 1672. 

Wilkins, David, English librarian, 
at Lambeth, b. 1614, d. 1672. 

Willan, Robert, physician, b. 1757, 
d. 1812. 

William Henry, Duke of Clarence, 
third son of George III., visited 
North America, 1781 ; and Ire- 
land, 1788. See William IV. 

William of Malmesbury, English 
historian, flourished 1140. 

Williams, David, author of various 
publications, and founder of the 
Literary Fund, b. 1738, d. June, 
1816. 

William, Prince, eldest son of Henry 
I. with his newly married bride-, 
daughter to the Earl of Anjou, 
Richard and Mary, two other of 
the King's children, and 180 of the 
nobility, shipwrecked and lost, in 
coming from Normandy, in 1120. 

Williams, John, Abp. of York, pre- 
late and statesman, b. 1582, d. 
1650. 

Williamsburgh, South Carolina, da- 
maged by a storm, 17th July, 
1758. 

Williams, Sir Charles Hanbury, Eng- 
lish statesman and poet, b. 1709, 
d. 1759. 

Williamson, Sir Joseph, statesman, 

b. about 1630, d. 1701. 
Willis, Dr. Thomas, eminent English 

physician, &c, b. 1621, d. 1675. 
Willis, Dr. Browne, b. 1682, d. Feb. 

1760. 

Willingham Boy, lived 1744. 
Wilmington, in North Carolina, 

nearly destroyed by fire, 30th Oct. 

1798. 

Wills, privilege of making, granted 
by Henry I. 1100. 

Wills to demise lands were first per- 
mitted under restrictions, by Hen. 



j VIII.; all real property generally 
at the Restoration. 
Wills of sovereigns, the first on 
record is that of Richard II. 1399. 
Willoughby, Francis, English natural 

historian, b. 1635, d. 1672. 
Wilmot, John, Earl of Rochester, b. 

1647, d. 1680. 
Wilson, Alex., American naturalist, 
b. 1813. 

Wilson, bishop of Sodor and Man, 
author of " Parochialia," &c. b. 
1663, d. 7th March, 1755. 
Wilson, Arthur, the historian, b. 

1596, d. 1652. 
Wilson, Samuel, of London, be- 
queathed 20,000/. to be lent out in 
small sums to industrious trades- 
men, 1771. 
Wilson, Richard, landscape painter, 

b. 1714, d. May, 1782. 
Wilton, near Great Bedwin, Wilt- 
shire, sustained damage amounting 
to 1500/. by a fire, 5th Dec. 1759. 
Wilton, Joseph, statuary, d. 8th 

Nov. 1803. 
Wimbish Church, in Essex, damaged 

by lightning, 1 756. 
Wimbledon-house, Surrey, the noble 
seat of Earl Spencer, totally de- 
stroyed by fire, 28th March, 1785. 
Winchcomb Monastery, Gloucester- 
shire, founded 800. 
Winchelsea, Monastery of, bit. 131*0 .- 

castle built, 1543. 
Winchelsea, Ann, Kingsmill, Coun- 
tess of, English poetess, d. 1 720. 
Winchester, city of, burned 1102: 
college founded, 1387 ; cathedral 
built, 1366; palace began, 1683; 
north gate built, 1290. 
Wind saw-mill invented, 1633, and 
erected near the Strand, London, 
by a Dutchman. 
Wind-guns invented at Nuremberg, 
1560. 

Wind-mills invented, 1299. 
Windows" of glass first used in Eng- 
land for houses, 1180. 
Winds and months, present names 
given to them by Charlemagne, 788. 
Windham, William, statesman, b. 

14th May, 1750, d.4th June,1810. 
Windham, Joseph, antiquary, b. 1739, 
d. 1810. 

R 



362 



WIN 



WOL 



AVindow-tax, first enacted, 1696 ; 
increased, 5th' Feb. 1746-7 ; again 
1763 — 1778 ; again commuted 
for a tax on tea, 1st Oct. 1784 ; 
increased, 1797 ; again, 1802 and 
1808; reduced 1823. 
Windsor, several miles of the heath 
in, burned, and the trees damaged, 
17th April, 1785; castle built, 
1365; chapel built, 1473 ; college 
founded, 1543; terrace made, 
1587; chapel thoroughly repaired 
and opened, 17th Oct. 1790. 

Winds, Tower of, at Athens, built 
B.C. 540. 

Wines sold by apothecaries as a cor- 
dial, 1300 sold at 205. the tun, 
and the second sort at ] 3s. 4</., 
1389. In ]790, there were 
140,000 pipes of wine made in 
Portugal ; 45,000 were imported 
into England, 20,000 into Ire- 
laud, 38,000 into Holland, Den- 
mark, &c, and the remaining 
37,000 were consumed at home. 

Wines first made in England, 1140; 
in Flanders, in 1276. 

Wine-licenses, established 1661. 

Wing of St. Michael, order of knight- 
hood, began in Portugal 1172. 

Wingate, Edmund, d. 16th Dec. 
1656, aged 62. 

Wingfield Castle, Suffolk, built be- 
fore the Conquest. 

Winifred's Well chapel built 1490. 

Winkelman Abbe, b. 1718; mur- 
dered at Trieste, 1768. 

Winsor, Fred. Albert, founder of the 
gas and coke company in London, 
b. 1763, d. Ilth May, 1830. 

Winslow, James, anatomist, b. 1669, 
d. 1760. 

Winster, in Derbyshire, near 60 
people were met at a puppet-show, 
when the upper floor of the house 
was blown up with gunpowder, and 
no hurt done to the people below, 
27th Jan. 1785. 

Winwood, Sir Ralph, statesman, b. 
1565, d. 1617. 

Wire, invented at Nuremberg, 1351 ; 
mills for, invented in Germanv, 
1563. 

Wire- mill, the first erected at Skeen, 
by a Dutchman, 1663. 



Wirtemberg, erected into a county 
in 1078 ; into a duchy, at the 
diet of Worms, 1495 ; into a 
kingdom, 1806. 

Wishart, George, martyr, d. 1546. 

Wissing, William, painter, b. 1656, 
d. 1687. 

Wistar, Gaspar, celebrated American 
anatomist, b. 1761, d. 1818. 

Wit, John de, murdered at the Hague, 
10th Aug. 1672. 

Witchcraft was pretty much believed 
in the 16th century ; in the reign 
of Henry VII. a woman was exe- 
cuted for this supposed crime by 
the sheriff of Devon ; 600 were 
executed for it in France, 1609 ; 
Grandiere, a priest of London, 
burnt for bewitching a Avhole con- 
vent of nuns, 1634 ; 20 old women 
were executed in Bretagne, 1654; 
five persons were burnt for witches 
at Paisley, in Scotland, 1697 ; 
and nine were burnt in Poland, 
1775. 

Witchcraft act, passed 1 601 ; re- 
pealed, 25th March, 1736. 

Witham Priory, Essex, built 913. 

Wither, George, poet, b. 1588, d. 
1667. 

Withering:, William, phvsician and 
botanist, b. 1741, d. 1799. 

Witherspoon, John, an eminent Ame- 
rican divine, b. 1722, d. 1794. 

Witnesses, two required to attaint 
for high-treason, 1 552. 

Witton Castle, in Durham, destroyed 
by fire, 22nd Dec. 1796. 

Woad, first cultivated in England, 
1582; the fixing of its colour dis- 
covered, 1753. 

Woburn, Bedfordshire, burned 1724. 

Woburn Abbey founded 1145. 

Wodhull, Michael, poet and trans- 
lator, b. 1740, d. 1816. 

WofEnston,Margaret,eminentactress, 
d. 1761. 

Woggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed 
up by an internal current, and 
totally lost, 4th Aug. 1795. 

Wolcot, Oliver, American patriot, b. 
1727, d. 1797. 

Wolcot, John, poet, b. 1738, d. 1819. 

Woldimar, St., order of knighthood, 
established in Russia 1682. 



WO L 



WOO 363 



Wolfe, Gen., b. 1726, killed at the 

taking of Quebec, 13tli Sept. 1759. 
Wolfe, Charles, author of the Ode 

on Sir J. Moore, b. in Dublin 

1791, d. 1823. 
Wolf, Chris. Fred., mathematician, 

b. 1679, d. 1754. 
Wolf, the German philologist, b. 

1759, d. 1824. 
Wolff, John C, philosopher, b. 1679, 

d. 1754. 

Wolverhampton, new church at, 

burned, 1st Nov. 1758. 
Wolverhampton Cathedral, founded 

1529. 

Wolverhampton, England, erected 

into a borough 1832. 
Wolves' heads, tribute from the 

Welsh princes, 975. 
Wollaston, Rev. William, b. 1659, 

d. 1724. 

Wolsev, b. 1471 , minister to Henry 
VIII. 1513 ; archbishop of York, 
1514; cardinal, 1515; chancellor 
24th Dec. following ; legate, 1516; 
resigned the seals, 18th Oct. 1529 ; 
stripped of all his possessions, and 
d. 28th Nov. 1530, aged 59. 

Wolsev College, Ipswich, founded 
1529. 

Wolsely, Sir William, drowned in 
his coach, 14th July, 1728. 

Wood-cutting, invented 1460. 

Wood's patent for coining halfpence 
and farthings to be sent to Ireland 
in 1723. 

Woods, an act for the preservation 

of, 1544 ; first taxed by parliament, 

31 Henry VI. 1452. 
Woodstock park laid out, the first in 

England, 1 123. 
Wood, Rev. Basil, a miscellaneous 

writer of repute,b. 1761, d. 1831. 
Wood, Anthony, b. 1632, d. 1695. 
Wood, Robert, statesman and scholar, 

b. 1716, d. 1771. 
Woodfall, William, printer, d. 1st 

Aug. 1803. 
Woodfall, Henry, English comedian, 

d. 1777. 

Woolston, Thomas, b. 1669, d. 1732. 
Woollett, William, the engraver, b. 

1735, d. 23rd May, 1785. 
Wool and woollen manufactures of 

Ireland and America prohibited to 



be carried anywhere but to Eng- 
land, 1700 ; enacted that none 
should be braided but in woollen 
under the penalty of 51., 1666-78. 
Wool — exportation forbidden by an 

act passed 1788. 
Wool. — One pound of wool has been 
spun to the length as follows : 
A lee of woollen yarn measures in 

length 80 yards. 
A hank of ditto, by the custom of 

Norwich, consists of seven lees. 
Twenty-four hanks in the pound 

is esteemed good spinning in the 

schools, 13,440 yards. 
Seventy hanks in the pound is 

esteemed superfine spinning at 

Norwich, 39,200 yards, or 21 

miles. 

One hundred and fifty hanks in the 
pound was spun in 1754 by 
Mary Powyle, of East Dereton, 
in Norfolk; and this was thought 
so extraordinary, that an account 
of it is registered at the Royal 
Society, 85,000 yards, or 48 
miles. / 
Three hundred hanks in the pound 
has already been spun by Miss 
Ives ; and though this young- 
lady has carried the art of spin- 
ning combed wool to so great a 
degree of perfection, she dpes 
not despair of improving it still 
farther, 168,000 yards, or 95 
miles. Cotton to 203,000 yards. 
— See Sheep. 
Woollen cloth, manufacturers of, in 
all civilised countries, and in very 
remote ages, and probably of linen 
also. Diodorus Siculus, who wrote 
in Augustus Caesar's time, A.D. 
21, relates that in the isle of Malta 
several mercantile wares were made, 
particularly very fine cloth. Strabo, 
speaking of Turdetania, in Lusi- 
tania, says, in 34, that cloths were 
formerly the exports of that coun- 
try, but that they have now another 
woollen manufacture of most ex- 
cellent beauty, such as that of the 
Corai, a people of Asia, from 
whence the rams were brought at 
a talent each, or 100/. 
Woollen cloth manufactures com- 



364 WOO 



WYT 



menced at Sedan, in France,1646 ; 
the first made in England 1331 ; 
medley cloths first made 1614; 
greatly improved by the Walloons 
1688; first dyed and dressed in 
England in 1667. Its export from 
Great Britain in 1787 was 
3,687,795/. 12s. 2d. value. In 
1779, 272,755 pieces of broad 
cloth, containing 8,806,688 yards, 
and 180,168 pieces of narrow cloth, 
containing 6,377,277 yards, were 
manufactured in the west riding 
of Yorkshire, being an increase on 
the year 1798, a produce of 48,596 
pieces, or 1,672,574 yards of broad 
cloth, and 315,602 or 1,196,964 
yards of narrow cloth. 

Woollen goods first exported from 
Ireland to a foreign market 1 5th 
Jan. 1780. 

Woolwich, the first royal dock, 1512. 

Woolwich church rebuilt 1732. 

Woolwich academy finished 1741. 

AVoolwich arsenal, stores, &c, burnt 
to the value of 200,000/., 20th 
May, 1 802 ; white hemp store- 
house burnt down 8th July, 1813 ; 
four men killed by an explosion of 
gunpowder in one of the sheds for 
making fireworks, 18th June, 1814. 

Worcester, city of, built 255. 

Worcester city and castle burnt 1113; 
a stack of chimneys fell on the 
court-house and killed several per- 
sons 15th March, 1757: greatly 
damaged by an explosion of gun- 
powder 11th Aug. 1762; received 
12,000/. damage by a fire, Nov. 
1791. 

Worcester college, Oxford, founded 
1713; incorporated 1744; cathe- 
dral built 1095. 

Worde, Winkin de, printer, d. 1534. 

Workers, cloth, 70 families of, from 
the Netherlands, settled in Eng- 
land by Edward III.'s invitation, 
for promoting the woollen manu- 
facture 1330. 

Worksop manor-house destroyed by 
fire, damage valued at 100,000/., 
20th Oct. 1761 ; abbey built 1103. 

Worlidge, Thomas, an engraver, b. 
1700, d. 1766. 

Wormwood and other plants used for 



j preserving malt liquors before the 

use of hops, 1492. 
; Worsdale, James, painter, d. 1767. 
| Worshipping images introduced into 
England 763 ; forbidden in Hun- 
gary 1785. 
Wotton, Rev. Dr. William, d.1726, 
aged 60. 

Wotton, Sir Henrv, b. 1568, d. 
1639. 

Wouters, Francis, painter, d. 1659. 
Wouvcrmans, Philip, an eminent 
Dutch painter, b. 1620, d. 1668. 
Wraxhall, Sir Nathaniel, an English 
miscellaneous writer, b. 1752, d. 
1832. 

Wrav, Daniel, English antiquary, b. 

1703, d. 1783. 
Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, b, 

1632, d. 1723. 
Wrickington, coal pit at, explosion 
took place, when 47 persons were 
killed and others wounded, 9th 
May, 1833. 
Wright, Joseph, painter, of Derby, 

b. 1734, d. 29th Aug. 1797. 
Wright, Thomas, eminent physician, 
d. in Spain 1812, aged 52 years. 
He was present in the American 
war, at the bombardment of Flush- 
ing, and in the campaigns of the 
Duke of Wellington. 
Writing and the use of figures first 
introduced into England by the 
Romans. 

Wyat, Sir Thomas, the poet, d.1541, 
aged 37. 

Wyatt, James, architect, b. about 

1743, d. 1813. 
Wycherley, William, b. 1640, d. 1st 

Jan. 1715. 
Wycke, Thomas, painter, b. 1616, 

d. 1686. 
Wycke, John, painter, d. 1702. 
Wykeham, William of, an eminent 
English prelate, bishop of Win- 
chester, b. 1324, d. 1404. 
Wymondham monastery founded 
1105. 

Wyndham, H. Penruddock, writer 

and antiquary, b. 1736, d. 1819. 
Wyndham, Sir William, statesman, 

b. 1687, d. 1740. . 
Wythe, George, American lawyer, 
statesman, and patriot, d. 1806. 



X A V Y R I 365 

X 

XaVIER, St. Francis, b. 1506, d. Xenoplion d. at Corinth 359 B.C. 

1552. aged 90. 

Xenocrates, philosopher, b. 400 B.C., Ximenes, cardinal de, b. ] 437, d. 

d.314. 1517. 



Y 

YALDEN, Thomas, English di- 
vine and poet, b. 1671, d. 1736. 

Yarm, overflowed by the River Tees, 
and sustained much damage, 21st 
Oct. 1761. 

Yarrow Monastery, Durham, built 
674. 

Yates, Mrs. Mary, of Shiffnal, d. 

Aug. 1776, aged 128. 
Y«ar, the solar, found to consist of 

365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, 

A. D. 265; introduced by Caesar, 

45 B.C. 

Yellow dye, for cotton, invented by 
Dr. R. Williams, 1773. 

Yellow Fever, raged in the West 
Indies with uncommon mortality, 
in 1794; at Santa Cruz, Tene- 
riffe, 1200 died of it, Feb. 181 1. 

Yeoman of the guards, first insti- 
tuted 30th Oct. 1485. 

Yeovil, Somersetshire, fire at, which 
destroyed 17 houses, 21st Sept. 
1815. 

York-buildings Water-works com- 
pany, incorporated 1691. 

York, Duke of, b. 1784 ; charges 
preferred against him in the 
House of Commons, by Mr. 
Wardle, member for Oakhampton, 
28th Jan., 1809; resigned the 
commandership in chief of the 
forces, 18th March, 1809 ; had 
40,000/. annuity settled on him, 
1792, d. 1827. 

York, Indiaman, lost in going into 
Limerick, Ireland, 14 th Nov. 
1758. 

York, Admiral Sir Joseph Sydney, 
drowned by the upsetting of his 
boat, near Portsmouth, 5th May, 
1831. 

York City, built B. C. 122 ; cathe- 
dral built, 628 ; rebuilt, 1075 ; 
with the cathedral and 39 churches 



destroyed by a fire, 3rd June, 
1186; St. Mary's abbey, built 
1088; Ouse bridge, built, 1566; 
Castle built by William the Con- 
queror; rebuilt, 1701 ; mansion- 
house, built, 1728 ; cathedral set 
fire to by Martin, a lunatic, 2nd 
Feb. 1829; re-opened, being re- 
edified after the great injuries it 
sustained, 6th May, 1832. 

Yorke, Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, b. 
1690, d. 1764. 

Yorke, Philip, second Earl of Hard- 
wicke, author of Athenian Letters, 
b. 1720, d. 1790. 

Youghall, in Ireland, had its bar- 
racks blown up by accident, in 
Sept. 1793, when the face of Mr. 
Armstrong, the quartermaster, was 
so burnt that the whole of his skin 
was scorched ; but it was singular 
that he was much marked with the 
small-pox before the accident hap- 
pened, and on getting a new skin, 
it became perfectly smooth, with- 
out any remains of the small-pox 
marks. 

Ypres, in Flanders, founded, 960. 
Young, Dr. Edward, d. 1765, aged 
84. 

Young, Arthur, agricultural writer, 
b. 1741, d. 1820. 

Young, Patrick, classical scholar, b. 
1584, d. 1652. 

Young, Sir William, miscellaneous 
writer, b, 1750, d. 1815. 

Young, Matthew, bishop of Clonfert, 
mathematician, d. 1800. 

Young, Thomas, physician and phi- 
losopher, b. 1744, d. 1829. 

Ypsilanti, Alexander, Grecian prince, 
d. 1821. 

Yriarte, Don Thomas, Spanish writer, 
b. 1750, d. 1790. 



366 ZAB 



ZaBLI A, Nicholas, artist, b. 1674, 
d. 1750. 

Zaccaria, Francis A., Italian -writer, 
b. 1714, d. 1795. 

Zach, baron de, a celebrated as- 
tronomer of Hungary, b. 1754, d. 
1833. 

Zampien, Dom., painter, b. 1531, d. 
1641. 

Zecca at Venice built 1570. 

Zedwitz, in Germany, tbe catholic 
chapel, the mansions of three counts 
of Zedwitz, the post-office, and 
4000 private dwellings, destroyed 
bv fire at, 12th Dec. 1814. 

Zen'o of Elea, fl. B.C. 463. 

Zeno, founder of the Stoics, b. B.C. 
362, d. 264. 

Zeno, Apostolo, Italian poet, b. 1669, 
d. 1750. 

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, d. about 

300 B.C. 
Zenodatus, librarian at Alexandria 

287 B.C. 
Zenodorus, sculptor, fl. A.D. 64. 
Zephaniah, the prophet, flourished 

641 B.C. 
Zeuxis, celebrated painter of ancient 

Greece, b. B.C. 490, d. 400. 
Zimmerman, J. G., physician and 

writer, b. 1728, d. 1795. 



Zimmerman, E. A. W., miscellane- 
ous writer, b. 1743, d. 1815. 

Zincke, German painter in enamel 
b. 1684, d. 1767. 

Zinzendoif, Count Nicholas Lewis, 
founder of the Hernhutters, or 
Moravians, b. 1700, d. 1760. 

Zisca, John, Bohemian reformer, d. 
1424. 

Zodiac, signs of the, invented by 

Anaximander B.C. 547. 
Zollikofer, G. J., divine, b. 1730, d. 

1788. 

Zonaras, flourished 1118. 
Zoroaster, flourished in the time of 

Darius Hystaspes, about 508 B.C. 
Zouch, Thomas, divine, b. 1737, d. 

1816. 

Zoust, Gerard, painter, d. 1681. 

Zuccarelli, a celebrated Italian pain- 
ter, b. 1710, d. Dec. 1788. 

Zucchero, Taddeo, an Italian painter, 
b. 1529, d. 1566. 

Zucchero, Fed., an Italian painter, 
b. 1543, d. 1616. 

Zuinglius, b. 1487, killed in the 
Swiss war, 1531. 

Zumbo, Gaston, sculptor, b. 1656, 
d. 1701. 

Zuppo, Marc, an Italian painter, b. 
1451, d. 1517. 



THE END. 



LONDON : 

! RADEL'RY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, V HHEFRIAHS. 



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